Ologies with Alie Ward - Urocynology (LITTLE GREY FOXES) with Bill Leikam

Episode Date: May 28, 2025

Bushy tails! Stinky butts! Faces so cute you weep! Let’s talk foxes – specifically the little grey ones you never knew you loved. Fox behavioral expert, researcher, conservationist, author of “The Road to Fox Hollow” and Urocynologist Bill Leikam chats about fuzzy foxes, baby names, parental strategies, where they live, what they eat, advice for potential pet owners, how to observe foxes, how tiny foxes wound up on islands, which foxes need conservation, Silicon Valley foxes, and why a fox on the couch is worth 1000 in the bush. Also: what do they smell like? And what do they say? Buy Bill’s book: The Road to Fox HollowA donation went to the Urban Wildlife Research Project. Watch the documentary: The Foxes, my Professors: Bill Leikam and the Grey Foxes of Silicon ValleyMore episode sources and linksSmologies (short, classroom-safe) episodesOther episodes you may enjoy: Ethnocynology (HUMANS & DOGS THROUGH TIME), Lupinology (WOLVES), Felinology (CATS), Procyonology (RACCOONS), Lutrinology (OTTERS), Sciuridology (SQUIRRELS), Castorology (BEAVERS), Chickenology (HENS & ROOSTERS), Indigenous Fire Ecology (GOOD FIRE), Nassology (TAXIDERMY), Cynology (DOGS)Sponsors of OlogiesTranscripts and bleeped episodesBecome a patron of Ologies for as little as a buck a monthOlogiesMerch.com has hats, shirts, hoodies, totes!Follow Ologies on Instagram and BlueskyFollow Alie Ward on Instagram and TikTokEditing by Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio Productions and Jake ChaffeeManaging Director: Susan HaleScheduling Producer: Noel DilworthTranscripts by Aveline Malek Website by Kelly R. DwyerTheme song by Nick Thorburn

Oh hey, it's the guy who didn't even look at your receipt before dragging a highlighter over it. Allie Ward, here it is. Here it is, the Fox episode. Waited years for this and it was absolutely, totally different than I expected. Join me. So we're going to address the etymology of the ology in a bit, but I do want you to know that in researching this, Google helpfully redirected me to the search results for urology

and then proctology. And then once again, urogynecology. And I scoffed. But honestly, urocynology, it kind of involves a bit of each of those. Stick around. But this expert is just one of my favorite kinds. His study species is just woven into his everyday life and his dreams and his identity. I love all of it. And he's a retired English teacher, this Fox guy, who's

known as the Fox guy, and is very gifted with narrative abilities, like your favorite fireside storyteller. He's even written a book, 2022's The Road to Fox Hollow, which is beautifully written. And he's contributed to Canids of the World, published by Princeton University Press. He's been an associate director of the North Santa Clara Resource Conservation District. And he co-founded the Urban Wildlife Research Project, which has accomplished rigorous field research, has this archive of data. Beth Pratt of our P22 episode has called him the Jane Goodall of the Gray Fox.

And by the end of the episode, you're never gonna look at foxes the same. This is like showing you a new color you never knew existed or a flavor of cake they've been hiding in the back. And we're gonna get to it, but first, quick thank you to all the patrons who submitted questions for this episode. Thank you to everyone wearing Ologies merch from Ologiesmerch.com. Also side

note we have Smology's which are G-rated shorter kid-friendly episodes and those you can find anywhere you get your podcasts. It's called Smology's we linked them in the show notes too. And thank you to everyone who leaves reviews which helped the show so much. I read them all and I prove it with my mouth by reading one, such as this recent one from Rider Way who wrote, I find myself completely lost in episodes that I thought I'd want to skip. I mean, how can a show about trees or basket weaving be fascinating? But they are.

Rider Way, we just have really good guests. Y'all are going to love this one. Curl up, open your huge ears for facts about fuzzy foxes, baby names, parental strategies, where they live, what they inherit, how to observe foxes, how tiny foxes wound up on islands, which ones need conservation, how to help the foxes, tech foxes, why a fox on the couch is worth thousands in the bush. If foxes eat leftovers and how your dog can help save their lives. Plus, what do they smell like and at long last what do they say? With Gray Fox, behavioral expert, researcher, conservationist, author, and Eurocynologist Bill Leicham. Okay, Bill Leicham.

Cool. Yeah. And I just wanted to make a point that my specialty is the gray fox. Okay, Bill, like them. Cool. Yeah. And I just wanted to make a point that my specialty is the gray fox. Yes. And it's the most unique fox of all of them. Is it the best fox? I wouldn't say it was exactly the best fox, but it's the most unique fox, I'll put it

that way. It is the base, what we call the basal canid. It's the root of all other canids that exist in the world. So it's older, genetically older than a wolf, a jackal. You name the canine on the planet, gray fox is it. Really? I did not know that, and that is very exciting. Now, first off, a fox. Are they more like dogs or cats? They're more like cats. I sometimes call them the canine that acts like a feline. Okay? Because they do. They have a lot of characteristics that are feline. And so what about them is cat-like? Is it how they stalk their prey?

It's part of that, but it's also the manner in which they sit. They also climb trees, just like a cat would. The way they use their ears is cat-like. And then what about them is very dog-like? Only probably appearance. Really? Yeah, because they just reflect that cat-like behavior. You know, we have domesticated dogs and cats, but very few people on earth have pet foxes. Why do you think that is? They're so cute. Yeah, well, in England, more people have foxes for pets, as far as I can tell, than we do

over here. My attitude is this, that they are, in fact, meant to be in the wild, not to be captive in your home. So a pet fox? No. First off, they tend to be a bit destructive indoors and they need raw meat and mental stimulation and a lot of physical activity. And it's illegal in most states in the U.S. Hey, are you a certified wildlife rehabber and the fox can't be released? Maybe, but they can never fully be potty trained. And if pet foxes have like a favorite activity, it's peeing on stuff.

So much pee. What do foxes smell like? I've heard that they're musky, very musky. Is this true? Yeah. Yeah, they are. They reflect their scat. Is this true? Yeah. Uh-huh. Yeah. They reflect their scat.

