One Song - Devo's "Whip It" with Gerald Casale and Mark Mothersbaugh
Episode Date: May 14, 2026Devo’s Mark Mothersbaugh and Gerald Casale join Diallo & LUXXURY to break down their classic new-wave hit “Whip It.” They discuss the band’s origins at Kent State, share the surprising influen...ces on the song from Roy Orbison to Thomas Pynchon, and break down that iconic music video. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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Go on. Don't go anywhere. We have a great show for you today with two very special guests, Jerry Casale and Mark Mothersbaugh from the legendary band Deva! I'm actor-writer and sometimes DJ Diallo Riddle.
And I'm producer, DJ, songwriter, and musicologist luxury, aka the guy who whispers, Interpolation.
And this is one song. The show where we break down the stems and stories behind iconic songs across genres and tell you why they deserve one more listen.
You will hear these songs like you've never heard them before. And if you're you've never heard them before.
And if you want to watch one song, please go to our YouTube channel and watch this full episode.
And while you're there, please like and subscribe.
All right, so today's song is an iconic new wave track that had everyone on the dance floor in 1980.
It's infectious disco beat, quirky melodies, and delightfully bizarre lyrics infiltrated the pop charts,
peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100.
But did any of them know what the song was really about?
Spoiler alert, it's not about BDSM.
45 years since its release, we're here to talk about why this subversive pop anthem is so genius.
So let's go forward, move ahead, and try to detect it.
We're talking one song, and that song is Whip It by Devo.
And to help us break down Whip It, we have not one but two special guests
that know this story and song better than anyone else.
That's right.
They're groundbreaking musicians, songwriters, and Devo co-founders, Gerald Casali.
Yes.
And Mark Mothersbaugh.
Howdy.
Welcome to the studio.
I'm not going to pretend I'm not super freaking excited.
Thank you guys for coming.
This is amazing.
We're pretty excited.
You can tell.
That's Mark at a 10.
Thank you so much for being here.
I actually should say I had the pleasure of seeing you guys perform very recently at Saturday
Live 50, The Concert.
I worked on Fallon for many years, and all of us came out from backstage, and we were just
blown away.
I mean, like, Uncontrolled Burge, already an amazing song, but I'd like to hear you guys
just blast it out in that theater.
It's Radio City Musical in that old theater in New York.
It was insane.
It was just really powerful.
What was it like doing that gig?
Intense.
The lead-up.
It was almost like a throwback to when we went there in 78.
And you do things with the cast and you rehearse.
And they keep running through it, running through it like a live play.
And each time you pretend you're doing it live.
And then finally, you do it live.
Can I just say the backstage area was insane.
Yeah.
Like, Mark, you bumped into me.
I was standing by the elevator.
You bumped into me.
I was like, here's this guy bump and I looked at.
I saw your face and I was just like, oh my gosh, that's really insane.
And like some of the people that you've no doubt played with before, David Burn was backstage.
Yeah, everybody was there.
We shared a room with the B5-2s.
With Schneider, you were in there with Schneider?
Yeah, yeah.
That's so fun.
Are you guys all friends now, all these many years later?
Has it always been?
We never weren't.
We never were just mostly surprised we're still alive.
I think Devo was probably my first.
favorite band growing up.
And that was important.
You guys were so important to me because I was only eight, but I understood that there were
layers going on.
Musically, it was amazing immediately.
It hits you like a jolt of adrenaline and sugar.
But there's something bizarre that needs to be interpreted.
And you don't know what the interpretation is.
Maybe to this day, I'm not sure what the interpretation of whip it is.
Maybe we'll find out.
But I've always been a huge fan.
And I found that that's true for kids.
My son, it was his first favorite band, too.
By the way, we'll notice there's a special guest there that's Snowy behind you.
My son insisted that his stuffed animal join us for today's episode.
How old is he?
My son is now 14.
But when he was five, Snowy would do the solo in this song.
The one note solo that we'll be heard later.
Well, we definitely had kid appeal.
Yes.
Because I think we were appealing to the brain and the body together because of the imagination.
Was that something that you kind of noticed at a certain point and like kind of went with?
Or was it always kind of like a happy accident?
Like, oh, wait a second.
This is appealing to more, you know, we didn't, you thought maybe this was for 20-year-olds and above,
but it turned out to have broader appeal.
I think we were looking for like a Fisher-Price kind of take on music anyhow.
You know, like there was like guitar solos and drum solos were getting silly.
And it was spinal tap before anybody knew it was final tap,
except we knew it was final tap.
There's also the lack of a better term,
The costumes that you guys are wearing, I think also makes it accessible to kids in a different way.
Yeah, Devo was almost like in the superhero range because of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts.
And that's the way we represented ourselves like a drill team.
And kids love that.
You know, they're teenagers that are just breaking away from their parents and discovering things on their own and feeling different.
Devo gave them some folks.
and some identity.
It's so true.
You gave it, it was simultaneously a club for the outcasts.
And this just, we talk about this on the show a lot.
This was an era before we kind of had like Alt Nation.
And there was a sort of like commodified version of like the not mainstream.
Maybe in the 90s with Nirvana and such.
Now we take it for granted.
There's the Alt channel.
But back when you guys were doing it, there really kind of was like the mainstream.
And you were one of the first to come like to vocalize what the opposite of that could be, like to give a vision for.
it. That's part of your genius. We were really alt before they used the word.
Definitely. And we were way outside. Before we get into Wippett, we'd love to take a step back and
talk about your early days as collaborators. You guys obviously met Atkin State, early 70s.
And how did you guys start making music together? They closed our campus down. Yeah. And so.
It's after the shootings. We just hung out together after that. And I had a place where my brothers and I were
playing music in a basement and Jerry would come over and we'd write music together and talk about it.
I started driving to Akron because they were there with equipment and we didn't talk about
music when we first met. We talked about art. We were both artists and that's that was the draw.
And I only find out after about a year that he's an accomplished musician and that he's got this
band Flossie Bobbitt. It was like a revelation. That's amazing. So you, the first,
year was sort of conceptual and visual. Yeah. And the concept was devolution an early idea.
Yeah. And then it was like, well, what would Devo music sound like? And then that's why I was driving
to Ackerman to try to make that come true. Like, let's make Devo music. Right. And I've heard you
talk about how you are a reaction both to the shootings, but also this sort of post-hipy, I mean,
yeah. What would you call the Belaes? Like there's a sense of like it's hopeless to rebel,
or we need to rebel differently maybe? Is that a little bit of what it was?
