SciShow Tangents - Bones

Episode Date: December 3, 2019

Bones… seems like a simple enough topic, right? Well, would you believe me if I told you that scientists can’t even agree on how and why bones evolved in the first place?! And teeth? Don’t even get us started on teeth...Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:[Truth or Fail]Bone Conductionhttps://www.kqed.org/science/1926248/how-elephants-listen-with-their-feethttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/03/010312071729.htmhttps://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/february18/elephants-triangulation-seismic-vibration-signal-021809.htmlChew Boneshttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/07/giraffes-eat-skeletons-bones-spd/https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/9767/Bredin_Can(2008).pdf;jsessionid=8BFA2F57B27C91C3BB4F18175D4712A8?sequence=1Glowing Boneshttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/01/chameleon-bones-florescent-ultraviolet-light-spd/https://www.sciencealert.com/these-cute-little-orange-frogs-have-a-florescent-secret-under-their-skin[Fact Off]Myotragus goathttps://www.pnas.org/content/106/48/20354https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325260/https://phys.org/news/2009-11-extinct-goat-cold-blooded.htmlhttp://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/11/17/extinct-goat-tried-out-reptilian-cold-blooded-living-it-didnt-work/#.XdMCY5JKhxwpics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotragus Subvocalization remotehttps://dam-prod.media.mit.edu/x/2018/03/23/p43-kapur_BRjFwE6.pdfhttps://www.sciencealert.com/silent-voice-headset-subvocalisation-computer-interface-mit[Ask the Science Couch]Bone evolution:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237026/https://austhrutime.com/bone.htmhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509207/Aspidin: https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/users/169723-joseph-keating/posts/37157-aspidin-a-bone-of-contentionhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6109381/Teeth: https://www.nature.com/news/fossil-scans-reveal-origins-of-teeth-1.13964https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24268-fish-fossil-suggests-our-skeleton-evolved-face-first/[Butt One More Thing]Lizard Tails:https://www.futurity.org/salamanders-lizards-tails-regeneration-1838762/

Hello and welcome to SciShow Tangents, the lightly competitive knowledge showcase starring some of the geniuses that make the YouTube series SciShow happen. This week, as always, I'm joined by Stefan Chin. Hello. What's your tagline? The back of your leg is always clean. Boom. Take that, haters.

Sam Schultz is also here. Hello. What's the longest thing you can think of? A blue whale. That's good. Yeah, blue whales are pretty long. Pretty long. Yeah, I bet there's some walls there. The Great Wall of China are pretty long yeah i bet they're like there's some walls there

by the great wall the great wall is big yeah human intestines they're super long but not as long as a blue whale right how big are they blue whales are longer than intestines they aren't though they're like 20 feet okay that's pretty short you guys are thinking small though i was like the length of the time that the universe has been around that's time that's not a thing though try again one more time what do you mean longest thing you can think of intestines say what's your tagline hey colgan man sary riley has joined us today too what's your tagline big city farts that's my type of tagline right there what's different about a big city fart oh this is a country fart i don't knowline right there. What's different about a big city fart versus a country fart? I don't know.

The microbiome's different. You leave the country, you go into the big city, you have big dreams, you have big farts. And I'm Hank Green, and my tagline is, darkness is always waiting for you. Oh, come on. True, but depressing. Every week here on SciShow Tangents, we get together to try to

one-up a maze and delight each other with science facts. We're playing for glory, but depressing. Every week here on SciShow Tangents, we get together to try to one-up a maze and delight each other with science facts. We're playing for glory, but we're also keeping score and awarding sandbox from week to week. We do what we can to stay on topic, but judging by previous conversations, we suck at that. And so if your tangent is real bad, we can dock you a Hank Buck. Now, as always, we introduce this week's topic with the traditional science poem this week from me. I wrote this poem about a real-life event that is happening right now in Montana. In Montana, a rancher once found two dinosaurs dancing around. A company called and said, quite appalled, those are our minerals in your ground.

Years ago, you see, the rancher had talks. A company paid them to sign several docks. And now the company cries, when the bones fossilized, they were no longer bones, they were rocks. So when you own a bunch of land in a place where there might be coal or oil or natural gas, you sign away your mineral rights, but you keep the surface rights so you can keep having the water and all the stuff to make your crops and your cows and stuff. So the rancher didn't actually find the bones. But this amateur paleontologist found this amazing dinosaur fossil find.

