Sleepy History - Roman Gladiators

Episode Date: December 22, 2024

The Roman gladiators have fascinatingly complex history, from paintings on cave walls to the Colosseum and the silver screen. These warriors, both celebrated and condemned, left behind a legacy of bravery, brutality, and spectacle. Who were they, and what did their lives truly entail? Tonight, uncover the history, culture, and untold stories of Roman gladiators as you drift into a peaceful sleep.Narrated by: Simon MattacksWritten by: Jo SteerAbout Sleepy History Delve into history's most intriguing stories, people, places, events, and mysteries, delivered in a supremely calming atmosphere. If you struggle to fall asleep and you have a curious mind, Sleepy History is the perfect bedtime companion. Our stories will gently grasp your attention, pulling your mind away from any racing thoughts, making room for the soothing music and calming narration to guide you into a peaceful sleep. Sleepy History is a production of Slumber Studios. To learn more, visit www.slumberstudios.com.

This is Sleepy History. production of this show. Check out our premium feed. This is the Sleepy History of the Gladiiator, clad in well-worn armor preparing for battle in the Roman Colosseum. And we've heard the battle cry of Spartacus reenacted on the big screen as he leads his fellow gladiators in revolt. But who were these sword-wielding entertainers, really? Were they captives or volunteers? Did they fight for honor and glory,

or just because they had to, in order to earn their freedom? or just because they had to, in order to earn their freedom. Tonight, we'll examine their role within the Roman Republic and beyond, and ponder their great legacy that is still felt today. So just relax and let your mind drift as we explore the sleepy history of the gladiators. few civilizations are better known today than the one that began in Rome Italy a kingdom turned Republic that became a mighty Empire its lands stretching across three continents stretching across three continents. The military prowess of Rome was significant, as was the infrastructure that it brought to different regions.

Many Roman citizens enjoyed a high standard of living, which included education, healthcare, leisure, and entertainment. It's entertainment that we're focusing on tonight, as we turn our attention to history's most famous performers. The title gladiator is still known around the world, though the age in which it arose has long since passed. The word itself comes from the Latin gladius, a type of sword used by Roman foot soldiers gladiator therefore might be translated as swordsman it's an apt title for these armed entertainers gladiators would do battle in front of the masses in what was known as the gladiatorial games. Thousands of spectators would fill amphitheaters to see the ancient equivalent of a boxing or wrestling match. The games emerged when Rome was a republic, an ancient democracy ruled by elected consuls.

Though there's some debate amongst classical writers as to when and where the custom originated. The Greek historian Nicholas of Damascus wrote about the games in the late 1st century BCE. He believed that they were an Etruscan tradition, the Etruscans being indigenous to what today is Western Italy, and having dominated the region prior to the Romans. A contrasting account is provided by Livy, a Roman historian writing later that century. He believed the Games had begun in Campania, an ancient region in southwest Italy. According to Livy, it was 310 BCE when the gladiatorial Games were held for the first time. They were held in honor of a recent victory. The Campanians were celebrating their defeat of the Samnites.

Another account from the 600s CE comes from the Hispano-Roman scholar Isidore of Seville. He describes the Latin names associated with the gladiators as being derived from ancient Etruscan. The manager of the gladiators was called an ianista, which came from the Etruscan for executioner. The Cheron, an official who watched over the dead, took their name from an Etruscan spirit that escorted souls to the afterlife. This added weight to the theory of the games being an Etruscan tradition, adopted later by Rome.

It was this theory that was most commonly accepted by experts writing in the early modern period. Opinion has shifted in recent times, as historians have worked to review the evidence. Most texts, artifacts, and ruins from the region suggest that the games were originally Campanian. A gladiator's school was known as a ludus. The earliest one has been found in the city of Capua in Campania. Gladiators are thought to have been trained within the grounds around the end of the 2nd century BCE. Elsewhere in the region, in the city of Pestum, tombs have been discovered with painted frescoes

on the walls. Various scenes depict ancient forms of leisure, from boxing matches and chariot races to men lounging within the home. Included amongst the scenes, which date to the 4th century BCE, we also see figures that resemble gladiators. Armed opponents face off in pairs with spears and shields, their heads protected by helmets. These images from the tombs of 4th century companions might be the most compelling evidence discovered so far.

