SciShow Tangents - Cephalopods

Episode Date: January 12, 2021

Tangents is back for a 3rd season, and things are going to get weird! So we’re embracing the weirdness by talking about some of the weirdest animals around: cephalopods! In this episode: new games of dubious scientific value and quality! Classic Ceri music ignorance! Big Suckers! And, most importantly, laughs galore! We missed you guys![Rhyme Time]I mean… what citation could there possibly be for this?I guess ask Hank if you want to know more about Squid Ink and Big Suckers?[Fact Off]Bacteria RNA Edithttps://www.hawaii.edu/news/2020/11/20/bacteria-direct-hawaiian-squid/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-11/uoha-bct111820.phphttps://www.quantamagazine.org/new-squid-genome-shines-light-on-symbiotic-evolution-20190219/The SciShow Video https://youtu.be/_XvgdNQsmVE?t=525Octopus Apartment Buildinghttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10236244.2012.727617https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/09/why-octopuses-are-building-small-cities-off-the-coast-of-australia/[Stump the Science Couch]https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/octopus-chronicles/why-don-t-octopuses-get-stuck-to-themselves/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-dont-octopus-suckers-stick-their-own-skin-180951465/ 

Hello and welcome to SciShow Tangents, the lightly competitive knowledge showcase starring some of the geniuses that make the YouTube series SciShow happen. competitive knowledge showcase starring some of the geniuses that make the YouTube series size show happen. This week, I am joined by our slightly reduced workforce, starting out with Sam Schultz. Hello. I never say you first. I know, it's too weird. I'm not ready.

I need time to prepare. Sam, would you rather be too hot or too cold? I would rather be too cold because you can put a blanket on. Yeah, I agree. Because if you're hot, you can't do anything about it. Pretty much not after a certain point, you're as nude as you can be. And that's that. That's that. You just got to spritz yourself.

Yeah. What's your tagline? Thinking about doing a heel turn in 2021. Are you thinking about doing a heel turn to preparing your taglines more ahead of time? No, no. Seems like to me. Thinking about doing a heel turn in the wrestling sense or I'm going to turn evil. Oh, I didn't know what that was.

I'm considering it. Can you give me your evil laugh? I think my evil laugh would be the same as my normal laugh. You've maybe been evil the whole time and we have no idea. I think it's possible. Sari Riley is also with us. Sari, are you like an early bird or a late bird? Let's just keep learning about everybody.

I'm a late bird. I'm super bad at waking up. Going to sleep is so hard and waking up is so hard. One of them should be easy. I think going to sleep is really easy and waking up is hard. Yeah. Actually, going to sleep is pretty easy. I just don't like to do it.

Yeah. I don't really hit my swing until like 11 p.m., which is a problem. Exactly. Yes. This is me. But now I have to go to bed at 10 because my child wakes up. That's terrible. I have been tired for four years.

Get ready for many more. My dad woke me up into high school because high school was too early and he would turn on the light in my room and then let me sleep and i would like grumble and then he'd come in and be like sarah you actually have to get up now and then i'd grumble and he'd be like okay you're gonna be late if you don't get get up now um so get ready for orin to also be not a morning person and then you'll'll have to be the morning person by default. I need to teach him to be responsible for his own self because I can't be. I need to be asleep.

And what's your tagline, Sari? Circle of fitness. The best shape of fitness. And I'm Hank Green, your third and final host of SciShow Tangents, at least for the moment. And my tagline is, chew on those eye hooks. So SciShow Tangents is altering and it is in the process of altering, so it may not find its final form for a while yet. You're going to come along the process with us, but we're still going to do the basic thing, which is that we are going to try to, you know, amaze and delight and one up each other with science facts without ever staying on topic. We're playing for glory,

but we're also keeping score and awarding chin coins from week to week named after the illustrious and departed Stefan Chin. So that is one of the changes here at 2021 Tangents, the third season. There is no Stefan. The second thing is that we're getting rid of this punishment for tangents the third season there is no stefan the second thing is that we're getting rid of this punishment for tangents because it just made editing the podcast too hard it was hard and we never did it so we're gonna let it go like let our let our tangents flag fly yeah and just go in whatever go in whatever directions we want to go. And then additionally, each week this month, one of our panelists is going to present a new game instead of Truth or Fail or The Fact Off. Like, we like those games.

