Speaking of Psychology - How to become more patient, with Sarah Schnitker, PhD

Episode Date: March 11, 2026

Life is full of situations -- and people -- that try our patience, from a standstill traffic jam to an obstinate preschooler who won’t put on her shoes. Sarah Schnitker, PhD, talks about why patience can be so hard to come by; whether modern life and modern technology have made us less patient; the difference between patience and passivity; and cognitive strategies to build up your ability to be patient. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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Google Fi Wireless is not subject to data traffic deprioritization during times of high network usage. Life is full of situations that try our patients. You're late for work and the driver in front of you is going 15 miles below the speed limit. Your preschooler insists on putting on her own shoes and it's taking 10 minutes per foot. You had an interview for your dream job weeks ago and you're waiting with increasing anxiety to hear back from the company. In each of these situations, you try to remain calm, but you can feel your stress level rising. philosophers and religious leaders have long extolled the virtue of patients. And in more recent years, psychologists have found that patients is good for our mental and even

our physical health, but it's not easy to achieve. So why is patients so hard to come by? Has modern life and modern technology made us less patient? Is it possible to become a more patient person? And if you want to do so, what are the best strategies? Welcome to Speaking of Psychology, the flagship podcast of the American Psychological Association that examines the links between psychological science and everyday life. I'm Kim Mills.

My guest today is Dr. Sarah Schnitker, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Baylor University, where she studies patients and other virtues, including self-control, gratitude, and generosity. She's especially interested in the role of spirituality and religion in virtue formation. Dr. Schnitker has published more than 100 peer-reviewed articles, and her work has been covered in mainstream media outlets, including the New York Times, CNN, and Time Magazine. Dr. Schnitker, thank you for joining me today. Thank you so much for having me. It's wonderful to be here. Most people know what the word patience means, but I'm curious how you define it in your work.

Is it close to the way we think about it colloquially? I think it is pretty similar, and, you know, I think it's always interesting when we define that. the word to actually look at the Latin root. It actually means to suffer. And so for many of us, when we have to be patient, we feel like we are suffering. But the way we define it in psychology is that ability to remain calm and wait calmly in the face of frustration, adversity, or suffering. And so we all encounter people, events, kind of hardships in our daily lives that require us to wait and to put on the brakes a little bit. And that can be really difficult. But if people who are patient are able to do that and still remain calm and settled and not become

overwhelmed with emotion as they engage in that waiting. Why is patient such a hard thing for some of us to achieve? Are we hardwired to be impatient? Well, that is a great question. I mean, I think, you know, patience, we are often employing patients in pursuit of our goals. And we want to achieve either small goals of getting to work on time or big goals of raising a child who is the kind and generous person. And we often feel patient when we feel like something's blocking our goal pursuit and we want to get there faster. And so in some ways, we could say that impatience might have evolved evolutionarily to, push us forward and make us notice when we need to move forward in our goals. But oftentimes, it's useful to learn about what's going on from our emotions, but then it's often not very

helpful to kind of stay in this state of impatience and be overwhelmed with emotion. And so having the capacity to regulate that impatience and be able to still pursue your goal, but in a more calm manner is really going to be kind of adaptive for us, especially in the modern air, where we aren't necessarily a goal for the day is not to find enough food so I can eat tonight. Some people deal with that, but many people kind of in Western industrialized context, right, that patients that maybe evolved for really life and death scenarios is being transferred over to other things that are not as life and death. and maybe we don't need as much of a strong impatient reaction to.

When do we first learn the concept of patience? Did we discover the answer through Walter Mitchell's famous marshmallow experiments? Well, you know, we first learned, I mean, in psychology, I would say, really became popularized then. But the idea of patience is really an ancient concept. And philosophers and theologians have been talking about patience for millennia. and have recognized it as really a perennial human problem. But things do not go as fast as we want. We are not able to kind of get past our suffering.