Though we can't know for sure when or where the practice began, it could be that Campanians borrowed the custom from their ancestors. What is clear from research into the topic and the painted frescoes on the walls of ancient tombs is that what most of us today think of as the games is somewhat different from what they were at the beginning. The title gladiator brings to mind an arena, swords clashing on the stage of the Colosseum. But originally, this kind of combat was restricted to funerals and usually took place in Rome's cattle market. According to Livy, the first Roman games took place in the year 264 BCE. They were commissioned by the son of Brutus Pyrrha, who sought to honor his father's passing.

There were three separate battles between pairs of gladiators, as part of what Livy referred to as a munus. This might be described as a commemorative performance, a gift to the deceased hoped to ease their souls passing. This is how Romans first knew of gladiators. They were sword-wielding entertainers, enacting funerary blood rites. Romans, we might say, had a penchant for dramatics. say had a penchant for dramatics. And so, naturally, the games became more theatrical over time.

Livy describes a gladiatorial performance almost as if it's a play on the stage. There would have been reenactments of celebrated victories of Romans over their captured enemies. Sometimes both parts would have been played by Romansian costume and given the weapons of conquered warriors as their props on stage. Though that isn't to say that the battle wasn't real, especially when the games were in their infancy. As much as they included a dose of theatrics, in a very real sense, they were a fight to the death. To modern listeners, this might seem barbaric.

However, Romans viewed life through a very different lens there was honor and glory in dying well just as there was in outmatching an opponent to die well meant to accept one's fate, not to cry out or plead for mercy. Such an end could redeem one's reputation, as opposed to if they'd performed dishonorably and shown weakness or cowardice. weakness or cowardice it's difficult to overstate the role of courage within the code of ethics that Romans lived by especially if we consider that they were a deeply religious people who believed their every action was being monitored by the gods an honorable death therefore wasn't to be feared because it guaranteed entry to the Elysian fields sometimes called Elysium, this was the Roman afterlife. A heavenly realm, akin to paradise, where souls lived on in peace and happiness. We should also remember that in ancient Rome, war and death were part of everyday life. The crowds would have been much more desensitized to violence than a modern audience in the 21st century would be.

To many spectators watching, it likely felt like a privilege to see such a display of honor and bravery. Performers gave their lives for the gods and for the Republic, for the glory of Rome and its people. However, especially in the early days, most gladiators were enslaved people, or war captives who had no choice whether or not to fight. Facing off against a fellow gladiator and defeating them was one of the few ways to

potentially earn money and possibly even their freedom. The games were a celebration of Roman culture. There was music and a banquet, amongst other forms of entertainment. Certainly, it's very different from what one might see today at a memorial service or the funeral of a loved one. It became a mark of pride to put on a good show. a mark of pride to put on a good show. It showcased the patrons' wealth and high standing in society. As such, the games became more extravagant over time, as men strove to outdo the efforts of their predecessors.

the efforts of their predecessors. We might remember Livy's description of the first funerary games in 264 BCE. There would have been three performances, involving six gladiators altogether, set on the stage of the local cattle market. Compare this to a similar event in 216 BCE, nearly 50 years later. The games at the funeral of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, a former consul of the highest standing. The proceedings at his funeral lasted for three whole days and included 22 pairs of gladiators doing battle. The event took place at the Roman Forum, a main square or plaza at the very heart of Rome.

It's interesting to note that in that same year, the army had suffered an embarrassing defeat. So it's likely the game's patrons also sought to boost public morale by putting on an event so lavish and spectacular. Experts today believe that funerary games had become common practice throughout the Republic. They were also adopted by those whom Rome had conquered, like the ancient Iberians of present-day Spain. Naturally, most would have been much smaller affairs than the grand proceedings at the funeral of a statesman. They wouldn't have been written about extensively by authors, being an everyday part of life

at the time. Only the affairs that were particularly remarkable would make their way onto the pages of history. their way onto the pages of history. And it's from such grand spectacles that the games would develop into the state-sponsored events that would enthrall the masses. The first gladiatorial combat commissioned by ruling consuls was held in the year 105 BCE. Gladiators from Campania had put on a great showing, and it was an instant hit with the Roman audience. This would signal the start of a new kind of games, no longer restricted to private funerals.