They may come back into the rotation as we continue the season, but we want to try some new games out as well. We also have some other little surprises in store for you as we go. But one thing that isn't changing is that, as always, we are going to introduce this week's topic with the traditional science poem this week from Sam. This poem is titled Eight Poems About Cephalopods. Number one, an octopus hides in a reef, its skin disguised in a motif. To hide it from its fishy prey, a grasp, a snap, it jets away. it from its fishy prey. A grasp, a snap, it jets away. Number two. A giant squid floats in the dark,

its great eye fixed upon a shark. Its toothy tongue slips from its beak and shreds the beast with grim technique. Nice. Number three. A cuttlefish glides low and fast, hoping to eat, but then, alas, before it, a seal's jaws have gaped a blast of ink and it's escaped number four anodalus floats by serene this living fossils kind has seen species come and then species go but they've learned to go with the flow number six floating through everlasting night the vampire That doesn't really rhyme very well. In honor of Stefan. Number six. In tide pools lurks a nasty sting. In octopus, the type blue ring.

Their bites don't hurt a tiny bit, but if you're hit, you're in deep shit. Number seven, torpedo bod and shiny skin. There goes a reef squid and its kin. With flashing colors, they can say, what's up, dude? And let's go this way. Number eight, cephalopods, both big and small thing in common they have all they're smart and weird and all unique and it's real weird that they have beaks i don't know is it i think beaks are convenient i think it'd be weirder if they had teeth there's a little mouth down there with a bunch of human molars and incisors those have tongues with teeth all over them so their whole mouth situation's screwy. It's true.

Cephalopods are very much the thing that makes me be like, oh, so life could look really different than it does. They went in a totally different direction and made it work. Yeah, we could have arms with brains in them. Our brains could be distributed across our whole bodies. We could be completely squishy with no bones.

Our esophagus could run through our donut brain. Bad idea. It's working for them. I guess so. Just got to chew your food. Extra careful. Don't swallow anything too big.

You might rip your brain in half. So the topic of today's episode is the cephalopod, which Sam has defined fairly well. There's a bunch of them. And there's also some cephalopods that Sam didn't mention, right? I feel like I got every archetype of cephalopod in there. But not like clams. You didn't talk about clams. Clams are not a cephalopod.

Wait, what are they? A mollusk. Ah, shit. Uh-oh. You're right. My whole game that I'm about to do is all about clams. No, it's not. Doesn't cephalopod mean head foot?

That's what I was about to ask too. That's all they are. They're heads and foots. So that makes sense. So now I guess it's time for my game that I've designed. I have no idea if this is going to work. There's going to be two rounds of the game and there's going to be a definition of a thing

and then you are going to tell me what that thing is and the answers will always rhyme with each other. The first one, you won't know what the rhyme is yet. So the first one I've tried to make a little bit easier so that you can get there. And then all of them will rhyme with something that is to do with cephalopods. And then you will have to guess which thing it is. Does this game have a name? Oh, it's called Rhyme Time. Okay. Okay. That's cemented in the podcast history now.

So let's play through and you will have a better idea of what's going on. The top of a jar that is a color that is a very light red. A lid. I got that part too. And what a very light red. Lid. I got that part too. And what is very light red? Pink.

Yes, put them together. Pink lid? Lid pink. Swip it around. Lid pink. Sari got it. Sari gets the point with lid pink. Okay.

What? Okay. Is that a word I don't know? No. No, it's two separate words. All right. I see how it is. And everything now will rhyme with lid pink.

Okay. Okay. Maybe there was a better way to start it off. An indoor area of frozen water populated entirely by humans under the age of 10. Pool school. Kid rink. Pool school. Kid rink.

Kid rink. No, they don't rhyme with each other, Sam. They rhyme with lid pink. Oh, yeah. You forgot the key fifth rule of many rules. The unpleasant smell of the capital of Spain. Something stink. Madrid stink.

Oh, shoot. Oh, he's killing it. That was a team effort. Sam said stink. I did say stink. Madrid, stink. Oh, shoot. Oh, he's killing it. That was a team effort. Sam said stink. I did say stink. Okay, so you each get half a point. This one's hard. The slang term for what happens

when the British pound suddenly gets smaller. Quid shrink? Oh, shit. I love this game. It's really fun for me. It's bad the covering

of an eyeball that closes rapidly lid blink is it lid blink? there it is yes okay when you and another person at an auction both raise your paddles simultaneously bid sync

now I get it and finally the last Raise your paddles simultaneously. Bid sink. Yeah! Now I get it. And finally, the last one of this round is just a cocktail. Gin drink? Is a stiff drink? Something drink. I mean, that works. It is a slant rhyme.

