SciShow Tangents - Heat

Starting point is 00:00:00 Hello and welcome to a normal and not spooky episode of SciShow Tangents. We're all a little sad when the Halloween season ends. It is the lightly competitive Science Knowledge Showcase. I'm your host, Hank Green. And joining me this week, as always, is science expert, Sari Reilly. Hello. And our resident everyman, Sam Schultz. Hello, also. Sam, when does this episode of SciShow Tangents come out? November 2nd. So you cannot yet go to aw socks dot club and sign up for

Starting point is 00:00:45 a sock subscription that will eliminate the worry of needing to buy socks from your life while also donating all of the profits to charity instead of having your sock profit go to some stranger somewhere you're so lucky that you're hearing about it now before it opens so that you can remember that on november 5th you can go and sign up at awesomesocks.club. But we'll probably also talk about it next week. You can go to bftba.com and find the new SciShow Tangents sticker, though. It came out yesterday.

Starting point is 00:01:15 Oh, all right. Well, I didn't even know. So many integrations. Get a sticker, put on your sock. Or you can get like 50 stickers and just cover your feet in them. Make them into socks. They are socks now.

Starting point is 00:01:27 And shoes. If you get like 400, they're shoes now. I think you'd need way less than 400. I think you'd only need 100. Well, but look, Sam, I'm trying to upsell them. Oh, excuse me. I'm sorry. These stickers are flimsy.

Starting point is 00:01:39 You got to buy 400 to make them into shoes. That's right. No, Dick can't tell people they're flimsy. They're high quality. They're high quality shoe stickers. What if you want to become a morph suit of Sasha Tangent stickers? How many do you need, Sam? A whole morph suit.

Starting point is 00:01:55 10,000. That sounds very sweaty. I know. It sounds super comfortable, Hank. Please. You'd be perfectly hairless after you were done as well. I mean, all we need is one person to buy an entire morph suit of SciShow Tangent stickers. Yeah.

Starting point is 00:02:10 So basically, we can spend a lot of money marketing to that one person. We just have to find them. That is true. Our whale. They are our whale, the SciShow Tangent sticker morph suit person. So let us know if you are that human or cow. Yeah. Take like $200,000 to cover a cow.

Starting point is 00:02:25 200,000 stickers. Now we're wealthy. Now we don't need anybody's money anymore. We're quitting the business. We don't need to be in tangents anymore. There is a space between SciShow Tangents being a good sustainable podcast and us making too much money and just being like, I don't care. I live in the Barbados. I don't care about science anymore. Yeah. So and just being like, I don't care. I live in the Barbados. I don't care about science anymore.

Starting point is 00:02:47 Yeah. So buy just enough stickers, but not too many. Every week here on Tangents, we get together to try to one-up a maze and delight each other with science facts while also trying to stay on a topic, which is especially humorous after that intro.

Starting point is 00:03:01 Our panelists are playing for Glory and for Hank Bucks, which I will be awarding as we play. And at the end of the episode, one of them will be crowned the winner. Now, as always, we're going to introduce this week's topic with the traditional science poem this week from me. Our bodies sense so many things so that we can know what is up and down and nice and bad and even fast and slow. We can smell the flowers, bitter and sours, and know when the cookie is sweet. But it's crucial to know when you're in the snow where you can find some heat.

Starting point is 00:03:28 And so evolution granted us this special superpower so that we can know how good it feels to take a heated shower. But as for how it works, you'll have to ask again. And by again, I mean you'll have to ask your time-traveling friend. Because we know molecularly how sight and smell and sound work work but as for heat and cold we're still laying the groundwork our bodies contain mysteries both elegant and not and one of them is how we tell whether something's cold or hot our topic for the day is heat and i went to the internet to be like hey like how does uh thermoreception work and the internet was like because all of science is like it's wild

Starting point is 00:04:07 there's one thing that we know there's like kinds of diseases where uh your cilia like throughout your body cilia are constructed poorly which can really negatively impact digestion and some other things but it also decreases your sensitivity to to heat so people think that cilia must be involved somehow. They're like little projections of cells that are wiggly. Oh, okay, okay, okay. They're often used by single-celled organisms to move around, but in your intestines, they're used to absorb nutrients, increase the surface area of the cell. Anyway, Sari, I know that this is not as easy as a question as it might sound like, but what is heat?

