Something You Should Know - BONUS: You Might Also Like: "On Point"

Episode Date: October 14, 2025

We are sharing an episode of On Point with Meghna Chakrabarti. On Point is a rare public space where you hear nuanced explorations of complex topics live and in real time. Meghna leads provocative conversations that help make sense of the world, with urgency, timeliness and depth. In this episode Meghna asks: Could sunlight help treat disease? She details a growing number of studies that find potential benefits of UV light therapy for conditions like multiple sclerosis, Type 1 diabetes and Crohn’s disease. You can find more episodes of On Point at https://link.mgln.ai/shouldknow Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hi, and welcome. I want to share something special with you today. It's a podcast I listen to, and I think you're going to like this. It will help you uncomplicate the news and better understand what's really going on in the world. On Point is a rare public space where you hear nuanced explorations of complex topics, live and in real time. Host Magna Chakra Barty leads provocative conversations that help make sense of the world, with urgency, timeliness, and depth. Each episode is a deeply researched, beautifully produced hour.

Listeners will learn, be challenged, and have some fun, too. In this episode, Megna asks, could sunlight help treat disease? She details a growing number of studies that find potential benefits of UV light therapy for conditions like multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and Crohn's disease. Okay, so here's the preview,

and you can hear episodes of On Point every weekday, wherever you get podcasts. WBUR Podcasts, Boston. This is On Point. I'm Megna Chakra-Bardi. Imagine you're stepping outside on a bright and sunny day. What do you feel? Well, maybe the rays are warm and comforting on your skin. Maybe you tilt your head back, close your eyes, and see bright spots behind your eyelids.

Maybe the sun is helping you feel happy and energized. Well, the sun's rays can have a profound effect on our bodies. According to a growing amount of research, sunlight kicks off an array of complex biological processes. It impacts our skin, of course, but it can also alter our nervous systems or our lymph and organs. It can slow down our immune response and lower blood pressure. But could sunlight actually help treat disease? Studies have found potential benefits of light therapy for conditions like multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and Crohn's disease. And so that's what we're looking at today, harnessing the health secrets of the sun.

And we're going to start today with Prue Hart. She's a professor at the Western, excuse me, the University of Western Australia, located. at the Kids Research Institute in Perth, and her research focuses on the effects of ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D on the immune system, and she joins us from Perth, Australia. Professor Hart, welcome to On Point. Thank you. Very happy to speak to you all.

Before we dive into the actual science of what sunlight does to the skin, it occurs to me that since I'm speaking to you and you're in Australia, one of the most sun-drenched places in the world, I mean, is that what got you interested in studying the effects of ultraviolet radiation? What's the story behind the thrust of your research? Look, I grew up in sunny country.

We grew up thinking sun must be bad for you and bad for your skin. But I think we're all learning now that the harm benefits of the sun are really only at the skin level. the benefits of sun is really the whole body effects. And so I think we've got to consider harm versus benefit. And just in the last few years, that equation, the benefit is starting to outweigh the harm. Yes, she can get skin cancers. Our skin ages, obviously, we get a few more wrinkles.

but hopefully in this session we'll develop more about the benefits, which really are so important for our human health. So what are some of the benefits that research is starting to show of the effect of sunlight on the human body below the skin level? Well, I'm an immunologist, so I'm obviously interested in the autoimmune diseases or any diseases with an inflammatory component. And we know, in fact, most human diseases have an inflammatory component. We know that sunlight, particularly the UVB rays of sunlight, can dampen inflammation,

whole body inflammation. We know that it also can reduce stress. We know that sunlight has another, a prong, by stimulating adaption in the skin. So we learn to cope better with sunlight. We know of bone and muscular skeletal health. Well, that was known many decades ago with the advent of discovering vitamin D.