Two dinosaurs locked in battle, died together, were fossilized together, different species. And it's like a million dollar find and more than that. So the Supreme Court now has to decide whether these are bones, which would mean that they are part of the surface rights, or if they're minerals, which would make them part of the mineral rights. Because it changes who gets the money for the sale of the dinosaur bones. Oh my god. How much do you get for signing away your mineral rights? A lot. But also what you really are hoping is that they find something and then you get very rich. They'll get a portion of the sale of the dinosaur bones if the Supreme Court decides that they're minerals, which I don't think they will.

I think they're going to look at them and say, those are bones. But if they find natural gas on your land, like if there's good fuel deposits of some kind, this makes you quite rich. So it's a good idea to sign away your mineral rights generally. It's right there in the name. Fossil fuels. Open and shut. Add a comma. Fossils fuels.

The topic of today's tangents is not fossils or weird Supreme Court cases. It's bones. It's just bones generally. But I found out about that story and I had to make a limerick about it. Bones are... You should know this. You did it. Yeah, they're mineralized.

The sticks that keep us together. They're the sticks that keep us together. But you can have sticks that keep you together that aren't bones. Oh, yeah. Like cartilage. Cartilage. And then you also have other skeletons that aren't bones, like outer skeletons like bugs have.

Exoskeletons. But bones are mineralized. They're basically mineralized cartilage. And they have stuff inside of them that makes stuff? They have stuff inside of them that makes more bone and also that makes your blood. Thanks, bones. Well, we just ran out of places in the body to put the blood factory. And so we're like, blood factory inside the bones.

It is weird. Now that you say it, it's very strange. Like, what's going to make the blood? Oh, the bones. The creepiest thing will make the other creepiest thing. We'll use the skeleton for that. I feel like it's also a very safe thing. Like, you need your blood, so where are you going to hide it?

In your bones. No, that's where I want to put my brain. Your brain should have been in your bones. Put my brain in my bones. gonna hide it in your bones no that's where i want to put my brain your brain should have been in your bones put my brain in my brain all the way in my bones but we have our spines which are like bone and brain too our spines are kind of bone brain so sari am i right about what bones is yeah i think so i do have etymology of bone because i did look at that now yeah i only have a half answer for so if any linguists know the real answer that'd be great Yeah, I think so. I do have etymology of bone because I do look at that now. Yeah. I only have a half answer for it. So if any linguists know the real answer, that'd be great.

It seems like the word bone is from an old English word. For fuck. No? I should have looked up how to pronounce it because I don't know how to do old English. But it's B-A with a line over it N, which also seems like it would be pronounced bone, which is related to the Dutch bean and the German bein. Those are all in the same family. So, like, trace back to Germanic roots. But then, separately from that, in Greek, bone was osteon.

And the Proto-Indo-Europeans, which are hypothetical people for linguistic terms, use the root from the Greek word, like ost. So that's why we have osteoblasts or osteocytes or osteologists or things like that. And I don't know how ost and bone became two separate things. It sounds like to me that we just named them twice. Like the Greeks had it and we're like, here's a bone. And then the Germanic peoples were like, bone.

And then we've merged. What do you guys call it? Bone. Why do you call it that? Bone. What else are you going to call it? Bone is just a freaking bone. And now,

it's time for Truth or Fail. One of our panelists has prepared three science facts for our education and enjoyment, but only one of those facts is real, and the rest of us have to figure out, either by deduction or wild guess, which is the true fact. And if we get it right, we get a Sam Buck. If not...

Then Sam gets a Sam Buck. Then Sam gets a Sam Buck, because it's Sam this time. Hey, Sam, what's your facts? Giraffes are basically the biggest boniest weirdos around okay and to top it all off this is just some giraffe facts for you and to top it all off they've been observed performing one of these very strange bone-based behaviors which is it number one they commonly gnaw on skulls antlers and other bones that they find just laying around number two they can make low frequency sounds that other giraffes hear

by conducting the vibrations in the ground through their skeletons and up to their ear bones. Or number three, giraffes have so much calcium in their bones that their skeletons glow through their skin if exposed to UV light. Ooh! Ooh!

