StarTalk Radio - Apollo and the Future of Humans in Space

Episode Date: July 19, 2019

Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Chuck Nice celebrate the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 by answering fan-submitted questions on the famous Moon landing and the future of space exploration. Also featuring a conversation with Alyssa Carson, the world’s youngest astronaut in training.NOTE: StarTalk All-Access subscribers can watch or listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://www.startalkradio.net/all-access/apollo-and-the-future-of-humans-in-space/Photo Credit: NASA. Subscribe to SiriusXM Podcasts+ on Apple Podcasts to listen to new episodes ad-free and a whole week early.

From the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and beaming out across all of space and time, this is StarTalk, where science and pop culture collide. This is StarTalk, and I'm your host, Neil deGrasse Tyson. As always, you're a personal astrophysicist, and today is a Cosmic Queries special space edition. All space. Why? This is the 50th anniversary year of Apollo 11 launching from Earth and landing on the moon and returning safely to Earth.

Not only that, we want to look at the future of space exploration. And I have a lot of expertise in that category, so it's just me in this episode. But I don't do this alone without a co-host. I got Chuck Nice. Chuck. Hey, Neil. Can you do this with me? Can you hang with me?

Absolutely. Because I got, you know, I've been, I got Chuck Nice. Chuck. Hey, Neil. Can you do this with me? Can you hang with me? Absolutely. Because I got, you know, I've been, I got this. Normally we have another expert, but I got this all on my own. I think. You are the expert on space. I think. All right. I'm on the expert on space and out.

So we good. We good. Totally good. Totally good. All right. So what do you have? Well, we have questions, as we always do. Solicited from our-

That we have gleaned from the internet- Fan base. Our very many incarnations. And we always start with a Patreon patron because they give us money. Right. Would you like to give us some money? You could give us some money. Read your question.

You don't have to give money to get your question asked. They just get their questions asked first. First. Okay. Priority, as we say. Fine. So this is... By the way, let me just, as introduction to this. Just as introduction. Just as an introduction. I've written two books on space

as an exploratory endeavor. As distinct from astrophysics. I was going to say, you've written more than two books on space. Yes, yes, yes. I'm talking about going to space. Okay. I've got two books on that. Okay.

So one of them is this one. Right. Space Chronicles. Space Chronicles. Facing the ultimate frontier. The ultimate frontier. It's now in paperback and it's more affordable than the hardcover.

Just a quick story about this. Okay. This is not the title that I submitted the manuscript with. All right. No, no. Now, are you sure you wrote this book? I told you. A different book came out the other side.

Exactly. The title was, the title was, Failure to Launch, The Dreams and Delusions of Space Enthusiasts. Oh, well, so encouraging. So encouraging. You can't have a book with the word failure in it.

And they got all upset and they had meetings after meetings after meetings. And they came up with, I said, fine. So I said, Space Chronicles Facing the Ultimate Frontier.

But this is an indictment of everyone who says, oh, yeah, we got to the moon in 1969. We should be on Mars by 1985. And how come we're not? It's because we need charisma. And there's a lot of sort of misinformation

and delusional thinking out there. This book is a full exploration of that. Of the fact that we have yet to progress beyond. There are reasons for that. Really? There are reasons. And the reasons people give, they're not the reasons. They think they're the reasons. There are reasons for that. Really? There are reasons. And the reasons people give, they're not the reasons. They think they're the reasons.

They're not the reasons. It's all in here. Okay, good. I'm just saying. Well, give it a book. He's like, go buy, yo. So this is every... You really are a good marketer.

I'm like, let me see. You're like, no. So this is every thought I've ever had about our past, present, and future in space. Well, there are reasons. And it's not because we need another Kennedy to give a stirring speech. No. We were at war with the Russians.

Right. And, you know, they're the godless communists. Right. And they had beaten us in practically every metric. They were winning. Thank you. Okay? They invented the rocket equation.

Yep. All right? That was 100 and something years ago. Thank you. Okay? They invented the rocket equation. Yep. All right? That was 100 and something years ago. Rocket equation. That tells you how much fuel to put in your rocket to put a payload into some destination. You know why that matters? Because the fuel you're burning has to lift the weight of the fuel you have. Of the fuel you need to get back.

Of all the other fuel you have yet to burn. Right. You need to cut back. Of all the other fuel you have yet to burn. Right. And so every increment of poundage in your payload has tremendous consequences to how much extra fuel you have to carry. That's why the Saturn V rocket is mostly fuel. All the stages below.

All the states, all fuel. It's all fuel. Astronauts in the little bitty section up at the top. Right. Okay? The little bitty section. So that's the rocket equation manifest. A Russian came up with the rocket equation.