Oh. And their scat is really, there's a whole story behind what they do and how they use their scat and so forth. It's pretty remarkable how they use it. It might be like a little too early in the episode to dive right into what foxes do with their business. And I mean, maybe we should skip this. Or what do they do? I'm all ears. Oh, well, what they do is they take their faeces and they mark territory. So they will

defecate in areas where they want to make it known to other animals that they own this territory. So if it's another fox that comes into the area trespasser, let's say the pair of foxes that claims the territory will fight off another, any other fox that comes into the area trespasses onto their territory and eventually they will chase that that trespasses onto their territory. And eventually they will chase that trespasser out of their territory. And that happens over and over again. But fairly recently, like a year and a half ago, I had gray foxes occupying a territory

in my study area. And a red fox came rolling into the area. And the red fox and the gray foxes were in conflict. And the end result of that was what I call the scat wars. Oh dear. Because what happened was that, by the way, I named the foxes, I give them personal names. I don't do this scientific bit because like Jane Goodall said, you don't want to get to know them. You can't dub them with a GF, you know, 42 whatever it might be, you know. So I give him names. And this one gray fox I called Lymos, and that means long neck in Greek, because he had kind of an extended neck. That's

kind of the way I identify them. Anyway, he was marking, marking, marking and telling with his scat this red fox to get out. And what the red fox would do would come over to where he had defecated and defecate on top of it. And it was pile on pile on pile on pile. Like a Jenga Tower. And finally, finally, the red foxes left. And it was about a year later that both of the gray foxes died. We have a problem out here with canine distemper. And it's deadly, deadly, deadly to foxes and raccoons and a couple of other mammals that live nearby. And anyway, after they died, then the red foxes came back in. And that's now what I'm monitoring. I'm monitoring the red foxes instead of the gray foxes.

And just briefly, according to the 2023 study, canine distemper virus infection in the free-living wild canines. This potentially fatal malady is related to the human measles virus, and it can affect domesticated dogs, of course, but also wildlife like foxes, coyotes, wolves, skunks, raccoons, river otters, weasels, badgers, even ferrets. And at room temperature, the virus can't last that long, like less than a day, but at colder temperatures, it can live quite a bit longer. And infected animals can shed it for months through pee and other things coming out of their bodies. And of course, when there is habitat loss and a lot of animals crammed densely, it spreads much more quickly. As someone who studies gray foxes, does that bum you out that it's now a red fox territory?

Are you like, that's not my species? That's a great question. I'm really interested in seeing how different these red foxes might be from the gray foxes. We've just started that part of the documentation of the gray foxes. And we've just started that part of the documentation of the red foxes. I'm an ethologist, okay? And as an ethologist, you have to have a great deal of patience.

Ethology is a study of behavior, just a side note. And you also need to have the ability to observe in detail. So if you observe in detail. So if you observe in detail and document correctly, then you can build up a backlog of behavior. How long have you been a vulpinologist? How long have you been hanging out in the field and looking at foxes? Foxology, that's what we'll call it. Foxology? It's what we'll call it. Foxology?

It's not vulpinology? Oh, because, well, Volpe Volpe is the mainline of the fox classification. Mm-hmm. Okay, but Grey Fox doesn't fit in there. No. Grey Fox is your Assyian. No. Not Volpe. What? Yeah. is your ascian. No. Not the fulvi.

What? Yeah. I didn't realize that. Well, then let's go back. Let's talk a little bit about these different, not only species, but actual genus of foxes. Because foxology pulled up mostly websites selling nail polish or fishnet bodysuits, we're kind of jerry-rigging a newology here, Eurocynology, just for gray foxes. I don't want to hear a word of objection to that just

because it's never been used, because by the end of the episode, you're going to be like, yes, gray foxes deserve anology. I love them and they are special. So the gray fox predates all of these other canids. How many types of foxes are there though? I mean, I've heard of Arctic foxes, red foxes. How many we got? Well, it depends on who you're talking to. There are ostensibly 24.

And some of those 24 are very rare and live in other parts of the world. And then there are overlaps. The Asian raccoon dog is considered in sort of in the fox lane and the bat-eared fox of Africa is also a part of that. And those two are the only two other canids that can climb trees. So yes, this checks out red foxes in the genus vulpes are the most common and other vulpes species include the arctic fox and the kit fox, the huge-eared sandy-colored fennec fox, the cape fox, and of course the red fox, which is Vulpis vulpes. Now, not in the vulpes bucket is that bat-eared fox of the African savannas,

which looks like a jackal, and it eats termites, but it's in its own genus, autocyan. Now, also not a vulpes is our newly beloved gray fox. It's one of just two species in that genus, and its full name, Eurycyon cinerio argentis, means silver dog tail. It's got a nice long tail. And the gray fox, it used to be the most prevalent fox in pre-colonized North America, but like so many things being disrupted,

it's been edged out by the larger red fox, just in case you want to root for an underdog. Gray fox is an under fox. And the gray fox, how big about is the gray fox? Oh, it's like a small dog. Weighs about anywhere from probably eight, nine pounds on the slim side eight, nine pounds on the slim side up to about 15. When you see them, see the small ones out in the field out there next to some of the bigger ones, there's a whale of a difference in there in size-wise. But the gray fox tends to stay in the brush a lot. They're what I call bush dogs. in the brush a lot. They're what I call bush dogs. And the red fox, on the other hand, is a field dog. And so the gray fox has short stubby legs and the red fox has long legs for the field movement, you know, through grasses and things like that.

Nicole Soule Is that why people think of the red fox more when they think of a fox? Because we just aren't seeing these bush dogs? That's exactly right. Exactly. I've only seen a gray fox, I think once. They live on Catalina as well, right? Just a quick side note. So Catalina is one of the Channel Islands off the coast of Southern California. And I went to college in Santa Barbara. I lived there for months before I realized, like, oh, those are islands out in the ocean.

