Rachel Maddow Presents: Ultra - Episode 2: The Mole
Episode Date: June 17, 2024The American government launches an all-out manhunt for a young American ultra-right fascist who harbors sympathy for the Nazis and who is actively peddling one of the world's most dangerous weapons. ...Francis Yockey’s journey -- and the government’s intense search for him -- will soon leave a mark on American politics for decades to come.
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This is NBC, the national broadcasting company.
People were getting home from their morning errands or getting home from church.
Lots of people were just sitting down at their kitchen tables to have Sunday lunch.
And that day, on the radio, there was a national broadcast
that managed to scare the bejesus out of nearly everyone who listened to it.
Over NBC's coast-to-coast network of independent affiliated stations, the University of Chicago Roundtable.
A roundtable conversation aired nationwide on the radio by NBC.
The topic of this roundtable was admittedly a little bit dark
for a Sunday afternoon.
Today, the roundtable discusses
the facts about the hydrogen bomb.
This important roundtable series
is being presented in response
to the great public concern
over the decision to build a hydrogen bomb.
The decision to build a hydrogen bomb.
The United States and the world had just seen in 1945
the devastating effects of nuclear warfare
when the U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan.
But what they were talking about on the radio
this Sunday afternoon,
four and a half years after the war was over,
was something new, something bigger.
There have been many statements in the press
concerning this possible new instrument of destruction.
How much of that discussion has been correct
and how much of it has been incorrect?
What does the hydrogen bomb mean?
To answer these questions,
one must first understand what the hydrogen bomb really is.
The discussion that day on the radio was among four scientists who knew of what they spoke.
All of them had been part of the Manhattan Project, led by Robert Oppenheimer, which
of course secretly developed and then built America's atomic bombs.
What these Manhattan Project scientists were now trying to tell the public
on the radio that Sunday afternoon was how much worse, how qualitatively different it would be
for the U.S. or anyone to use not just an atomic bomb, but a hydrogen bomb.
Well, now we have the possibility of constructing a weapon that is, say, of the order of a thousand times the destructiveness of the Hiroshima bomb.
The Hiroshima bomb, the atomic bomb.
It had the capability to level whole portions of a city.
That's how just two American bombs in two Japanese cities
could kill and injure
hundreds of thousands of people.
But now this new bomb
they were talking about on the radio,
the hydrogen bomb,
it had the capacity to wipe out
not just whole portions of a city,
but whole cities altogether.
If a bomb were exploded somewhere,
then 10 miles away from it, there would be almost
complete destruction. And that would mean that a city as big as New York, that the biggest cities
on earth, could be destroyed by one single bomb. The conversation among the Manhattan Project
scientists that day on the radio, it was largely speculative. The hydrogen bomb at this point did
not exist. But it pretty clearly was coming. President Truman had already issued the order
for the United States to start working on it. And so on the radio that Sunday afternoon,
these scientists basically were warning the public about what that might specifically mean. They debated whether America's major coastal cities
could even be defended from an H-bomb attack by air.
And if not, perhaps it would be wise in advance, maybe even now,
to depopulate all major cities on the American East Coast,
to move the whole population inland for their protection,
in case all those cities were going to be destroyed.
This was a very, very unnerving conversation. And then, toward the end of the program,
it went to another level altogether. One of the scientists on that program, the one who was the
best known of all of them, he warned toward the end of the
broadcast that, yes, a hydrogen bomb on its own could cause almost unimaginably catastrophic
damage. But he also said it wouldn't be hard to tweak a hydrogen bomb to make its effect even
worse. He said there was a modification that could be made to the basic design of it that could turn a single hydrogen bomb into a weapon that could end it all.
Everything. For the whole planet.
What I had in mind is this.
It is very easy to rig an H-bomb on purpose
so that it should produce very dangerous radioactivity.
This very famous scientist, his name was Leo Szilard,
he explained calmly on the radio that Sunday afternoon
that with just a tweak to the casing of the H-bomb,
a change to the way it was constructed,
you could probably create a single bomb
that could depopulate the planet,
that could kill off all life on Earth.
Here I've made a little calculation.
Assuming that we make a radioactive element
that will live for five years,
and we just let it go into the air,
forming a dust layer on the surface of the Earth,
everybody would be killed.
Everybody would be killed?
Everyone on Earth? Is that what the man just said?
Again, this was just on the radio on a Sunday afternoon as people were sitting down to lunch.
