Short Wave - Exploring The Canopy With 'TreeTop Barbie'

Episode Date: March 25, 2020

Encore episode: Pioneering ecologist Nalini Nadkarni takes us up into the canopy — the area above the forest floor — where she helped research and document this unexplored ecosystem. Plus: the story of her decades-long effort to get more women into science, and how she found a surprising ally in the fight — Barbie. Video and more from Maddie's trip to the canopy is here. Follow Maddie on Twitter @maddie_sofia. Email the show at [e-mail]. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences.NPR Privacy Policy

Hey everybody, Maddie Safaya here with Shortwave reporter, Emily Kwong. Today we thought you might appreciate a little joy in your life, especially now. That's right. Here on Shortwave, we want to bring you episodes that explain what's happening with the coronavirus, but also episodes that feature other interesting science. Like this one from the very first week of Shortwave. It's probably one of my favorites. Absolutely. It's got rainforest. It's got slingshots, a decade-long conflict with Big Barbie. Maddie gets rope burn.

What's not to love? The rope burn, Kwong. It's clearly the roadburn. These are the sacrifices you make, Maddie. All right, on to the show. Enjoy. You're listening to Shortwave from NPR. One day this past summer, I got to visit a rainforest. Okay, that's licorice fern. The scientific name is Polypodium vulgaray.

I was there with a collegeist Nalini Nadcarni. This is called Salaginella. This is a club moss. It's actually a very pre-prodium. primitive plant. Nalini has been studying and exploring ecosystems like this for 35 years. Okay, so that is called dichranum. That's another species of moss. I like to call it plushy moss, just because it's so soft and so plushy,

so much like a little pillow. Here's hylucumine flendens. This is racometrium. There's like three, four different species of moss right there. A couple other things about this rainforest. You're probably thinking rainforest, so tropics. Nah. We were in the Pacific.

Pacific Northwest, Olympic National Forest in Washington State. And it's called a temperate rainforests, a rainforest because we get, it's characterized by having a lot of rainfall. They're about 120 inches of rain a year. The other thing about this trip to the forest is that all these plants... So see how soft these mosses are? Yes. Don't you just want to sleep on them? I mean, yeah. Yeah.

All of Nalini's decades-long work. Okay, I'm going to come up side by side with you. All of it is about... Wow. 60 feet off the ground. All right, Maddie. This is awesome. It's really awesome.

This is called the canopy. Pretty much everything above the forest floor all the way up to the tops of the trees. All right, come up with me now, little rope. The canopy here is a dizzying thicket of bright green leaves and mosses and ferns all bathed in sunlight, and we knew very little about it. Because the canopy is literally called the last biotic frontier.

It's been so poorly studied. There really aren't very many people who study the canopy. I feel like when you say the last biotic frontier, you should look off into the distance. I will now. Okay. You ready? Practice. Yeah, okay.

The last biotic frontier. So today on the show, pioneering scientist Nalini Nodkarni on the canopy. Plus, a little later on in the episode, Nalini's decades-long fight to get more women into science. And how she found an unlikely ally in Barbie. Yeah, I thought it was weird too. It's not that weird, though. Stick around. I'm Maddie Safaya, and you're listening to Shortwave from NPR.

All right, so let's back up. Down. Back on the ground in Olympic National Forest, Nalini told me that in the grand scheme of things, canopy science is actually pretty new. You know, people have been studying forests for centuries, but it's only been in the last 20, 25, 30 years that people have actually climbed up into the forest canopy

to understand the environment up in the tree tops. One of the hurdles for scientists was literally just figuring out how to get up to the tops of the trees. So Nalini and a few friends figured out a way to adapt some mountain climbing techniques to get up into the canopy. And that means shooting ropes into the trees. So I invented this thing called a master caster, which is just the metal rod, and we welded it so it has this little hole here for the line.

Basically, this master caster thing is part fishing rod, part of the metal. slingshot. Nalini, this looks like a garage sale. It does. A 14-year-old boy's dream in which you could both slingshot and cast. And so with a fishing weight loaded into the slingshot. So I'm thinking right up there. Yeah. Nalini cast it masterfully. Oh yeah! What? Did I tell you where it was going to go or what? We set the ropes. Now put all your weight on this? Got harnessed in. Right. Step down.

And then started the long, hard process of inching up the rope. You're going to go into a crouch and lift your legs up. That's it. Okay. Kind of like a caterpillar. And then stand. Exactly. You've got it.

Well, you know, I've got it, kind of. Over the course of her career, researching canopies in the Pacific Northwest, as well as in the forest of Costa Rica, Nelini has documented all kinds of things about the canopy. 60 feet up this giant maple tree, she shows me one of the cooler ones. Just looking at the underside of these mosses, like there's this canopy soil. Let me dig some out over here. Malini peels back a thick fistful of moss from the branch on the tree,

and instead of bark, we're looking at a tightly packed bed of brown dirt. I mean, that is actual soil that is basically composed of the dead and decomposing mosses that live up here. And there are like earthworms that live up here. This is like soil like on the ground, but up. Exactly. It's called, it's a canopy soil. Wow. Look at that. And it's so weird, you know, you're here smelling this soil smell.

But you're, you know, you're up 60 feet above the forest floor. So it's this sort of whole world that the canopy creates. They're living plants. They're mosses. They're ferns. Their soil. And it's all kind of invertebrates that live here. Birds that forage for these invertebrates that live in the canopy soil.

So it's like this microcosm, this mini ecosystem that's going on kind of independent of the forest floor, but at the same time interacting with the forest as a whole. Of course, today, canopies all over the world face threats from climate change, from logging, fire and deforestation. And a lot of Nalini's work now is about trying to figure out what would happen if we lost such a complex, interconnected ecosystem. I think it's important for canopies to be as intact as possible because, they do foster so much diversity that you can get 70 species of mosses on a single tree. And each of those mosses is sort of living its life with its insects and invertebrates and supporting birds. And so it's just part of this sort of whole cycle of what makes a primary forest important.

