Sawbones: A Marital Tour of Misguided Medicine - Sawbones: Leucovorin

Episode Date: October 7, 2025

Justin and Dr. Sydnee continue to bring news from the forefront of history with the second part of the announcement about autism – a possible treatment. It's leucovorin: also known as vitamin B-9. It can't possibly be that simple, can it? (No). Dr. Sydnee explains where this idea came from and what leucovorin is actually currently used for in medicine.Music: "Medicines" by The Taxpayers https://taxpayers.bandcamp.com/Border Angels: https://www.borderangels.org/

Sawbones is a show about medical history, and nothing the hosts say should be taken as medical advice or opinion. It's for fun. Can't you just have fun for an hour and not try to diagnose your mystery boil? We think you've earned it. Just sit back, relax, and enjoy a moment of distraction from that weird growth. You're worth it. All right. Sorry is about some books.

One, two, one, two, three, four. Two, three, four. We came across a pharmacy with us windows blasted out. Pushed on through the broken glass and had ourselves a look around. The medicines, the medicines, the Estelle and McCormack. for the mouth Hello everybody and welcome to Sawbones, a miracle tour of misguided medicine.

I'm your co-host, Justin McRoy. And I'm Sydney McRoy. We're continuing to bring you updates from the front lines of history. That is happening. Look around. Look around. How something we are.

How lucky we are. Yeah. Well, so we talked about last week the first part of, Of RFK's promised autism announcement, we knew this was coming, right? We knew what we told us. He's going to announce autism. Couldn't wait. We're excited.

We're stoked. He didn't tell us. He was also going to announce that maybe he has found a cure. Like, because don't take Tylenon pregnancy was the first part of their announcement. And that's like you can't go back and change that. That's a future looking thing. But he also announced the other part of it is that there is a medication that looks promising. in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

And we didn't talk about that at all last week because there was a lot to unpack with acetaminophen and autism and then just our whole cultural concept of the whole thing, right? There was a lot to talk about. But I did want to talk about the second part of it. What is leukovorin? Why is, you know, RFK Jr., why is the FDA?

Why is Dr. Oz? Why is Dr. Oz is just a question? Why is Dr. Oz pushing it? I think that's a good thing to explore because even though for a lot of us, we were really focused on the acetaminopinifin and pregnancy question. There were a lot of medical organizations that came out very quickly to deny that. And there were a lot of like TikToks and memes. Having a lot of fun, a lot of people trying to have fun, you know, with it, trying to keep their spirits up. Right.

And I think it's important to remember. that there were also a lot of people who heard that announcement and who perhaps were currently pregnant or who were the parent of a child with ASD who began to feel guilt or shame or fear that they somehow did something wrong, right? And in that same sense, there are a lot of members of the ASD community and their families who heard the second part, the Luca Vorne part, and started asking questions. Wait, wait, wait, is there a medicine that me or my child should be on that would help them with some of their symptoms, and this is the first I'm hearing of it. So I think it is important to unpack the second less,

less maybe like publicized piece of this announcement, okay? Yeah. Justin, do you know what Luca Voren is? No, it sounds like a Pokemon or a Vora obsessed Pokemon trainer, perhaps, but no, I don't know what Luca Voren is. It is not either of those things. Would you be shocked to hear that it is vitamin B9? I would not be shy.

Well, I mean, nothing would shock me at this point, Sidney. Is B9 one of the more potent ones? It's philinic acid, which is one of the folates, folate folic acid, or also called vitamin B9. That is what leukovorin is. Leukovorin is the name we give to the prescription form. Leukovorin calcium is the prescription form of folinic acid that is prescribed is already an FDA-approved drug that is prescribed for certain things. things that we're going to get into. Do we do this with other stuff?

Are there other, like, vitamins that we give brand names to? Or is this, I know, is that a brand name? I guess we're a, it's not a generic name, but it is what we call it when we use it clinically. Phelinic acid, we call it Lugoboran. Yeah, we give, we do that. We do that. We throw, we throw names onto other things that you might think of as like a vitamin or a supplement.