They were still linked to a commemorative munis and often dedicated to the memory of an ancestor, but now they took place as part of the ludi, the immensely popular state-sponsored games. Ludi were held throughout the year, alongside religious festivals lasting a week or longer. They were the highlight of a Roman's social calendar and a public holiday funded by the state. It was during this time that the gladiators and the games reached the peak of their fame in ancient Rome. Being included in the ludi put them in the spotlight,

a place that they'd remain for centuries after. During the tail end of the Republic, in the first century BCE, they'd even become a tool of the politically ambitious. Men sponsored the Games as an act of self-promotion, to inflate their own status and enhance their reputation. A good show might make all the difference between getting elected or missing out on votes. Therefore, a Roman running for public office might put off a relative's funeral until election season. Equally, those already in power would use the games to maintain their position.

The more lavish the games and well-staged the combat, the likelier one was of keeping voters' favor. In fact, the games' patrons held such sway with the masses that they started to be viewed as somewhat of a problem. Democracy became more fragile in the later republic. Rome was less stable than it had been in the past. The wealthy aristocrats who owned schools of gladiators wielded a hefty, even dangerous amount of power.

The support that they enjoyed from members of the public seemed rather threatening alongside their large private armies. One such man was Julius Caesar, a public official looking to climb the ladder. In 65 BCE, he held gladiatorial games as part of his campaign to win the public's affection. The games took place in honor of Caesar's father, though his father had passed away 20 years prior. Now, the Senate had actually imposed limits on the games, the first of many. A law was introduced making it illegal to have more than 320 pairs of gladiators within the city walls.

If the Senate had hoped to curtail Caesar's power, they clearly didn't go far enough. He made use of exactly 320 pairs of gladiators to put on a show like no other. The Senate, we now know, were right to be worried, as Caesar's actions would bring the Republic to an end. He was famously assassinated in 44 BCE after part in the final chapter of the Roman Republic. After a period of civil war, following Caesar's death, that next chapter would be the Roman Empire. It was Caesar's adopted son, Caesar Augustus, who became Rome's first emperor in 27 BCE.

An astute politician, Augustus was quick to recognize both the power and the danger that the games might pose. both the power and the danger that the games might pose. One of his earliest acts was to assume authority over all games, including funerary performances known collectively as Munera. Gladiatorial combat and Ludi in general were taken on as an official state duty. Commemorative Munera involving gladiatorial combat were only allowed at two religious festivals. One was Saturnalia, in honor of the god Saturn, and the other was Quinquatria, in honor of the goddess Minerva. Augustus also placed limits on the amount that could be spent, both on private or public

Munera. The funeral of an elected magistrate or army commander, for instance, couldn't exceed the use of 120 gladiators. It also had a price gap of 25,000 denarii, which would limit the size and scope of the proceedings. We might contrast this number with the imperial ludi of which the lowest baseline spend was 180,000. His motive, said Augustus, was to protect the aristocracy from themselves.

Without limits on their spending, they'd surely go bankrupt. was to protect the aristocracy from themselves. Without limits on their spending, they'd surely go bankrupt. Of course, it also meant that he held the power. No longer would the rich and politically ambitious be able to buy votes with grand and lavish games. Previously, the games had been an act of self-promotion for the wealthy aristocrats and politically ambitious. Now, they were a tool of Roman emperors, used to maintain power, status, and reputation.

Bear in mind that as the empire grew, public approval became increasingly important. At its largest, by the second century CE, the empire covered an area of 5 million square kilometers. It's estimated that at this time, the empire had a population of between 59 and 76 million people. Many were citizens of conquered lands, with less loyalty to a foreign emperor than people in Rome would have had. Thus, it was important to show them the benefits, the infrastructure and culture that the Romans brought with them.

the infrastructure and culture that the Romans brought with them, from roads to aqueducts, government and grand buildings, to an existing array of leisure and entertainment. The gladiatorial games became part of everyday life for millions of people living far from the capital. Citizens could enjoy some food and entertainment in one of more than 200 massive amphitheaters built across the empire. The games were key to Romanization and integrating foreigners into new customs and culture. Ludi were a means of bringing communities together to celebrate Rome and its all-powerful

emperor. Augustus, in particular, utilized the games to further what's now known as the Imperial Cult. His adoptive father, Julius Caesar, meaning divine son or son of a god. In the capital, he was worshipped indirectly through the spirit of his father, Julius Caesar, or through the goddess Roma, who personified Rome. or through the goddess Roma, who personified Rome. It was a wise move not to seem too self-important in the place where Caesar had been assassinated for as much.