Here's another thing Nalini discovered when she was first getting started in canopy research. There were very few women scientists doing this kind of work. And so she set out to change that. Actually, this was just a fabulous day that happened in my lab. I had this Forest Canopy Lab. Undergraduates would work there. My graduate students would work with me. And we were just kicking around on these.

Like, how could we make the Forest Canopy more meaningful to not just other scientists, but to regular people? Like, how about young girls? They need encouragement. And somebody said, well, what about Barbie? All right. Pause. Barbie time. Because she wasn't busy enough helping to basically.

We create an entirely new field of scientific study. In the early 2000s, Nalidi decided, you know, in her free time, she would try to create, market, and get into the hands of little girls and boys everywhere, tree-top Barbie. What if we took this iconic doll, which is so symbolic of what young girls aspire to, what if we just put this shell around her, which is a canopy biologist? So Nalini called Mattel, the company that owns Barbie. And then when I proposed this idea, they said, no, no, no, we're not interested.

That has no meaning to us. We make our own Barbies. You know, you can't do this. Forget it, forget it. So that's when we said, well, why don't we just do it ourselves? And if Mattel's not going to take it. A couple of trips to Goodwill later to get some recycled Barbies. We began just sort of making our own tree top Barbies.

And I started bringing Canopy Barbie along with me and, you know, talking to my fellow scientists and saying, look, you guys, we not only have to do our good science, we need to start encouraging people from outside science in. And this is one way that we might do it. Trees are wonderful arenas for discovery. This is Nalini's 2009 TED Talk, which, by the way, is a hugely nerve-wracking thing for scientists. You're hooked up to this hands-free Britney Spears, Mike, to give a talk that will basically

be your top Google hit for life. To stand on that stage, showing off a little plastic treetop Barbie, it was a lot. Like, should I really be spending time with this? Are people going to think it's weird? me as a scientist and me as a woman scientist and me as a brown woman scientist is spending her time doing this. There's sort of a risk that goes along with that. But I felt that the potential good that could come out of it of providing a real role model for a little girl who doesn't even know that the canopy exists to study, like when I was a kid. And so if that can happen, then I think

it's worth the risk. What we do, my students in my lab and I, is we buy Barbies from goodwill and value village, we dress her in clothes that have been made by seamstresses, and we send her out with a canopy handbook. And my feeling is, thank you, that we've taken this pop icon and we have just tweaked her a little bit to become an ambassador who can carry the message that being a woman scientist studying treetops is actually a really great thing. Before we wrap up, I haven't told you the best part about the whole treetop-top Barbie thing. Once the treetop barbies started getting some attention, Mattel found out that.

out and they called Nalini. They said, whoa, whoa, whoa, you can't just make your own barbies and sell them. Shut it down. Nalini said she was sorry, that she really didn't mean any harm and that they could still have the idea if they wanted it. And they said, no, no, no, you can't do this, you can't do this, you can't do this. And I said, wow, how interesting. You know, I know a number of journalists who would be really interested in knowing that Mattel is trying to shut down a small brown woman who's trying to, who's trying to inspire young girls. girls to become scientists and explorers. Melini, did you strong-arm Mattel?

I did. And they responded very nice and they said, we'll get back to you. We asked Mattel about this, and they didn't get into specifics about any past back and forth with Melini. But Nalini says the company told her, okay, fine, you can keep making Treetop Barbie,

which she did pretty quietly for the last 10 or 15 years. And then... And then, last year, I got a call from National Geographic. And they said, Dr. Nod Carney, we recognize that you have, you know, sort of forged the way with this Barbie science explorer sort of thing. We have partnered with Mattel to make these five explorer Barbies. And would you be the advisor on this? And I said, fantastic. This is like a dream to come true.

Did you say it's about stinking time? Well, I didn't say stinking time. I said, it's about time. It's so great that you're doing this. So it happened. Now there's a polar marine biologist Barbie, astrophysicist Barbie, wildlife photojournalist Barbie, entomologist Barbie, and wildlife conservationist Barbie. What would you say to people that we're saying, like, Barbie is still this unachievable image of, like, beauty for women. Right.

And you should stay away from it. Yeah. I think about that a lot. I think it's a big question that we need to ask ourselves. My sense is, yes, she's a plastic doll. Yes, she's configured in all the ways that we should not be thinking of how women should be shaped. And yes, she looks so perfect, which women's scientists especially always think, I have to be perfect, I have to be good, I have to be better, I have to be smarter,

have to be more productive. But the fact that now there are Barbies out here in the world, these Explorer Barbies that are being role models for little girls so that they can literally see themselves as a nature photographer or an astrophysicist. And that fills me with joy, because it brings me back to when I was an eight-year-old kid, all alone, up in a tree, saying, I want to somehow help trees, but I don't quite know how. Now these girls have a way to do that. And I think that's splendid.

Nolini Nodkarni. There's a whole video of our trip to the canopy. Find a link to it in our episode info. All right, Nalini. How do I get down from this place? Well, there are a couple ways to go down. One of them is repelling. Well, three ways.

One is falling, which we don't do. And the other one is just to go down. Okay, before we go, one thing we're going to do on the show from time to time is answer questions from you about all things science. So if you have a science-related question, email us at shortwave at npr.org. We may answer it for you. Also, bonus, if your question is Halloween themed, because Halloween is coming up. Again, shortwave at npr.org. I'm Maddie Safaya. Thank you for listening.

We'll be back with more shortwave next week. Thank you.