But specifically in this case, felonic acid is a form that, I guess, simplistically, it's more powerful, so to speak, and so it's a prescription form of the drug because you want to use it in specific situations and not, like it's a regulated dosage. Part of what makes supplements so hard is that there seem to be so many different forms of every supplement and so many different way, like formulations and different ways that they can be absorbed and stuff like that. It always seems to be such a moving target. It really is. Well, and that's why I think the announcement was focused on Lucavoren. the prescription form that is a fixed dose and you know it's in it, right?

Because that is an FDA-approved drug already, has been for a long time. That is different from the variety of benign supplements that you might find over the counter. Now, if you have ever been pregnant or you know anybody who's been pregnant, you may be familiar with taking a folic acid supplement. That's a little different than philinic acid. These are just different forms of this, right? We know that by exposing them to different enzymes or different salts or whatever, you get different forms of supplements.

Folic acid is a supplement that is recommended by the American College of Obstectrics and Gynecology to support the DNA of a developing fetus while you are pregnant. And so it is recommended that if you are trying to become pregnant or you may become pregnant or you are pregnant, that you take a folic acid supplement. This is different. Not that. It sounds like it, though. No. And I think it's important to unpack that because you're exactly right.

If you are the parent of a child with autism spectrum disorder and you heard that announcement and you look up Lukavoren and you see that it is philinic acid, you may go to the pharmacy, go to the drugstore, go to the supermarket, and go to the aisle of supplements and see a variety of folic acid supplements that sounds similar and maybe even are touted for that specifically because there are over-the-counter folic acid supplements. that sounds similar and maybe even are touted for that specifically because there are over-the-counter folic acid supplements that are specifically aimed at people with autism spectrum disorder already. This is already part of the wellness world. Right. And you may be tempted to just start your child on this because you heard the Secretary of Health and Human Services suggest that it might be a good idea, which is not exactly what he said. but you may do that. Okay, so first of all, folic acid does not exist in nature.

This is a synthetic, water-soluble form of folate, vitamin B-9. And as I said, we take it for certain things. It's all included in the folate category, and you can get this in food, by the way. Vitamin B-9 does occur in food, and like leafy-green vegetables is the best example. That's a great source of folic acid. And you can look. I mean, there are lots of different ways to get folic acid in. That doesn't occur?

What do you mean that doesn't occur in nature, though? That form, the folic acid supplement that we recommend. Yeah. Phelinic acid does naturally occur in your body. Phelinic acid is already happening, okay? All of this has to be converted into tetrahydrofolate, which is the thing that actually works to help build DNA. All of this is important at a very basic genetic level. We need to get to tetrahydrofolate, which is the form.

that helps in DNA synthesis make things like gene regulation, glycine metabolism, gene expression. All of this relies on a certain amount of tetrahydrofolate in the cell. It's important for synthesizing certain amino acids. So it's a very important thing, okay? It helps make DNA, I think, is the easiest way to understand it. Love that stuff. Okay.

Now, already in medicine, we use philinic acid. leukovorin, two main ways, okay? So because it is a form of folic acid, because it has this, it can be turned into tetrahydropholate in the cells and give DNA what it needs, one of the things it needs to be made. It actually can be used, one, to enhance the effects of certain chemotherapy agents. Okay. And then two, to counteract the effects of others. Oh, wow.

So it is already prescribed as part of some chemotherapy. regimens for certain cancers as a way of working alongside them to disrupt the growth of cancer cells. Does that make sense? So it can work synergistically with something called five fluorideuricil, which is a chemo agent. And the point is you use them together, specifically colon cancer, although it is used off-label and other cancers as well. And it will help enhance that effect. So it's already prescribed for that. That's FDA approved.

This is known. We do that. It also can work to counteract antagonists to folic acid synthesis. So there are some medications that you can take that will actually deplete the amount of folic acid. And this can help counteract that. A good example is metatrexate. And so very commonly when patients either for cancer or some other conditions are on a medication called metatrexate, they will also be given what's called a lukevore in rescue, which means alongside this,

we want you to take this philinic acid to replenish what you're losing. Yes. So those are the two main ways that Luke of Warren is already used as an FDA-approved drug. And I hope you're getting the sense. It's all a folinic acid thing. It all gets back to this thing that we use in making DNA. It's also approved on the side note for megaloblastic anemia, which is a kind of anemia that results from folate deficiency. That is such a wild-sounding anemia. That it sounds like the most exciting anemia you could possibly get. Am I wrong? Is there a more exciting anemia? Can you say it one more time? Megaloblastic. I mean, amazing, right? Like, if someone was like, how's the new Indiana Jones picture and you're like, dude, it's megaloblastic.