But also our neuro system, our endocrine system, our metabolic system, even our eye system, our oculus system. We know myopia is related to children being outside and having more sunlight exposure. So really the whole body benefits from sunlight exposure. So we've got to stop this exaggerated fear of skin cancers and think of some of the benefits and the positive aspects of sunlight. I've been generically saying sunlight.

Is that really what we're talking about? are we talking about UV, and specifically UVB? Well, sunlight's very complex. UV is the highest energy component of sunlight. We know of the benefits from UV, but there are benefits of other aspects, too. We know about blue light in our circadian rhythm. We know about infrared light at the other end of the visible spectrum.

It can help in repair. It can help in heating the body. It's a whole package in a way, the benefits of sunlight. But we've evolved this way. We've evolved to get the benefits of sunlight. So not to take advantage of it. To stay inside is not natural. We didn't evolve that way.

We didn't lose pigment in our skin for a reason not to harness the benefits of sunlight. But UVB is the highest energy area of sunlight, and that's the one we harvest in our treatment of autoimmune diseases, try and dampen those hyperactive conditions. Tell me a little bit more about what is happening, as far as we know, at the cellular level when we are exposed to sunlight. How does it actually dampen the immune response?

Yeah, go ahead. Now, we know that the UV photons have a lot of energy, and we've got cells and molecules in the skin that can absorb that energy, and that energy then breaks molecules, changes molecules or chemicals in the skin. And then we get signals going from the skin, down to the lymph nodes and into our blood and into our circulation.

We have a lot of immune cells and that's probably the greater network that's at play in our dampening of things like multiple scrosis. But we also have the endocrine system in the skin. So the skin is really like causing bodywide communication. It's a very complex organ. But you can appreciate it so important because it's our first-line defense to stresses, environmental stresses. Most people, when they think of ultraviolet and the body, maybe if we've heard anything about it beyond the potential for skin cancer, people have heard, well, the skin cancer is caused because the UV damages the DNA inside your skin cells. So what is happening that's actually positive inside some of the cells or whatever system you want to point to?

That's actually changing it in a healthful way. But this is the whole point. If we reacted to every sort of DNA break in our skin, we wouldn't survive. We have inbuilt mechanisms. We have innate immunity where the skin has adapted to be able to cope with the initiation of what might progress to a skin cancer. We don't react against it because otherwise we'd be responding to everything that comes and hits the skin. Remember bugs and viruses and scratches and all those insults of the skin. It's the same thing.

We can't react to them all. got to dampen down our responses so we can evolve to be in survival mode. It's part of saying, look, the immune system, we don't want to respond. We don't want to be, you know, have a crash and burn response. We've really got to calm it down. And that's what we're harnessing then in treating autoimmunity because we know autoimmune diseases are when the body is reacting against self and it's usually via your immune cells and in the case of multiple sclerosis it's destroying the myelin sheaf around nerves so we've got to calm down those immune cells and say hold on stop it so we right at the skin level we're

we start developing regulatory mechanisms rather than reactive mechanisms. So if we can modify or, and that's, you know, it's all initiated or started first in the skin and then systemically we're calming down where there's homeostasis needed. I mean, the whole, the body, go on. I'm just going to say Professor Hart, if you could hang on for a minute. We just have to take a quick break, and I'll let you continue when we come back. This is on point. Professor Hart, if I may, you're going to have to forgive me for asking a question repeatedly,

but I really do want to know kind of in more scientific detail what we do know so far, what might be happening at the level of cells when skin is exposed to sunlight. I mean, for example, I'm reading here in the scientific press that says some researchers are tracking the way molecules in the skin such as urocanic acid or lumestrol affect immune system activity. Are these areas that you're studying? And what are these chemicals? Yes, yes. I mean, urocanic acid was first identified, oh, 40 years ago, as a molecule in the outer layers of the skin. and when it absorbs UVB photons,

it isomerizes from a transform or a one molecular form or chemical form to another. And it's made more soluble by this transformation. And when it's more soluble, it can then go through the skin and to our circulation and is eventually measured in the urine. Now, it is a well-known, immunosuppressant molecule we believe it affects antigen presenting cells but many immune cells