That's cool! So our three facts. Giraffes gnaw on those bones. Love them bones. Two, giraffes can hear low-frequency sounds or make them? They can pick it up through the earth into their ear bones. What's making the sounds? Other giraffes. Okay, so they're communicating through the ground, through their bones.

And final number three, they have so much calcium that their skeletons glow through their skin. Does calcium glow under UV light? Well, I would Google that, but I'm not allowed. Not allowed. I will say all bones glow under UV light. Okay. They have so much calcium. You gotta have a lot of calcium if you're a giraffe.

Because you're very heavy and you stand on stalks. You made some poor decisions evolutionarily. No, they gotta eat those leaves. Yeah, they just stretch them to get to those leaves. They need long bones. I know that animals gnaw on bones. Because it gives you those minerals. They crave that mineral.

Is that why dogs gnaw on bones? No, I think they're looking for the nutritive value. They like the marrow and the sinew and stuff on the outside. Dogs have other dogs on TV chewing bones. Yeah. Gotta get in on that. There's also just a chewing instinct. Things like I like to chew myself Doritos mostly.

You wear your teeth down on Doritos. If bones were made of Doritos, I would be a bone cruncher. Love that. But like really hard. Have you ever had a Dorito that's like three Doritos stuck together and there was like a mistake at the Dorito factory

and you're like, ah, ah. That's what it'd be like if bones were made out of Doritos. I would love it. Would it just be layers of Dorito like that or would it be like

one thick Dorito? How many C's in that? Two. Okay. Yes, that. So I know animals gnaw on bones. I know that happens. Herbivores do that too.

Two, they can talk through the ground seems unlikely. That seems like something could do, but you're so long when you're a giraffe. That won't transmit. Yeah, all the way up all my bones. But you can feel

vibrations. If this couch was shaking, I could feel it in my bones. Yeah, but how do I, a giraffe, shake the ground enough for you to feel it in your foot bones?

No, for sure. But what if it was like a whole family of giraffes all running on sand together? Then you could be like, oh, my friends are here. My bones are telling me. That'd be sure. But what if it was like a whole family of giraffes like all running on sand together and then you could be like, oh, my friends are here. My bones are telling me. That'd be nice.

It seems like it would be hard to parse out giraffe noise from all the other things stomping around. Maybe that's their special ability in their bones. I don't like that you guys think that that one might be it

because I thought that was one we could definitely write off. They also, like, they have very thin skin. There's not a lot at the base of their legs. I also love the idea of someone going out studying scorpions. I don't even know if the territory overlaps. And then accidentally shining it up.

I can see a whole giraffe skeleton. Well, you should probably answer. Okay, I'm going to go. I feel like gnawing on bones is kind of boring. I'm going to say the weird vibration one. I'm going to go for it. It sounds unrealistic, but I love the vibrating giraffes. I'm going to go with the gnawing on bones, I think.

I'm going to go with gnawing on bones, too. I did this last time. I went with Stefan, and I got it wrong. Well, it's the boring old gnawing on bones. Hey! Hurrah! Rizzle! But there's lots of really cool pictures of giraffes with entire impala skulls in their

mouths. They suck on the bones and nobody's really sure why they do it. So the common thought is that it is to get minerals but they have tested the dissolving quality of giraffe spit and they couldn't figure out a way that it would like get enough of anything out for it to be helpful huh yeah so

they think that it might just because they're bored but they've also found that taller giraffes chew on bones more frequently than shorter so it must be mineral crave that mineral they must crave the mineral but they're not eating it either. They're not eating it? They're just gnawing on the bone. Some of it gets in there. Yeah, but I don't think they think enough of it gets in there. That's for intimidation. Yeah, I mean, if I see some guy chewing on an impala skull, I will not walk up to him.

What you just said reminded me of something I read. Apparently camel bites dissolve bones, which is weird. Camel bites? What does that even mean? I don't know. So there is a paper from 1989 where they said there are four cases of severe osteolysis, so like bones breaking apart, after camel bite. What the hell?

I don't know. Unliving people? I think unliving people. Is that what happened to Harry Potter? Is that how they make his arm go jiggly? They had a camel in their jungle. Yeah, they spit all over it. And so I was looking at how related camels and giraffes are.