Maybe we kind of unconsciously identified more with beatniks than we did with hippies because the beatniks were very cynical about what was happening with man on the planet.
And the hippies came along and went, no, everything's going to be cool.
Yeah, we were kind of more.
We burned out on the hippie thing because the hippie thing burned out on itself.
After 1970, just look at Altamont.
Yeah.
And one great, you know, superstar dying after another in their 20s.
And then the music gets really stale.
And there's this kind of like formulaic stadium rock that starts to emerge.
And the way they behave and the way they dress for us were like offensively stupid.
And we were anti-stupid.
And we were artists first, musicians second.
And we were experimenting, you know, and we would openly experiment.
and not have some preconceived notion about here's the genre, here you change after eight bars and you go to this.
In fact, we said, you know, specifically, we're not doing that.
And we stripped it all down.
As such huge inspirations with what you did, I'm so curious, who would have been inspiring to you in that realm?
Like, Mad Magazine, like, were there sort of subversive elements that you caught on to?
What would those have been, maybe?
Sun Raw.
SunRaw.
Comes up so many times on this spot.
I mean, Beefheart.
Captain Beafheart, Terry Riley, Morton Sabotnick,
TV commercials,
classical music.
Our influences were way outside
of the spirit of rock and roll.
But did we also love the Rolling Stones
when they wrote a great song?
You bet.
You know, talking about this period of Kinstay,
I want to play for you guys a clip
that we found online of you guys performing a song,
private secretary at Ken State, 1973.
I believe this is from when you guys were called
SexTET Divot.
Let's play that clip.
Hearing this, does this bring back?
Do you remember this?
Yeah, the gig?
Certainly.
Was there some significance at the time?
Was it, I think it was maybe one of your first gigs, right?
It was first gig.
The first time we ever played together in any configuration.
Outside, yeah, of a basement.
Okay.
And are you on keyboards and you're on bass?
Yeah, and Mark is not just on keyboards.
He's wearing the maddozer smock and a chimpanzee mask.
Yeah, I was going to ask who's where who's behind the mask because, you know,
obviously this is before the, right, the coats and the energy domes.
But so you're wearing the mask.
Yeah, he's wearing the mask.
I'm wearing a fireman's rain slicker, a yellow rain slicker.
And we, again, we were just experimenting.
it's very funny to hear.
But the highlight of that performance
is when Mark's
mini-mogue
malfunctions
and it gets caught
in a loop
that keeps called
burr-
No, I was doing that.
I thought you guys
were going to be done tuning
longer.
I thought you couldn't get out of it.
No, I could have stopped
any time. I was waiting for you guys
to come on stage.
And people sort of gather around you
like to try to fix it, but you've got the mask
so you can't indicate to them.
Nobody was trying to fix anything.
But they did start to look for their keys
and start heading for the parking lot.
You did excel in that sort of audience provocation thing.
It was a headache solo that was inspired by an accedron commercial
where some woman was going like that and had a meh-r-h-h-h-in-her-head-in-her-head,
a synth sound.
And like Jerry said, we were looking other places than in rock and roll
for what the sounds of the 70s should be.
So you had found that sound in your head,
in your mind you are finding either the same exact mini-mogue
or the same sound or something similar to that Exedrin moment of excessive pain.
Well, I think he was the only person in Ohio that had this equipment at the time.
Pretty early.
And he certainly, when we were hearing what, you know,
what groups like the progresso groups.
Like Emerson Lake and Ballmer.
They were trying to use.
synthesizers as fake, you know, woodwinds and brass and pretty.
And Mark was searching for noise, pink noise and white noise, and that's what I love.
Right.
We were looking for V2 rockets, things that sounded like the news at night, which was the Vietnam War.
Because that was exciting.
That's what made it exciting.
Well, we were just talking about the Supreme, we were talking about how you keep me hanging on, sort of,
replicates the sound of the evening news
with that,
da-da-da-da-da-da-da.
And, like, I got to say,
we talk about this a lot on the show,
commercials inspire so much.
You know what I mean?
Like, back in the VHS days,
I used to have a tape called,
like, you know,
the best of 70s commercials.
And it was like a two-hour,
you know,
thing of just all commercials.
And I just think that that is one of the things
that inspires is because even more
than, like, TV shows
from that period or movies,
like, they really are just a time capsule
of, like, things that were acceptable sounds
and, you know,
the stingers before, you know,
a certain network shows,
It was like, those things can really take you back.
Right.
But what first attracted us is when we were writing our music and like in this show here where it's very, very extreme, the music, that was, that was Devo at the most pure art extremes end of things.
We were thinking, well, we chased everybody out of the room.
And it was a few more years we kept chasing people out of the room or they'd come up and fight with us or they'd pay us to quit.
We had that happen a few times.
So you succeeded in your art punk goals.
We'd go, well, we've got a whole other set of music and they go, you know what?
We'll pay you the whole amount.
Just leave now.
You had to get that out of your system first.
And we were never the type high-fiving, but we were conceptually high-fiving each other
for getting the boot and getting paid so we can go to a diner and eat.
But at the same time, we were thinking like, well, who are changing the way people are
people think? You know, who are making people think other thoughts in their heads and influence?
And we were thinking, well, TV commercials, they get people to buy terrible cars, eat shitty food,
and wear bad clothes, and they're all happy about it. And we thought, well, what are their
techniques? And it was like a subversion, you know, thing. And we thought, we're going to incorporate
that into what we do. We'll be giving people good information instead of bad information.
Yeah, why not use it to a smart end rather than a dumb end?
Absolutely.
And so we didn't care about genre at all.
In fact, we were deconstructing genre and not even having a word for it.
But, you know, what started to happen is we kind of developed a shorthand and a vocabulary
between two sets of brothers that understood each other.
And the pieces of music were all architectural.
We were not four guys playing the same riff like a heavy metal band.
Each person had a distinct, you know, discreet sound and a part.
And they were polymorphic and they fit together.
So part of the work, it's sort of interesting going back to your art and conceptual background
is sort of you have ideas.
It's the arrangement of those ideas.
Right.
Different from a jam band.
Right.
We made sure that every part was important.
Now it's easy to get distracted by the fact that you can have hundreds of
tracks. You've got so many options.