And as you might expect, it set off a small-scale panic all across the country. These physicists,
with their radio show spitballing back-of-the-envelope calculations about what it would take to build, effectively, a doomsday weapon.
And you may, of course, ask, what is the practical importance of this? Who would want to kill
everybody on Earth? I do not know whether we would be willing to do it, and I do not know
whether the Russians would be willing to do it. But I think that we may threaten to do it,
and I think that the Russians might threaten to do it.
And who will take the risk then
not to take that threat seriously?
That very unsettling radio program
aired on NBC on February 26th, 1950.
The next day, newspapers all over the country
were full of stories about it.
Headlines like,
H-bomb death for all feared, or death in a dust cloud, H-bomb could be turned into
world suicide weapon. This was front page news all over the country. I mean, imagine picking up
your Monday morning paper at home in Virginia, and that's the headline on the front page.
H-bomb could be made to kill everyone, everywhere on Earth.
Now, thankfully, there were a lot of ifs here.
The hydrogen bomb, importantly, did not exist yet.
It was still being developed.
Once it was developed and tested and built,
you would still have to do more.
The way that scientists described it, you would still have to do more. The way that scientist described
it, you would still have to basically pack into the bomb what he called a suitable element. It
quickly became clear what that suitable element was. It was the relatively plentiful, not particularly
exotic element, cobalt. And thus was born the absolutely insane, terrifying, apocalyptic idea of a cobalt
bomb, a single bomb that could threaten all life on the planet. Public awareness and fear about a
hypothetical cobalt bomb started with that one NBC Sunday afternoon radio program in 1950.
But then it took off. For decades, this nightmare idea of a cobalt bomb would appear in the plot of
Agatha Christie stories and James Bond movies and Tom Clancy novels and Star Trek episodes,
even in video games.
But when we first learned about it on the radio that Sunday afternoon, February 1950,
it was just deep, deep fear.
The radioactive dust would reach California in about a day.
New York in four or five days, killing most life as it traverses the continent.
Journalist Drew Pearson on his radio show, raising the prospect that a cobalt bomb not only would be built, but it would be built by Russia and then used against us.
We know she has the scientists.
She has the submarine fleet to deliver the H-bomb off the California coast, and she has
the cobalt.
If she hasn't put all the
pieces together as of today, then I regretfully but realistically predict that she'll do so
eventually. Ladies and gentlemen, it's later than you think. Now again, this very, very deep freakout
was about something that didn't exist.
It was about something that was just an idea, something between a hypothetical and a maybe.
No country had developed the hydrogen bomb yet, let alone this further trick.
It was something that had only been imagined and described.
It had never been tried.
But what if it was tried?
What if, while countries like the US had started working on inventing the hydrogen bomb, what
if some ambitious rogue country out there decided to invest its energies in developing
the modification?
In developing the cobalt bomb.
The doomsday thing.
Those fears did not reside only in the imagination of a freaked out public at the time.
Because sure enough, soon, the American government came to believe that plans for a doomsday weapon, plans for a cobalt bomb,
were being offered for sale on the international
black market by an American fugitive, someone who had worked for the U.S. government, who
had experience in the U.S. military, someone who came from the world of the American ultra-right.
This is Rachel Maddow Presents Ultra.
He started discussing plans right away for obtaining a so-called cobalt bomb.
Several accomplices of the Nazis have already been arrested.
He becomes this sort of mythical, mysterious figure for the American right.
Episode 2. The Mole. In the early 1950s, the U.S. military, in fact, a whole swath of the U.S. government, was looking rather desperately for a man named Francis Parker Yockey.
There are hundreds of FBI documents saying Chicago office is advised to be on the lookout for Francis Yockey.
That's author and journalist Anthony Mostrom.
The FBI in the early 1950s was looking for Francis Yockey for the worst possible reason.
They had been advised that he was offering for sale the plans for a cobalt bomb,
the so-called doomsday weapon, the bomb to end all life on Earth.
This is from FBI files.
Quote,
Information received by the informant
indicates that Yaki has been in touch
with Soviet authorities
and he has been exploring matters
connected with the cobalt bomb.
The FBI had been tracking Francis Yaki
across three continents,
including his contacts inside the Soviet Union.
Also, his contacts with a network of escaped Nazis
who had fled to Argentina after World War II
and founded a controversial nuclear program there,
which claimed to be doing advanced work on the hydrogen bomb.
With rising concern about what he might be up to, U.S. authorities tracked Francis
Yockey's travels to the Middle East, and they tracked what he appeared to be trying to sell
there. Yockey did in fact meet with this rising political star in Egypt, Nasser, and he started discussing plans right away for obtaining a so-called cobalt bomb.