And so finding ways to wait and suffer with excellence is actually a thing a lot of philosophers talk about in virtue ethics. And so it's been fun in psychology to come to this conversation a little bit later, but with our new methods of using scientific inquiry. So just to reconstitute the question, is there an age in development that we learn we begin to understand what patients is and how to exercise it? We don't have for certain when patients itself develops, but we see immediately for an infant they experience waiting, right? That caregivers are not instantly responsive. We try to be responsive when we're a caregiver, but sometimes that baby has to wait for the bottle of milk to get wet.

warmed up. But you see when children start to get more of a theory of mind, kind of toddler years, they then start to maybe understand that they want something now. Someone else doesn't want them to have that thing now and they have to wait. And so you see in young children pretty early that they have impatience. They don't want to wait. And any parent of a toddler can say this is something I'm talking to them about regularly. And you're like, okay, good, you get to practice your patience today. Right, we see that start to emerge, but I think it's really an adolescence where people have this capacity to really intentionally cultivate the virtue of patience and to think about kind of when is it wise to be patient? When is it not

wise? When should I actually allow myself to be upset if something appropriately to the situation? And so what we see start in early childhood kind of comes into full maturity in adolescence and young adulthood. In your work, you talk about three different kinds of patients, interpersonal life hardship and daily hassles. Tell us what each of those concepts mean. Interpersonal patience, as the name sounds, is about being patient with other people. And I think this might not be the first thing that comes to mind for many people. people in the United States at least. We often think of patients, traffic, getting stuck in lines, things like that.

But we actually find that interpersonal patience is quite important and predicts a lot of well-being outcomes. And I think this makes a lot of sense. If you're able to be patient with your spouse, you're going to have a better marriage and better health. If as a parent, you have to be patient with your child as a coworker and to be patient with the perhaps annoying person next to my office, right? You know, there's lots of people in our lives who are slower than we would like

who do things that we would prefer them not to do when we have to practice our patients. We also, with daily hassles patients, this might be the more stereotypic scenarios of getting stuck at a red light, waiting on hold to change your airline ticket when it's canceled, right? These things that are daily hassles that do test our patients as we wait, yet they're kind of smaller and build up across a day. And then the last type of patients of life hardships patients is kind of how we are patient with these very long-term goals that may or may not be resolved. So for instance, if someone has a long-term chronic health condition, they may not actually

think they'll get better or that it will improve, but they still have to be patient as they deal with that chronic health condition across their life. And what does it mean to be able to wait? Well, as you know it's going to be a very long time, you have to continue to engage this patience. And so that could also include things of like dealing with an unjust society, dealing with the effects of systemic racism in your life, that it requires patience, but it's not something that you expect to have immediate end. And so that adds another layer to that weighting. Can you be good at patients in one of these domains but not the others? For example, maybe you get crazed in traffic, but you can handle life's big challenges. Is that the norm or do the three types of patients generally correlate together?

Yeah. I mean, I think we see in variability. So when we look at these three types of patients, on average, they tend to correlate with each other. So, and some of our research kind of has shown, too, that there might be this kind of general patience that influences kind of like you might have general intelligence, but then specific types of intelligence. We think that patients might be that way that there's this kind of general emotion regulatory capacity to wait. But there's distinctions in those different contexts of waiting. And some people might really struggle with waiting with other people. but be okay with life hardships and things like that. And what we actually show in some of our studies, some of our studies we actually do go more fine grain and ask people about the goals they're pursuing in life.

And they might say things like, be a good daughter, get straight A's, work out of the gym so many times a week. And then we ask them for each of those individual goals, how much patience, items around how much patience they exert for that specific goal. And what we found is there is, is a lot of variability.

So some people have a goal where they're very patient, and then they have a goal where they are not patient at all. And right, there's a lot of contextual features that might make that patience more or less difficult depending on the situation. I get a lot of people, it's kind of funny when I talk to people about patients, I can't tell you how many times people have talked

about their golf game and how they are pretty good at patience except when they're playing golf. And then they just cannot. do it. Or like, people have lots of things in their lives that might be a particularly difficult circumstance or a game that really test their patience. Well, let me ask you, and we talk about patience as a virtue, but is it always a virtue or is it possible to be too patient? How do you judge when a situation requires patience and when it requires action, just in a way that anybody would agree? No, I think that's a great question. And actually,

really important because I think over the years, you know, sometimes patience is weaponized. And when someone wants someone else to be passive, they might say, well, you need to be patient. And in that case, it probably is not a virtue. And so I would argue that the capacity to wait calmly in the face of frustration and suffering, that capacity, the ability to do it as an individual, is a virtue always. But whether or not exercising patients in a particular moment, part of the virtue is having the wisdom

to know whether this is the right moment for patience or for another capacity or virtue like courage, for instance, which helps you act in the face of fear. And so we're using our patience in pursuit of goals. Sometimes what's needed is to wait. And having the capacity to wait helps you be able to do that if that is the wise thing to do.