Yeah. Your base doesn't sound right. Instead of making it sound right and figuring out what's
wrong with it, people just add another bass part on top and another sound and they just keep filling
it up. And you're referring to the period sort of before your first record where you're gathering
the sort of demos, you're writing those first 40-ish songs that become the first two records.
That was completely in your control as a unit, as five people making. Yeah. And we were excited and
purely experimenting without any preconceptions, but we got better at that.
So the hardcore Devo compilation that RICO put out years ago, that represented the early
attempts that are pure art, right? And then we get a little better at it. And somewhere between
76 and 77, we just really hit a high mark and started putting out like at least 25, 30 songs
in one year.
And we ended up taking those songs, our best ones,
and consciously dividing them up for the first record,
are we not men,
and then the rest for...
Duty now.
Duty now for the future.
And so that kind of became a period
because after that, we're in L.A.
And now we've moved on.
As artists, we're not interested
and just keep repeating ourselves.
Right. We've toured the world a couple times now.
and we've, you know, put out a number, you know,
enough videos for a long form, actually, enough films.
Yeah.
And that first chapter felt like it was coming to a natural conclusion.
It just did.
It's like we didn't feel the same.
And we, as people that were excited by new ideas, both musical and visual,
we wanted to move on.
And we were living in L.A.
And we were being very influenced by new things.
And we jokingly, when we got,
together to start writing what would become freedom of choice in 19, late in 79.
We talked about robot R&B.
Like DeVos would meet R&B, right?
And that's why we worked with Bob Marguliffe as a producer, because he had done these really
cool records with Stevie Wonder, and he kept talking about the foot and the mama and the
papa between the bass and the kick.
It turned out to be a good fit because he helped get us a sound.
that was totally appropriate for the kind of music we were writing.
Bob Marguluff was very, very sympathizer.
And he loved what we were doing,
and he liked the fact that I was going to play synth bass,
and Mark was using a mini-mogue and an ARP Odyssey
for all these new kinds of sounds
where those songs weren't guitar-driven, like the first two records.
I was just going to ask you about that.
Was there a moment because those first two records are guitar-drine?
SINC as kind of interesting or avant-garde sounds as you were talking about.
Yeah, this was a shift.
This was a shift.
And it was a new kind of beat and a new kind of relationship between the bass and drums.
And we were excited by that.
And Alan Myers was perfect for it.
He was happy to move away from punky beats and pounding.
Was there a moment or an album or an artist that kind of influenced you?
They were like, let's shift the balance a little bit less guitar, more synth or more drum machine or something like that.
No, I mean, it was like paying attention to what people like Bob was doing with Stevie and people, you know, that were using electronics more aggressively.
And more and more people did by the time.
In 79, Gary Newman did the pleasure principle, right?
It's right.
David Bowie had done two amazing records previous to that that we revered as artists.
Very little electronics with Brianino.
Oh, yeah. Now, that's actually a really good point. Roxy Music, their first album was, I think that's the best lyrics. They're my favorite lyrics that Ryan never wrote.
Love that. But there's one song, it was kind of a throwaway called Editions of You. And it just sounded like everybody got to do a solo in it. So they were just, it was like a filler song or something. But then, you know, different members of the band did solos. And then it came to.
to a synth solo, and Brian Eno did noise.
The most amazing synth solo ever I'd ever heard at that point.
And I just remember, I went, that's it.
Yeah, it was so exciting.
That's really it.
And by the way, it's Brian Eno who produced your first record.
And that kind of came about in an interesting way.
It was at one of these Max's Kansas City shows.
And David Boyd goes on stage and introduces you guys.
New York audience, and they're the devolution by Devo.
That must have felt like a dream come true.
I mean, I'm sure you guys were...
Absolutely.
Bowie fans, and then he sees you play, he wants to work with you,
but it's actually Brian who ends up.
How did Brian come on to produce that first album?
Oh, because David Bowie kept delaying going into the studio with Devo
because he had all these projects and a film and then another record.
And we felt antsy about it.
it's time it's really time we yeah none of us had uh apartments anymore or places to stay so
and so he says okay brian can do it wow and he'll be he'll be doing it with connie plank like
i would have in the same studio as i would have and i'll come see you guys so he yeah so he did
take a train across germany he was in berlin filming jiggleow and he came over and he'd hang out with
us for like three days a week and um so he was part of the atmosphere yeah
Didn't get the producer.
So he was actually, him and Eno both sang and played instruments on tracks on the album.
And we were so obsessed with just trying to reproduce what our demos sound like that I remember, like, you know, Brian's sitting in the middle, the engineer, you know, the producer.
And, you know, between the two speakers and everybody's all kind of like in a semicircle behind him.
We're listening to the 24 trying.
He goes, okay, let's put it down on a mix.
So, you know, it's stereo mix.
And so he'd hit the button.
They'd start the recording.
And I wouldn't look down, but I'd reach and pull down Brian Eno's synth part.
What?
You muted, Bowie?
And I could see him go, and look over at me.
And he, he has later said, well, I didn't know enough about production to, like, figure out how to talk you guys into letting me do some of this stuff.
The problem was he was playing pretty stuff.
We were in love with the Eno that played in Roxy Music, but he had become this Zen guy, right?
He was playing pretty.
He was in his ambience.
There are some things on it that we used on the album.
There are some synth parts he did.
And then there's Brian and David did sing backups on Control of Blue.
Brian did two great things.
He created the sound of the only sequencer line that we used on that record, which
shriple up.
Okay.
Oh.
He did that.
And he brought us the Buddhist monks.
Yeah.
We put the monkey chance in Jocco Homo.
Oh, I see him in there.
Not as a sample, but just as an idea to bring to it.
No, he put a sample.
There is a sample.
There is a sample.
Literally, it's a sample in.
Oh, wow.
It should have.
We tried playing it on stage longer.
Yeah.
The technology back then, there wasn't MIDI yet.
Yeah.
No.
It was really difficult.
to sync.
Sink something up, you know, like sound with live sound.
We couldn't speed shift it and keep it.
So things would happen is like we'd be all excited on stage and we'd play faster than we did on the time.
Yes, I've noticed that.
I've noticed that, you know, like...
To catch up.
Sometimes in my head, like, certain songs like Be Stiff are so fast.
And I go back and I listen to the album version.
It's not nearly as fast because I've seen the...
You know, you go on YouTube and you see these amazing performances.
In fact, from your Maxis, Kansas City Days, we have a clip from one of those performances.