Those are islands right there. And the only other fox, by the way, in the gray fox's genus, Eurycyon, is the little island fox. And it's tiny. It weighs in at just like four or five pounds. Archaeologists think it's only been on those islands for about 6,000 years, and the National Park Service notes that the indigenous Chumash revered those foxes as sacred and thought that they helped usher in dreams. And I personally would follow an island fox into the beyond. I couldn't

help myself. Now, what about Bill? Oh, yeah. Yeah, those are the small ones, the little ones, and there's still a debate on how they ever got there. I was wondering that because it's a, I had to take a ferry for like an hour and a half, so I don't know how they got on. That's a lot of swimming. Can they swim? Well, some people say that the native people living on the mainland exported them out to the islands in their travels way before the white man ever got here. Some others say, no, it was when the two land masses, when the islands were part of the mainland and broke off millions of years ago,

that it took them along with it. How did you get down the path of foxes or up the tree of foxes? Whoa, you want to hear a story? Yes, of course, that's why I'm here. Well, like around 2007 or so, my doctor said to me, he said, you know, Bill, if you would get out and walk for, let's say, a half an hour to an hour every day, it'll help you

a lot physically. So I took him up on that offer and I had always been interested in birds. Okay. So as a fledgling Berber, I got myself a DSLR camera and I went out into Bixby Park here near in Palo Alto. And I started taking photos of birds and it got to be yeah fairly good and one of my favorite favorite ones was Uh the bullock's oriole Okay, it's a very it's a pretty bird and I knew a tree down this old dirt road Where they were hanging out. So one morning i'm walking down that road and I come around to bend

And whoa ahead of me up there So one morning I'm walking down that road and I come around to Ben and Whoa ahead of me up there It's this Fox sitting next to the road And I knew it was a fox, but I had no idea what kind of a fox it was. I was zero Okay, when it comes to knowing anything about them and this was in 2009 so I started taking photos walking closer and closer and closer and there was a steel gate across the road and So that little Fox was sitting right on the other side of that gate

so when I went around the corner of that gate, that little fox just stood up and casually, I mean casually, walked back into the brush. I said, whoa. So Bill had this brush with the cat-sized bush dogs. And so the next day I come back taking a look to see if I could find a fox, you know, in the bushes or wherever. Yeah. Nothing. Really? The second day, nothing. The third day, I'm coming along that same road in that same area, and I'm looking back in the brush and everything. And what did I see?

I saw three young foxes under the edge of the brush watching everything. And what did I see? I saw three young foxes under the edge of the brush watching me come up the road. Oh my God, how cute. So I'm saying to myself, uh-oh, I discovered a family, not just one fox. There's a whole family here. Just a side note, this was in 2009. And at the time, Bill was nearly 70 years old. Let me math this out for you. Bill is 85, people.

I didn't find out until after the interview, and I thought he was like maybe 60. He's 85, and he's still out doing field work. So take his doctor's advice, walk 30 minutes a day if you can, maybe slide a post-it note, notepad in your pocket in case you see some frolicking animals. But yeah, so on this day in 2009, Bill saw this gaggle of foxes who kind of looked at him quizzically. I sat down on the other side of the road and I had a post-it pad in my pocket. And I just started jotting down little things about what they were doing over there in that brush, you know, and they were

curious about me and you know, what's this human doing over there on the other side of the road, you know, may have been what they were thinking. and then I came back day after day after day and on one of those days the Adults were out one of the adults was on up the roadways and I was between her and her little family back in the bush, oh And she comes up to the gate and she gets down on her belly

and she's looking at me. And then she barks. I'd never heard a fox bark in all my life. Me neither. And she barks several times, you know, and that's the only time in all of the years that I've been doing this study that I was afraid of a fox. What did it sound like? Like somebody with laryngitis. I can imitate a little bit, a little bit of it, but not with the velocity that they do it. I'll show you. Okay. It goes something like this.

That's sort of the sound of a gray fox. Really? But raspier. Yeah. Yeah. More laryngitis. Wow. I didn't know that they did that. Yeah. So the call of the Grey Fox is apparently like if a Cocker Spaniel smoked a pack a day of Marlboro Reds and has never slept with a TV off. I picture a dog stumbling out of a casino and coughing while a Grey Fox is hiding in nearby shrubbery and looks up from its Sunday crossword

because they thought someone called their name. gray foxes call But gray foxes can also sound kind of like a squeaky toy or a whistle. squeak And according to one regional field guide in the Northeast, gray foxes communicate through this variety of vocalizations including growls and barks and whines and whimpers and squeals and yips and yaps.

And the babies are on the yip yappier side, I guess before their voices developed their signature gravelly patina. I had no idea. Is that mostly just a grey fox or is that kind of just that is what the fox says? The red foxes have a different tone to their bark, but it's very similar. Oh, I had no idea. I didn't even know that they did much vocalizing. So she's bark, she's on her belly barking at you? Yeah, she's barking at me and I'm worried, I'm worried she's going to come charging over

and bite my leg and I want to find a stick or something like that to defend myself, you know, but there wasn't anything around. And so what happened was that she stood up and decided to run past me. And that's what she did. She just did it fast as you can believe just a flash boom and she's into the brush with her kids. And as I observed these foxes over time, it just so happened that they began to not only take on their own personalities, but I began to see that they had an emotional life and a cognitive life, which I didn't know before. Yeah. So Bill began to go out and watch them every day, jotting field notes on his post-it pad

in his pocket and taking pictures and video and working with local ecologists to gather data. And then one day about four years into it. This partner of mine, Greg, and I had bought a couple of trail cameras. And I was going to check the SD cards in the trail cameras, but I had to go a long way around to get to where it was, back in the woods. This little fox knew where I was going and beat me there. You met me there at the trail camera. And when I saw that, I thought, that little fox anticipated where I was going. That means that they have some sense of future.

Oh. Okay. And they have some sense of being able to think. And that changed the whole picture of my relationship with the foxes. Just a side note, this ability is called extended consciousness. And in 2024, a group of biologists and philosophers, highly regarded, acknowledged via something called the New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness that first, there's a strong scientific support for attributions of conscious experience to other mammals and to birds, and second, the empirical evidence indicates at least a realistic possibility of conscious experience in all vertebrates, including reptiles, amphibians, fish, and many invertebrates,

including at a minimum, they write cephalopod mollusks, decapod crustaceans, and insects. They also said that when there's a realistic possibility of conscious experience in an animal, it's irresponsible to ignore that possibility in decisions affecting the animal and that we should consider welfare risks of animals. So that little gray fox may have thought, I'm going to see what this ape in pants is up to. This sucker can't even climb a tree or eat a raw chipmunk. Sad.