Like maybe at some point an ancestor could dissolve the bones and now giraffes just like a little crunch. Evolutionary in their system. Number two, the low frequency sound thing is actually elephants. So there's this biologist named Caitlin O'Connell who has been studying this group of elephants since 1997. And her theory is that elephants use bone conduction to receive messages from further away than they could with just vocal communication. So she'll do experiments where she'll put speakers above ground and below ground and play different elephant calls. And she'll look at how they'll react, and they can hear the underground calls and seem to actually position themselves

so that they can hear the underground calls over the actual above-ground sound. So I seem to prefer that method maybe of listening. My feet ears. Yeah, they have like a big pad of fat in their feet that they can squish down, it seems like, to make them bigger on the ground. And the sound goes up their feet and then into and rattles their ear bones. So they might be able to talk from like 20 miles away with their like this like low rumble that they can do.

My penis turned green. I'm weeping pus from near my ears. Dad is this i'll be right there son it happens to everyone and then the see-through bone glowing is chameleons you can shine a uv light on chameleons and their bones seem to purposefully like they have patterns that seem purposefully set up to for things that can see see UV to be able to see. So they'll have bones pop through their face in certain places that make ridges and stuff, and you can see their ribs right through them.

Yeah, I can. I'm looking at a picture of it. And they just found a type of frog called the pumpkin toadlet that has big plates of bones on its back that look like they make patterns too, but they're not quite sure what all of this means yet. They're not quite sure what all of this means yet. The story of human existence. Next, we're going to take a short break,

and then it'll be time for the Fact Off. Welcome back, Sam Buck Totals. Sari, you have nothing. Sam and Stefan are tied with one, and I've got two. Wow. I haven't been winning in a long time. And I'm really lucky no one docked me for my weird Doritos tangent. Yeah. I was into it.

I was thinking about it. But I do know the scores. Me and you are tied at five. What? And Stefan and Sari are tied at seven. Oh. Never mind. I was like, how are you both ahead again?

No, no. We're tied for last. Oh, okay. Yeah. And now it's time for the fact off, where two panelists have brought science facts to present to the others in an attempt to blow our minds. We each have a sandbuck to

award to the fact that we like the most. And this week, it's Sari versus Stefan. And who goes first will be determined by who can tell me the average human baby has how many more bones than the average human adult? 112.

112 more? 112 more bones in a baby than an adult. Yeah, I think it's a lot. I'm going to say 64. The answer, 94. So you went over, Sari. So Stefan gets to choose who goes first. I pick Sari. So Sari to choose who goes first. I pick Sari.

So Sari, what's your fact? There's an extremely weird caprid, which is a subfamily of bovines, and this particular one is actually more closely related to a sheep, but it's called a goat, called Myotragus balericus, that's now extinct. And this goat lived exclusively

on what's now the island of Majorca for what seemed like 5.2 million years until humans arrived on the island around 3,000 years ago and killed them. And scientists are kind of confused as to how it lived so long because the adult Miotragus were around 18 inches high. The babies were around the size of a large rat and took maybe 12 years to grow up. They had relatively small brains and tiny front-facing years to grow up. They had relatively small brains and tiny front-facing eyes to save energy. And their skeleton made scientists think that they weren't able to run, jump, or move fast around.

But they're likely were predators on the island because there wasn't a lot living there because it was so nutritionally poor and barren and blah. And so even weirder than all that, all mammals and other endothermic animals, which are animals that can generate their own heat, have uninterrupted fast growth of their bones because we eat and grow pretty much continuously. But the bones of this goat were different because they had interrupted growth and what's known as lamellar zonal tissue

in the cortex of their bones, sort of like the rings in a tree, which is a trait that was otherwise just in ectothermic reptiles. So basically, these goats had the growth and metabolism rates of a crocodile, where they adjusted to the food and temperature available and sunned themselves, and their growth changed based on the resources available. And this probably let them survive times of scarcity, which is why they could survive for millions of years on this very bad island. I am so mad that we can't look at one of these things and study it. Are they sure that they just don't have weird bones? I think they're pretty sure. I think they're because they were studying doing micrographs of them and really looking at them on a molecular level. And the scientists were so shocked because it's like this is not typical mammalian bone tissue. This looks like a lizard. And it explains like the big mystery of how did these very bad, bad, bad goats live for so long on this island.