It's such good.
I love that there's like footage of this stuff on the internet.
Can we play a clip of gut feeling?
That is just infectious.
I'm sorry.
It gets kind of chaotic at that part of this time.
Alan Myers was the best, though.
The drummer, yeah.
He was a human mentor.
In 1979, you guys had two albums on Warner Brothers under your belt.
You already had the credibility of the underground scene, so to speak.
So how were you feeling going into recording, pretty much choice?
We thought it'd be our last record.
We were told, unless you guys have a hit, this is your last record because they were so pissed at us for duty now for the future.
And Debo was the wrong kind of personality to threaten that way.
So it was like, okay, we're just going to do exactly what we want then.
Who gives a shit, right?
And so we were proceeding with that frame of mind.
but it was exciting because we were just going for it.
The anger fueled the creativity.
And again, the collaboration was wide open back then.
Mark would keep notebooks.
I would keep notebooks.
He would bring in recordings on cassette from his bedroom drawings.
I would do the same.
We'd play together in the studio with everybody there coming up with things.
So these songs were coming together in a very collaborative, developmental way.
We didn't concentrate on whip it or give that some, you know,
high position over other songs.
You didn't feel like this is the hit.
It was just one of the songs that we were excited about, you know.
We were no more excited about that than Girl You Want or Freedom of Choice, right?
Which, by the way, I just have to say right now, because you brought it up,
Girl, you won first single off the album.
I feel like it is a song that hip-hop should have sampled by now.
Like, I don't know if you guys are in the habit of, maybe people have come to you asking
to clear that sample or something like that.
But I feel like for all the one song nation listeners who might be in production in the hip hop field,
could be a hit.
Don't sleep on girl you want.
It's an amazing song.
And I do feel like it's got all the makings of a hip hop hit.
But that said, maybe you guys have been saying no.
Somebody did it, but they didn't do it well.
Okay.
They didn't do it well.
We were presented with it.
And they didn't do a good job, unfortunately.
Who wasn't?
You don't have to say this.
I don't even remember.
Yeah, there was a bunch of park rangers from Wyoming.
They had some free time.
where half the good hip hop comes from.
People don't realize that.
All that time staring at the national parks.
Between the girl you want, by the way, freedom of choice.
And there is this part of your songwriting process, which is the surprise, the element of
surprise.
There's almost little proggy things.
The thing that yes, her Genesis might do with that fifth bar in the loop or in the case
of those two songs, the surprise of where the dom becomes.
The time signature.
Yeah.
Clearly that was a conscious choice in terms of deconstructing pop.
But did that have an origin?
was there, I mean, in the case of freedom of choice, the choice of that dun-dun-d-dun-d-d-d-d-d-d-d-d-d-d.
That was a factory.
Yeah.
We were making a factory sound.
You know, we were on an e-m-m-l, right?
It wasn't good for a lot of other things, but it did whip cracks and factory noise really well.
Yeah.
So we finally found a use for that sense.
Yeah, the pounding and that kind of metallic echoy.
thing was so cool to us. It was like some kind of like dangerous like night train was coming for you,
you know. Yeah. Those were the kind of things we got off on. Well, we're going to take a quick
break. But when we come back, you are going to feel like you're in the studio while Whippett is
being recorded. We have the stems. We're going to play them. We're going to talk to these men about
what song they think other than Whippet define the 80s. Stick around. We'll be right back.
All right. Welcome back to one song. And without any further delay, let's dive into the stems of
song by Man Luxury.
Absolutely.
Well, before we get into it, I have a quick question.
When was the last time you would have heard the multi-tracks?
Was it recently or many years ago?
Not that long ago.
Okay.
And I'll tell you why.
Because we, that song's been used in a lot of commercials.
And Whipit has turned into flip it, strip it, tip it.
Swip it.
What does that mean?
Swip it?
For Swiffer.
Swiffer.
In fact, we sang the lyrics ourselves, their parody lyrics.
We sang them just to mess people up going, wait, that's really them.
Oh, I see, because it's even more so when it's the original multi-tracks plus the new vocals.
Yeah, so it's like we almost changed our name to Deho.
Wait, I have to ask you, any regrets about that, or you're like, no, it's fine.
it's part of the culture. I think the song was made for parody and we have enough self-effacing
humor to lend ourselves to it. And you know my feeling always was that if one of our songs is
more commercial and does get played somewhere, you know, it's then that there's a chance it's
going to, you know, kids are going to go, where did that come from? And then they'll go check out the
album, they'll check out the band, and they'll find out more about the truth about de-evolution.
Well, without further ado, let's listen to Alan Myers playing drums. I have a question right
out of the gate. The drums are separated. And was it recorded kick and snare separately from the
high hats? Well, listen first, and then I want to hear what you guys, what the answer is. So here's
the kick and snare. And as you can hear coming up right now, there's bleed starting now.
Very subtle.
So the bleed indicating that, like, yeah, they're probably in a room playing kick and snare.
I'm playing the bass from the control room.
Okay.
And it's going to Allen's phones.
Let me just say, what a freaking honor it is that you guys are here to tell us what happened.
There's no speculation anymore.
You'll let us know the answers to these questions.
Now, I don't remember him playing the high hat separately.
I don't either.
Well, let's listen.
But listen, it sounded, it did sound like it was.
Possibly the way they were miced.
Okay.
That's what I was wondering until I noticed the lack of bleed.
But they'll just listen.
And I also hear two recordings that are hard panned.
But anyway, high hats.
That's true.
Certainly sounds isolated.
That really sounds isolated.
And here comes no bleed where the bleed was in the kick and snare.
I'll put it all together.
And now just the high hats.
Seems like he did do it that way.
Yeah.
With two takes because it sounds like there's one in each.
I think what happened is he did it the normal way.
And then Bob Marglew said, it's too mushy.
Okay.
You know, we need more precision.
more definition.
Yeah, I mean, and we weren't alien to that idea.
The album we'd done before that was extremely torn apart,
even though there was all songs that we had written while we were playing in clubs,
and they were all based on us playing live.
It's like, Do Dutty Now for the Future, he stripped all the, he had us all play
separate.
Ken Scott.
Yeah, Ken Scott.
He did it in a bad way.
It was like the most, it was like robotic.
without...
Not good enough.
He managed...
He managed to de-ball
rock and roll.
Okay.
Yeah, it was...