Though this didn't apply in other parts of the empire. There, Augustus was worshipped as a god. The ludi were to be held in honour of the emperor, and thus spread the word of his divinity far and wide. Putting on a good show would help the emperor's popularity, and even reduce the risk of rebellion. If the public were well-fed and entertained, they'd likely be more accepting of Roman agents and their laws. As was the case when Rome was a republic, the grander the show, the more glory for its patron. The costs would spiral far above what they had been, and the gladiators performing would

soon number in the thousands. Consider the games held by the Emperor Trajan to celebrate his victory over the Dacians. Events took place between 108 and 109 CE and included 123 days of games in total. Trajan was a master of public entertainment. He was renowned for his ability to put on a good show. It was said that his loony involved 10,000 gladiators and even more wild animals from start to finish. The games were held in a massive and now world-famous amphitheater, one completed less than 30 years before. The Colosseum in Rome was the largest of its kind and the most important stage in all the

empire. It had space for an audience of between 50,000 and 80,000 people, though experts estimate an average of 65,000 in the crowd. People were seated according to social ranking, and there were even separate entryways to avoid mixing of the classes. Middle-class Romans took the seats in the middle, while enslaved people, women, and the poor stood at the back. The wealthiest individuals took the front row seats. Many senators were even known to bring their own folding chairs.

The best seat of all was the royal box, a fenced-in section where the emperor would sit. Marble steps led up to a bycelium, a plush two-seater sofa reserved for people of great honor. From here, the emperor could see far across the arena. He could watch the performance and the reaction of the crowd. This would prove useful, should he be called upon during the games to decide the fate of a losing fighter. Contrary to popular belief and earlier practice, gladiatorial combat didn't always result in death. After all, it cost a lot to keep them, to house, feed, and train the fighters within a ludus. A struggling gladiator could raise a finger to the crowd, acknowledging their defeat and

putting an end to the combat. The emperor in attendance, or whichever official was presiding, would perform a gesture meaning death or mercy. This decision was generally aligned with the crowd's reaction, so as to keep the arena's spectators appeased. And indeed, the crowds could be kept very happy, watching their favorite performers go head to head. The gladiators too could be kept somewhat happy by the potential benefits that fighting

offered. An enslaved gladiator from a conquered region could earn their freedom if they fought with courage. A ceremonial wooden sword, known as a rudis, would be presented to the combatant as a token of this freedom. Gladiators were amongst the lowest social classes, so opportunities for large earnings were certainly limited. Fighting gave them the chance to win prize money if victorious, and popular gladiators might receive gifts from their fans.

There are reports of retired fighters being offered 100,000 sesterces, the equivalent of a lottery win, if they'd return to the arena. It's said that the Emperor Nero rewarded his favorite gladiator by buying him a house worthy of a statesman. Alongside fortune, fame was for the taking. Those who fought well achieved celebrity status. Droplets of their sweat were even scraped off into vials and sold to adoring fans as an anti-aging moisturizer. Flammer, or The Flame, was one such celebrity, an enslaved gladiator who won his freedom four times.

After receiving each rudis, he came back to the arena, apparently because he enjoyed the action. He would eventually retire to the island of Sicily, where his headstone would be commissioned by a fellow gladiator. The inscription describes him as being a deserving comrade in arms who fought 34 battles with just four defeats. Of course, not every gladiator fought as willingly as Flammer. In the days of the Republic, most had been prisoners. Gauls, Thracians, and Samnites were distinguished by the colors of their clothing and distinctive

armor. As one might expect of people held in captivity, conditions for the gladiators were fairly poor. This would only change after a series of rebellions, which took place between 73 and 71 BCE. Some of us know the story, immortalized on screen, of the revolt led by the Thracian Spartacus. Spartacus. What began with the escape of 70 enslaved gladiators would grow into an army of 120,000 enslaved people. Though eventually Spartacus and his men would be defeated, the skilled gladiators proved difficult to vanquish. Many Romans died, failing to quell the rebellion, a fact that concerned the elite in Rome. This concern led to some positive changes, as those in charge sought to avoid further trouble. Whereas initially most gladiators had been enslaved people or criminals,

by the late Republic around half were volunteers. They were paid professionals who made a choice to be there and were given comfortable lodgings and wholesome food. Perhaps even more so during the imperial era when many gladiator schools were run by the state. Athletes were fed a high-energy diet of grains and vegetables, even earning the nickname of hodiari, or barley eaters. Their heavy training regimen was balanced out with regular sports massage and medical care. What's more is that gladiators became politically engaged. Some formed unions and appointed spokesmen to voice demands.