And it's because they didn't need that much food or they, I don't know, just moved slowly. Man, I want these goats so bad. Stefan, what's your fact? So a team at MIT wanted to create a device that's kind of like Siri or Google Assistant, but that was like more seamlessly integrated into you. It felt like more of an extension of your brain. So they developed this headset that goes around your ear and extends down to the jaw. So it's not over the ear.

It's not in the ear. It goes around the ear. And using this device, you can silently interact with different things. Like they have a video that shows someone like controlling their Roku, but they had people like playing chess, like doing math, like all kinds of stuff.

So to someone who's not wearing the device, all of this interaction seems silent. It's completely silent. So what's happening is when you read silently to yourself, you're doing something called sub vocalization. Even if you're not mouthing out the words, your intent to speak is creating- Tiny muscular movements. it's not even

movements necessarily it seems like so in the paper it says that this thing is picking up on ionic movement caused by muscle fiber resistance and i don't really know what that means sure but they pointed out that this is better than emg like emg can't what's is not g that's normally how you would read like muscle activation. Oh, okay. It's like the electrical activity happening. But they describe it as it's sort of similar to how like some modern prosthetics work where you sort of think about what you want to do

and the device can interpret that motion and like move the prosthetic. So it reads those signals from your jaw, which apparently is the strongest and most reliable place to read that. And then it performs the action. But then to communicate back to you, it uses bone conduction headphones. And so that's the part that's around your ear is it's just vibrating the bone behind your ear. That's part of your skull. And that goes right into your ear. And so you can hear the little google assistant or whatever speaking to you but it's completely silent and this is apparently how we can hear underwater is through this bone conduction like because without the air like apparently our eardrums are not are pretty

useless which just like elephant feet and elephant feet and baleen whales which i think we've talked about oh yeah because it vibrates some kind of goo inside of their neck or something yeah and it's also apparently they communicate at such low frequencies that the wavelengths are like longer than their bodies and the tiny eardrums are too small to pick those up and so they have to like use the whole skull as like right the thing that receives that yeah yeah that's cool so i have a google assistant and I communicate with it, but I don't like it. I don't want to. I don't want to say the words and I don't want to talk to this thing that I know is not a person. I find it weird and I feel weird not saying thank you to it, even though I know it's not a person.

I don't know. There's something weirdly social, even if I'm alone, about talking. I want to be able to not say it, but control it. Yeah. So this makes a lot of sense to me. Alright, you want to give your point away? Sure, do you want to give your point away? I do. I thought it was going to be easy,

but Stefan made it hard. 3, 2, 1, Sari. Well, not that hard, apparently. It was so good. I thought when you said that you were going to give it to Stefan, so I was going to give mine to Sari. Oh, okay. hard, apparently. It was so good. I thought when you said that you were going to give it to Stefan, so I was going to give mine the Sari. No. Oh, okay.

You can't game the system anymore. You can't game the system. You just have to admit that you love these goats. I do love the goats. And protect them with your whole life. The goats are good. Now it's time to ask the science couch. We've got a listener question for our couch of finely honed scientific minds.

It's from HippieJack3, who says, how did bones evolve? Like, specifically specifically how did tissue come to incorporate calcium did teeth evolve separately or are they somehow different from other bones the evolution of bones i found is very contentious almost like a sliver of hope in me was like there has to be an answer it's all over the place so once upon a time the bone fairy came to earth and was like some of you have bones now but the bone fairy was really tectonic plate shifting what a billion years ago yeah no that's what they call the bone fairy so those shifted which resulted in a lot of minerals like calcium carbonate ending up in the ocean, which then at some point organisms started to incorporate into them,

which made things like shells and spines and other hard body parts, which led to a huge increase in organism diversity. And then, question mark, question mark, question mark. Fast forward a billion years. Bones. So one paper that I was reading said that all types of mineralized tissues found in living vertebrates, so bone, cartilage, enamel, dentine, seem to appear fairly simultaneously on the fossil record around 420 million years ago.

Parentheses, blaze it. I know that joke. Parentheses, blaze it, she said. I'm so proud. But the big source of a lot of controversy is a material called Aspidin. People have been arguing for at least 160 years about what it is. Basically, it's a tissue in, I think, a paleozoic species or a group of animals called the Heterostracan. Fossil-armored jawless vertebrates. Oh, okay.