Starting point is 00:04:46 Yeah, this is a tricky one. So if you think about temperature is like a physical quantity of something. So like you can, that expresses how hot or cold something is. So like an object can be hot, an object can be cold, and it is a certain temperature. And that's something you can measure. Heat, you don't say an object has seven heat. Heat is something, is a quantity of energy that is transferred to or from something else. So like heat can be transferred from lemonade to ice cubes in the lemonade.

Starting point is 00:05:19 Or heat can be transferred from- An oven to a turkey. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Is heat the transfer itself? Or is heat the thing being transferred? It's the energy being transferred, I think. Okay. Because you can describe that, the unit of heat is Joule. The singer from the 90s.

Starting point is 00:05:38 She is hot. And so everyone was like, how many Joules do I have to look at at once? To boil a pot of water. To boil a pot of water. And then they were like, ah, Jules do I have to look at at once? To boil a pot of water. To boil a pot of water. And then they were like, ah, yes, that is one Jule. Now Jule is the French guy. No, he's English. Never mind.

Starting point is 00:05:55 Wow. James Prescott Jule. His first two names sound less French. But yes, so the unit is named after him. And he is mostly used when you're describing thermodynamic systems. So like as things are getting hotter or getting colder, that's when like physicists and chemists are interested in heat as a concept. And the history is very weird. I don't know if you know this, Hank, but we've been confused about heat not only in the present day, but also in the past.

Starting point is 00:06:23 And I love the things that we made up to describe it um so one of the the theories of heat was that there was a fire-like element called flostagon flogiston flogiston oh yeah you're right flogiston i'm glad you're here so i didn't have egg on my face saying flostagon like a dummy um but they like people were thinking that this this like element was in things that combusted or rusted or uh had fiery things related to it and it was like held within the thing that could catch on fire and then was released when that fire happened uh so it was like like a hot element makes sense yeah seems reasonable to me yeah so after phlogiston then they upgraded to the caloric theory okay thought that uh heat was a fluid called caloric that flows from hot to cold.

Starting point is 00:07:27 So we were getting like the flow of things and how heat is transferred, but we couldn't figure out what it was. It was like a fluid or but also like a weightless gas that could seep in and out of pores and could just go wherever it needed to be. But like that is how we conceptualize heat as like you have more of a thing than you are hot. And if you have less of a thing, then you're not like the fashion spreads. But then we started learning more about thermodynamics and conceptualizing heat as a variable. And in like kinetic terms of how molecules are moving, we had to have an understanding of molecules and atoms first, and then we could apply that concept to what we know about temperature

Starting point is 00:08:12 and extrapolate from there. I mean, it turns out to be a pretty confusing thing where it's like, okay, so it's an increased temperature is the molecules moving faster, which just doesn't seem right. It is such a clear sensation that I have physically when I touch something. But what's happening is like my molecules are starting to move faster and some system in my body is able to transmit that information, like take the knowledge of that information and transfer it to my brain as a sensation of heat.

Starting point is 00:08:40 And when my molecules slow down, that is sensed as cold. It just seems way too fundamental to be real. It's a lot to think about. Like when I taste something, I'm tasting it. You know, it's like the chicken molecules hit my tongue and then my brain is like, chicken. But like that's not what's happening with heat. It's like it's not like chemical sensing. It's like feeling the molecules move around.

Starting point is 00:09:03 I don't like it. Yeah. Getting some of their wiggle into your body yeah or or they say they suck your wiggle out yeah yeah this is this is the two things that happen do they suck your wiggle out okay yeah you stick your head in a refrigerator it sucks your wiggle right out of you that's right you go outside in the winter in montana my way that's gonna suck your wiggle out give me back and then you and then you go get a hot cup of coffee and you put that wiggle back in okay okay now i get it sam's on board yeah so replace caloric with wiggles and then you've got yeah and all your stuff's just bumping around more now the word heat it seems like we've probably been dealing with being warm for a while.