Yeah, I was really unhappy
with that record
until I heard it
on an eight-track
recording that Warner's put out
and in my girlfriend's
shitty Volvo
that had a shitty sound system in it.
And I went,
that's what it was supposed
to sound like.
Because it was...
Enough distortion was added to it
that it sounded pretty good.
It was too proscen and clean
otherwise.
It didn't have the grit
that you had in
intended or wanted to have in it. Mark had hung out with the drummer of Captain Beefhart, Robert Williams,
and Robert Williams put down this drumbeat on tape with Mark, and Mark played it for us in the studio.
And it's a wilder kind of jazier version of what you're hearing here, but it had that trippy gallop in it in the high hat pattern.
I used to go over to this house where Captain Beefheart and Go-Go's.
Gina Shock, right?
Yeah, they rehearsed in the basement.
It was in Hancock Park somewhere.
And because I didn't have a drum machine.
I mean, the drum machine I had had like waltz and Basanova.
Like a CR708 or something.
I'd go over and I would tell him what I wanted him to play.
And he'd put stuff together for me.
Do you remember what you might have suggested to get him to where he played this beat as a result?
Yeah, I told him I was looking for dance beats for, for, to write to,
that didn't sound like, you know, the most obvious disco.
So we kept doing things until I said, okay, do that for me for three minutes.
And you'd do it for three minutes on a cassette, and then I'd take it back to my...
Three minutes, you could write something over it because there's no way to loop it.
And it isn't like any other dance beat.
It's really freaking fast.
It's really fast.
I think the hi-hat shows a little disco, but it's a very fast tempo.
But it has, as you pointed out, sort of the jazz dance-t-da-da-d-da.
Skip, yeah, Skip Gallop thing was the cool thing.
If it were half time, it would be kind of a jazz,
to have that swing thing to it.
Also, here, Alan's so good.
He's not playing to a click.
That's insane.
He plays the drums.
Then he goes back and plays his hi-hat to his drums.
Yeah, that we did eliminate from the process.
And when we went back to the original tracks
because they were going to use it in a commercial
and they needed the BPMs to be mapped,
Mark has a piece of equipment that maps those.
The BPMs only drifted two BPM from the beginning to the end and only during the bridge.
And went right back to the same BPMs as you begin.
He was just a robot.
That's what a robot he was.
That's incredible.
What incredible rhythm.
What an incredible part too.
And listening, it's funny to remember that in the 80s like dance music, this is 160 BPM.
song.
Yeah.
Like,
yeah.
This was dancing like Molly Ringwell song.
Because you're really focused on that, you know, backbeat, the two and the four.
It's hard to like.
It was perfect for the white powder days.
I was going to say people were very caffeinated back then.
Coffee was very popular.
I wasn't going to ask about that, but you're, I was implied.
I mean, it was ubiquitous.
You know, your record company, you know, A&R man would offer it to you at the end of the day, you know.
At the beginning of the day, I never coming in for meetings.
The beginning of they being like 3 p.m.
Like now they bring you a cup of coffee
or they go take an order at Starbucks.
But back in those days...
We need it at Roy's with our manager
and then he'd closed the curtain
and the waiter would come over
with a little white plate with six lines on it.
It would not be Whippet,
if I can use your famous line.
It would not be Whip it without the whip sound
to complete the beat.
And here it is.
And that sounds like something reversed.
That's part of the sound.
there's more to it yeah there was white noise from one year since that's i think i hear that in that
that is that's what you're hearing maybe merge together well here it is with the complete here in the
reverse uh well it's a reverse reverb on on a on a eml hip on it electro comp 500 is that correct
electro comp 500 but here it is with the entirety of the beat so we can hear it all together whose idea
or where did this idea maybe come or was it just you had to do it because it was the
title of the song. Well, at that point, several kind of techno new wave influenced bands,
starting with Gary Newman, we're using white noise. We loved that. But Devo didn't just want to
like start putting white noise on every other snare beat to do it because other people did it.
But it was like, wait a minute, now we have these lyrics, whip it. We'll use white noise
as a whip crack, right? In other words, there is an actual real reason to put
that sound in the song to punctuate the lyric. Right. And you obviously had to get rather
creative to create the sound, to synthesize the sound, and then to have, and then to reverse it
and everything that you did to process it. In 1979, it wasn't just a 10-cent splice sample,
like type in the word whip. Was that a process that took a fair amount of time, or were you
able to dial it in? I think so. Yeah. I mean, I think we worked on that a while. Some large
percentage of the total time it took to make the song. Well, we recorded the album.
in just a few weeks. So a large percentage of the time might have been some breakfast to lunch or something.
It was pretty fast by today's standards. Right. Well, that's the beat. So let's move on to Jerry, I believe this is you playing, not just any Moog, but is it not the Devo box? Is that what this was? Is that information, right? Two Moogs?
Oh, I don't think we had ganged them at this point, had we? Let's hear what it sounds like, because to my ear,
Let's just listen.
Maybe we can tell from the sound.
I'm not going to speculate because you guys are here to tell me.
No, we'll know if there's like six oscillators rather than three.
Okay.
Yeah.
Jerry Casale on bass.
Moog, maybe one, maybe two.
And I'll bring in the call and response because you just need to hear it.
So might be the Devo box, might not.
It sounds like it must be the Devo box.
It doesn't sound like you're playing two separate parts.
And again, for the listeners, who may not...
It sounds like it's just one performance.
Who may not understand the significance back of the day before there's MIDI to get multiple machines to play nice together, to sync together.
You had to do clever things that required some engineering knowledge.
It was pre-Mittie was a whole different world for electronics.
Yeah, and his tech genius brother, Jim, had started working for Roland.
And he did at some point gang two mini-mogs together.
one slave to the other and then sent them to a controller.
So I just played a controller and I was playing six oscillators at once so we could get
like a bigger beefy, yeah, big, bigger.
Not just your three oscillator later.
No, it was a six oscillator.
It was huge.
Well, in general, one of the big changes on this album is the move from Electric.
Right, right.
You know what I remember also is one of the things that Bob Margulov taught us that we had
never done before. I don't know why it never occurred to us, but he ran from like the base.
He ran into two different amps in different rooms. Right. That might be what we're hearing.
That's right. That's what we're hearing. And then he ran one just a direct in because we would,
because there was no memory on any of the synths back in those days. We'd, you know, be writing a song.