Wow. And so they anticipated that. They met you there. Did you think they wanted to keep tabs on you as a threat or do you think it was curiosity and they just knew, oh, this guy is fine, but what's he doing back at his camera? He always goes to. The curiosity quotient, I sometimes call it, is a high 10, way up there. Really?

Okay. Compared with other raccoons, are about seven on such a scale as that, but the curiosity level. And so when they got comfortable with me being around and sitting across the road taking those notes, I was no longer a threat. And they got that. They weren't afraid of me. I was one of the landscapes, so to speak. So that's where that little fox came in.

He was comfortable with me already and anticipated where I was going. And how big of a social structure do they have? Do they live usually with solitary lives plus their family or do they couple off or do they live in kind of like a pack? They are not a pack. Okay. First, they are a family unit. Okay. And they have mom and dad, Fox, raised the young together and they're in a monogamous pair. Monogamy to an extent. Oh, well do tell. The female is polyandrous.

Oh, good for her. And it's been suggested that they're polyandrous, that adds to their viability, survivability, and so forth because they aren't just in one genetic line, a female fox out of five pups that are born by her, two, three, maybe, maybe from another male, not her mate. Do you think the mates know that? And they're just like like, hey man, it's part of a biodiversity. What are you going to do? Yeah.

I think it's just the pattern of life that they live. It's like you and I live a pattern of life that we don't think too much about, you know, because it's just the way things are in our lives. So I snooped a gander at the 2009 paper, Multiple Paternity and Kinship in the Gray Fox from the journal Mammalian Biology, which concluded that up to 57% of all litters had more than one father with the highest rates seen in the denser populations. And I'm sorry, how is that possible? Okay, you've got to get yourself a second uterus. Essentially, a female gray fox has a womb for each ovary and thus can kind of stagger

litters or pause development on an embryo in one uterus while she weans the litter from the first tank. So one uterus might have Ronald's babies and the other might have Craig's and she has to grow them and nurse them. So it's her choice, which in 2025 shouldn't seem evolved to us. But here we are. Do you feel like foxes were waiting for someone, particularly gray foxes, to come along and study them, but they had to make sure that you were cool first? I'm not sure about that scenario.

I bet. I do know that shortly after I started this study, a friend of mine, Rick Lamman, said to me, he said, Bill, you've got to find a Fox expert and run some of your ideas off on this Fox expert. And I found Dr. Ben Sachs over at UC Davis So when I went to meet with Ben and talk to him about what I was doing and everything like that One of the things he said to me, he said Bill he said it's about time somebody began to study in depth that gray Fox

Because everybody didn't study in the red Fox and all the rest of them, but not the gray fox. And so I got in on the ground floor. And so Bill went on to be the director of the Independent Urban Gray Fox Research Project, and then later a co-founder of the Urban Wildlife Research Project. Did you ever tell your doctor that his prescription for walking ended up being very good for you and the gray fox? He retired shortly thereafter and I lost track of him.

The foxes are like, hey, thanks for that. We needed that. Someone's gotta study us. What are foxes out there eating? Are they omnivorous? Are they generalists like coyotes? Or do they just go after mammals or bugs? They're omnivorous. Oh!

Yeah. But one of the things they do in the process is that they feed on a lot of rodents. And it's by way of feeding on rodents that they are the, well, predators period, are the ones that balance out the ecosystem and create a healthy ecosystem. And so the gray fox will eat anything. Except they don't like feathered, small birds, although they will on occasion capture one and eat them. But mostly it's rodents, squirrels, that kind of thing. Are they lying in wait to ambush something? Are they climbing trees to get birds and squirrels? Like, what does it look like when a fox is hungry? Ooh.

Let's see. Okay, here's a story. Okay. I was checking my trail cameras and I was going back, way back into the woods of this one area. Behind me, three foxes were following me. This man is the Snow White of foxes, and I love him.

So I just, I didn't pay much attention to them. I was leading the way over to my trail camera over there. And when I got to the trail camera, I noticed that one of the foxes was missing and I had no idea where she had gone. And I was leaning over and I looked up and there in the tree about maybe 20 feet away from me, up in the tree, there she was. And it was a young female that I called Cute. And it was a young female that I called cute. Oh, cute is up in that tree. And she is hunting.

And what she had done is she spotted a squirrel up in that tree. She climbed the tree and she gets to a location on a branch. And the squirrel is just down below her a little ways and boom she goes for it and she slips and she falls misses the squirrel and falls into a very vine thicket. Oh no! Yeah she fell right straight down. Anyway, that squirrel gets up on that branch where she was and is chittering away. You know how they do sometimes? It was almost as if saying, well, God help me. Yeah. It was just laughing at her.

Yeah. Like that's what you get. Was Cute Cute? Is that how she got her name? Yeah. The first time I saw her, she was coming up out of a tunnel trail. I looked at her and I said, that's the cutest little fox I've ever seen. And so I named her cute and her mate was the alpha male of the area and he was,

they didn't like being parents. Let me put it that way. Really? Yeah. Over on the other side, the pair, Fox's Gray and Mama Bold, those two were exquisite parents when it came to raising their young. But cute and dark, they didn't like being parents. Really? What did they do or what do they not do? They tended to ignore their young ones. My Shailah. They'd do enough to feed them and so forth like that and get them up to the point where they could hunt for themselves. But a lot of times what would happen would be that Cute would want

some attention from Dark or Nate, you know, and she'd go over and nuzzle him and he would just walk away. Oh, what a dick. Yeah. I mean, it was like, what? Come on, guy. Yeah. Alpha males, you know? Yeah. And it was like, he was fixated on his own job. Well, certain times of the year, he would chase all of the males out of the region, because he knew that cute was going to have some pups. Oh. And so he didn't want to have any of the other males around and he chased them to the other

side of the creek and that was far enough away. So gray foxes, they're pretty tiny. They're about the size of a house cat, but they do like their territories. And I've read that one square mile is enough for a family of gray foxes. But of course, in urban interfaces, that's not going to happen. And fox families are much more squeezed in. How long is our foxes gestating? Oh, about 53 days.