I've made it hard for the last one. Okay. Just a cocktail? It's a mixed drink, you guys. Oh. Fine. Be that way. just a cocktail it's a mixed drink you guys oh fine I feel like we got just as close with gin drink and stiff drink

we're both good and now now for a bonus point for each of you at the same time can you say what we've been rhyming with oh shit that has to do with cephalopods squid ink is it squid ink so you both got the bonus point. We were rhyming with squid ink.

Now for our second round of rhyme time. This is a whole new rhyme. So we're starting out with a porcine preparing his lips for a kiss. Pig. Pig gloss? Pig pucker? Pig pucker! I didn't want to say that because it sounds gross coming out of your mouth.

So we're rhyming with pig pucker, everybody. No. For example, a sweet fruit with many seeds that drives a truck. Fig trucker. The CEO of Facebook after he has been put in a naval jail. Brig Zucker. A person who throws very small sticks. Twig trucker.

I like it so much. And finally, last in the round, a person who removes the feathers from chickens while studying the mathematical properties of triangles and thinking a lot about sines and cosines. Trigplucker. Trig. I don't know that. So what cephalopod thing are we rhyming with with pig pucker, fig trucker, brig zucker, twig chucker, and trig plucker? I don't know. Big sucker?

Something sucker. Big sucker. That's right. Is that true? It's big sucker? sucker. Big sucker. That's right. Is that true? It's big sucker? Yeah, big sucker. Oh, good. I thought that was going to be wrong.

I thought it was like some technical term for a sucker. Nope. Just a big one. Do they even have big ones? They got small ones. That wasn't really a science fact filled game. I thought you would tell us a little bit about it at the end, but you didn't. Maybe next time I'll do a science-y word and then I'll explain what the thing is.

Well, you can explain squid ink. What's squid ink? Yeah, so it's ink. So it is a compound that is stored inside of a squid that they can expel and it creates a cloud, basically a kind of chaff. We do this as humans as well, where we'll obscure our existence with smoke or blowing up things around airplanes intentionally to create a smoke screen of a kind. Basically a defense mechanism so that squids can get away. The suckers of cephalopods have their own memories and can kind of control themselves

without a central nervous system knowing what to do. They are not only really good at grabbing onto things. If you ever have the chance to get tentacled by an octopus, I do suggest you do it. I've done it. It's remarkable. But not only that, but they also have tons of chemoreceptors so they can taste. They know exactly what they're touching.

They are extremely sensitive and they know whether the thing that their tentacle has touched is good food or not, which is why it is generally fairly safe if you are in an environment with a person who knows what they're doing to get octopus tentacled. But stay away from the middle because that's where the mouth is. They eat crabs. So crabs are tougher than your finger. All right. And that was Rhyme Time, everybody, which is a game I should have named before just now. Even with more time to think about it,

I think you maybe would have named it Rhyme Time. It's probably, yeah, it's true. Sari came out of that one with eight and a half points. Sam with six and a half. Sari is our leader, but Sam, you really, you held up. You held up. Even though for a moment there, I felt like you were having a bit of a-

Well, I was not really understanding what was going on, but I got there eventually. That's true, in the beginning. I didn't go to MIT, so it takes me a little bit longer to figure things out. That's all I did there was rhymes. Rhymes. Next, we're going to take a short break

and then it'll be time for the fact off. welcome back everybody yeah the scores are a little different this year they're gonna be higher we're gonna have higher scores for sure and so now it's time to get back to the normal tangent stuff with fact off two panelists have brought science facts to present to me. And I get to give some points to the fact that I like them most in whatever way I want to. So I could give away 50 points to one person. I could split them up, 25 to each. Because everything's off the table right now. But to decide who goes first,

we're going to ask you a trivia question, you two. So cephalopods can communicate visually by varying certain types of communication elements into specific signaling states. To be clear here, if I was going to yell at you, that would be like, I would both be yelling the word and I would be yelling. And so those would be two different communication elements along with that word that I was yelling. So cephalopods can do this visually. They have different communication elements that they can vary to produce their signals of communication. How many, so me yelling fire was two. How many does a cephalopod, can a cephalopod have?