And then we'd come back the next day and try to duplicate what we had just played the day before.
And we'd be going, you couldn't.
that doesn't sound right. We'd be chasing the sound
forever. And then he taught us how
to split it out like that and it made it
so we could dial things in easier
the next day. It really...
These are literally innovations. It changed
our way of
writing actually. Was there a conscious
decision on your part to move to the
Moog from the bass guitar for this
record? It was kind of shocking
but I really...
At the time I had the right frame of mind, I was excited
to do it and learn it.
I loved it. Because
Because the music demanded this is what we do.
The music demanded something maybe more uniform.
You didn't want a bass guitar in this song.
Yeah, it wouldn't have worked the same.
But you did keep the live drums.
I suppose the drum machines weren't quite...
Thankfully.
Yeah.
Thankfully, because Alan Myers is incredible.
Because they sound so good.
Yeah, they sound really good.
But that balance that you have here in this song, which is you have live drums,
you have scents that are not sequenced.
They're all performed, right?
Right.
And then you still had real guitar.
And real guitar, right?
So this isn't necessarily the synth pop era that's about to happen.
It's the Goldilocks spot between technology and rock.
Yes.
It's a sweet spot.
It's just got the right combo where machines don't take over and make something sound sterile.
Yeah.
So going back to the synth that we just heard, the call and response, that ding, ding, ding.
Who's playing that?
Is that Bob, too, or do we know who played that?
It's probably me.
Bob was a utility player.
Okay.
would go between guitar and keyboard, depending on where we needed them per song.
More like in a live setting as opposed to recording.
In the live setting, yeah.
So he'd go back and forth.
But probably I played the synth parts on all this.
Okay.
The bass part is doubled by your brother, by Bob One, I believe.
Is that correct?
Is Bobwin playing the guitar part here?
Correct.
Okay, well, let's listen to him isolated,
and then I'll bring in to the context of what he played.
Mark had in his bedroom with, I think, a guitar and a synth played do-do-do-do-do-d-dun, and brought that in,
and it was that over and over and over.
And it was really, you know, infectious and it's that kind of thing where it doesn't really, it revolves.
And I said something about, what is that?
It almost sounds like something.
He goes, oh, it's pretty woman, but I add it two beats.
He's pulled it apart.
Right.
He pulled it apart.
To find its component elements that individually separated, we can recombine in different ways.
So then I started trying to play a bass part on it, but I thought it was too busy to when I heard me imitating the whole line.
So I left a space in it where you could hear the snare drum, right?
So it's a bo-bo-bo-bo-da-do-do-do-do-do-do, right?
A little space.
So that's our intro or your intro, the intro, the intro to whip it.
And at this point, we get the introduction of your call and response, speaking of vocals,
which starts with you with the initial crack.
Cracking the whip.
Cracking that whip.
He gives the past a slip.
Let's listen.
Correct that whip.
That guy.
Give the pass a slip.
Back to Jerry.
Step on a crick.
Break your mama's back.
Now this is Mark again, yeah.
Oh, and our problem comes along.
You must whip it before the cream sets out too long.
You must whip it.
When something's going wrong.
You must whip it.
So cool.
That calling response is epic.
It's so epic.
And it's so fun that you guys are sitting here.
Sorry, I will get over myself and the fact that you are here and that we're hearing this.
But listening back, what do you remember about this recording?
Recording it, yeah.
We were talk singers and character singers.
That's what we were doing.
You know, we weren't crooners.
And we weren't trying to write crooner kind of songs.
And we were using our strings.
This is not why Roboac Teddy Pendergrass.
This is something different than that.
That's right.
I mean, before we move on, I'd love to talk about the lyrics because, you know, you guys know,
everybody thought it had this BDSM, you know, thing going on.
What, for the record, and for the record, what is the song about?
I had just been reading Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pinchin, and in that he makes a bunch
of parodies of Limericks that kind of like go after the Horatio Alger kind of your number
one, there's nobody else like you and, you know, like American exceptionalism.
Sure.
And we thought that was funny stuff.
Yeah, it's like a heavy story, but then he'll look out a window and there'll be kids playing
on a sidewalk and they'll be singing an odd nursery song.
And I go, I want to do one of those.
I'm going to do one of those for us.
So Whippet was inspired by these things that Thomas Pinchin had interlaced into Gravity's
Rainbow.
Well, while we're talking about the lyrics, you have,
scribble down.
I have the original scribbles.
That's amazing.
I had,
I'd buy these cheap PSS books.
Not that cheap.
They were like 75 cents.
Oh my gosh.
And they were just ridiculous low.
They were all blanks with, you know,
ha ha captions like Superman traveling faster than the speeding bullet.
So that's why you don't see anything.
And, you know, North Pole landscape.
Ha, ha, ha.
But I would just use them to write a song in each box.
So that book is filled with other songs?
Oh, yeah.
Here's Whipit, the original Whippet where it's not, it's the same lyrics, but not laid out in the same cadence that fit this music.
Because this was written before that music.
What's an example of something that evolved?
That was different in this original.
Well, just the way.
The length of the lines.
They're not divided.
up for call and response. This would fit the square dance version of that's right. Okay. Would you have had a
melody for this too or did that come with the music? That came from the music. You know, it's more
than writing lyrics. Then, then you develop a vocal melody and a cadence, right? I mean, that's
rhythmically where you place everything. It isn't just like some guy wrote lyrics, period. Yeah,
right next to it is going under. All right, well, let's get into the chorus.
What do you want to play for us, my man?
Well, let's start with just because it's there, and we talked about Pretty Woman.
Part two, the top half, ends up in the turnaround, and let's listen to it in the guitar.
So in the chorus, we introduce a really important new element.
And Mark, is this you on the fourth tritone weirdness, awesomeness?
Yeah, more than likely.
More than likely.
And do you recall maybe an inspiration for this, or it was just in the moment?
like this weird thing has to happen this way.
Oh, it was, you know, like always looking for like nervous, you know, like,
come some of a commercial.
It's very stressful.
Yeah.
And that's what it does.
It keeps things tense and keeps them up here, you know, no rest.
Right.
Because while everything else is moving and I'll bring in the other elements,
it's staying consistent and disturbing.
Off kilter.
Really good.
The rest of it's a nice pretty melody.
Great parts.
These are great parts, absolutely.
Mark had brought in another tape, and he had, and this one had the sound of something that he had done back in Akron through a frequency analyzer.
