Science Friday - Investigating ‘flow state’ with the bassist from Phish

Episode Date: July 7, 2026

The band Phish has toured for over 40 years. One of the draws of their legendary live shows—which can go on for 8 hours—is finding moments of “flow,” when the band members lock into an improvised jam, finding new musical ideas in real time. Phish fans live for these transcendent moments, but so do the musicians—to the point that Mike Gordon, the band’s bass player, is funding scientific research to better understand flow state. In November 2025, Host Flora Lichtman sat down with Mike and his research collaborator, neuroscientist Greg Appelbaum, to unpack their research so far and how it’s helping to inform other neuroscience. Guests: Mike Gordon is bassist and co-founder of the seminal improvisational rock band Phish.  Dr. Greg Appelbaum is a professor in the department of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.  A transcript for this episode is available at sciencefriday.com. Subscribe to this podcast. Follow our show on Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, and Bluesky @scifri and sign up for our newsletters. Got a science question that’s keeping you up at night? Call us: 877-472-4374 Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Hey, it's Flora and you're listening to Science Friday. Today we're revisiting this conversation that I think about all the time. It's about a musical mystery, and I hope you enjoy it. If you don't recognize the tune because you're too young or too old or too cool, no worries, man. It's farmhouse by the band Fish, and tens of millions have streamed it and countless others have vibed to it during the band's legendary live shows. Fish is stored for over 40 years, and one of the draws of their performances, which can go on for many hours, are finding these moments of flow.

That feeling of being locked in or in the zone. Musicians and artists talk about it, athletes do too. You've probably experienced it. For Fish, it's when the band members sink up in an improvised jam and find new musical ideas in real time. Fish fans live for these transcendent moments, but so do Fish's musicians. The band is flow-seeking and flow-obsessed to the point that Mike Gordon, the band's basest, is funding scientific research to better understand flow state. Mike is here to tell us about this work, along with his research collaborator, neuroscientist Dr. Greg Applebaum from the University of California, San Diego. Great to have you both here.

Thanks for having us. It's a pleasure. Okay, Mike, when you and the band talk about flow state, is that the language that you use? What do you call it? Huh. Well, that's a good question because it's inherently hard to talk about. It's intangible. So we're already out of the gates with a problem. And no, I don't think flow state would be the words in the band dialect. But the band, well, first they would say, okay, we were really hooking up. Because the thought is that music is a communication and improvisation especially is all.

communicating between us and the audience, you know, writing on the energy. But so hooking up is really important. And it doesn't happen readily. You have to cultivate it and train yourself to do it, to listen more than your, you know, like in a conversation. If you only listen to yourself, then it's going to be a very bad conversation. We've had those on Science Friday here and there. I bet. Yeah. Oops. But what we're talking about is bigger than just communication for me. We're talking about a religious experience, transcendence, self-actualization, whatever you want to call it that can't be put into words. We don't attempt those grandiose words. Instead, we'll say that jam was amazing. Yeah, we'll say we were so hooked up. And it's incredible that we still love

each other after 40 years and that we get to do this as a job. All this will be said. But in terms of the dream states that I get into and feel, No, I don't think we use that language. Why not? Why? Is it just that it's too overwhelming to sort of call it what it feels like? I don't think it's too overwhelming. I guess even though we're having the most incredible brotherly experience ever, it's still

too personal because the way that each person perceives music, whether it's one of these peak experiences or whether it's a song that makes your, that strums your heartstrings, it's, it's really different for every person. I mean, I'm probably leaving out a whole bunch of things. Like, someone might say, oh, during that jam, I actually cried. Or I might say, oh, during that jam, there were about five minutes where I forgot to swallow. And for me, that's a sign that I'm really in it. But it's different for each person. So I don't know.

I think it would start to, it would minimize it because words wouldn't do it justice anyway. It's a funny question. It's a funny question

to try to answer. Does the music change when the band hooks up? And do you have an example you might walk us through? Yeah.