The Russians had the first satellite named... Moose and Squirrel. I forgot about that. Rocky and Bullwinkle. No, Sputnik. Boris and... Boris and Natasha. And Natasha.

Right. So Sputnik. Sputnik. Sputnik. Sputnik. And soesen and what's the word? Bortesen Natasha. Natasha. Right. So Sputnik. Sputnik. Sputnik. Sputnik. And so they had the first satellite. They had the first non-human mammal that was a dog. Oh, okay.

Laika. Right. I didn't know the dog's name was Laika. You didn't know the dog's name? No, I didn't. No. Whose show are you on? I did not know the dog's name was Laika.

Okay. And they had no plans to bring Laika back alive. Why are you laughing? That's not funny. I'm so sorry. That's not funny. It just seems so cruel. Like, you know. They had no plans to bring Laika back alive. Why are you laughing? That's not funny. I'm so sorry. That's not funny. It just seems so cruel. Like, you know.

They had no plans. It's like man's best friend is just like, good boy. So, I think Laika might have been a girl dog instead of a boy dog. Oh, okay. It might have been. So, anyhow. So, people got all upset about that. And I thought about it.

I said, you know, okay. That's really bad that they didn't bring Laika back alive. They knew Laika would not survive that. That wasn't the point of the experiment. But I thought to myself, what was Laika before this? Alive. I'm going to go with alive. Yes, alive.

But as I heard the story, wandering the streets of Moscow, homeless, stray dog, gets plucked from the streets of Moscow and becomes as famous as Lassie overnight. But she had to die to do it. I'm saying sometimes to get famous, people die. This is true. So if I had a choice of being

dying homeless in the streets of Moscow or dying being the first mammal in orbit and be remembered forever, except you didn't know the dog's name. It's better to burn out than to fade away. So Laika actually made a mark. That would be Neil Young of you. Yeah.

Wasn't that, that's one of his lines in one of his songs. I believe it is. Yeah. It's better to burn out than fade away, I don't think it went like that. Okay. So, anyway, so they got the first non-human.

They had the first human. They had the first space station. Right. They had the first female. They had the first, they had the first black person in space.

What? Yes! It was a Cuban, you know, a Cuban. Right. A dark-skinned Cuban, but he went up on the Russian spacecraft. So they did all of this. And then we land on the moon and say,

we win. Because we did. So we redefined the finish line. Right. And said, we win. Right, right. That's how that went down. Right. And said, we win. Right, right. That's how that went down. Wow.

And so now, then we realized they're not really going to the moon, and they couldn't do it. And so we just abandoned the whole thing. You know, that's it. We stopped going to the moon in 1972. And people say, oh, we just need a politician with charisma and political will. It ain't got nothing to do with that. It's we felt threatened.

And when you feel threatened, money flows like rivers. and it's so funny because in that speech you talked about stirring speeches in that speech uh jfk actually talked very much about money right but annie well he had two big speeches one right to the joint session of congress right i have to show off now april 25th 1961. nice six weeks after Yuri Gagarin had just come back from orbit alive. Right. We didn't have a spaceship that could not blow up

with carrying people yet. That's when Kennedy said, we'll put him out of the moon and return him safely to Earth. And we said, oh yeah, let's do it. You know what he said two paragraphs before that

in that same speech? No, go ahead. If the events of recent weeks, he couldn't even utter the man's name. Right. Couldn't... The events...

Yuri Voldemort. If the events of recent weeks are any indication of the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere, we need to show the path of freedom over the path of tyranny. That's right. The battle cry against communism. That's it. That's what that was. And then the money flowed like rivers. That's right. The battle cry against communism. That's it. That's what that was. And then the money flowed like rivers.

That's all you need to do. That's all it was. That's it. Bring up communism or socialism. It's the I don't want to die driver. That's all I'm saying. Nice. Okay.

All right. Give me some. Okay, here we go. Here we go. First question. That was good stuff. Okay. I got more, but I'll save it.

All right, save it, but that's good stuff. The next two segments. All right, so this is Mateo Moonslave. Oh, I'm sorry. Mateo Mansalve. What? Chuck. It looked like Moonslave for a second. I'm sorry.

Mateo Mansalve. Mansalve. Okay. And our Patreon patron who says this. And our Patreon patron who says this. If we consider that the technology used in Apollo 11 is less than what our smartphones have now. The computer power. That's right.