Starting point is 00:09:45 So I'm going to go ahead and guess that that one's been with us since the Proto-Indo-European root. Yes, indeed. But there's actually two. I think everyone was confused about heat. So it seems like from my understanding, there's a Proto-Indo-European root meaning to heat or warm, like the verb, which is G-W-H-E-R. Okay. So that's the root for things like thermal or like brandy or a lot. I don't know. These letters change sounds a lot, I think. change sounds a lot i think uh but but there's a lot of things that derive from that root that mean like to heat or to be warm but hot and heat like with the the huh sound they came from the

Starting point is 00:10:37 same source as old english hat and uh hayda or something meaning hot weather so it's like the word for hot we are not sure where it came from okay because the caveman went oh and then from there the rest was history i think you've cracked it sam and so it's time to move on to the quiz portion of our show this week we're gonna be playing a game of this or that do you guys remember how this or that works uh-huh it's either this one or that one that's right yeah hot or not no it is actually it's hot or hotter is is kind of the vibe of this one so um as sari just told us heat and temperature are different things temperature is a measure of the energy of the molecules inside something heat is describing the flow of energy between things.

Starting point is 00:11:25 Today, we're going to play a This or That Heat Edition. I'm going to present you with two things that have different temperatures, and it's up to you to figure out which one is hotter than the other one. Ooh, okay. It's pretty easy to figure out. So we have round number one, Body Temperature Edition. Animal bodies, including our bodies, have different needs when it comes to regulating their body temperature edition. Animal bodies, including our bodies, have different needs when it comes to

Starting point is 00:11:45 regulating their body temperature. We might live in a hot environment or have a very active life or have feathers or fur that trap our body heat. And if our animal bodies exceed the temperature that the animal sort of evolved to exist in, we can get really sick unless we find some ways to get rid of that heat. So which of the following is hotter, a flying pigeon or the hottest ever fever recorded and survived by a human? Whoa. Gosh, I think animals are unreal hot and people can't. So I don't think it was pigeon. You think it's a hot pigeon? I think that's one hot pigeon. Oh my gosh. I was thinking the opposite. i just don't know how hot pigeons are i've never touched one uh so i'm gonna say humans because i think we're we're hardy and i know there was weird

Starting point is 00:12:31 experiments with like intentionally causing fevers at some point in 1980 a man named willie jones he had a temperature of 115 degrees fahrenheit that's over 2,000 wiggles after he was admitted to the hospital because of heat stroke. So he wasn't a fever from an illness. He was in a very hot place. So he had this heat stroke fever and he survived after being in the hospital for 24 days.

Starting point is 00:12:56 And that is hotter than a flying pigeon, but not by as much as you might think. Scientists studying pigeon flight found that on a 34 mile per hour flight, which is very fast, pigeons exceeded an average body temperature of 111.4 degrees Fahrenheit. That's up from its normal temperature of 107.8. So they're just burning that glycogen. It's creating some heat. Which brings us to round number two.

Starting point is 00:13:22 So this is the geology round of this or that heat edition. The Earth is situated at a nice location in our solar system that makes life as we know it possible. But life at the surface is much different from at the Earth's core. So which is hotter, lava as it erupts out of a volcano on the surface of Earth or the daytime surface temperature of Venus? Oh, no. surface of Earth, or the daytime surface temperature of Venus. Oh, no. Damn. I don't have a concept for how hot either are, but...