I'm going to say five. Oh, shoot. I was going to say five. Oh. I'm going to say six. It is four. You've got your color. You've got your skin texture. You've got your posture and you've got your locomotion. So all of those things are ways and they all influence each other into what the actual signal means. That'd be very complicated. Sam, you go first.

So my fact is this. Bobtail squids are little golf ball-sized squids that live in warm coastal waters around the world. Aside from being extremely cute, they are most notable for the unique symbiotic relationship they have with bioluminescent bacteria called Alivibrio fischeri, which I'll just call the bacteria from now on.

The bacteria live in light-sensing organs in the squid's body, and the bacteria can sense the amount of light coming from above into the water and hitting the squid, and it can match that light with its own glow. So it makes the squid's bottom the same light intensity as the light hitting it from above. So basically, if you're below it and you look up, you can't see it. And it's invisible to predators that would be coming at it from below. So in return for this, the squid produces sugars for the bacteria to eat. And we talked about this in an episode of SciShow in 2019, actually, which I'll link to in the show notes.

And at the end of that episode, Hank talks about how scientists were working to figure out how the bacteria can live safely in the squid. And in late 2020, a paper published in PLOS Biology may have provided the answer. The bacteria use their own RNA to change some of the squid's normal gene expression. So first, a little aside that I thought was kind of cool. Bobtail squids get studied a lot by researchers interested in symbiosis because unlike most organisms that depend on a bunch of different types of helpful bacteria to do things like digest food, these squids only allow that one single type of bacteria

to live in their light sensing organs. So it makes everything a lot clearer and easier to look at when you're trying to figure out how bacteria-based symbiotic relationships work. But anyway, when researchers at the University of Hawaii were sequencing bobtail squid blood RNA, basically, what they found was that in the RNA sequences of the blood, there were RNA sequences that were made by the bacteria and that the RNA that they found was especially concentrated in areas around the light sensing organs where the bacteria has lived. And inside the bacteria, this RNA is part of protein production. But when the bacteria release it into the squid,

the RNA produces a calming effect in the squid's immune system, but only in the specific places where the bacteria live. So basically it just like makes its home nicer using its own RNA. And this is some of the first evidence that beneficial bacteria can communicate with and like terraform their host, basically. kind of symbiotic relationship and that we just have never known to look for it before. But now they're like going back and looking at other similar symbiotic relationships to see if this kind of like RNA transfer is happening in all of them. So where do these bacteria live?

In them? They live, they kept calling, when the papers I saw were calling them crypts, like the crypt keeper. So they must be like pits or something like they're like eyes i suppose but they're not it's eyes they're like pits in their mantles i think that they live in cool i just looked up crypts and i found that your tonsils have them oh okay that's why you get tonsil stones Yeah, just pits in your tonsils. Oh. Blah, blah, blah, blah, blah.

Are the squid born with their symbiotic bacteria? Or did you mention this? Or do they like gather them over their lifetime? It's kind of weird. They filter them out of the ocean. And the specific ones stick. There's like a protein that makes specific ones stick to where they want them to stick to. They're related to other more dangerous bacteria. And if they get too many of them, that's a bad thing.

So at least according to the SciShow episode, every night they have to spit out 90% of them and then they just like regrow them slowly. Yeah. Are they like eat more? But they have to get rid of them before they get too many of them. Very cool, Sam. Sari, that's a tall order. What do you got for me?

Just me. Just you. Okay, if you watch cute videos of octopuses, which I'm sure you have, or gone to an aquarium, you've probably noticed that they're mostly solitary creatures. But in the last decade or so, we've started to discover more social behaviors, like this animated movie in the making. It's not actually, but I think it should be. There are two small octopus apartments in Jervis Bay, a body of water in New South Wales, Australia, nicknamed Octolantis and Octopolis.