But sometimes we also need to act and take bold moves and move forward. And I think the thing that patience as a virtue, kind of as this trait, this disposition that we have, is it gives you just enough space to remain calm so you can decide if you're going to act or to wait. whereas if you don't have that disposition and that capacity, that skill of patience, then you might just be buffeted around by your emotions. And so an example I love to give is kind of, let's say, working against sexism in the workplace, for instance, right? You know, as a woman, sometimes I encounter a situation that involves sexism. And sometimes the wise thing to do is to speak up to pull upon.

on my courage as a virtue in that capacity and to do something. Other times, it's not the right moment. And that actually being quiet and just remaining calm in this moment is the right thing to do. And I need my patience to help me do that. And understanding, like, if my goal is to create an equitable, inclusive workplace, then I need to have both patience and courage to get me there. And that way I can navigate situations well.

and not just be driven by my anger or by my fear or by my, right, that I have the capacity to regulate my emotions in a productive manner for the good of myself and others. What do patients and impatience do to our bodies over the long term? There's a little bit of discussion out there of whether it's a discrete negative emotion, different from other negative emotions. My colleague Kate Sweeney, she argues that it is, and I think in a pretty convincing way. And in patients, you know, we don't have research on it long term yet because no one studied it discreetly, but we do know other negative emotions like anger, irritability.

These tax our system if we are feeling them consistently in daily life. And so it can lead to cardiovascular problems, lead to a lot of chronic health conditions, have roots in kind of persistent negative emotions in reaction to us. stress. And so what we found is that when people are more patient, that it might buffer against that, that they're able to regulate and be able to maintain their pursuit of the important goals in their life, but not have the same cost physiologically as they have, they don't have as many negative emotions that are taxing them. We're going to take a short break. When we return, I'll talk to Dr. Schnicker about how to become more patient in your everyday life.

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Just steps from the water. The Hilton sale is on now. Book on Hilton.com or the Hilton app and save up to 20% to get this stay you expected. When you want savings, not surprises. It matters where you stay. Hilton, for the stay. So for people who want to become more patient, which is probably many of our listeners, what advice do you have? What can you do to become more patient? You know, it's interesting. I think people do want to become more patient, but they also don't want to become more patient because

they're afraid that to become more patient, I'll have to practice patience, which means I'll have to wait and suffer and all these things. I think I grew up in a religious community and like people would joke but actually say seriously like don't pray for patience. God will send you waiting and suffering. You don't want to pray for that. It'll mess up your life. It's kind of interesting because we're told to be patient, but there's this real fear. And so I think first understanding why it is you care about being patient is really important to motivate you. So understanding if you're thinking about kind of your life in general, in particular situation, so maybe I am struggling to be patient with my tween daughter. And connecting to my big picture,

why, of like, I view it as part of my job as a human being to, like, raise her to be a person of character in the world who contributes to society. And I do this even as a sacred activity that has immense meaning that when I think about that big picture purpose, then I can be motivated to say, okay, what are practices that will help me be more patient in my interactions with her? And that's when you get into the how.

So how do I learn to regulate my emotions with her? And, right, we have a lot of strategies for emotion regulation that are evidence-based. And all of these are really useful and can be applied to patients. So like one of the best strategies is cognitive reappraisal, right? So thinking about the situation in a new way. There's lots of ways to do cognitive reappraisal.

It could be a perspective taking of like, okay, how would I feel if I were nine and didn't have control and had just been told this mean thing and right? Like, you know, kind of entering the other person's perspective can really help with interpersonal patients. We also find, I think, you know, with reappraising how long things take, taking a slight historical perspective can be very quick way to be patient. So, you know, oh, why is this Wi-Fi so slow? And I'm like, actually, you know, just think about back to the 90s and you had dial-off

and it had like, you know, like just recalibrating our expectations through cognitive re-appraisal. There's lots of ways we can change what we're thinking. But what we also kind of some research has found recently is that a variety of emotion regulation strategies can be helpful. So even distraction. Even momentarily, sometimes suppression is the adaptive emotion regulation strategy in a particular moment. And recent work that's come out has shown that it's actually having a variety of strategies

in your tool belt for regulating your emotion. that's really important and matching your strategy for patients to the situation. So sometimes it's like, you know what? I'm waiting on this thing. I'm just going to distract myself with a TV show. Right. But other times, especially perhaps with scenarios that have kind of existential import, like a chronic health condition or dealing with injustice or things that are more those life hardships or with other people, we might need more of that reappraisal to happen alongside. It can't be the suppression or distraction can't be the only strategy to work long term for being patient with those scenarios.