Starting point is 00:13:50 I'm going to guess Venus just because it's closer to the sun. The problem is I don't know enough about its atmosphere, like how much it is shielded from that solar radiation, but it seems hot and bad there. Yeah. It's only hot and bad there yeah so definitely hot and bad there i'm gonna say i was leaning towards venus too because like maybe it's radiant temperature is more than the lava oh it's radiant temperature i don't know it's something temperature hank i don't know what any kind of temperatures are maybe it's atmospheric temperature or whatever um okay so

Starting point is 00:14:23 so you're going with venus but you're going with venus yeah so i'm going to ask a follow-up question which is what is venus made out of rock yeah rock is a good answer right and the rock on the surface of the venus is solid it is yeah it is solid this would have been good question to ask before we gave our answers, Hank. You could have really helped out. So Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system, not just because it's closer to the sun, but also its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere. As we've heard, carbon dioxide, good at trapping heat.

Starting point is 00:14:58 So the surface of Venus reaches 880 degrees Fahrenheit. Mercury only 800 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and negative 290 at night. Meanwhile, the temperature of lava erupting out of the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea is around 2140 degrees Fahrenheit. Now the lava does cool down quickly after being exposed to air, going down by

Starting point is 00:15:20 hundreds of degrees each second. So just at that moment when it hits there, it is very, very, very hot. We beefed it completely. Yeah, that was pretty embarrassing, but you know. All right, let's see if you can make up for it with round three, which is we're zooming out

Starting point is 00:15:36 even further into the cosmic edition. Quasars are very bright objects in space. They're thought to be early stage galaxies and to be powered by supermassive black holes. And one of the first quasars to be discovered was 3C273, which was discovered by astronomer John Boston in the early 1960s.

Starting point is 00:15:55 So which is hotter, the center of quasar 3C273 or the hottest temperature ever made by man? We can do some pretty fucked up stuff, so. I imagine they would both be like some sort of like nuclear fission or fusion or something like that, right? Like hot elements doing something. That would be like the same as whatever's going on in whatever quasar,

Starting point is 00:16:23 but more so perhaps. Or Hank will make fools of us again. I'm going to say human created is hotter. Yeah, I guess. So if it was human created, you could see the hot quasar and then be like, I can do one hotter and then make something slightly hotter.

Starting point is 00:16:38 That's a very human thing to do. Yeah. I'm going to be made a fool of, but I'm going to guess the quasar because I don't understand space things. And I'm just like, oh, it's in space. It's hot. It's extreme.

Starting point is 00:16:50 All right. Well, here's a little story for you. In 2012, scientists at CERN's Large Hadron collided lead ions to create a quark-gluon plasma, the mass of subatomic particles that might have existed before the Big Bang, which resulted in a temperature of around 9.9 trillion degrees Fahrenheit, which is very hot, but it is not as hot as the core of a quasar. No. Yes.

Starting point is 00:17:13 Yes, it is. It's hotter. It's hotter. In 2016, scientists studying that quasar with a Russian satellite found that the core of the quasar measured around 18 trillion degrees Fahrenheit, which is not just hotter than CERN. It's hotter than what theoretical predictions had said was possible for a quasar, which is about 179 billion degrees Fahrenheit. So very, very different from that. That discrepancy points to mysteries in how quasars emit light and how the molecules inside of it are interacting that we have not yet solved.

Starting point is 00:17:47 That's hot. Trillions of degrees. Yeah. My head can't even wrap around how hot it is. No. All right. Well, congratulations to Sari for coming out with two points. To Sam's, none.

Starting point is 00:18:01 Next, we're going to take a short break and then it will be time for the fact off. Hello and welcome back, everybody. It's time for the fact off. Our panelists have brought science facts to present to me in an attempt to blow my mind. After they have presented their facts, I will judge them and award Hank Bucks any way I see fit. Sam is currently two points behind, so he will have to have his fact be twice as good as Sari's for a win to be in his future, which, look, buddy, it's possible. You can do it. And I judge these based on which one I want to turn into a TikTok. And then I turn it into a TikTok, which do very well. So good job bringing me good science fact.