And in nine months, they're ready to have their own family. That's so quick. So pregnant less than two months and in less than a year, your baby's ready to have babies of its own to feed rats to. I know. I've watched from little balls of gray fur all the way to ready to disperse. I've watched that whole process go. Wow. How many in a litter typically? Usually there's about three, but Mama Bold, she always had four or five.

And one of the other things too is that she kept nursing her pups longer than most female gray foxes do. And so they were pretty hefty when they'd get under there. She only had six nipples. And the number of little foxes under their nursing, sometimes one of them would have to wait out. Like you're trying to get brunch on a Sunday, just on the waiting list. We'll call you when there's a nipple ready. Yeah. With having a few pups or kits, I always thought they were called kits, but you can call them pups.

Well, they're canines. Oh, that makes sense. Why do we hear fox kits all the time? We've just messed it up. So when I hear kit, I think of kitten. Yeah. You know, cat. Yeah. Yeah. Linguists assert that a baby fox can be called a cub, a kit, or a pup.

All are correct. But Bill is the fox guy. His license plate says fox guy. So I'm never calling them kits again. If they are able to reproduce at nine months and they have a few pups, is their population doing okay? Or are they able to reproduce quickly? Or are gray foxes, you know, partly because of human development,

are they really in decline? They're doing okay. Okay. There are a few places where there has been recorded decline in the number of gray foxes, but nobody really has an answer to why. One of the areas is in the city of Chicago. It may be because of the number of coyotes in Chicago. It's speculation. I understand that up in Palo Alto, the Meta campus is so large and lush that they have gray

foxes just hanging out under the windows. Is that true? I was the first guy to be called in to take a look at the gray foxes at Facebook. Really? How did someone find you? I mean you are the fox guy but... What happened there was that they were getting quite a few gray foxes on the campus. And this was the old campus. They've since built a brand new campus. And I'll get there in a minute. They wanted me to come over and assess what to do with these, because some of the employees were afraid of the foxes. And some of the people fed the foxes and they didn't, they had no guidelines as to what to do. And so I went over there and I took a look at the situation and I discovered

that they had pups underneath a ramp on the campus and I turned to the people that were there and I said, you're not going to be able to move these foxes off campus. And I turned to the people that were there and I said, you're not going to be able to move these foxes off campus. The best thing we can do is instead of trying to get rid of them, let's make them an asset. And Mark Zuckerberg said, oh my God, that's what we should do. Really? Fox book. Yeah. And so it was, it became that people were filming the foxes as they were coming through the campus and moving around and sleeping on their cars and all kinds of stuff was going on. And people got

comfortable with them. So this first Facebook Fox campus news story broke in the spring of 2013, but about five years later. And then they built the new campus over across the highway. And that's a big, big, big complex in there. So one day the gardener discovered that up on the roof of the building, there were gray foxes up there. What? How? I guess they can climb trees, but... Yeah, but you don't climb a building. Yeah. Was there anything up there?

Was there just like an HVAC system or did they have a landscape through? Again, I go over to Facebook, you know, and I'm assessing the situation and so forth. And that question came up. Well, how did they get up here, you know? And they had p pops up there too Babies anyway One of the guys that was with us on this tour on the roof

He said, you know, he said when we were building this section we had gigantic ladders that were set up on the side of the buildings, and they may have climbed up the ladder. No. And I said, that's probably it, because I said, I have seen firsthand foxes climbing ladders. What? When did you see it?

I saw it one time when there was a ladder up against a dumpster. Oh my God. And the old fox just went right up the ladder, just like it was second nature. Yeah, as one would. Well, were they stuck on the roof? Oh, no, no. Okay. Because in part of the construction and everything, they had to have fire escapes. The fire escapes are the way down and nowadays the way up.

So not only were foxes living on this new eco-friendly landscaped roof, but they also had pups up there, fully rooftop terrace Menlo Park real estate. Are they usually in dens? I always thought that foxes burrowed and lived in a cozy little hole that had like a little comforter in a bed and a chimney pipe and all that stuff. But are they living under brush or do different foxes, like does a red fox live in a totally different type of housing situation? Yeah, the red fox is the one that digs burrow Okay, digs down in and makes rooms underground and everything like that for the family

Grey foxes don't Grey foxes will find dense dense thickets areas that are really impossible for most to get into. That's where they have their dams. And sometimes like when I first came upon Mama Bold and Gray, at first they had a den that was back under a huge number of trees that were down on the ground that had come down. There were eucalyptus trees and they built this den underneath there. And one of the guys that worked

at the water treatment plant, he had been kind of eyeballing the foxes for about 20 years. He told me, he said, that den has been used for at least 25 years. Oh, wow. So Bill spent years observing this one Fox mother he called Mama Bold, who was born in that inherited multi-generational den nestled under a fallen tree. The story behind Mama Bold is really quite an interesting one. Yeah, what's her deal? When she was a pup, she was born in that natal den that I just mentioned, okay, under that pile of trees. And when she was really small, her dad, the gray fox I called Squat,

he had overcome any skittishness about me. And he would come out to the edge of the road and I'd be across the road and I'd chatter at him. And one time he looked behind himself into the bushes and I knew right away, I said to myself, there's another fox back there in the brush. And after a while, this little pup comes out on the road and gives Squat, her father, a what I call a fox kiss. And the fox kiss is a greeting that the pups give to their adults. And it's a touching of the nose or on the cheek sometimes. But it's a little kiss. It's a little recognition that, hey, you're cool.

Just a side note, gray foxes have white markings on their chin and black around their eyes, but it's not all fashion because they also have scent glands on their face and they have scent glands on all four feet and they have scent glands on all four feet, and they have scent glands in their butt. And no, you can't have them removed if you wanted a pet fox. You simply would live in a stinky house, which was also scented with pee. It's a bold smell indeed. But back to the baby foxes.