Despite being increasingly kept separate to reduce the opportunity for plotting, there was a sense of brotherhood in most of the schools. Some men would even form their own familia, a close-knit group who looked after one another. They might send money home to a deceased fighter's family or commission their gravestone, as one gladiator did for Flamma. To become a gladiator was still considered rather lowly. Even those who excelled didn't have the rights of a Roman citizen. But certainly over time, it became more appealing as a career choice, and a job that many would

actively volunteer for. On occasion, even members of the ranking higher classes would volunteer to fight, sometimes flouting laws which explicitly forbade it. They were willing to risk the loss of their reputation for money, acclaim, and even vengeance. Even some emperors made an appearance in the Colosseum, one being Hadrian, who had a reputation for good sense. Though they'd fight with wooden swords and undoubtedly be allowed to win, it reflects highly on the profession that they would take on that role.

As for the gladiators who most commonly fought, they could be identified as before by their clothing and equipment. The Gauls, Semnites, and Thracians were given new names, having been conquered by the Romans and absorbed by the Empire. While it wasn't only the Gauls, Semnites, and Thracians fighting, especially as time wore on, the fighting styles they inspired lived on in the games. Formerly, the Semnite, the Secutor, or a gladiator fighting in this style wore heavy armor. They carried large swords and shields

and wore heavy metal helmets. These covered the face, leaving only small eye holes or a slit across the eyes for the fighter to see through. Mermilo was the name given to the Gauls, Myrmilo was the name given to the Gauls, or those fighting in their style. Their armor was even heavier than that of the Secutor. They had a shield and sword and metal leg protectors, and a huge metal helmet with a grill across the face. On the other hand, Thracians, renamed Thrakes, or those fighting in their style, wore much lighter armor and had a shorter curved sword. They had less protection than some of their counterparts, but they could move faster to attack and defend. but they could move faster to attack and defend.

The retiarius, meaning net man, had a weighted fishing net, which they could use to catch opponents during the battle. They had the least armor of all gladiators, but a small dagger and a trident proved useful weapons for them. Combatants would face off against other men or wild animals, while the citizens would gamble as to who might win. Occasionally, even women would appear in the arena. So-called gladiatrix, sometimes costumed as Amazons. Many of the battles were set to a story.

They retold the ancient myths or enacted Roman victories. Sometimes the combat was choreographed beforehand, a little like a wrestling match where the outcome is pre-planned. The games combined the Romans' flair for dramatics with their expertise in engineering. The attention to detail in the staging of a performance was akin to that at a pop concert today. Trap doors were fitted, using lifts and pulleys, so that gladiators and animals might rise up from the ground. There were even instances of arenas being flooded to allow the enactment of a great naval victory.

Although with such theatrics, we can't be surprised that the cost of the games continued to spiral out of control. In 177 CE, the emperor Marcus Aurelius introduced more laws to curtail spending. These were disregarded just a generation later by his own son, the emperor Commodus. The emperor was fanatical about the ludi and spent wildly on the games from the public purse. However, it wasn't excessive spending that would bring an end to gladiatorial combat. It was a shift throughout the empire from paganism to Christianity, shift throughout the empire from paganism to Christianity, a change in the code that Romans lived by.

Gladiatorial combat had been declining as Christianity grew in popularity. Influential Christian philosophers even wrote about how Christians shouldn't attend the games. Finally, in 399, the emperor Honorius banned gladiatorial combat as a pagan ritual. Additionally, the cost of the games was no longer deemed worthwhile, especially as the cost of multiple wars Rome was involved in continued to increase. After 650 years, gladiatorial combat disappeared entirely, followed by Rome itself in the late 5th century. And yet, like so many things that the Romans left behind, the legacy of the gladiator lives

on today. They're the heroes of books, movies, and television, much as they once were the stars of the arena. It's a rare thing when real-life history is perhaps more remarkable than the myths that surround it. But that is true for those sword-wielding combatants, so honorable and courageous, risking all for freedom, glory,

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