Starting point is 00:18:53 I think it makes people listen to our show too. I think it's made people sign up for the show, which I love this. I'm glad that they're here for this mess of goofiness. But to decide who goes first, I have a trivia question for you. Millions of people experience hot flashes, and contrary to what the name might suggest, the symptoms aren't just feeling hot. During a hot flash, many people's metabolic rate increases, with associated heart rate increases by about 7 to 15 beats per minute. But that's not to say you don't also get hot. So based on readings from a

Starting point is 00:19:25 finger monitor, what is the average body temperature increase during a hot flash? Well, it's not more than like 10 degrees. It can't be. Yeah. I mean, that dude did die almost at 115. Like he did max out. So it's not going to take you above 115. I feel like you can also feel extremely hot and then take your temperature and be like, I am not, I am normal. It's weird, those moments where you're just like, ah, my everything.

Starting point is 00:19:54 And then you take your temperature, it's like 99.6. And you're like, I am bad at, I'm just a very whiny person. Yeah. My proteins. whiny person yeah my proteins such a uh a good like i'm melting but instead like the wicked witch gets water poured on and she's like my proteins they're denaturing i think that the answer to this question is point

Starting point is 00:20:22 four that's so low i think the answer to this question is 0.4. That's so low. I think the answer to this question is 3. That seems like a lot. The average finger temperature increased 2.7 degrees Celsius during a hot flash. Sari's the winner. Bazinga. All right. So, Sari, that means you get to decide who goes first. And I'll go first.

Starting point is 00:20:40 So, like Hank was saying, mammals, like humans, expend quite a bit of energy to keep our bodies toasty warm. But other animals, like many reptiles, are ectothermic and mostly rely on external factors for temperature control. And I have just kind of assumed that plants are also beholden to the whims of their environment. They can either just tolerate the cold or the heat or die off and regrow. And for the most part, this is true. But there are a handful of thermogenic plants, plants that can generate heat from within and raise their temperature far above the air that surrounds them. So for example, the skunk cabbage doesn't sound or look like much. It grows near the ground in wetlands across the North American

Starting point is 00:21:21 continent and is kind of brownish, greenish, and stinky. I've seen some skunk cabbage in my time. I haven't. I'm excited to see one now, though. I'm going to go looking. Because in March, when the ground is often still frozen and covered in snow or ice, you might see a small melted spot surrounding one of these little guys. For about two weeks, a modified leaf pokes out of the ground, protecting a cluster of flower heads called the spadix.

Starting point is 00:21:44 leaf pokes out of the ground, protecting a cluster of flower heads called the spadix. And even when air temperatures are below freezing, the spadix is around 15 to 35 degrees Celsius hotter than its surroundings. Almost like it's a tiny animal, the skunk cabbage generates this heat through cellular respiration, using up oxygen and sugars like starch in the process. And cellular respiration, as anyone who's had to memorize it for a test knows, has a lot of different steps and proteins and genes involved. And for those nerds like me, it seems like thermogenic plants may use pathways that animals don't, but exact biochemical process is a botanical mystery. It likely involves classes of compounds called alternative oxidases or plant-uncoupling mitochondrial proteins or pumps, which is confusing because there are protein pumps too.

Starting point is 00:22:31 But they don't use cytochrome C oxidase, which is that big one that you learn about at the end of the electron transport system in biochemistry. This is a little in the weeds, but I was like, that's very weird. So I decided to include it in mychemistry. This is a little in the weeds, but I was like, that's very weird. So I decided to include it in my fact. And biochemistry aside, it's strange that a plant would expend all this energy to bloom a little bit earlier instead of just waiting for the weather to change. So the other botanical mystery in play is why these hot plants exist. The main guess is that the warm radiant heat helps circulate air around the flower head like how hot and cold pockets of air in the atmosphere create wind and this wafts stinky organic compounds through the air to attract pollinators another guess is that what fly or beetle or spider wouldn't want to