I mean, the music changes in so many ways you wouldn't even believe it. Whether we're hooking up or not, it changes. For me, it's such a different

band from night to night. I tell people, if I have friends who've never seen the band, I say, have to come two or three nights because one night will be a jazz band and one night will be a funky dance band and one night will be this sort of soul-searching religious experience and one day it will just sound terrible. Not really. I mean, there's a certain benchmark. So then within

the same kind of jam, we really don't know where it's going to go. And so I'd like to make an example of this one song is bathtub gin. We've been playing it for forever. So just to talk over it, So what you're hearing now is the song part is over. We're less than half the way through the song. Or, you know, we're at the beginning of the jam part, and we've migrated from one chord to another. So we've gone from a bluesy chord to what they would call the relative major, a major chord.

And what's significant for me, and this is sort of the most important part, is that we're playing notes and patterns, not for the sake of playing notes and patterns. patterns. We're playing notes and patterns for the sake of getting into a dream state and transporting our consciousness in ways that we've learned to cultivate over the years just by doing it. And this dream state starts to flow. And then what happens, after a while, we're on this chord and we, for those who know music, we lower the seventh and make it a dominant seventh. So one

note is changing in the chord. And it becomes bluesy. And then eventually what we're going to do is actually go to a whole new chord that is the note of that flat seven. So we're migrating to a third or fourth new chord. But while this is going on, everyone changes their approach. And then people are experimenting with their effects pedals, reverse reverb. And then at the very end, it just gets really high energy and nothing's held back. And it's just raging energy. And it's just raging energy. Is this song a prime example of the band in a flow state? For me it is, yes, because it's not performing, it's not trying to be cool,

not trying to play something cool that my bass teacher I used to have would like. It's just trying to get into, yeah, the flow state. Greg, you've been working on this for years now. Can we detect flow state? Are there sort of biosignatures of flow? I think so. It's a very hard question. We're certainly experiencing flow and we're certainly measuring it. The real challenging questions are can we reliably measure it and can we reliably do anything with it? Well, can we measure it? Are there, can you look at my brain and say,

oh, yes, you're in a flow state? Well, I think the first thing to do is start with the behavior. So the real trick is defining when the artist or artists are in flow. And it's really like a three-pronged approach where we could ask the audience and we could ask Mike in real time while he's performing. We have a pedal. He could indicate when he feels like he's flowing. And then we have kind of our secret weapon, which is Mike's longtime producer and sound engineer, Jared Slomoff, whose job is to find those moments of musical articulation that are amazing, that are the flow. And with this three-pronged approach, we could then say, okay, this part of the song is flow for Mike,

or this part of the song is flow for the whole band. And then once we've defined that behavior, we can look back at the brain states. And lo and behold, the brain acts a little bit differently. during flow, the non-flow. Greg, so do I have this right? Step one is defining in real time when someone's in a flow state. And then after you can do that,

you can look at people's brains and see what's happening there or look at other biosignatures of flow. Exactly. Okay, dudes, we've got to take a quick break, but don't go away because when we come back, the details of Mike's brain on flow. Don't go away.

Is musical flow state different from flow in other activities, like sports, for example? There are probably similarities and differences. But when we look kind of across the literature, the description that Mike gave is actually very consistent with our interpretation of what the brain and the physiology is doing. What we think is happening during flow is a reduction in the frontal cortex, the part of the brain that's doing executive functioning, so reduction in frontal activity in the brain, and more activity in the sensory systems, and a change in the autonomic nervous systems. You might connect more with deeper respiration. All of this is kind of what Mike was talking about, which is kind of a reduction in conscious effort.

Time might pass differently. You kind of lose your sense of self-consciousness. And there are brain signals and physiological signals that seem to go along with this. We seem to see them in music, but we also see them in other activities like athletics. We have a project right now when surgeons are doing surgery well. We have these kind of brain signals that are consistent with hypofontality. So there are commonalities, and it's what we're seeing with Mike too. Mike, does that description match what it feels like for you, sort of loss of sense of time? How would you put it into words? Yeah, I mean, so, you know, there are a handful of classical composers who have said that they do their best work when they're half asleep, maybe just waking up in the morning or just

about to fall asleep at night or meditating. And that's what I find playing music. That it's not that I'm asleep, it's almost like I can conjure up and feel and see images from my night dreams while I'm in the middle of the jam on stage with all the people around. Can you get into a flow state with a bunch of wires attached to you? Yeah. I feel like I can get into a flow state and even stay in it while there's still an observer in the back of my brain figure, kind of keeping track. So I think the flow state is more, what's the word, malleable than we realize. But that doesn't mean it's easy to cultivate and to get there in the first place. Just to unpack a little bit about our ability to detect a physiological signal, we spent a lot of time in the early days,

wiring mic up and really seeing what the signal to noise is in different contexts when he's sitting very, very still, when he's sitting but not still, when he's standing and still, when he's standing and moving around. Signal to noise of what? Of the brain waves that we're recording and the heart rate measurements that we're recording. And versus the background noise, which is just maybe static from your muscles. Exactly. And our ability to kind of ease drop on the brain. And, and we're And without being too revealing about Mike, he's got a really robust brain activity. And we can see very clearly that he has really big alpha waves. Is that a compliment?