So the one Bill called Mama Bold was a little two-month-old pup who started very skittish, and then she grew into this big, confident personality, eventually becoming that doting mother with the big litters of chubby, strong foxes that we talked about earlier. Very busy nipples. But when she was younger... And after a while, she would sit in the middle of the road,

and I could do most anything, and she wouldn't go... She wouldn't zoom out, you know? So that was the middle of the road and I could do most anything and she wouldn't go, she wouldn't zoom out, you know. So that was the start of Mama Bold, but when it came time for her to disperse, she tried, but there wasn't anywhere to go. That's one of the downsides of the Palo Alto Baylands. There's patches of habitat, but there's nothing really good and connected and so forth. Well Palo Alto real estate is really tough.

Yeah, it is. So what happens is that one morning I'm walking on one of the trails and Bold is behind me and there's a chain link fence. On the other side of that fence comes Squat. Enter Squat, a short little fox dude, and Mama Bold's dad. CB And he's coming in a determined sort of way. She knew what was coming. She ran and I thought, oh my God. But I didn't quit. I, for some reason, I ran after them and down on the road is squat and bold facing off with one another and she's got her mouth wide open and she's she's ready to rip into her father oh wow and wow. And this brief, really brief, two, three second fight begins,

and it stops. It freezes. And everything seemed to be freezing right there on the spot. Who was watching the fight? Another male fox. And when Mama Bold saw him, she ran off with him. So take that, Dad. I'm in love. I turned back to look to see where Squatt was. I never saw him again. He vanished. Really? And she took over his territory. And that was her father? Yeah.

Drama. Squatt's daughter took over all of the territory that he once had as her own. That's like succession or something. That's like an HBO drama. That's like Game of Thrones kind of stuff. Those dynamics are so intense, you know? Which is, must be such a joy to watch. And I know I wanted to ask just like two questions

from listeners. So many questions were about red foxes. And folks, this is exciting because now we get to have a second fox episode called vulpanology. But in a second, we're going to answer more than two questions submitted by patrons at patreon.com slash ologies. You can join for as little as a dollar a month. But first, let's donate to a cause. And of course, it'll be going to the Urban Wildlife Research Project, which is dedicated to protecting the gray fox and other

urban wildlife in the San Francisco Bay Area. And they do groundbreaking research, advocacy, and public education. They document wildlife behavior to safeguard the biodiverse habitats that they rely on, too. And their mission is not just about conservation, they say, it's about fostering a world where people and wildlife can thrive together. And right now, the Urban Wildlife Research Project is taking on a really exciting project looking to fund the removal of concrete from a place called Matador Creek, which also has beavers, side note. And they want to open up those waterways so wildlife from the Palo Alto Baylands areas can move up into the Santa Cruz Mountains and thereby interface with a healthy genetic pool, Bill told me. So to support their work and also to get Bill's excellent newsletter, which I love, go to urbanwildliferesearchproject.org, which we're going to link in the show notes,

and thank you to sponsors of Ologies for making these donations possible. Okay, let's scramble up a tree to the Patreon mailbag and get to your questions. Emil wanted to know, why are foxes seen as sneaky, sly? Like they're so cute and they're so expressive with their pretty eyes and their eyelashes. And I just don't understand why they're seen as like sneaky and sly. They're smart. Aha. Slyness and all of that attributed to foxes goes all the way back to Aesop.

Oh. Aesop's fables. And if you read any of Aesop's fables, there it's always Sly, Cunning, Fox. They're teaching stories is what they are. He dubbed them that, and we've never changed it. It's just the pattern and belief has come down for over 2,000 years. LW I went to fact check this, and hold up. Aesop's fables are over 2,000 years old. I thought that had to be a misspeak, but no, it's right on the money. News to me, Aesop lived around 600 BCE as an enslaved person in Greece and his Wikipedia notes that he was a gifted storyteller,

but quote, strikingly ugly, which seems an unnecessary detail. But to people who have dated comedians, it may be relevant. And a 2021 paper titled Aesop's Fables, Analysis of Major Characters, notes that the fox appears the most frequently of all the animals in his fables, and although usually representing cunning, deceit, or treachery, the fox also occasionally serves as a more general figure, like a basic representative of humanity. But yeah, usually in these stories, the fox is too clever for its own good, and it's a victim of hubris and folly. There must be depictions that Bill loves, though. There's so many to choose from. Well, speaking of

pop culture, Mel from New Zealand wants to know, Hi, it's Mel here from New Zealand. I'm curious, how close are foxes and what they do and how they live to the movie Fantastic Mr. Fox? Thanks. I've never watched that movie. Really? Yeah. Is there a movie that is good about foxes that you say they got it right a little? No. No. Fox and the Hound, Robin Hood. I haven't paid any attention to those stories. I respect that.

Now, some of you had fur questions such as Connie DeFazio, Lynette Davila, Kyla C, first time question asker Rosa Munda, Jada Lin, and in the Tangle Systems words, are they soft? Do they like pettings? Can I smush my face in their fur and hug them and give them food and play with them? The Tangle System, no. But with enough data, we can at least imagine the experience. Do you ever get to observe them very, very closely? Some people wanted to know about their hair, if it's very coarse, if it's very fuzzy, if

it's the guard hairs over and the soft underneath. Are foxes as fuzzy and cute as they look? Short answer, yes. Okay. Yeah. First of all, even though they tolerate me within their environment, they have their limits. And their limits are about five, six, seven feet the closest they'll come.

After that, it's really nervous, skittish time. So I have never had the urge and I've never petted one. They don't come that close. Yeah. And if you're wondering how soft are these critters, keep in mind that the gray fox is also called the maned fox because of its bristly ridge of hairs along the top of its tail.

Once again, dogs, cats, excellent pets. There's less pee, they have softer fur, they are available at a shelter near you for not a lot of money. But of course, in a dream sequence, if you got to pet the belly of a tiny gray fox. Well, their fur is soft. I have a mounted fox that I take out when I give public lectures and presentations on it. It's a little mounted fox named Rusty. And he's really cool. The kid's loving. Do you know Rusty's back story? The way he came about was that San Jose State University had in their science department, they had a gray fox, a mounted gray fox in their study.