Like, you would go get a ticket. You'd get on a fandango immediately. It's megaloblastic? I'm there. I would think that it was a large and irregularly shaped red blood cell as a result of folate deficiency. So a little bit more like megalopolis. You know what?

If you describe megalopolis, that was. way, you'd be as close as any other description of the movie. Yeah, it's no further on than anything else. Yeah, I don't know. Yeah, sure, it's a form of anemia. That's what the movie is. I don't know. So it is also used for this and it makes sense again because that is a type of anemia that relates to folic acid deficiency. So, of course, you could use it to help treat something where you needed more folonic acid. This all makes sense. Okay. So where does autism spectrum disorder come into this conversation? So the primary intersection point is something called cerebral folate deficiency. If you've never heard of this condition, even if you work in health care,

that wouldn't be unusual. It's pretty rare. It's actually listed on the National Organization of Rare Diseases, Nord. It's just a very rare disorder. And it's important to track those kinds of things because they can be very difficult to diagnose or to find, you know, supportive services or treatments for because they are so incredibly rare, right? So you may not encounter somebody familiar with it knowing how to check for it, whatever, right? Okay. Up to this point, Nord says there have only been like 20 cases described in scientific literature, but that's a point of contention that we'll get into.

So as you may guess, cerebral folate deficiency is a deficiency of folate that affects the cerebral, the central nervous system, affects the brain. That makes sense. in this condition there are specific antibodies that basically block the ability of folate to enter the cell they're blocking a receptor and so you may be getting that folic acid into your body but it can't get into the cells in the central nervous system to do what it needs to do because of these antibodies does that make sense yes the symptoms of this condition cerebral folate deficiency some of these symptoms can be similar to Autism Spectrum Disorder. So you may see some patients who have characteristics of autism spectrum disorder, who may even be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, who also have cerebral folate deficiency. Do you see where this is going? So it's the idea that like if the supplement treats, it treats symptoms that are like not unlike.

ASD and it so I don't know are they just conflating it and they're just lying are they confused what's the deal well there's two different levels to this what is the FDA trying to make happen what does dr. Oz and RFK Jr. want you to think what does the maha movement trump administration what do all the scientists behind I mean there's multiple I think in terms of like motivation and why what does glasgow smith kline the the big pharmaceutical company that makes lukevorn what do they want you to think all of those are slightly different answers right but i i want to point out like where did all this come from it's this overlap the idea what if some people with autism spectrum disorder actually have this underlying cerebral folate deficiency could they be treated with folinic acid as a way of treating their symptoms and then the next question is is it more prevalent I just said it's a very rare disorder. Is it?

Are we missing it? And so that, this sort of question lies underneath a lot of the claims that are being made. Now, I will go ahead and tell you, so if you don't listen to the rest of the episode. The overwhelming feeling is, no, we're not missing a ton of these diagnoses. Very few people who first would be recognized as having autism spectrum disorder would later be discovered to have underlying cerebral folate deficiency. that number is very small. That is the overwhelming scientific opinion. So I don't want you, if you decide you're busy, I don't know if your cat needs you.

If you can't listen to the rest of this episode, please don't walk away with that question mark in your head. The overwhelming scientific opinion is maybe philinic acid does help with cerebral folate deficiency, but that still won't begin to impact the vast majority of people who have autism spectrum disorder who don't have cerebral folate deficiency. Okay. This entire concept has just been introduced to me in the past 10 minutes. Will you permit me a couple of silly questions?