so it's a molecule that has quite potentially a therapeutic benefit if it was given the other one Luminsteerol is a product from vitamin D. Now, I think all your listeners will know about vitamin D. It is one of the molecules in skin. It's precursor when it absorbs those UVB photons. That's 70 hydrocholesterol. When it absorbs the UVB photons, it converts to vitamin D and then goes to the kidneys and to the liver,

where it's converted into the fully active molecule of vitamin D. Now, we know vitamin D that may be important. We do not believe it really is a very important molecule because trials of supplementation with vitamin D have suggested it is a small player relative to all the other molecules that may be made. in the skin. And this is why it's a very exciting area of research. The skin, as I said, is so dynamic. It's so active. It's got so many pathways stimulating each other, feeding on each other to send signals to different parts of the body. Yeah, yeah. Well, Professor Hart,

stand by for just a moment. That's Prue Hart. You're listening to her from Perth, Australia. Let's go to basically the other side of planet Earth to Edinburgh, Scotland, where Dr. Richard Weller joins us. He's a professor of medical dermatology at the University of Edinburgh. Dr. Weller, welcome to On Point. Hi, great to be here. How sunny is it in Scotland today? Not.

Well, look, in Scottish terms, it's sunny. We've got a UV index of four. I mean, I used to work in Australia, actually, up in Queensland. So midwinter in, so mid-June, around the middle of the day in Queensland, where I was working, the UV index is seven. It rises to 14 in summer. Last year here in Scotland, the UV index hit seven for five minutes on the 24th of June, if you're interested. And yet ridiculously, we copy sunlight advice from Australia, completely irrelevant. and more than irrelevant actually harmful.

But we can discuss that. Yeah, both of you are very keen to push back on the sort of accepted dermatological advice of protecting yourself from the sun. And I promise you, I will let both of you have your say about that a little bit later in the show. But as you can tell, I hope you can tell, I'm very keenly interested in trying to understand the mechanisms that are behind this suggestion that increased amounts of sunlight do, amazing things for our overall health and not just for like our emotional well-being. So Dr. Weller, I mean, you're in Edinburgh. It's a pretty high latitude city on planet Earth. I've been seeing that there is actually some correlation between disease incidents

and literally like the latitude that you are at on the planet and vis-a-vis the amount of sun that you get. Is that true? Yes, it is. And look, the first thing, look, the first thing, Look, the first thing doctors should do when talking about, you know, why are we concerned about cigarettes? Well, because cigarettes shorten life. It's about four minutes per cigarette. Why are we worried about high blood pressure?

Because high blood pressure shortens life. Why we worried about poverty? Poverty shortens life. Well, what about sunlight? Well, actually, what the studies from up here in Northern Europe show, and this is studies from Sweden, and it's studies from here in the UK, they show that the more sunlight, people get, the longer they live. Because, you know, this equation, the bad side of sunlight, skin cancer, the good side reductions in heart disease cancer, which of those is more important?

Well, actually, all cause mortality, death from many cause, is the mathematical, you know, it's the sum of those two things. And certainly in northern Europe, the more sunlight people get, the longer they live. So if you were telling people to avoid sunlight, you really need to be saying why. Professor Hart, I wanted to hear you on this as well. Just to be clear, there is a body of evidence that shows that people who live further from the equator, so therefore their exposure to sunlight is much more variable depending on the season, that people living further from the equator tend to have a higher prevalence of some diseases.

Is that true, Professor Hart? Yes, certainly in the autoimmune diseases. In fact, any disease with an inflammatory component, I talk about type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease. So really, any disease with this inflammatory component that can be dampened by UV, there will be a latitude gradient. There'll be a seasonal effect, yes.

Wow, and for this to actually have scientific salience, it has to be on basically on a population level, Right? We're not talking about individual cases, right? We're talking about overall, yes? Population level, because we know that the environment by your genetics combine to determine disease. But environment is a large component, and that's where the latitude gradient comes in. Okay.