So when I started going out to give presentations, I would borrow this gray fox from San Jose State. And it was an ugly looking gray fox. It wasn't mounted very well and it wasn't, it was so old that it had lost a lot of its color. So I got online and I decided I'm going to find a gray fox that really is representative of what I'm seeing out in the field. And I contacted a guy over in Massachusetts, and he had some online for sale mounted gray foxes. And I looked at them all and I didn't, I wasn't attracted to any of them, but he had his phone number up there too. So I gave him a call and I said, Hey, do you have

any other mounted foxes? And he said, I do. Well, he put rusty up there and I bingo, that was it. There was all those to it. That was the fox that I needed. I bought it, gave it to San Jose State. And they held on to it for some about five years. But then they shut down the department that this was housed in. And the curator contacted me and she said, you better get over here right away because they're taking all of the materials that we have here. She said, I don't know what they're going to do with it. But Rusty is part of that. I went booming down there to state and picked up Rusty and I have him now here. Oh, I can't imagine him being in better hands, obviously. Yeah, he's cool.

And just a side note, don't cry because usually taxidermists who deal with museums are using specimens that were killed naturally and then found and donated, or they were ambassador species that were then donated. And for more on this and why I had a dead quail in my freezer for like over a year, please see the Nassology episode with expert and award-winning taxidermist Alice Markham, which is linked in the show notes. So it's not all dark. Speaking of darkness, a few people wanted to know, Amanda Regan and Sarah wanted to know if they are nocturnal.

Sarah asked if a fox is out during the day, is that bad? Does it mean it has rabies or mange? And is that true across a lot of foxes or does it really depend on the species? They are not strictly nocturnal. Okay. Foxes, when they sleep, they don't sleep like you and I do. Oh, really? There's another characteristic like cat-like. They nap. They'll nap for about maybe 20, 30 minutes, and then they wake up,

and they go to another location where they have another sleeping bed. Really? And they can do this numerous times during the course of the day. So you might see a gray fox in the middle of the day going from one sleeping location to another location. They've evolved to just function sleeping in these kind of naps? Yeah, yeah. I mean, I wish my brain did that. I would get a lot more done. Bill also sent me an email after we chatted, regretting that he didn't define crepuscular.

But I got you, Bill. Bill wrote, crepuscular means that an animal like the gray fox has daytime hours on each end of the day. They are up and about hunting and going about fox things a couple hours after sunrise and a few hours before nightfall. And he also added that, quote, another story I missed was when the male gray fox Brownie

and his mate little one got a divorce. That was kind of sad the way she handled it, he wrote. And that breaks me. Speaking of sadness and worry, some of you, Alia Myers, Lisa Gorman, Alias Tired, Andy Pepper, Clara Noon Gosser, Chris Curious, Alicia Harris, Lauren Robinson, HerLadyShipGen, and FirstTimeQuestionsAskers Lydia Tromm and Tim Varth wanted to know.

A lot of people were worried about conservation. And Courtney Peterson, they live in Utah and wanted to know. How can I save the foxes? Or better asked, how can I help conserve them? I live in a rural area that's becoming quickly developed. And a lot of people around here don't like the foxes because they kill their chickens and everything. But how could I help conserve the foxes in my area?

Thank you. And Bria says, it's kind of a bummer to think about what might happen to foxes. And so, yeah, where are we at? And what can we do? Well, first of all, we got to overcome the notion that they're chicken killers. We're living at a time when we are interfacing with more and more wildlife out there. And in so doing, one of the things we have to learn to do is if we have a chicken coop, we keep the chickens completely isolated from the outside world. By that I mean you have a chicken pen, but you also put a top on the chicken pen.

Oh, and it can just be a wire up in there. But any way that they can get into the chicken pen, they will. So you have to isolate your chickens off to the side and make sure that they are inaccessible. I know you want chicken tips. And luckily we have a two-part episode on chickens with expert and author of the book Under the Hen Fluence, Tova K. Danovich. Peck it at the link in the show notes.

But yeah, as we also discussed in the indigenous fire ecology episode with Dr. Amy Christensen, the we who or wildlife human interface is getting pretty razor thin. And the more humans move into the forests and the wilds, the more of a bummer it can be for the critters. So you have to be careful when you invade wildlife territory and you got to keep your

side of the street clean and don't complain about foxes acting like foxes. And then then we can live side by side. So with development coming in, I think, I don't like that word development. When I think of development, I think of uplifting kinds of things, but this kind of development destroys and it destroys habitat. So with more and more of that coming in and more and more the foxes showing up in your backyard at night usually is a good thing because what they're doing, we'll go back to what they're doing, is they're keeping the rodent population in check and so you're not going to have a rat problem. You're going to have a good balanced ecosystem. And as long as we can keep that going, we're okay. Around here, I have had one, two, three, I had four cases over the course of the time that I've been monitoring these foxes to where whole neighborhoods were, quote, invaded by gray foxes.

I'm really rather envious. And most of the people who lived in those subdivisions and those places, usually right along a creek, by the way. Oh. The people just got so used to them that they'd do photo ops with them. I mean, you know, taking pictures and putting them next door and so forth like that. And a lot of people get a hold of me and they want to know what to do, you know, when they have, let's say, a family of foxes under their deck. This one man, he contacted me and he said, I have a little dog. Okay.

And this family of foxes has moved in under my deck and I don't want them there. What do I do? My first impulse was to say, leave them alone. And so in the end, I told him how to block off the deck so that they couldn't get back in under there. And he was successful. They hung around for about three or four days. He said they were just crying. Oh, no. He said then they left, they disappeared.

Oh, poor sweeties. Do they ever eat cats or little dogs? I've never heard of any. No, I've never heard of any. Coyotes? Yep. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And just a side note, gray foxes are more capable of meal planning than I am. And I have thumbs. But they cache their food, hiding carcasses among piles of leaf litter or buried in loose soil, and they go back and eat it later. And kind of like your co-worker marking leftover pad thai with a sharpie, foxes poop on top of their cache site to say, don't dare.