Starting point is 00:23:17 hunker down in a cozy stinky plant when it's cold outside uh but besides the skunk cabbage most thermogenic plants are in more tropical environments, so this might not be as likely. But either way, these weird warm plants exist, and now I want to touch one. Can I get enough together to like warm me up? I'm just like wilderness survival time, and I've gotten out in a swamp in the cold. Can I just like gather up a bunch of skunk cabbage and be like, warm my body? My guess is no, because the heat would dissipate probably pretty quickly. Like they need to be rooted and metabolizing in order to produce that heat. But maybe if you like, if you planned ahead before you became a survivalist and like planted

Starting point is 00:24:02 a grove of them, then you might have a little warm pocket. That's cool. I had no idea about that. And there's lots of skunk cabbage in Montana. I've seen it around. I've never like approached any because it's swampy where they are. So I'm like, I'm going to stay over here where my boots are not covered in mud. But now I kind of want to go touch one. Yeah. All right, Sam, what do you got for me? What do you think of when you think of ice? Do you think of cubes floating around in a refreshing summer beverage? Or maybe icicles hanging from a festively lit home on a cold Christmas morn? Above all, you think about ice, you think about cold.

Starting point is 00:24:36 So what am I doing talking about ice in an episode about heat? Well, what if I told you that some ice could be quite hot indeed? Hot ice. First of all, this fact off might be a bit of a team effort because it turns out that ice is weird as fuck and I'll probably get something wrong. Second of all, ice becomes ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit when it's on Earth, right?

Starting point is 00:24:57 So water becomes ice at 32 degrees. But as pressure increases, the freezing point of water changes. So under a little bit more pressure, the freezing point gets lower. But once you start putting enough pressure on it, the freezing point increases. So on other planets with different conditions, you can get all types of wacky ice with all types of wacky freezing points. So one place in the universe with lots of water under super extreme pressure is the core of gas giants like Uranus and Neptune. The water there could be under so much pressure, in fact, that scientists figure there must be some really weird hot ice down there.

Starting point is 00:25:29 Ice that would, according to Egghead math, have a solid lattice of oxygen atoms with hydrogen atoms sloshing around inside like a liquid. So they've called this hypothetical form of water super ionic ice and I suppose probably contented themselves to never seeing it because we do not live in the core of Neptune. But in 2019, scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California used six quote giant lasers to create shock waves that compress liquid water to between one and four million times Earth's atmosphere and heated it

Starting point is 00:26:02 to between three and five thousand degrees fahrenheit and the thing that they thought would happen super ionic ice happened so super ionic ice formed for like literally a nanosecond and they took some x-ray measurements to prove it or something that's what they do another team in new york did like the same thing at the same time and they both got the same results so i guess that settles that so they call the ice ice 18 and it is thought in its natural environment that it's probably black and four times heavier than our boring old Earth ice. And since there are lots of big, gassy,

Starting point is 00:26:33 water-filled planets out there, it's also thought that it might even be one of the most common forms of water in the whole universe. Since on Earth, it only exists for a nanosecond after being shot by six giant lasers, it's not really that useful to us for any practical reason. But knowing that it can exist, it gives us a better understanding of how planets work when they have watery cores.

Starting point is 00:26:52 And it also seems to be superconductive, so it might help to explain some previously mysterious magnetic fields that we've seen in the universe. And maybe there are aliens out there with 8,000 degree drinks that need to be cooled off. And maybe there are aliens out there with 8,000 degree drinks that need to be cooled off. Sam, I gotta say, I don't care that much about how this helps us understand other planets. You just told me that there is black ice that is four times heavier than ice, but it's still water ice. It's got like a liquid soup of hydrogen inside of it and is potentially superconducting. Yeah. And that we made it on Earth. Yeah. And it's potentially the most common form of ice in the universe i don't care about

Starting point is 00:27:29 any any practical use for this knowledge well i just care that that is a thing what's this do for me what's this what can i do with 8 000 degree ice yeah that's fascinating anyway that since that one shook me to my core my core of ice 18 i'm gonna call this one a tie what you can't just let me win no absolutely not sarah had two points coming into that does this mean you're gonna make both of them into tiktoks again oh no i think i'm gonna make sam's into a tiktok so then sam wins I think that's only fair. Yeah, but you won the other one. The points have to mean something, I guess. I humbly accept my basically defeat.