Please ask me some silly questions because then we'll get into where does all the... Because then we'll get into some silly stuff. So that's a good... Okay, so here's my silly question. What's the time horizon on this stuff? Like, could you just test it? Like, could you just like go to the store

and get some of this stuff and then take it and see if I like, like football after like soon after or like what's the deal how how how does it work okay two things one can you just go to the store and get some of this stuff no you can go to the store and get stuff that is that's going to call itself philinic acid or folate or something it there even one prescription strength no you would have to get a prescription from a physician or from a provider from someone with prescriptive authority who can write lukevorin specifically that is what they are tagging for this. So you can't buy it at a pharmacy. And I mean, in terms of timeline, and I'm going to

break this down for you, the problem is the answer to your question is unknown. Because a lot of the studies that have shown any association, not just between leukovorin and autism spectrum disorder, but even the studies that show leukovorin as an effective treatment for cerebral folate deficiency are not enough to answer that question conclusively. Okay. All right. Yeah, by all me, I'm glad we're making announcements about this. Good job, FDA.

You're great, great, great job, everyone. So, Justin, I, in anticipation of this announcement, a phone, well, actually, it was an email. An email was sent by Dr. Oz to a Dr. Richard Frye, inviting him to be present for this announcement. He was in, I believe he was in Saudi Arabia at the time, so he didn't get the email until later, and then he had plans. So he didn't end up going, but he found out that the reason he was being invited is because they were about to announce that Luke of Warren may be an effective treatment for autism spectrum disorder. And the Secretary of Health and Human Services wanted Dr. Richard Frye to be present for this announcement. Who is Dr. Richard Frye? What is this research, and why did we get here?

I don't know. I'm going to tell you after we go to the billing department. Classic Sydney. Okay, let's go. The medicines, the medicines that Eskilet macabre for the mouth. Okay. So, Dr. Richard Fry, which I will say, like, as I read about him and his work, I do not know that he would have made this announcement. I shall say that.

I will say that. I'm not going to say his work is great, but I will say that I don't think he would have made this announcement. He is not as certain, but a lot of the research that he's been doing on Lucavorn for the last 20 years comes into play in what led us to the announcement from HHS. So he's a child neurologist and he's a researcher currently at this Rosignoll Medical Center, which is a functional medicine clinic in Phoenix, Arizona. That wasn't where he's always worked in a lot of the studies and work he's done on Luke of Orne have taken place at other facilities. Functional medicine is one of those watchwords that we should be cautious at, right?

Is it any of that functional medicine that we should be a little bit worried about? Yeah. Functional medicine operates outside the bounds of what I practice. Okay. Allopathic medicine. Okay. So. Got it. Or outside the bounds of osteopathic medicine as well.

I would go out on a limb and say for my DO colleagues. Okay. All right. That could be an episode unto itself. Okay. Got it. So it definitely is a. different concept of how we of our idea of evidence based medicine is that a even handed way of

saying i don't understand who you're being diplomatic for but yeah it's a it's a whole other discipline and it should probably it i don't want to just throw like right i don't i don't want to take random shots at something without explaining all of my rationale and you know what i mean like if we're going to talk about it we should do an episode on it i shouldn't just say like what You know, it's not like, listen, before we started saying we don't believe in homeopathy, we did a whole episode on homeopathy. Fair enough. To explain to you all why homeopathy is not real. Fair enough.

So anyway, he led one, there are five placebo-controlled studies of lukevorin that have been done specifically on people with autism spectrum disorder aimed at improving some of their symptoms. And that's usually what they're in these studies, I will say. And this is true for cerebral folate deficiency studies, too. What they're usually looking for with leukovorin is they're doing, like, symptom scales, and they're looking for improvement in the symptoms. They're not necessarily saying, I mean, even he's a believer, even Dr. Fry is not saying this is a cure. The word cure is not being used. A lot of this seems so subjective, too, right? Like, how are you establishing these markers?