So one of these sites is a big pile of shells surrounding a 30 centimeter long man-made piece of junk that is kind of unidentifiable, which has been inhabited by around two to 16 gloomy octopuses from 2009 to 2016, which was the latest paper I could find. That's the type of octopus they are? Yes. They're a species called the gloomy octopus, which I deeply relate to. And then the other site was discovered more recently in 2016 with three piles of shells and around 10 to 15 gloomy octopuses. And these sites were likely founded when one gloomy octopus claimed a den like under that piece of junk, foraged for shellfish, and then gradually created a garbage pile of shells, which became bigger and bigger and eventually became big enough to house more octopuses who brought even more shellfish garbage to construct a bigger pile and more potential housing. And the researchers cautioned, even though this has been reported as like designing

an octopus city, they don't want to anthropomorphize these octopodes. But it falls under this broader idea called ecosystem engineering because they are changing their environment in a way that it like makes it more suitable for them to live or changes the way they can live in that environment. And usually octopuses just find like solo rocks for hidey hole purposes or burrow a little bit in the sand, but they don't regularly pile up inedible scraps and then live near each other like within arm's reach. So this like little village is very weird. They didn't get mean and eat each other to get rid of the competition, which is sometimes what happens. Although males have sometimes been observed like

fighting or poking each other or competing over cozier shell dens. But other times they're just like fun eating nearby each other and finding mates in like a neighboring apartment. So like the meet-cutes that happened in the good old days or whatever, where you just like get married to your neighbor. And so even though this isn't bee colony level social activity, these gloomy octopuses are coexisting on a level we haven't really seen before in octopuses before. What on a level we haven't really seen before in in octopuses before what what is it what is an octopus's garden is that what it is it sounds like an octopus like that that that that's what it is oh i don't know is it a real thing or just the song

and sari do you know the song is it a song it's a song by the beatles i do know about the okay good i know yellow submarine that's not octopus's garden it's adjacent to that song yeah they're both ringo songs so he was into that kind of thing for some reason yeah i think that octopus's garden was just a whimsical turn of phrase uh but it sounds like now we've actually kind of found one, though these aren't growing things. I'm going to go ahead and anthropomorphize and say that this is an amazing octopus city and I want to go live there when I'm an octopus in the future.

I assume it's going to happen eventually, right? You got to believe in yourself. The process is going to be slow. I'm going to have to split each of my limbs into two. That's not going to be easy. Got to get rid of of my limbs into two that's not gonna be easy though gotta get rid of all my bones yeah um gotta get way smaller which is i think i've mentioned on this podcast before something that i think is the right move regardless i'm tired of being so large i think you should get rid of all your bones first and then i think the rest will follow

i think it would make it a lot easier. We're gonna need some really tough organs otherwise we're just gonna collapse into a blob and die. Yeah, you gotta be in the water. Oh. Yeah. You'd be fine if you're in the water without bones. Get in your bathtub, get rid of your bones. Okay. There we go. Perfect. You're halfway there. It is now my responsibility, my privilege, and my joy

to assign points for your facts. Sari, I'm gonna go ahead and give you 22 points. And Sam, I'm going to give you 38. Ooh! Are these, is that golf points, right? These are, this is just regular score. No, yeah, I liked your fact more.

So if you're playing along at home, you may have noticed that I had zero opportunities to get points this game. Well, we made a little mistake. It's, which is, like, you might think that that's the result of us not thinking a ton about this, but we actually thought a ton about this.

It's just that we're not great at thinking. So we may chalk this one up to this one's like a friendly scrimmage. You may not count these points, especially because I went a little off the rails there with the assignation of points. But what's going to happen is we get points throughout the episode

and at the end of the episode, whoever wins gets one chin coin. So it's basically we're tallying the wins for the year. And now it's time to ask the science couch where we ask listener questions to our couch of finely honed scientific minds. Or is it? This week, I'm taking over Ask the Science Couch

for my own evil purposes. I'm going to try and stump the science couch by asking them a listener question that neither of them have seen yet. If they get it wrong, I get to look like a real smart guy while I explain the answer. And if they get it right, well, good for them. So, at Erratic Artist asks, Do we have any thoughts? Yeah, because they know. Erratic Artist asks, why don't octopus suckers stick to themselves? Do we have any thoughts? Yeah, because they know.

Because they're smarty pants. They don't just stick. They're not like passive sticky suckers that I would put on if I'm hanging a wreath on my door. What is another thing that we use suckers for? I don't know. Maybe like a shower caddy when Yeah. In the college days? Yeah, yeah, yeah. College days shower caddies.

It only sucks. An octopus sucker will only suck when it intentionally decides to suck. So it has a muscle in it that pulls up and creates the vacuum that creates the suckage. But Hank, what about this? If you cut one off, they can still operate independently and they instinctively sucker to stuff even after they're cut off, but they still don't stick to themselves.