Starting point is 00:28:12 It's now time to ask the science couch where we've got a listener question for our virtual couch of finely honed scientific minds. It's from at Joshi Joestar who asks, why is my breath warm when I say ha, but it's cool when I say whoo? It's a superpower that

Starting point is 00:28:30 we all have. It's fun. I have a guess, as I usually do. When I go ha, the air is coming out nice and slow, and it's sort of in a nice big fat column of hot air. And when I go fff, I'm blowing air, and it's sucking a'm blowing i'm blowing air and it's sucking a

Starting point is 00:28:46 lot of air in from outside and move like it's creating this like vacuum basically it's being filled but the reason it feels cool is because there's more molecules hitting your fingers where you're feeling it and those are room temperature molecules but you're getting hit by more molecules so there's more wiggles going into the air than staying in your fingers. That's pretty much it. Oh, I know. Science man Hank. All I have is a couple more fancy words

Starting point is 00:29:14 to describe what you're saying. But yeah, it's basically, it's a matter of turbulent flow. So turbulence is something that exists not only in airplanes but in any sort of fluid. So, like gas or a liquid that is flowing. And there is laminar flow, which is where the fluid moves in very smooth layers. And then there's turbulent flow, which is where it like

Starting point is 00:29:39 swirls around. And that's like what's happening when you blow air out of your mouth it's not moving perfectly like there's tons of different swirly bits of how your mouth is shaped and the air is being pushed out but also just the air currents around in the room and i don't want to just repeat what you said but yeah you're blowing out air in a less directed way when you go ha and it doesn't grab as much nearby air and when you blow air in a more directed way it like swoops up the room temperature air and feels cool like a breeze but if you like blow if you go who and you put your hand really close to your mouth it still feels warm because it hasn't had time to like suck up that air or if you like blow through a tube uh then it also doesn't have time or the space to get all turbulent with the other air to hit you so it is in the way that any sort of temperature is kind of like an illusion of just there's more space there's more molecules mixing

Starting point is 00:30:39 up which makes it feel different to you what a world if you want to ask the science couch your question you can follow us on Twitter. It's at SciShowTangents, where we will tweet out topics for upcoming episodes every week. Thank you to at Vanya Tweets, at TR Anson, and everybody else who tweeted us your questions

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Starting point is 00:31:16 And finally, if you want to show your love for SciShow Tangents, just tell people about us. And buy stickers, too. 10,000 minimum. Thank you for joining us. I've been Hank Green. I've been Sari Reilly. And I stickers, too. 10,000 minimum. Thank you for joining us. I've been Hank Green. I've been Sari Riley. And I've been Sam Schultz. SciShow Tangents is created by all of us

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Starting point is 00:31:47 Thank you, and remember, the mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be lighted. But one more thing. Heat has long been used as a tool to join things together, for example, through welding. Specifically, butt welding is the term used to describe joining two pieces of metal by aligning their ends and then heating them up. But the heat can come in many different forms. Resistance butt welding passes a current through the metals and the resulting resistance generates so much heat that it softens the metals to join them. There's also laser butt welding that indirectly heats ions by heating electrons with light. And there's ultrasonic butt welding

Starting point is 00:32:42 that heats metals with high frequencies that make low amplitude vibrations. There's so many ways to make a butt out of metal. Hmm. That's a stretch, huh? That ain't about butts. It's a bit. I mean, but like I did get to say ultrasonic butt welding. That's true.

Starting point is 00:32:59 That seems like a butt fact to me. You can make it about your butt, too. Ultrasonic butt welding sounds like a way to describe like when you sit on a plasticky chair and your butt really sticks to it. That's like, oh, that's freaking ultrasonic butt welding going on down there. Especially when you have to stand back up.

Starting point is 00:33:19 That's the ultrasonic part because you can hear it. Yeah.

SciShow Tangents - Heat

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