You can, there are certain tools that you can use. to look for like communication skill levels and things like that or stereotypical movement. Seems like it would have to be such a dramatic change, though, for it to be something that is like dependently registrable. There are a lot of, there's a lot of anecdote if you read into, not the studies necessarily, but if you read into like Dr. Fry is already treating a lot of patients. Well, mainly he's treating children and the families, the parents are reporting in proven. symptoms. So there's a lot of anecdotal stuff. Now, he has done some studies. Is anecdotal be part of functional medicine? I'm not. At Liberty. Currently. Sorry. Sorry. I'll stop mentioning. Let me do an episode on it. So he also, so he's done those five studies and then he has recently completed a

larger multi-center trial that was actually funded by the National Institute of Health, but we don't have those results yet. But I do have some info about the study, I will tell you. So he also wrote a book called the folate fix. He published that himself. And he is a... I didn't mean to throw that subtle shade there. And he is a consultant for Neuro Needs. This is a company that markets a certain supplement.

I bet you can guess what it is. The corn? It's a high folate supplement called Spectrum Needs. Got it. So he's already a consultant for a company that markets a supplement. specifically for this would be this would just to be clear we're talking he he makes one of the like supplements that is not the same formulation but maybe like rising tide lifts all boats and the the focus on this maybe we can get this in with the the prescription like lucavorn

this is a this would be a whole other episode as well but there is a lot of the wellness world has made understanding different forms of supplements kind of like you said like what can be taken in orally and how much is absorbed and what form of it, what salt, whatever. That whole world has become so convoluted because there is no FDA regulation of that stuff. And I just, I mean, to untangle it is so difficult. It's difficult for those of us in medicine. When somebody brings me a bottle and says, is this going to do anything for me, I have to research it to figure it out nine times out of ten. Because there's so many, that's a vast number of supplements. In order for a lay person to untangle, it'd be almost impossible.

And they're counting on that. They're counting on the fact that you don't know and you'll buy it. So anyway, he has been looking into mainly like supplement-based, like alternative cures for ASD. When I say ASD, I'm talking autism spectrum disorder. I don't know if I made that clear, but I'm going to probably use that a lot, ASD. And also hyperbaric oxygen treatment for ASD in the past as well. So he's got a long history of researching things that really so far we haven't seen much evidence for. A pioneer.

He doesn't fully buy the genetics explanation that most people feel is most likely the reason for autism spectrum disorder. He doesn't buy into that entirely. Apparently hasn't seen my dad's hero clicks collection, but whatever. He likes to pursue alternative treatments that he finds biologically plausible, which I thought that was a really interesting note he made. Like, if he thinks it's plausible, he's going to look into it. Yeah. I will tell you this from studying medicine for so many years. There are so many things in medicine that are true that do not seem plausible, and so many things in medicine that aren't true that seem entirely plausible.

I would extend that to reality, but yeah. Yeah. His primary theory, a lot of the research he's done and the treatments that he has come up with, because at one point he turned to treatments, and it is based on this theory of autism spectrum disorder, that everybody with ASD has an underlying mitochondrial. Disfunction. What is mitochondria, Justin? It's the powerhouse of the cell. The powerhouse of the cell. Everybody knows that.

Everybody knows that. That there is an underlying mitochondrial dysfunction, and either you are from birth, have mitochondrial disease as a result, have symptoms that show mitochondrial dysfunction as a result, or because of this underlying dysfunction, you develop mitochondrial disease and autism spectrum later on when you're exposed to a certain trigger, and I bet you can guess what he thinks the most common trigger is. Acetamidifin. Nope.

Ah, darn. What's the other one? I'm so confident, babe, I have no idea. Vaccines. Oh, Dagnabit. So you have this mitochondrial dysfunction. You get your vaccines, the oxidative stress from the vaccines trigger autism spectrum disorder. That is his underlying theory that informs a lot of his research.

Okay. Okay. In 2006, he co-authored a case report in the Journal of Child Neurology. This is a one-time report, but it actually resulted in a huge financial settlement for the family. So this is one of these cases that people who are anti-vax point to a lot. You will hear this reference. There was a six-year-old girl who had been diagnosed with autism and mitochondrial dysfunction, and it was following a series of five vaccines. The author on the study, in addition to Dr. Fry, was Dr. John Poling. a neurology resident at Johns Hopkins and also the father of the child that the paper was about. You are not allowed to do that in science.

That's a huge conflict of interest. You're not allowed to publish a paper about your own child as a case report without informing the reader that it's about your own child. You can't, it's a conflict. You can't do that.