Would not this mean that the price and facilities to reach the moon is within our reach at this time with no problem? If so, why has it cost so much to return? In a way, I see what he's saying. It's like if the power in the palm of our hands was the same computing power that sent Apollo 11 and they land it, why aren't we all just sending stuff to the moon ourselves right now? That's a great question. That's a great question. That's a great question. Because the cost of the computing power that was on Apollo 11 was small relative to the cost of the actual power of the rocket engines

and everything else that went into the design, construction, and safety measures. So if most of the cost of that mission was in fact computing costs, we can say, yeah, let's go this afternoon. I'll meet you on Clavius. What are you doing, Rick? There's a restaurant right on the corner. Meet me at the Big Crater. The Big Crater restaurant.

They'd have good food on the moon, but it would have no atmosphere. Oh, God. Jesus Christ. What? Aren't I allowed? Can you allow me? It was well-placed. Okay, thank you. Thank you.

This is astrophysics humor. So that's not the price that needed to drop. Gotcha. That's all. Well, that makes sense, Ashley. It is true that, you know, computing powers. So, in other words, the computing power didn't play as much of a role not in the cost not in the cost of getting you have to build the thing right you had to you know the vehicle

assembly building uh you know all the infrastructure right that and this is this is a big gap i think in our modern thinking of what civilization is and what it has become we're all anticipating the next app. Okay? Right. We all love our next app. Everybody loves an app. But where are the inventions that give us transportation systems,

housing, climate control, energy? These things are not solved by just awaiting the next app. This is true. They require infrastructure, often government infrastructure. I was about to say, they require government political will. Yes, exactly. And without that, you just fade relative to everybody else. I was in China.

I was about to say, you just explained why we are losing to China. I was in Shanghai, in the airport. Right. Okay? And there's a sign up there. I took a picture of it. There's a sign, and it says, okay, men's room this way. Okay? It's in Chinese, but then there's a sign up there i took a picture of it there's a sign and it says okay men's room this way okay it's in chinese but then there's a men's room this way a boutique

shopping this way maglev that way the maglev okay the magnetic train the magnetically levitated train to get you that's from the airport back into shanghai cool okay going hundreds of miles an hour not touching the track itself. And I'm thinking, they're just so casual about it. You can choose to go to the bathroom or on the maglev. And I'm looking here,

I'm just bowing at the maglev because that's something we've only ever dreamt of here. Damn. I'm saying. It's over, people. Game over, people. That's it.

Maglev next to a bathroom sign. That's the end. That's the end. That's end game right there. That's end game. Man. I always wanted to get robbed in Shanghai. All right. That became a verb, to get Shanghai. Yeah, exactly. That's why I wanted to get robbed in Shanghai.

So I could say I was Shanghai'd. Okay, here we go. Let's go to Andy Bracken from Facebook who says says what lessons from going to the moon can we apply to putting people on mars looking forward this young man okay there's a big difference between landing moon and landing on mars other than distance well true and that is the moon as i described in the restaurants there, has no atmosphere. Okay.

So, it means you can't exploit the friction between your craft and the air to slow you down. Right. To slow you down. Exactly. So, you have to bring fuel with you to fire in a retro way. Oh! Fire the retro rockets! Fire the retro rockets so that you slow down

and have a soft landing. Right. All right. And whereas Mars, though the atmosphere be thin, it's like 1% the thickness of our own atmosphere, which is why that scene

in the movie The Martian, where they're in this space and they're trying to launch and there's a wind storm that kicks up. It's a dust storm, yeah. And they're like, yeah, they're rocked around.

Rocking the thing. And it'll be like, it'll be like, it'll be like, oh my God, that's refreshing. It'll be like, it'll be like, it'll be like, oh my God, that's refreshing. It'll be like someone just blowing gentle air on you.

Is that a Martian breeze? Oh my. Does anyone have any sarsaparilla? And I got all up in Andy Weir's face about that. Right. I go, oh,

he's the author. Andy Weir, yeah. He's got an engineering background turned novelist. Got all up in his face. I said, what are you doing, dude? And so he needed some

ruse to make, you know, just to give the excuse to launch. Well, what else could he have used? I don't know. I gave it to him because everything else was good. I gave it to him. Okay, all right. Plus he handed me a very high compliment.

He said when he's calculating all the other stuff in the movie, in his story, he imagined I was looking over his shoulder. And he's saying, will Nier tweet about this if I publish this? Oh my God, he turns you into like a cosmic boogeyman. Boogeyman, exactly. Some lurch over his shoulder. So that was a high compliment. That's a very high compliment.

Although a little creepy. No, but that's very cool actually. He didn't want to make, he didn't want to tweet about his ass afterwards. I wish more people did that in movies. So that's one thing. You'd have to bring extra fuel to land on the moon relative to landing on Mars.