What kind of fish you're talking about they have the the ones with the helmets on their heads yeah yeah okay the the tissue forming most of their skeleton is called aspidin and on a microscopic level aspidin is crisscrossed it has like a bunch of tubes inside like little holes that is what scientists are arguing about like are they cell spaces for bones so like in our bones there's room for marrow and bone cells inside so that you can generate more bone are they spaces for denting are they like super super tough do they have like attachment fibers like collagen inside do they have other things so like without knowing what is inside it we don't know how to classify it like is it a precursor to all the tissues, the mineralized tissues that differentiated? Or is it like the original bone? And no one seems

to have come to a conclusion, but it's very interesting to hear like all the arguments one way or another if you care about this kind of thing. I do. People just like get really firm in their papers it's like this is wrong instead we propose that aspidin is the earliest evidence of bone and you can hear like their scientific mic drop then there's another person being like no no no it can't be but aspidin is not something that still exists no there's also some discussion about acellular bone versus cellular bone. So cellular bone being bone that has bone cells that produce more bone inside versus acellular bone where the bone cells are like away from it and they deposit the cells elsewhere is from my understanding. I don't know when they came about relative to the other parts of the skeleton. We've been studying tooth-like structures in jawbones and fish. Like, fish is where all this research is being conducted.

There are two big camps that I could find. The inside-out hypothesis is that teeth came first, and then exoskeletons of fish came later based on the teeth. But then other people are like, no, it's the other way around. We had jaws first first and then teeth if only we were around 420 million years ago we could just look yep but we weren't because bones didn't exist yeah but this is making me think so if you found a planet that didn't have tectonic activity to deposit all that calcium in the ocean, then you're just going to have a bunch of soft, squishy creatures

living on that planet. It's true, though there's nothing wrong with a squishy creature. There's still plenty of squishy creatures out there. So the answer is there's no answer. The answer is we do not have a good idea. We just know that fish were the original bone havers one way or the other. Yeah. Okay. Yeah.

And there's probably just like there was a bunch of calcium around. And so at some point, life accidentally mutated to absorb some of that calcium. Ooh, there's a part of my body that's hard now. And that is helpful. Every teenager's experience. Oh, God. If you want to ask the Science Scout your questions, you can follow us on Twitter,

at SciShowTangents, where we'll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes every week. Thank you to at I'mGonnaTakeANap and at Shanna Gecko. And everybody else who did as your questions this episode, Sam Buck, final scores. Sari with two.

Me with two. Sam with one and Stefan with one. That's all right alright that's fine that's okay I don't care I'm back with a vengeance yeah blast it off if you like this show

and you want to help us out it's really easy to do that first leave us a review wherever you listen that's helpful and it helps us know what you like about the show also we'll be looking at

iTunes for topic ideas for future episodes so you can leave those in your reviews as well second you can tweet out your favorite moment from this episode and finally if you want to show your love as well. Second, you can tweet out your favorite moment from this episode. And finally, if you want to show your love for SciShow Tangents, just

tell people about us. Thank you for joining us. I've been Hank Green. I've been Sari Reilly. I've been Stephen Jin. And I've been Sam Schultz. SciShow Tangents is a co-production of Complexly and the wonderful team at WNYC Studios. It's created by all of us and produced by Caitlin Hoffmeister and Sam Schultz, who also edits a lot of these episodes,

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but a fire to be lighted. But, one more thing. The tail. It's a beautiful bony crown that makes a butt really shine. All right. But sometimes, the tail can be a liability and that's why lizards some lizards have developed the ability to detach their own tails in emergency situations also known as autotomy which means self-amputation and then they can grow them back later however and this may be something that everybody else knew but it never occurred to me they can't grow their bones

back in their tail. So they basically just have like a weird dumb tail. It's just a tube of cartilage with like bad skin on it because they haven't figured out how to actually regrow the bones. And I couldn't figure out why they even needed it again in the first place. Just in case they need to throw it off again. To do it again. Well, there you go. They store fat in there.

They do store fat in it. I guess that's true. You have to have the stick to put the fat on. Like a butt corn dog.