So Dr. Weller, Professor Hart earlier had talked about repeatedly autoimmune disorders, and the impact that sunlight might have on the immune system. Cardiovascular health, can you tell me more about that? Yeah, so look, cardiovascular health, a big, big effect of sunlight. So if you're male in Scotland, but I think it also applies to females, you are 30% more likely to drop dead in a week in January than a week in July. So look, it's August at the moment. I'm pretty mellow, you know, safe time of year.

You know, I start to get a bit antsy towards the end of the year. This seasonal variation in disease is so built into us as the norm. You know, if you're a doctor, it is really busy in winter. And there's a kind of unspoken rule that you don't take holidays in winter because you're all really busy. And we know that blood pressure very much varies by latitude. So the further people live away from the equator, the higher average blood pressure is. And with that, we have higher rates of stroke.

and heart attacks. And then work that I've done, but colleagues in Germany have also done and reproduced, shows that sunlight releases this substance nitric oxide from the skin. So when you're in the sun, Enno's released from your skin. And what that does is it dilates blood vessels and lowers blood pressure. And that accounts for this huge seasonal and latitudinal variation in blood pressure and with it heart disease. I was just going to ask you,

because heart disease is also one of those highly complex diseases where you have to talk about diet and things like that as well. But you're at least seeing this very strong correlation between nitrous oxide and blood pressure, though.

So that's significant. Yeah, look, so we've very clearly shown that shining UV at people releases NO from the skin and it dilates blood vessels. And then we've done big observational studies in America actually looking at dialysis patients

because they get their blood pressure measured three times a week when they get dialysis. And we show that these 2,000 centres around America with different amounts of UV and temperature. And again, very clearly we show that the more UV people are exposed to the lower blood pressure is. But a really, and about half of this effect is due to temperature, but about a half is just.

due to UV. And another important thing in this is that black Americans get less of a fall in their blood pressure for a given rise in UV than white Americans. And of course, high blood pressure, strokes, heart attacks, heart attacks are particularly prevalent in black Americans compared to white Americans. And skin color is all about handling sunlight. That's why, you know, pale skin developed as we moved away from Africa, where we all come from. And as people moved into low-light environments, they developed pale skin just to soak up more of that sunlight that we need.

And one of the things that it affects is blood pressure. Is it melanin specifically that we're talking about here? Because that's sort of the thing that provides the visual cue of skin color. But does that have, is that part of the UV system you're talking about? Yeah, well, we don't know. All we know is that, so we know looking at our African ancestors that white skin within Africa, you know, before humans left Africa, we know that pale skin colors were actively selected against. You can see this in the genetic patterns of skin pigmentation. but having moved to low light environments, really quite recently in the last 5 to 8,000 years only,

and we've been out of Africa for about 60,000 years, there was then this really very strong selective pressure over the last 8,000 years for pale skin in northern Europe. And, you know, response to sunlight is determined by skin colour. So, you know, UV-induced skin cancer is purely a disease of white-skinned North European heritage people. But at the same time, there is less of that healthy fall in blood pressure with darker skin types, less rise in vitamin D, which is a good biomarker for biological effects of sunlight. So, you know, skin color gives us an indication that sunlight has to have benefit. because repeatedly as people have moved to low-light environments, pale skin has developed to try and make up for that lack of sunlight.

Interesting. Professor Hart, did you want to add to that? You know, this observational study of, as people live higher from the equator at higher latitudes as populations, there are other studies that send the same. same message. There's a lot of cohort studies that have been performed around the world. So cohort studies is where people study 50,000 people or that sort of number. And usually the healthier people are those with skin cancers. So that is telling us, yes, the skin is reacting

and developing some skin cancers, some usually non-melanoma skin cancers, but they're healthier, their cardiovascular health is better. And that's also sending us a message that's just from natural observations. Yeah. You know, can I come back to something about vitamin D

because I failed to understand completely what you were saying? And actually, Dr. Weller, let me turn to you on this. People take a lot of vitamin D supplements. And as I think Professor Hart said earlier, that in and of itself may not actually be doing you any good. That it's vitamin D produced, what, out of the skin by exposure to sunlight? That's actually the beneficial one. Can you give me your take on that?