Francis Yaqui had flown to Egypt, where he took a meeting with Egypt's new nationalist leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser.
And he reportedly tried selling Nasser on this amazing new weapon that he believed Egypt should use.
In Yaqui and lore, it is believed that he handed the actual plans of this
cobalt bomb over to Nasser, urging him to develop the bomb so that he could use it against Israel.
A cobalt bomb to use against Israel, which could maybe destroy all life on Earth in the process.
By the time the U.S. government was looking for Francis Yockey in conjunction with plans for the cobalt bomb,
their concerns about him had grown from what you might call serious to something more like wild.
By then, he had been eluding them for more than a decade. It started as early as
1942, during World War II, when the Nazis sent two submarines, two German U-boats, to drop off
teams of trained saboteurs in the United States. Their mission was to launch crippling attacks
on American infrastructure. They brought with them a great store of explosives with which to blow up factories and demoralize
civilian life.
It was called Operation Pistorius.
So Operation Pistorius is basically a very, very low level, but serious effort by the
German Abwehr, or military intelligence, to engage in acts of sabotage.
That's historian and author Gabriel Rosenfeld.
They're given weapons training, explosives training in Germany.
The plan in Operation Pistorius was for these saboteurs to come ashore secretly in Florida
and New York. They would slip into American society and keep a low profile for a while,
but then they would start their sabotage operations.
They had a definite plan to blow up American war factories,
blow up bridges, and to wreck the water supply system of New York City.
The Nazis wanted this to be a sustained campaign of sabotage.
They wanted their saboteurs to get away with it for as long as they could.
So they chose men for this operation who already had some familiarity with the U.S.
Mostly German-American and German nationals who have some experience living in the United States.
They wanted men who could blend in and who also maybe could get some help while they were here from friends and family.
It was a pretty audacious plan.
And the saboteurs did come ashore in the United States, in Amagansett, New York on Long Island,
and in Ponte Vedra near Jacksonville, Florida. The country is astounded by the daring of this Berlin scheme to cripple our industry, wreck our railroads, and murder just as many Americans as
possible. But their plot didn't last very long at all
before they got busted by the FBI.
Yesterday, the chief of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation
announced that every single one of those eight German saboteurs
was arrested within one week of landing.
They had confessed.
And the Federal Bureau of Investigation
had dug up their supplies of explosives
on the beaches where they were buried.
Of the eight Nazi agents,
two of them, it turns out, got cold feet.
Two of them went to the FBI and gave themselves up.
They gave up the whole plot.
These saboteurs had all landed in America
in the middle of June.
By the end of June, they were all in federal custody.
By August, a U.S. military commission had decided their fate.
The commission had judged the men guilty
and asked that six of them be given the death sentence.
Accordingly, beginning at noon yesterday,
six of the Nazi spies were electrocuted.
Along with the shock over the sabotage plot,
there was also an uncomfortable open question
of whether these guys had had accomplices,
whether there were other people inside the United States
who were also part of the plot,
who had helped.
Several accomplices of the Nazis have already been arrested,
and G-men are hunting down more Confederates of Hitler's sabotage ring.
After arresting the saboteurs themselves, FBI agents fanned out across the country,
arresting Americans who might have helped them, who might have had links
to the plot. One person who seemed to be getting palpably nervous about these arrests was, at that
moment, a young private serving in the United States Army, Francis Yockey. Yockey was 24 years
old at the time. He had grown up in the Midwest. He'd had a middle-class upbringing. And at the time
of Operation Pistorius, this Nazi sabotage plot, Yockey had just recently enlisted. He was stationed
at an army base in Michigan. But as soon as the FBI broke up Operation Pistorius, while the national
press was following every twist and turn of the story, reporting on federal agents hunting for anyone connected to these saboteurs.
This young Army private, Francis Yockey,
he up and disappeared from his Army base.
He just quietly went AWOL.
And not for a few hours, or even a few days.
Francis Yockey vanished for two months. He went AWOL to Mexico.
FBI files show that at the time he went AWOL, Yockey was wanted for questioning in conjunction
with Operation Pistorius. The FBI believed that this Army private, Yockey, had been a friend of
one of the Nazi saboteurs. There is definite evidence that both Yockey and his sister
were good friends of Herbert Hans Haupt, who would eventually be executed.
Herbert Haupt was one of the Nazi saboteurs.
He was arrested, tried, convicted, and executed for that.