Uh, well, I don't know. You're giving me a lot of information that makes me think maybe there's like chemoreceptors that like that, like know whether or not they're touching it themselves. Yeah, this makes me think that there is some sort of like mucus or some sort of like kind of like how we have sweat excreted from our skin. Like there's just like octopus sweat where they touch themselves. They're like, that's me. Or I thought you were going to say that like octopus suckers literally cannot stick to themselves because there's like a property of the octopus skin that makes them unstickable. And so even if another octopus wanted to stick to an octopus, it couldn't.

What are chemoreceptors? It's like taste buds, like anything that can like sense a chemical and send a nervous system signal that it has sensed that chemical. Okay, well, I'll tell you the answer now. You basically got it right. At first, I thought the same thing that Hank did, where it's like, oh, they're just smart. So they must have some degree of self-awareness and they don't stick to themselves. I assume that's the case when the arm is still attached to the main octopus body. But like I said, they want to stick to themselves even after the

tentacle is cut off because tentacles still have some autonomy after they're cut off until they completely die. So and like we said earlier, octopus tentacles have receptors in them that allow them to touch something and figure out if they're edible or not. So you'd think maybe the cutoff one especially would stick onto it and think, ah, meat, I will stick onto this and rip it apart or something. So the answer is it is something that is secreted by the skin. It's a chemical that tells its arms that it's touching another part of the body that it belongs to or previously belonged to and that it shouldn't kill or eat it. But what I thought was really kind of cool about all of this is that scientists think that this is the first chemical signal that triggers a motor function in all of biology that

doesn't originate from the brain. Does that make sense? Yeah, I think it makes sense in that like when we move our muscles, that like signal is coming from our central nervous system, which originates in our brain. Like I have to think to move my hand. This thing about octopuses where they're like, they have areas of their nervous system that think that aren't their brain.

They like do a little bit of thinky stuff and you're like, nah, it doesn't, it's not how it works. But they are an advanced organism that, that have very little in common with us. Like they are smart, but they evolved from clams.

So I guess you guys win this round. I would say you pretty much deduced it. If you want to ask the Science Crouch your question, you can follow us on Twitter at SciShowTangents, where we'll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes every week. Thank you to Atiam Nonth, at Patty Masha, and everybody else who tweeted us your questions. This episode, final scores.

Sari has 30 and a half, and Sam has 45 and a half. I have nothing. Do you want to give us anything for the science couch? Sarah, you get zero points and Hank, you get 45 points. Because it doesn't matter because the only thing that matters is who the winner is, which is Sam. So Sam gets his chin coin, which I don't know. We might nullify in the end. Yeah, I don't

think I probably earned this one. We don't really know what we're doing, but it was a lot of fun and we're going to keep figuring it out. I'm thinking by like the fifth year of SciShow Tangents, we're going to have it locked down. Yeah. If you like this show and you want to help us out, it's so easy to do that.

You can leave us a review wherever you listen and that helps us know what you like about the show. You can also tweet out your favorite moment from the episode. Finally, if you want to show your love for SciShow Tangents, please just tell people about us. You threw an extra word in there. I did, sorry. It's the third season.

Yeah. Thank you for joining us. I've been Hank Green. I've been Sari Reilly. And I've been Sam Schultz. SciShow Tangents is created by all of us and produced by Caitlin Hoffmeister and Sam Schultz who edits a lot of these episodes

along with Hiroko Matsushima our social media organizer is Paola Garcia Prieto our editorial assistant is Deboki Chakravarti our sound design is by Joseph Tunamedish and we couldn't make any of this without our patrons on Patreon thank you and remember a mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be lighted.

But one more thing. In 2018, archaeologists published their findings from a medieval site in Poland where among the human skeletons and other junk, they found the fossils of an ancient cephalopod called the Belemnite, which had a hard internal skeleton that looks sort of like a bullet. whole or powdered versions of the bulimnites fossilized rostrum or posterior or butt as i like to call it to try and fix things like warts burns headaches toothaches and whatnot and like at this site a fossilized bulimnite fragment was found in a skeleton's pelvis that had degenerative bone damage where it is thought to have been placed to try and help they weren't living alongside living bulimn. No. They were finding fossils and thinking this fossil will fix this.

I know it. Yeah. Yeah. This is a magic fossil and what I should do is put it in my body and that would make it better. Right in the pelvis.