I don't remember what synth you were using when you did Golden Energy.
Oh, that was, it was a Paya.
Paya.
Do you know those?
They were like these, you bought pieces, and they'd send them to you from Oklahoma City, I think.
Like you build your own kit?
And you build your own, yeah, your own modular SIM.
Like out of a consumer electronics magazine.
So you could, for like $19, you could buy a VCO, or for $22, you could buy a filter or an envelope or different pieces.
All the component parts that would make a sense.
It was like you had to weld it all together, but you know, you ended up with a symphony at the end of the day.
And it was really a cool sound because it was through the frequency analyzer, it was like,
quivering jellos
and so this
tape had like
a very slow
which would be the chorus
of Whippet it went
bam bam
but half time
bam bam bam
yeah the speed
this speed
and I loved it
you know
it's how cool is that
and then we just sped it up
made it the chorus
playing with the same set of sounds
as the verse we had right
And that's when we had, we thought was the song before the little bridge of that, da-da-da-da-da-da-da.
That came later.
But I started trying to sing lyrics I had written over this thing.
I had written Whipit, totally independent of this music.
And it seemed to be-
How did you match it?
How did you come to match it?
Well, it just seemed like it fit because the idea was we'd trade lines.
That was the main idea.
There was a little call and response.
call and response. I saw somewhere the quote,
the white robot James Brown.
Well, in the spirit of R&B that we
were talking about robot R&B, it just made sense,
right? We started
trying it, and it was great.
And then in the vocals, let's listen to
what you gentlemen have done together, I believe,
but I do have a question.
Here is what I think is the final
main lead vocal.
Now whip it
into shape. Shape it up.
Get straight.
Mark, that sounds like, is this
Is this you?
That's me.
Okay.
But then Mark sings it with me and his voice is mixed behind mine.
That's what I was going to ask because it's pretty low.
He does a character voice like a whisper almost.
Then you've answered the question.
Let's listen to that.
I labeled it Chill 1 and Chill 2.
Now whip it into shape.
Shape it up.
Get straight.
Mix them together.
Go forward.
That's two marks.
Move ahead.
And one Jerry on top.
Try to detect it.
It's not too late.
To whip it.
Whip it.
Good. Right. See, it's the combo that does it. Right. In the final mix, I think it's, it's, the balance is
interesting because I'd never noticed those lower ones until, maybe it's not there as much. I don't know.
Yeah. Subliminal. It's subliminal. So much of what you do is. The second chorus, you guys have a new
part. It's not the same as the first or the third chorus. Yeah, that's a bridge. This is a bridge.
That's the bridge. That's the bridge. I say whip it. Okay.
Okay. Flip it good.
that was the last part added to the song.
Was this,
this felt like something that maybe Bob wanted to do
so he could finally bust out the distortion pedal
so he can play this.
And maybe not the distortion.
Maybe Mark remembers,
I remember we were playing in the studio
when this was created.
Yeah, yeah, that's right.
Was the idea like we need another different part
to kind of break up?
We needed a bridge.
We needed a break from what was going on.
Well, you say that,
but then in the next part,
you also have a break because it's,
Is that the solo?
We'll just play it.
We'll decide.
Yeah, well, that's almost like a rest.
It's a non-lead lead,
anti-lead.
Let's listen to the baseline.
And this is, it's basically the intro two bars,
but you truncated it to one and a half bars.
Right.
One, two, three, four.
One, two, one, two, three, four.
All these clever ways of bringing in familiar things,
but making them slightly different.
And then not unimportantly,
We, of course, have the one-note solo.
Ping.
Yes.
By the way, snowy behind you, that's what he plays.
And not even a symbol.
This is the non-lead lead.
Incredible.
Was that influenced by something?
I always think of Cinnamon Girl by Neil Young has that, like, crazy one-note solo.
Well, maybe.
We did like Cinnamon Girl.
Well, listen, Wippet is now for.
45 years old.
And as you guys are continuing your 50th anniversary tour,
what does it mean to have a song like this in your catalog?
I mean, like, you know, your career, we are Devo fans.
But what do you feel about this particular song, WIPPIT,
at this point in your career?
Grateful for the attention.
Yeah.
I mean, again, I think I mentioned earlier,
Mark and I didn't put anything on a record we didn't like.
But we didn't single out WIPP in our minds,
you know, freedom of choice, like, this is it, right?
We liked everything we put on there.
And when the record company heard the record,
they, of course, put all their chips on grill you want.
Which is a right song.
And when, yes, I know.
And I mean, in other words, we liked it as much as Whipit.
And it may be more.
Who knows?
But when it didn't hit.
It went top 20, but it didn't go any higher.
They were like, okay, we're out.
But, you know, a radio DJ named Cal Redmond down in Florida.
on his own
with no prompts
from payola or Coke
or...
I love the stories of how a single DJ
can make this a huge difference.
Back then they could.
We didn't give them donuts.
No donuts.
And you know,
back then there was no clear channel
or anything like that.
So he could,
with his Cal Rudman tip sheet
or whatever he called it,
he could influence
like about 100 DJs in the Southeast
to play this song
that he really liked.
He took the record from Warner's and actually listened to it and picked that song.
And overnight, our fate changed.
And that led to them giving you some money for a video, the iconic video.
That's right.
Which also must have had some contribution, especially when MTV went from not existing to existing.
Right.
And we had already given them every video we had made previous to that.
And they were still not national.
They were only in like three cities.
They were just about to go with American Express money.
national franchise, right? So yeah, we made her video. But not unimportantly, because videos,
you had been in the vanguard, with early laser disc, right? You were making videos for long enough
that you are so ahead of the curve that your videos did not look like anything else on MTV in the
earliest days. Right. So memorable. Well, they were self-expression. They were all do it yourself.
We weren't hiring outside directors to impose an idea on us. It was your complete.
vision visually. You directed the video. Is that right, Jerry?
Yeah. Right. Well, that's what I was going to ask about. There's something about this video that,
again, going back to even as a child, there was something about it that was like, there's many layers
here. And I can't put my finger on what it is. That was pretty naughty. But even just the way the
characters look at each other was clearly referring to sort of an advertising language or a not
fake language. As Mark pointed out an hour ago, we studied TV commercials because we wanted to use
that vocabulary to put our message out.
Right. That was like a Jordash commercial moment.
Yeah, right. There were elements.