Yeah, no, look, so sunlight hitting the skin makes vitamin D. So measured vitamin D in your blood tells you how much sunlight you've been exposed to. We know that people with high measured vitamin D. D in their blood are healthier, in every way you can say, less heart disease, less cancer, less diabetes, less obese, live longer, etc., etc. The problem is when you give correlation is not causation, is the classic saying, when you give people vitamin D supplements, and in America you ran this huge study called the vital study run out of Boston, 25,000 Americans, given, half of them given vitamin D for five years, half given a placebo, they didn't know which

it was, all the results reported in the New England Journal. And basically it came out, vitamin D does pretty much nothing. There was some reduction in some autoimmune diseases, and that was it. Now, that is a huge study, and the results came back negative. So what this is telling us is it's not the vitamin D, it's something else. Vitamin D is something else. Vitamin D is a a marker for sunlight exposure. And the problem with the debate for the last 100 years is that it's been dominated by dermatologists saying, oh, sunlight will call skin cancer, terrible, and any benefits can be reproduced by taking vitamin D. And that's wrong. You know, vitamin D prevents rickets, but very clearly, I mean, a great editorial in the New England Journal about two years ago,

30% of Americans over the age of 60 take vitamin D supplements. And other than rickets and a few little fringe, you know, autumn news, it doesn't do much. It's not the vitamin D. It's the sunlight. Dr. Richard Weller and Professor Pruhart stand by for just a moment. When we come back, we will hear from a dermatologist who has a different view about exposure to sunlight. So we'll be back.

This is on point. Professor Hart, we had mentioned multiple sclerosis a couple of times here, and I just wanted to quickly ask you about some data that has been coming out over several years from Australia itself, because huge country, lots of different latitudes, so variable sunlight exposure within Australia itself, excellent medical record keeping. and I'm seeing here that there have been several studies that show a correlation between the incidence of multiple sclerosis and the latitude at which various Australians live.

It's a fairly strong correlation. That feels quite remarkable to me, Professor Hart. I think this is wonderful data. It shows quite clearly that in the southern parts of Australia, such as Hobart, there is five to sevenfold greater prevalence of multiple sclerosis than up in North Queensland near the tropics. So I think this is really, it's happening naturally. It's showing us that it's a real thing that the UV exposure,

sunlight exposure can actually dampen the initiation, the progression, the development of, multiple sclerosis such that if you get exposure to less UV down in the southern parts of Australia, you have more disease. And we've taken this a step further. I was just going to ask you about that because my first question that came up when I was reading about these sort of population wide studies in Australia was correlation doesn't equal causation. There may be other things going on at different latitudes in Australia. But you did follow up research in a much more controlled manner. Can you tell me about that? We've done a study giving Narraband UVB to patients with the earliest form

of MS. Now, this was important because we know dermatologists give Naraband UVB to treat skin conditions. We were trying to give it to patients with such that it had internal benefits. And it was not difficult to get through ethics committees because it's so safe to give Narrowband UVB. It's wavelengths of UVB that have had no effect on skin cancer induction at all. So we did a study of 20 patients, 10 got the Narraband UVB, 10 did not. They got a light box, yeah. With a light box, three times a week for eight weeks. And we followed the patients for a year.