But then the FBI also arrested his aunt and uncle.
And then they arrested his mother and father.
And then they arrested the mother and father of his best friend.
All of them were put on trial for treason for allegedly providing him assistance.
Haupt had been part of the German-American Bund in Chicago.
The FBI arrested a Bund leader who had hosted Haupt at his property, who had done weapons
training with him. When they arrested that Bund leader, they found explosives and an arsenal of
guns and ammunition on his farm. The FBI believed this Army private, Francis Yockey, had also spent time at that farm.
He had spoken at pro-fascist meetings there.
The FBI believed that the executed saboteur, this guy Haupt, had been friends with Yockey and with Yockey's family.
And when the FBI started arresting people, when they started hunting Haupt's accomplices in the United States,
his alleged confederates in the United States, his alleged
Confederates in the Nazi sabotage mission, that is when Francis Yockey fled the country.
After two months AWOL, Yockey did come back to the United States. He turned himself in.
The army was not exactly delighted to have him back. They sent him to a mental institution,
and then they quickly discharged him from the Army for mental illness.
Gnocchi was soon bragging about being discharged,
saying that he'd faked all of it to get himself out of military service.
Apparently, he was faking hearing hallucinations,
so he told U.S. Army psychiatrists and whatnot
that he could hear his father's voice in his head.
And he laughingly told friends later that I, quote,
I snowed the Army into giving me an early discharge.
The Army was likely glad to be rid of him.
U.S. military intelligence documents list Francis Yockey
before he was discharged
as a suspected Nazi sympathizer
inside the Army.
A person who met Yockey
at his Army base in Michigan
told the FBI that Yockey was
constantly stirring up discord
and that Yockey was an admirer
of an American fascist leader
named William Dudley Pelley.
American justice returns a verdict of guilty in the trial of William Dudley Pelley,
silver shirt leader. He's convicted on 11 counts of criminal sedition.
Pelley was the founder of the American pro-Nazi group, the Silver Shirts.
He spent most of the war in prison on sedition charges. He called himself America's Hitler. One of Pelley's followers
was Francis Yockey. Yockey spoke at silver shirt gatherings in the lead up to the war.
While still in college, he was already giving lectures to silver shirt meetings. He definitely
was attracted to the right-wing movements and cadres and parties that were stirring up a lot of trouble.
Before America's entry into World War II, there was a movement on the ultra-right in this country,
arguing that the United States had no business joining the war, that we shouldn't be fighting the Nazis at all,
that if anything, we should be fighting alongside the Nazis.
They argued that American democracy was decadent and doomed,
and that what we really needed in this country was an American form of fascism.
Francis Yockey was very much at the center of that world.
He was a follower of William Dudley Pelley and the Silver Shirts.
He was connected to the German-American Bund.
When five Silver Shirts guys were arrested for throwing bricks through the windows of a Jewish department store in Chicago,
a local Bund leader organized a Friends of Father Coughlin rally to support the defendants.
Yockey was billed as a headline speaker.
He apparently swallowed Hitler's Jew hatred hook, line, and sinker, and it never left him.
He once, in the presence of a friend, he pointed to a copy of Mein Kampf, stuck his finger down on it, and he said,
Do you see that? That is what I am.
Francis Yockey was part of the movement. He was part of the American ultra-right.
He was already dipping deeply into the then-current right-wing media landscape that was going on.
Father Coughlin was on the radio.
Father Charles E. Coughlin.
Call it inflammatory, if you will.
It is inflammatory.
The most influential right-wing media figure in the country.
And a raging anti-Semite.
And with that principle, I challenge every Jew in this nation to tell me that he does not believe in it. Father Coughlin told his followers to form themselves into an armed militia, which was called the Christian Front.
The Christian Front is no longer a dream.
It is a reality in America.
Father Charles Coughlin had the most popular radio program in the country by a mile.
He also had a magazine that was sold all over the country. It was a vehicle for his own grifty,
anti-Semitic, pro-fascist message.
But it also let him publish other like-minded Americans.
One of the first articles,
if not the very first article Yockey ever wrote,
was for Father Coughlin's magazine.
Francis Yockey wrote for Father Coughlin's magazine about how the youth
of America were being indoctrinated by leftist ideas. He's just indulging his attraction to
far-right politics. So by this point, Francis Yockey has been wanted for questioning in
connection with the Operation Pistorius case,
which saw six Nazi saboteurs sent to the electric chair and another half dozen people in this
country put on trial for treason. When he was being sought for questioning in that case,
he went AWOL from the U.S. Army and fled to Mexico. The Army had declared him a Nazi sympathizer and discharged him from the service.