I take it as a compliment. It's given as a compliment. It doesn't mean that I'm the alpha male or anything like that. I don't know what an alpha wave is. Yeah. So the brain is oscillating. There's firing neurons and communicating back. and forth, and we can capture this kind of rhythmic patterns in different frequencies, and we name

them with Greek letters, delta, theta, beta, gamma, alpha. And alpha is the rhythm that's around 10 hertz. And the way we think about alpha is that it's part of what we call the default mode network. So when the rest of the brain is really active and you're heavily, heavily thinking, alpha is generally low. But when you go into a more relaxed state, a more zoned out state, your default mode becomes more active, and the rest of the brain, the active cognition parts of the brain become more suppressed. And so with Mike, we can see that really clearly in real time in the EG, and that's allowed us to be able to do a lot of things that we want to do. Mike, when did you go from, you know, being a fan of flow, sort of experiencing it as a musician,

to wanting to team up with brain scientists like Greg to understand it on a scientific level? Yeah, well, I'm a project person and I just came up with this idea is I want to make a thing, which we're calling ZenBox, X-E-N-B-O-X, and they could use it maybe a musician or a singer and use biofeedback to get into a flow state. And the incredible neurologists like Greg and some others came and the research came because we needed to figure out how to translate what's going on into some usable information. So you want to make a device that induces flow or helps you prolong your flow state? Yeah, I mean, honestly, I feel like I don't know that I'm making the device for me. I want to make it to share it with the world. And it's also just an excuse to talk about all this stuff by how. having the device. So the idea leads to the device, but then the device will lead to the ideas.

It's sort of like a symbol of the experience that I would like to make in a tangible form. Yeah. So some of the really challenging and interesting questions have been, can we measure flow? And we talked about how we do that. And now the questions are evolving to what can we do with these measurements. And Mike described the music as communication with a band, communication with the audience, and now we're introducing this communication with our measurement devices. And where we're going with this right now is to be able to tune these devices so that when Mike either enters a flow state or enters a state that we could define in the measurement devices, like more alpha activity, for example,

that can be translated into a sound effect or a lighting effect or some type of musical pedal that he could operate with his brainwaves. So you can be in your flow state, but there can be effects that sort of helps, you know, that cues the audience too. Well, the effects help get in the flow state. The idea for me is to make it autopilot. And yeah, it would be interesting to try to turn on and off lights and things, but I think what happens that's magical is when the muse plays the music rather than the musician. So that's my ultimate goal.

You know, just to say early on, some peak experience is playing music with these guys in the middle of an improvisation. It inspired me to write years of journals just to figure out what happened on one particular night or another night because it's such a, a different level of being human. And it doesn't feel cosmic or, you know, out in the middle of la-la land. It feels just like going for a walk with a friend or doing the dishes. It's like being more myself than I've ever been before, which is why Maslow talks about self-actualization. And I think it could happen, you know, if someone were with a loved one watching a sunset or, you know, singing music with their daughter, which I get to do. or whatever. But I found it through music, and my bandmates have too.

And it's, it's, when we talk about it, even right now, it sounds like just another normal thing that you could read in a self-help book or in a science journal or, but experiencing it, people change their whole lives, whether they're playing or, you know, going to listen and experience it for years. So it's, it's intangible. Mike, I disagree. As you described it, I had a smile ear to ear. I think it sounds really lovely. Thanks. Mike Gordon is the basis for fish and Dr. Greg Applebaum is a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of California, San Diego. Thank you both so much for coming to talk to us today. Pleasure. Thanks for having us. And if you want to experience flow state in person, just saying fish are going back on tour starting today, July 7th.

This episode was produced by D. Peter Schmidt. I'm Florida Lichtman. Thank you for listening.