After 12 months, all of those who got the placebo light developed multiple sclerosis. Those who were given narrow band, only 70% developed multiple sclerosis within 12 months. So this was a huge effect. 30% reduction in the conversion from the very earliest forms of multiple sclerosis to full-blown disease. And this is what we need to work on further. We need to be able to show this clinically more definitively. The wonderful thing is we then had a biobank of cells and blood from these participants and we've been able to find a little bit of mechanisms.

by which UVB might be working. Yeah. Particularly through the blood. And also the participants love the treatment. They loved it. They felt something was being done for them. They can now be shown that the light boxes can be given at home. So really we think we are advancing

in being able to use a component of sunlight to dampen autoimmune disease like multiple sclerosis. And to be clear, these light boxes are not like tanning beds, right? They're different. No, no, no.

They're narrowband UVB. The dermatologists have been using them for decades. And as I said, they're now so safe, the health funds in the U.S., Kaiser Permanente is supporting them for use at home, not in a clinic, but at home. Yeah. Okay, Professor Hart and Dr. Weller,

by this point in the show, I know that many dermatologists, especially in the United States, are probably ready to scream at me because of their profound concerns about excessive sunlight exposure on the skin. So to that point, we did speak with Dr. Vina von Schenathan. She's a board-certified dermatologist who practices in the San Francisco Bay Area, and she's a member of the American Academy of Dermatology. My opinion as a dermatologist is that minimizing sun exposure as much as possible is ideal. Bring your sunscreen with you as much as you can. Bring your hat with you, and that will go a really long way at preventing you from developing skin cancer or those signs of premature skin aging. Vanchin often says that, yes, the sun feels good. And it's impossible.

to avoid sunshine completely. But she says, in her opinion, those small amounts of exposure over time really do add up. So five minutes walking your dog or 10 minutes walking to your mailbox, driving without wearing sunscreen, adding in a couple beach days. In general, for most Americans, harmful sun exposure isn't really coming from the 4th of July or that day at the beach. It's really coming from the day-to-day cumulative effects of ignoring those five minutes. And Dr. Von Shanathan says exposure to UVA and UVB rays from the sun can cause fine lines, wrinkles, and brown spots on the skin. And of course, the big concern is it can also cause skin cancer. Data in the United States shows that approximately one in five Americans will actually

develop skin cancer at some point in their lifetime. Most commonly, a type of skin cancer called non-melanoma skin cancer. Those encompass two large buckets called basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Those are the two most common that we're going to see that can be quite directly linked to sun exposure and our sun protection habits. And for melanoma, it is true that rates of melanoma have been rising rapidly over the past 30 years in the United States, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. The AAD estimates some 212,000 new cases of melanoma will be diagnosed in 2025 alone. Vanjanaathan also says the sun is strongest between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.,

so it's best to limit your exposure during those hours, according to her. You can check to make sure the UV index is below three or four before heading outside, she says. It's hard to find such a clear-cut paradigm, if you will, for other cancers where do this and this won't happen and don't do that and, you know, this cancer will develop. But we do see that with skin cancer. It's very clear that avoiding the sun and wearing sunscreen can go such a long way at preventing someone from having a really, really awful experience with something like melanoma skin cancer. That's Dr. Vina Von Schenathan.

She's a board-certified dermatologist in the San Francisco Bay Area. Okay, Dr. Weller, go ahead. Okay, would love to. So, basal cell skin cancer is common than every other cancer put together. When you have a basal cell skin cancer diagnosed, your life expectancy goes up. I don't see that as a problem. melanoma rates have increased sixfold in the United States in the last four years. That's diagnoses.

Deaths have not changed. A day Adamson, fantastic dermatologist in Austin, Texas, look up his stuff published in JAMA and the New England Journal. So in America, your biggest risk factor, so looking at diagnoses of melanoma and how sunny it is where people live, great paper in JAMA dermatology, pretty much no relationship. The biggest correlation between a diagnosis of melanoma is how rich you are. So the richer counties are, the more likely people are to be diagnosed with melanoma. The more biopsies are done, the more likely people are to be diagnosed. I'm just going to jump in here and say my supposition in the United States. Yeah.