Is there something you can put your finger on to explain to me as I'm more of a music person
than a visual person? Like, what was it that I'm picking up on that's so uncanny and strange
about how these people are interacting? The Cowboys.
We were parodying the coming conservatism in America because Reagan was about to become
president. And he had been a cowboy movies. We knew he would win.
And we were looking at all those Westerns.
And like Marks said, the denim and the Jordaish commercials that were permeating the air.
Right, right.
So it was this kind of like, it's almost like what's happening with the MAGA people now, right?
And it was happening back then.
And, you know, not as aggravated a manner.
But it's like an appeal to like the real American country, blue jeans, something like that.
It was our satire on it.
The American Cabin, the Great West.
backdrop from Western images behind us with, you know, Utah, Butes and Mesa's.
I like that backdrop.
It was great.
It was expensive.
But this sort of underlying undercurrent of there's something going on.
There's also something else unspoken.
Well, Mark's whipping a woman's clothes off.
Which almost seems like you guys saying, like, look, they think this is what it's about.
Let's just go for it.
Let's just do it.
That's what my point was going to be.
We said, let's give them what they want.
We had a song called Whippet.
It seemed appropriate.
Before we end the show, we want to play a game with you guys.
We hope that's cool.
It's called What's One Song?
And I hear the rules.
We'll ask you a question.
Yeah.
And you'll give us an answer really quickly.
Like, don't overthink it.
Yeah.
It's as quickly as possible.
Let's begin.
All right.
All right.
What's one song that soundtracked your art school days?
I guess it would be like a Rolling Stone by Bob Dylan.
That's great one.
Purple Hays.
Purple Hays.
That's a good one.
What's one song that changed the way you thought about making music?
Diamond Dogs.
Beefheart.
What's one song that you think defined the 80s, not including with it?
Gary Newman, Cars.
Sure, cars.
Cars is good.
Yeah, we went to the forum when he was playing,
and I sat in his little car that he drove out on stage
and drove it around while there was nobody there.
We have pictures of ourselves with him backstage.
All drinking Coca-Cola.
Love it.
Well, it's one song that you could listen to every day for the rest of your life.
Every day.
That's tough. That's hard to say.
That is tough.
Because for me, it's like my favorite song of the day changes every day.
Although, if I was going to pick one, I might pick satisfaction.
By.
That's an easy one.
That's a great one.
That's true.
It can never go wrong.
It's the ultimate rock and roll song.
It's not for nothing that you chose it to be the song you cover.
That's why we did it.
That's why you did it.
and transformed it forever.
What's one song?
We have to break down
on a future episode of one song.
I'd say take any of them off the first album
because if you took the 24 track,
there's going to be tracks that Brian Eno and David Bowie
intended on putting in the song that you'll only hear them on your show.
Mark and Jerry,
thank you so much for playing this game with us
and spending some time with us.
Where can folks find out more about your upcoming tour dates
and just what you're up to in general.
Clubdevo.com.
Is there a circumstance where Devo is Devo versus Devo?
I've been wondering this.
Meaning whether it's Devo or Devo?
Right.
Yeah.
With the emphasis.
Devo back in the early days when it was Art Deco, Art Nevo, Art Devo.
And then Joccoa kind of turned that upside down.
Devo.
And also, Belbiv Devo came out.
Yeah, we came out here and everybody went,
Hey, Devo!
Actually, early on,
I mean, now we both kind of, we kind of just default to Devo.
But early on, Devo was kind of like high devo, and Devo was kind of referenced low divo.
High art, low art.
Even more devo.
Yeah.
Yeah.
I love that.
I feel like we've learned so much today.
It's amazing.
It's such an honor to have you guys on the show.
Thank you so much for coming down.
Deconstructing your own song with us.
It was great to hear this like this actually because I realize how much is.
packed into, you know, two minutes and 46 seconds. It's really an interesting arrangement.
A lot of changes. It only seems simple until you really listen to how it's broken down.
That's what probably kept it interesting. I found that to be the case, too, but I didn't write
the song. So it's really cool to hear you say that you've heard the same thing.
Well, this show is great because the people that are listening to it. Most of them aren't
songwriters. And so they don't even, you know, they don't really know how a song is built or
created. And when you get to hear the tracks individually like that, it's, it's, I think it's
very illuminating. It both demystifies the process, but also gives you a greater appreciation of the
finished product. Exactly. I think you hit it right there. Well, I think you get the idea of how
intentional everything was, you know, right? How consciously we were doing this stuff. Both every sound
in a moment, but also, as you're saying, the arrangement over time. Like, we've heard this, let's hear
something different for a moment, then bring it back. Okay. Well, I think we should,
should just agree right now that we've got about 149 songs left to go. We should do them all.
Please come back 149 times. We're going to just spin off a podcast called One Devo song.
One Devo song, because we're high-minded here. And one Devo song. Well, do one of each.
Mark, Jerry, Devo. Thank you. Thank you for coming on one song. Thank you.
Thanks for letting us be on.
What an episode. As always, you can find us on Instagram and TikTok. You can find me on
Instagram at Diallo, Dioa, L-L-O, and on TikTok at Diallo Riddle.
And you can find me on Instagram at L-U-X-X-U-X-U-X-U-S-U-Y and on TikTok at L-U-X-U-X-U-S-U-S-U-S-X.
And now, One-Song officially has its own Instagram and TikTok.
Go follow at One-Song podcast for exclusive content.
You can watch full episodes of the show on YouTube and Spotify.
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We'd love it if you'd like and subscribe.
Also be sure to check out the One-Song Spotify playlist for all of the songs we discussed.
in our episodes. You can find the link
in our episode description. If you made it this
far, we think that means you like the podcast.
So please don't forget to give us five
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helps to keep the show going. All right, luxury, help us
in this thing. I'm producer, DJ,
songwriter, and musicologist, and a massive
divo fan who's had the best day of his life,
luxury. And I'm
actor, writer, director, and sometimes
DJ, but always divo fan,
Viala Rittle. And this is
one song. We'll see you next time.
episode is produced by Melissa Duane Yes. Our video editor is Casey Simonson. Our associate producer is Jeremy
Bimbo. Mixing by Michael Hardman and engineering by Eric Hicks. Production supervision by
Razak Boykin. Additional production support from Z. Taylor. The show is executive produced by
Kevin Hart, Mike Stein, Brian Smiley, Eric Eddings, Eric Wiles and Leslie Guam.