The FBI had linked him to multiple figures
on the American ultra-right
who were being arrested and imprisoned
for crimes up to and including
sedition against the United States.
In other words, this guy was a walking, talking red flag.
But during the course of the war, most of the authorities who did encounter him, the army for example, they just wanted him out of their hair.
We had a war to fight after all. Who had the time to deal with this kind of thing at home?
Letting him out of their grasp was maybe understandable at the time, given everything
they had to contend with. But it would also prove to be consequential,
because it would not be long
before the U.S. military and U.S. intelligence agencies
were hunting for him all over the globe.
Along the way, American authorities
would make it even worse for themselves,
and more dangerous,
by giving Yaki another job connected to the U.S.
Army. The worst job imaginable for someone like him. One that would put him in the belly of a
very dangerous beast and that would put him in contact with some of the most powerful forces
in American politics and government. That's next.
This is Roy Porter in Nuremberg, Germany. 22 Nazi war criminals went on trial a few minutes after 10 this morning, with all but two of them in the defendant's box.
After the Germans surrender in World War II, America and the Allies become an occupying
force in a broken, defeated Germany.
Their first order of business is to hunt for the Nazi leaders who have survived the war,
who are still out there, still alive.
The creator of the once terrifying Nazi air force, hogshead-shaped Hermann Goering,
was overtaken and made prisoner by the U.S. 7th Army. For senior Nazi leaders who do get captured
alive, like Hermann Goering, the Allied powers have to figure out pretty quickly what to do with them.
What will count as justice, not only for the war that the Nazis brought to the world, but for their
industrialized slaughter of millions of civilians.
What soon comes together is a plan for a trial, an international military tribunal.
It will be held in the German city of Nuremberg, and it will be jointly run by the four major
Allied powers.
I'm looking right into the faces of the 20 defendants.
Goering is in number one position on the front bench.
He looks uncommonly healthy and relatively slim.
The war crimes trial is news worldwide.
The proceedings are live translated into four languages.
Hundreds of international reporters are on site in Nuremberg.
They're allowed to broadcast from studios overlooking the courtroom. Next to him sits Rudolf Hess, the Nazi chieftain
number two. He's pale, his face is thin and bony, and he continually fidgets nervously in his seat.
The transparency of this process, the media access to the live proceedings,
it's all part of the mission of the International Military Tribunal.
This is to etch the historical record in stone
so the whole world will know for sure and forever
what Germany did under Nazi rule.
So it can never be forgotten. It can never be denied.
A public trial in which their guilt will be thoroughly documented
for all to read and remember
will keep us from forgetting.
But it's also to showcase
that this is justice,
that this isn't a show trial.
This is fair.
The rule of law,
the rights of due process,
apply even to the most
notorious defendants on earth.
But notoriety is in the eye of the beholder.
And for some, the idea that the Nazis had particular crimes to answer for
wasn't a given.
In Germany, there were those who wanted to rehabilitate
the Nazi cause and the Nazi movement
to claim that Nazi Germany did nothing worse than any other country during the war.
Those forces stoked resentment against the war crimes trials.
The bill held quick on account of the indictment on which you have been convicted.
They attacked the Allies for mounting the trials.
They stoked sympathy for the war crimes defendants.
And there were Americans who thought along the same lines.
And in that context, and for that reason,
one particular American determined that he wanted to get himself to the war crimes trials.
He wanted to go to Nuremberg.
He wanted a job there on the inside. It's only when the war is over
and he starts reading what's going on in Germany that he gets the bright idea to campaign for a
position in the Nuremberg war crimes trials in whatever capacity he can find, because Yockey obviously wanted to get close to the action.
Francis Yockey, despite all of his pre-war associations
with the pro-Nazi ultra-right in America,
despite the U.S. government seeking to question him
about that Nazi sabotage plot, Operation Pistorius,
despite the U.S. Army having him on file as a Nazi sympathizer.
Despite all of that, Francis Yockey somehow manages to get himself hired by the U.S. government
to come to Germany.
He gets himself hired as a U.S. government lawyer at the Nazi war crimes trials.
Scores of armed guards and military police have blocked off the courtroom from the rest of the building.