Sounds like some of this is to prevent yourself from ruminating on something that you have no control over. Exactly. Exactly. And that's when patient. And that's, I think, part of the reason patience is so hard for us in our cultural moment is, I mean, all humans like to have control and certainty. But I think in the modern era, we have, because of our technology, we have more illusions of control and have expectations

of control that are just unrealistic for our human to have with our bodies or our minds and that we have to often just wait on things, even though we think we shouldn't have to anymore. What if you have a spouse or a partner or even a kid whose patience meter is different from yours? How do you deal with those situations where someone's losing it because they have to wait? That's tough. I mean, it's hard enough to be patient for yourself, but for someone else. But I think with other people, and especially you see this with children and adolescents, oftentimes you are co-regulating with them.

And even with a partner or spouse or coworker, you can start to verbally do some of that reappraisal and think about things differently or help kind of start that regulation. So for example, you know, amusement parks, so I think are like an experiment in patience. I want to do a study at one someday. Waiting in line. Waiting in line. For 10 seconds of fear. Exactly. What are we doing to ourselves? But it's interesting to see like what people do like with their children or with their partners as they do that. And right, do you get to talk about other things? Do you distract them? Do you say, okay, you know, at least it's better than that other ride that had the two hour wait, right? You can really start to see how strategies are used socially. And I think we can do that in our own lives. And, You have to be careful when you're helping someone else because what might be a strategy that works for you or what feels like the wise thing to do for you might not be the same for them.

So, for example, I mentioned Kate Sweeney earlier. She's done studies in the past on women waiting for breast biopsy results to find out if they have cancer, these other kind of really uncertain waiting scenarios. And you want to make sure that the support a partner provides is actually supportive and not kind of out of step with what the individual needs. And so I think it's always wise to also be checking in, especially if it's another adult you're waiting alongside to see what they need. And would it be helpful to go distract ourselves right now? Do you want to talk it through? Do you want to engage in problem solving? like we always often forget, we can just ask other people how we can help them. And I think that's a really wise step and lets the person get the kind of support they need.

Now, I'm originally from New York, and I can attest to the fact that New Yorkers are notoriously impatient. Tourists work too slowly, out of towners don't know how to drive. And whenever I go back to New York, I get into that mindset. So I need to ask, is impatience contagious? Is it cultural? You know, I don't have actual hard data on this yet. But, I mean, we know there's emotion contagion for other motions, and we've clearly seen that. I would hypothesize that it is contagious and that when we see other people around us, especially if we're experiencing some arousal, but I haven't quite decided what we're feeling yet.

If we see someone else, they're tapping their fingers, fidgeting, showing all those signs of impatience, we can catch it. And that's concerning, right? Because we can create whole communities of impatience. I think culture specifically comes into play in the fact that culture sets our expectations of how life should go. And I think when I think of comparing New York to say Texas, where I live currently, when I moved to Texas, I lived in L.A. before that, it was one of the things that most struck me with this culture shift was things were slower. in Texas and that everyone wanted to chat more. And part of it, I think, is right, the crowd. The crowd's making you want to get through faster.

But, right, there's just a different culture of taking time and expectation of how long it should take to go through the checkout line is just different because of what that culture values. And, right, in kind of the south, you have more relational cultures, Southern hospitality, right? You see that those values show up in our approach to time and what is time. And I think maybe a place like New York City, right, our metaphor is time is that time is money. Yep.

Right? It's all around the stock market and Wall Street and, right, that this is how we think about time. But our views of time definitely differ across culture significantly, not just in the U.S., but around the world. Really different views of time. linear, is it circular? Do we go by clock time or event time? That the time something's supposed to start is once everyone arrives. These are just fundamentally different views of time that are going to shape when we think too much time has passed and triggers that impatience. I've seen meditation or mindfulness mentioned as strategies to increase patients. Do those work? Yes. Yep.