But no poop, fair game. Now on the subject of microbes, et cetera, let's talk about a bummer, disease and wild populations. Bill opened up about a very difficult aspect of being the fox guy. But canine distemper is a major, major problem in this area that I'm monitoring. By 2016, I had 25 foxes that I was monitoring. And that tells you something right there. There wasn't enough room for them to spread out like they should have. So they were crowded like neighbors

side by side having their pups and so forth. And this was in 2016, a very dark time for Bill and his foxes. So in November, I noticed some of the foxes missing. And Mama Bold was one of those. And at that time, I didn't know what the overt signs of canine distemper were, but one of them is a puss-like oozing from the eyes. And when you see that, you know they've got canine distemper. Well, so

in November, December of 2016, all 25 foxes were wiped out. No! Yeah. They were hit by canine distemper. And we had the necropse seed at UC Davis at the vet lab there and the lead state veterinarian told us that they had analyzed the two foxes. I said well where did it come from you know and she said you know in the state of California here, she said, I get die outs from all over the state every year and it's canine distemper and we don't know where it comes from. She said, it's like, it's like it lives in the earth itself. So With that die out then I lost all of my foxes and I waited two years and one month with cameras on for that whole period of time waiting, waiting, waiting for the gray fox to show

up. And who shows up? Limos and big eyes. The last two gray foxes that I monitored out there at the baylands before they died of canine distemper. No! Yeah. She died in February of last year and he died November the year before. His last two foxes. This is gutting and I was trying to control my face from just crumbling on the video call. Is there anything that can be done to prevent it? Does it mean if there was kind of a pandemic in that area that more foxes will catch it from environmental causes? Yeah.

Yeah. It's still out there and it's still a danger to them all. And there's nothing that is effective. There's been attempts to make an edible that has a vaccine, a drug, in it that would kill off canine distemper. But that hasn't worked too well. What do they do for dogs? Well, there's no treatment, just prevention by way of vaccination.

So vaccinate your dogs. Research has shown that dogs can carry and spread distemper to wildlife and wildlife are difficult, if not impossible, to vaccinate. So what else can you do for these foxes or not do? Do not put that raccoys out there. Put an owl out there instead. You know, yeah, that's what we need to do. And I've been trying to push one of the complexes, one of the high tech complexes, it's right on the border of the area that I'm monitoring. I've been trying to get them to get rid of those boxes and

put in owl boxes instead. Yeah. We have gophers and we put up a barn owl box and we were so sad that it's been unoccupied and then we realized it was unoccupied because we have a pair of owls that moved in, of great horned owls, which don't necessarily like to play well with barn owls, but that's great. We hear the owls hooting every night and we have fewer gophers than we did in the past. And we've had to ask all our neighbors, like, please don't put out any strictine or any rat poison because these beautiful horned owls are like, you know, they're such a treat to have in

the neighborhood and they're helping so much. Just a side note, a barn owl or a great horned owl can eat thousands of mice a year, sometimes up to two hefty rats a night, just in case you don't have local foxes and you want to outsource your rodent control to like a hit man with a beak and a family. But back to foxes, I gather that these losses, a whole multi-generational gray fox community wiped out suddenly is just beyond the worst part of his work. What do you think is your favorite thing about studying animals in the wild and your favorite everything about maybe gray foxes? Overall, I've always said this, okay. I'm not doing really anything of very much importance. I have always said that the gray foxes, and I can expand it out into a lot of other wildlife,

are my professors. And I'm a grad student in their course. And I'm being taught by them what they are all about. And all I'm doing is just documenting, putting down notes, moving it over into my log. And that log now is well over two million words. Oh my gosh. How do you keep track of that? Do you write it in a Google Doc or do you have it in notepads? Well I first have a notepad like this. And this is what I take my notes on when I'm out in the field. I take it here. And then when I come back here to the computer, I have an ongoing daily log and I put it in a narrative form into

the log. And the log tells a story, a long, long story of daily documenting the behavior that I saw out there in the field. There's even a short documentary about our new favorite Fox guy and it's called The Fox's My Professors and we'll link it in the show notes because it's beautiful and Bill's great and you and the Fox's deserve to see it. This has been so amazing. I'm so glad I finally got to talk to you. You've been on my list of people to talk to for literally years. How come?

I mean, what initiated that? I always want to know this kind of thing. I think looking for Fox experts, looking for people who mention other people, other animal behaviorists. So you just end up hearing a little chatter. And then when someone has the fox guy as their middle name, you can't not talk to that guy. You've got to talk to the fox guy.

Well, if you ever come up this way, just get in touch with me, and we'll go out, and I'll show you the landscape. I would love that. I need to make a trip up there. Yeah, Okay. So, ask Fox people facts because honestly, their favorite topic is my favorite topic. I think you will find the same.

And in the future, we will do a vulcanology episode, but dang, these little gray ones, they have my hearts. It's going to be hard to top. Now, in the show notes, we've linked Bill's fantastic Fox book, The Road to Fox Hollow, and we've also linked the nonprofit Urban Wildlife Research Project. I highly recommend signing up for Bill's newsletter if you like beautiful prose and ecology and pictures of egregiously cute foxes.

Now, we are at Ologies on Blue Sky and Instagram. I'm Allie Ward with one L on both. You can sign up for our Patreon at patreon.com slash Ologies. Ologies merch is at ologiesmerch.com. We also have shorter kid-friendly episodes that are G-rated. Those are called Smallogies and available at the link in the show notes or wherever you get podcasts. Erin Talbert admits the Ologies podcast Facebook group.

Aveline Malik makes our professional transcripts. Kelly R. Dwyer does the website. Noelle Dilworth is our scheduling producer. Susan Hale managing direct at the whole shebang. And our amazing editors are Jake Chafee and Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio. Nick Thorburn, mean the theme music. And if you stick around until the very episode,

I tell you a secret. This week is that Jared, your pod mother, my spouse, has had me as simply the Fox emoji in his phone for years. And it is a vulpis Fox. And now I'm like, well, okay, but I'll take it. Also, I wanna leave you this week with Bill's email signature, which reads, have a good day, keep moving on,

keep doing our best, Bill. Ah, I freaking love this guy. Okay, bye bye. Hackadermatology, homology, cryptozoology, lithology, nanotechnology, Bye bye! Hacodermatology Homology Cryptozoology Litology Antibiotology Meteorology Lactology

Nephology Cereology Selenology Hey, you're cool.