You can't do that. So anyway, that is, and it is, as I said, there's a huge legal, or a legal settlement. He got like $20 million out of this. So he also consulted on multiple cases of supposed vaccine injury. And in those cases, he would do things like misdiagnosed a child with mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrial disease is a real thing. There are people who are diagnosed. There's specialized testing, genetic testing, and muscle biopsies in different ways that we can diagnose people who actually have mitochondrial disease. That is an entirely other thing. from what we're talking about. But he misdiagnosed some people. There were other people in the other experts called in these trials who basically said the things he's saying are not adding up. Okay. So we kind of got out of that line of work

and decided to focus more on philinic acid and is this a treatment for ASD? In 2012, he published a paper in molecular psychiatry that reported that they went to 93 people with autism spectrum disorder. and tested them to see if they had the antibodies that we find in cerebral folate deficiency. And he said that of those 93 people, 70 did. Hmm. Wow.

If that is true, that is a compelling statistic. If what you're trying to say is autism really is a folate deficiency problem. But it's weird to me that this specific cat was the one to discover that very surprising thing. You know what I mean? because it does seem like he would be benefited by an outcome like that. And I will say I do not know when he started his company, or well, when he became a consultant on the company that markets the folonic acid supplement. I do not know. I don't have that timeline.

So I'm not going to make that claim because I don't have it. But he obviously is very focused on Luca Voren. And he said that after they were treated with Luca Voren, the participants in the study showed improvements in language attention and stereotypical. behaviors. And so this got interest. So other people started also looking into Lucavoren. In 2018, he also reported good results from a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 48 children ranging from age 3 to 13 at Arkansas Children's Hospital in Little Rock. He said that after they were given Luke of Warren, they had a seven-point improvement in verbal language skills. It's a huge improvement. However, after the study was analyzed first,

by other scientists, what they begin to find is that the way that that data was collected because they ranged from age three to 13, all of those language assessments were lumped together. It's not a great way to do that because, as you imagine, our expected language skills from a three-year-old are vastly different from a 13-year-old. And so basically, and there were also numerous changes to the protocol, to the consent. In 2015, the FDA placed the study on hold. and then eventually said there are unreasonable and significant risk

of illness or injury to human subjects and the trial was terminated so the original results from it we have no reason to think they were necessarily valid because there were so many problems with the way the study was designed it was terminated

after that is when they launched this new trial that the results are forthcoming from the NIH and this was at Phoenix Children's Hospital to once again see if Luke of Orrin could improve symptoms in children with ASD. The study got held back initially because of COVID. He only wanted to use compounded meds because he doesn't trust the additives and dies from big pharma. They couldn't get them.

Him and his primary investigator couldn't see eye to eye and the primary investigator left and said, like, he's not doing this right. This isn't a study, more or less. There were people trying to collaborate with him who eventually got emails from Phoenix Children's Hospital saying, please don't collaborate with him. Don't give him your data. Then he got fired. It's all been a mess. And so now the NIH said you can't take the grant with you.

So I don't know where this study is is the point. I don't even know if the study is still ongoing. We still don't have the data from it because there were so many problems with the way he tried to do the study, is what I'm saying. Yeah. He now works at the Rosignol Clinic, which emphasizes a gluten-free diet and antioxidant supplements. as treatments for autism spectrum disorder. And it's recently been awarded a, what's this $40 billion defense contract? That doesn't seem right.

The largest double-blind clinical trial on Leukovorin to date, which was published last year, had 40 participants, and the results have been found to have significant errors and statistical inconsistencies. And it has all been called into question. So, even Big Pharma is holding back. Glasgow Smith-Kline said it will be submitting a request to expand the approval to include cerebral folate deficiency. They have not said a word about autism spectrum disorder. Even big pharma is not making a big claim here. They're just saying maybe we should use folinic acid for cerebral folate deficiency. But even that we don't have enough evidence for.