Those are effective for increasing patience. And I think part of the reason, right, we know that meditation helps you calm your own physiological system, calm your mind. And so just having the capacity to calm yourself, even through a very brief meditated practice, is really a great tool for regulation. You know, meditation also, and it's focused on especially mindfulness with non-judgment, it might allow us to sit in these moments where we're waiting with less judgment of it and more of a sense of, ah, this is just something that is and something, instead of waiting seen as something

I have to like endure and suffer, see as this is just the experience of waiting and this is part of being human. It can kind of shift. It's a minor shift, but can really help as we deal with that component of life. What caught you interested in studying patience? I started studying as a first-year grad student and positive psychology and the study of character strengths and virtues was just kind of blossoming in 2004. And as I was looking at the literature, it just struck me that all the virtues that were being studied had a very push-through, cold-directed power through it, happy flavor. And I noticed that patience was completely neglected. And it was excluded, for instance, from Seligman and Peterson's 24 virtues. They had in their values in action inventory. And I read

this book. It was actually an interdisciplinary reading. I do a lot of collaboration with philosophers and theologians. And I read a book by a moral philosopher, David Bailey Hartnett argued that since the Industrial Revolution, patience has gone out of fashion that we have abandoned it as a capacity we want to cultivate in ourselves because we think the solution to waiting is technological instead of human, that we think any time we have to wait or suffer, there's a quick fix, right? We should fix it through our technology instead of recognizing that this is a deeply human concern. And that really was very compelling to me. Because if you think about the things that give meaning to life, or that are most important, they always do take time. And there's not a technological

solution to learning to wait for my spouse to grow in the way he's going to grow and not the way I want him to be, right? They're not, our human problems require patience. And so I just thought, oh my goodness, this is a real problem that we're not talking about this. And we're going to be unprepared when it comes to moments where we really have to wait. And I think people often do feel unprepared in those moments of deep waiting, of waiting for net breast biopsy result or waiting for these things. We have to practice it in the small things so that we can be ready to do it in the larger things. It's interesting to time it to the Industrial Revolution, because if you think about Before that, what people were doing was farming, which requires a lot of patience and waiting and plant a seed.

It's going to be months and months before you see a crop. So that makes a whole lot of sense. Some of our modern societies, we've lost a sense of these rhythms of life. Right. There's a planting seed. Right. Those rhythms that you have if you're more connected to the natural environment. And so I think we maybe suffer a bit more. as humans when we get disconnected from the natural world. We have a lot of research showing that. So I think that's one of the reasons is the wisdom of timing and waiting that we need to maintain. So just to wrap up, what are you working on now?

What are your big questions that you're trying to answer? Yeah. So I have a actually next month, we start data collection looking at patients and parents of adolescents. It's going to be a four-year longitudinal study. where we look at not just kind of their self-reports, but also how other people in their lives think they are or are not patient. We also do psychophysiomeasurement in the lab and do experience sampling.

So ping them multiple times is going to be a really holistic view of these parents. And we chose to look at parents of adolescents because they are a very stressed group. When you look at parenting, I mean, everyone when they think of patients, think of parenting. anyone who's been a parent. But parents of adolescents actually show the lowest parental satisfaction and very, very high rates of stress. Because part of what you're doing there is you have less and less control, more risks to your child as well as you give out that control

and have to wait for them kind of to grow. And so we wanted to look at, and we're looking at patients in adversity in particular. So looking at parents of adolescents who face particular challenges or adversities in their lives that might make patients particularly important. So, for example, we're studying parents of adolescents with developmental disabilities to see how not only they're patient with their child, but with all the health care systems they have to navigate and the school systems in ensuring that their child is taken care of.

We're also examining patients among Muslim American parents and the unique stressors they face around maintaining their children. culture and their faith tradition in the context in the U.S. that is not always friendly to their culture or faith of a tradition and how they negotiate parenting in that context and being patient, but yet acting with courage when necessary. We're also looking at a sample of parents in Southern California who are really ethnically, socioeconomically diverse and looking at how those different components of their societal location affect their patience. across time and their well-being. So I'm really excited to dig into this particular population.

All right. Well, that sounds like great stuff. Well, Dr. Schnicker, I want to thank you for joining me today. Well, thank you so much for having me. I really enjoyed our conversation. You can find previous episodes of Speaking of Psychology on our website at speakingofpsychology.org or on Apple, Spotify, YouTube, or wherever you get your podcasts. And if you like what you've heard, please subscribe and leave a review. If you have comments or ideas for future episodes, you can email us at Speaking of Psychology at APA.org. Speaking of Psychology is produced by Lee Weinerman.

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