In addition to the army files that described him as pro-Nazi,
FBI files also show that just a few months before he applied to go work on the war crimes trials,
the FBI was logging complaints from Yaki's freaked-out co-workers back home about his unsolicited comments to them
that the U.S. had had no business fighting the Nazis in the first place, that, quote,
Germany should have won the war. Nevertheless, despite all of that, Francis Parker Yockey
applied for the war crimes trials job in Germany in 1946, and he got the job. There's so many instances where he seemed to
fall through the cracks. Whatever epic failure of vetting allowed Francis Yockey to get there
in the first place. Once he was in Germany, it quickly became clear that the military had made
not just an inexplicable error in hiring him.
They'd made a mistake that had consequences.
They had hired somebody to work at the war crimes trials
who was determined to use that job, to use that access,
to actively help the Nazis there.
He was one of the lawyers whose job it was to review cases that were asking for clemency.
Yockey's job at the war crimes unit was to review cases that were asking for clemency. Yockey's job at the War Crimes Unit was in reviewing cases.
The building that he reported to every day was a files and message center for the War Crimes Group,
meaning that all sorts of court records and important trial documents were at his disposal.
They were at his fingertips.
And that just gave him perfect access to get into
any documents that he wanted to get into in an effort to help the defense attorneys
of the very Nazis that he was hired to prosecute. He was hired to help the prosecution,
but what he did was serve as a mole inside the prosecution to instead help the Nazi war crimes' defendants.
He stole documents and information and secretly gave them to the defendants and their lawyers.
Yockey worked surreptitiously behind the scenes to help the Nazis.
It's very likely that some of his superiors were becoming aware of what he was up to.
U.S. government files from the time show that Yockey was found to have, quote,
interceded on behalf of German war criminals.
Now, as you might expect, Yockey was ultimately fired from his job on the war crimes trials.
U.S. Army counterintelligence, in fact, launched a raid of an apartment in Germany
that was linked to Yaki.
They wanted to apprehend him.
They wanted to question him.
But when they got there, he was gone.
Yaki fled Germany
ahead of U.S. Army counterintelligence investigators
who had figured out what he was doing
at the war crimes trials,
and they had come for him.
He left his wife and his two daughters behind in Germany when he fled.
And then he was in the wind.
What would ensue would ultimately be a years-long global search for him,
involving law enforcement and intelligence agencies around the world,
involving concerns that, among other things,
he was trying to sell black market plans for the cobalt bomb.
He's really turning into a sort of underground fascist James Bond.
His activities, his journey, would leave a mark back home here in America.
It would see him joining forces with one of the most powerful and effective
politicians the American right has ever seen. If lumberjack tactics are the only kind of tactics
that crowd understands and take my word for it, those are the kind of tactics we're going to use
on them. And his effort to help the Nazis to monkey-wrench the Nazi war crimes trials.
That would ultimately be taken up by other high-profile Americans as well,
up to and including sitting members of Congress.
A number of American congressmen start picking up on this story.
It was a shocking and largely forgotten effort.
What it would set in motion would ultimately leave a body count inside the United States Senate. All of that starts really a year from hell
for Senator Hunt. And for Francis Yockey himself, it would be a journey that would end in a way that
might be crazier than all the rest of it combined. An FBI agent was keeping his eye on Yawkey
when Yawkey suddenly bolted out the door.
All of that is still ahead.
Rachel Maddow Presents Ultra
is a production of MSNBC.
This episode was written by myself,
Mike Yarvitz,
and Jen Mulraney-Donovan.
The series is executive produced
by myself and Mike Yarvitz. It's produced and Jen Mulraney-Donovan. The series is executive produced by myself and Mike Yarvitz.
It's produced by Jen Mulraney-Donovan and Kelsey Desiderio.
Our associate producer is Vassilios Karsalakis.
Archival support from Holly Klopchin.
Audio engineering and sound design by Bob Mallory and Catherine Anderson.
Our head of audio production is Bryson Barnes.
Our senior executive producers are Corey Nazo and Laura Conaway.
Our web producer is Will Femia.
Aisha Turner is the executive producer for MSNBC Audio.
Rebecca Cutler is the senior vice president for content strategy at MSNBC.
Archival radio material is from NBC News via the Library of Congress.
Additional archival material is courtesy of the Drew Pearson
estate, for which we are very grateful. You can find out much more about this series at our website,
msnbc.com slash ultra. 52-year-old Fritz Sauckel, brutish little man,
guilty on counts three and four.
He spat out the name Fritz Sauckel when it was asked.
Then on the trap he shouted,
I die innocently. The verdict was wrong.
God protect Germany and make Germany great again.
Sauckel died at 2.39, 13 minutes after the trap was sprung.