The HHS said, this is a spokesperson for the Department of Health and Human Services, analysis across 23 publications from 2009 to 2024 demonstrated the effectiveness for of lucavorin for cerebral folate deficiency 85% of patients experienced some type of clinical benefit is that true well when interviewed a psychiatry professor david mandel who's an expert in this area said that uh the claim that 85% of patients experienced a benefit is a is quite a conceptual leap because you have to believe you have to assume underneath it all that people with cerebral folate deficiency also have autism when in reality it's extremely rare it's accompanied by symptoms of epilepsy severe neurodevelopmental problems and while some of these symptoms can look like autism it is absolutely not so he also added

i could not think of a single FDA approval that has such weak evidence in the past 20 years it's also important to know that it's difficult to test for folate levels the best test for cerebral folate deficiency are done by doing a spinal tap, where we take a sample of the cerebral spinal fluid from the spinal canal. The way that Dr. Fry did his test was often just through a blood test that is not FDA approved for diagnosing folate deficiency in children. So do we have evidence that Lucavoren is an effective treatment for some of the symptoms related to autism spectrum disorder?

No. Do we have evidence that it is an effective treatment for some of the symptoms related to cerebral folate deficiency? Maybe we have some small studies that indicate we could do some more studies. Why is this happening? Because there's a big market, I guess, for folate supplements, and because it gives people an answer and because we have anecdotal evidence from some people who say they've noticed a difference and I don't even know I don't even know what the other reasons would be it's bad

science it's bad science to say that this is a treatment for autism spectrum disorder it's just bad science it's bad science that reinvigorates a voting base I mean it also continues to erode the belief in evidence-based medicine as a practice it continues to push you towards this idea that we are ignoring all of these really obvious, you know, natural, I'm using that in quotes, wellness treatments, as opposed to going to, you know, traditional medical practice, going through a diagnostic process and receiving treatments that are based on science and evidence. This is hard.

Can I tell you something that's kind of frustrating to me? And I don't think this isn't a complaint, but it is a frustration with the scenario. The reason that bias, I feel like, is so dangerous in medicine is that if you want to interpret the data in a certain way to tell a story, you can. And you can make it, if you know what you're doing, you can make it sound really compelling, which is why the bias part of it is so complicated. But the people who are running things now, they are just biased. Like they have a story they're trying to tell and then they find a couple pieces of evidence they can and then they just ram it through. People who are, more rational and people who are well-minded and people who are, you know, actual scientists, the way they talk about it is in the same open-minded way that they talk about other things. You know, I feel like no one wants to say, people, like, no one wants to come out and say like, this is garbage, this is nonsense, because you don't have the science to say that it's not. But the people who are on the other side of it, they have no hesitation.

to say that this is factual. So, like, how do you, how do you combat that? When, like, the, the, you're not pushing back, you can't push back with they're wrong because you don't know. All you can do is push back with we don't have an answer, and that's so unsatisfying. It is. And even, even in these cases, with both of these announcements, as I've said, we have no evidence that suggests at this point that taking a Cedaminifin during pregnancy causes autism

spectrum disorder. We have no evidence to suggest that. You notice I'm not saying definitively, absolutely not. We know this 100 percent because in science, that's a really hard claim to make. And especially when studies, like you said, are difficult to do in pregnant people, things change and evolve over time. Science is a process. Science isn't a destination. It's a process. And so we are always going to have to leave for the possibility that we'll learn new things. we can say, we really don't see any link here. We really don't see a causal mechanism here. This doesn't make sense at this point.

And all the data says otherwise at this point. But we have to leave open the possibility that things change. And you're exactly right. That's the problem is that on the other side, they will be definitive. They will give you cures and answers and absolutes. And on science side, we often won't because that would be dishonest. And if science isn't a search for truth, truth, I don't know what it is.

Thank you so much for listening to our show Sawbones, a marital tour of misguided medicine. We hope you've enjoyed yourself. I want to say to a huge thanks to the taxpayers for the use of their song, Medicines, as the intro and outintroduction, as they say, in the biz of our program. And thanks to you for listening. I really appreciate it. That is going to do it for us for this week. Until next time, my name is Justin McRoy. And I'm Sidney McRoy.

And as always, don't draw a hole in your head. Maximum Fun. A Worker-owned network of artist-owned shows. Supported directly by you.