That's the argument. There's no chance. So look, if all of that health care was really a fair, you would expect a fall in death from melanoma. There has been no change up or down, no significant change up or down, in deaths from melanoma in the last 40 years, despite the huge rise in incidents.

It's a classic case of overdiagnosis. Yeah, yeah, come in with the counter-argument. Yeah, well, not just a counter-argument, but just to make this a little more complex. Death is not the only negative outcome. from having a, from melanoma, right? I mean, like, so that, so just that the change in a death rate is not a good enough reason to say, well, the increased diagnosis have not been effective. Look, I think not being dead is the most important end point.

I'm kind of agnostic about what I don't die of, whether I don't die of being struck by lightning, don't die of skin cancer, don't die of heart disease. I really don't care. I just don't want to be dead. And I am interested in in factors, exposures that reduce my risk of death. And certainly here in Northern Europe, the more sunlight I get very markedly, the lower my risks of dying. So we are about to publish a paper. We had one last year, another one out here. And in the UK Biobank, this huge, great forward-looking study of half million people in Britain, which has got very good data on how much sunlight exposure people got

and also education income, smoking, exercise, etc., etc. We find that if you reduce sun exposure for a British cohort enough to reduce one death from skin cancer, that associates with 50 extra deaths from other causes. Now, look, that may not apply directly in America because you're a lot further south than us. But the risk-benefit ratio is enormously in favor of sunlight exposure in northern Europe. And I suspect to a lesser degree that will apply in America.

And all dermatologists think about is the skin. And that's not good medicine. Professor Hart, let me turn back to you because we've only got about three-ish minutes you're remaining in the conversation. And what I think about more often that, I mean, melanoma is an important issue. I'm not going to diminish that. But we're not talking about having to go outside for 12 straight hours a day

and have the sun beat down on your skin. It sounds like from this conversation that even small increases or moderate increases in sun exposure can provide some significant health benefits. And so since you're at the Kids Research Institute in Perth, It suddenly occurred to me. I don't know if this is happening in Australia, but in the United States, there's been a growing issue over many years

that kids during the school year, especially barely go outside at all because the amount of recess that they're having has been reduced. Are we seeing impacts on children's health from reduced sun exposure? You are so correct in that. Yes.

The clearest studies are with myopia and eyes for children. But yes, with type 1 diabetes, that's a children's disease. In fact, we know a lot of autoimmune diseases start in childhood, may even start in utero. And yes, sun exposure is so important there. And I think Richard brought it up. It's the risk to benefit ratio. And I think dermatologists, the American dermatologist, all they think about is risk.

we've really got to move that pendulum a bit more to considering the benefit. So a little bit more sun exposure. We say never get sunburnt because sunburnt is the initiating event for melanoma. We just say never get sunburned, but certainly get sun exposure because that is going to be homeostatic and so good for you for health. This is really key. Get more sun exposure, don't get burned. Okay. I have a question for you, though.

I mean, like, depending on, maybe this is highly variable, depending on each individual, but how can we measure what that threshold is between a healthy amount of sunlight and I might be outside long enough to get burned? I would say just never get sunburn. Everyone, you have to consider your own intelligence. You know when you're going to get sunburn. And I think just make sure you get out a little bit every day and get a little bit more than you might have been getting up till now.

You'll feel better, your energy levels will improve, your whole body health will improve. But never get suffered. It's so funny, maybe I'm just not that scun. sun intelligent myself, but when I'm outside for a long time, I do wear some sunscreen, but when I don't reapply it, sometimes I don't realize that I'm getting close to being burned until well after the fact. Maybe that's because I've got brown skin. Who knows? But Prue Hart, professor at the University of Western Australia, located at the Kids

Research Institute in Perth, Australia. Thank you so much for joining us today. And Dr. Richard Weller. Yeah, Dr. Richard Weller, professor of medical dermatology at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. Dr. Weller, thank you so much for being with us. Thank you. I'm Magna Chakra-Bardi. This is on point.