That's all. Because you need fuel to land. Otherwise, you just use airbraking and parachutes and this sort of thing. Right. So that's one important thing you learn. Another thing is both of them are far away from Earth, and you're not near any plant life, or you probably don't have a factory yet. So you have to figure out how to live on your own

instead of living off the land because there's no, that doesn't exist. The settlers, the early settlers, they live off the land. Right. Well, plus from Europe, they came here. There were people to greet them. Right.

And they breathe the same air as they did. Not for long. I'm sorry. That was good. That was good. Not for long. Took a couple of centuries, but yeah, we did a number on the air.

So, and if the ship broke, the trees in the New World were made of wood like the old trees in the mother country. So, it's not entirely analogous to say the pilgrims of tomorrow will be the settlers of Mars. It's not really the right way to think about it. Makes sense, yeah. It's going to take a heck of a lot more to settle Mars. It's not really the right way to think about it. Makes sense, yeah. It's going to take a heck of a lot more to settle Mars. It's going to take a heck of a lot more. So you'd have to, in both places, you'd have to set up factories to extract mineral resources or natural resources.

You'd have to set up HAB modules, unless you terraformed them in advance, HAB modules so that you can breathe the air without always having on a spacesuit. So you'd have to do the same in both places. So to learn something, no. Although you can test a lot of things out on the moon which is much closer, three days away, instead of nine months. So I'm a fan of going back to the moon just to

get our mojo back. Without that, you go to Mars and something goes wrong. We'll save you in nine months. Right, that's how that... In other words Mars and something goes wrong. We'll save you in nine months. Right? That's how that. In other words, it was nice knowing you. That's how the NASA mission controls.

Exactly. Well, guys, you had a good run. Next question. All right. Next question. Here we go. This is James Thompson from Twitter he says would it be going against

scientific principle to have a flat earther come along for the ride on the future mission if for nothing else but to squash the notion that the earth is flat

being a myth alright so I would say on the very first mission yeah the one where you have like enough capacity to take like a busload of people, gather all the world's flat earthers and stick them on that first mission.

Oh, you say yes. Oh, yeah. Just send them all, and then, yeah, just put them all in orbit. That'll shut them up forever. But here's the real question. What? Do you bring them back? See, that's the question.

I'm all about putting them up there. I'm just saying. Sorry, Houston. Right, exactly. We run out of money to bring you back. No, I'm an educator, so I try to, I'll do whatever I can in order to get someone to understand

objective truths in the world. What do I do? I get one of them who they elect to be their representative. And you give them a free ride. I don't have a problem with that. All right. That's kind of cool. We've got to take a quick break. When we come back, it is the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 and

humans' future in space when StarTalk returns. The future of space and the secrets of our planet revealed. This is StarTalk. We're back on StarTalk. 50th anniversary of Apollo 11. Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin walking on the moon. Michael Collins not walking on the moon.

If you go on the moon, just say, okay, you guys go down to the playground. I'll wait for you. Oh, man. Yes. No, I'm there by myself. I'm trying to figure out how they got to choose. Choose, right, right. No, that's a complicated thing.

That's a complicated algorithm. Yeah, so we're going to talk about the 50th anniversary of Apollo plus our future in space. We solicited questions. This is Cosmic Queries. And I'm the in-house expert

for this. There you are. By the way, I had a second book on space. So this is my second book that came out last year. It came out 2000... No, it came out...

Yeah, 2018. Accessory to War. Yes. The unspoken alliance between astrophysics and the military. So we all know... Pretty much there is no military without astrophysicists. Yeah, there is no history on any of that. You guys don't get to, they don't get to do anything without you guys.

Right, basically. And it's unspoken because you think we're just on mountaintops waiting for the photons of light to come from stars to grace our detectors. And that is most of what we do. However, we have a lot of common thematic overlap. Things we care about the military also cares about. Like detecting dim things that are moving in the sky. Right.

Like multispectral imaging of things that might otherwise be hard to detect. Yes. Like the timings, precision timing of phenomenon in the universe. So, in fact, this sextant right behind you, just reach up and grab it. Pull it down. Okay. You get it? It's an authentic sextant from centuries past.

So, Chuck, you're a young tyke here. So, this is an early GPS. That's how people figured out where the hell on earth they were with a sextant. There's an authentic sextant, which has got the filters, because you can use it in the daytime with the sun. Nice.

But anyhow, my point is, time, location, coordinates, monitoring things in the sky. Right. That for us, they're harmless unless it's an asteroid, but for the military, it could be lethal. Right. This is an entire exploration of that.

And this is basically astrophysics if you're not in a hurry because it's 500 pages. Right, so a little bit more. Yeah, a little bit more. Yeah, you need a little more. A little bit more. Two afternoons. I have a co-author, Avis Lang,

longtime editor of mine from Natural History Magazine. Yeah, you need a little more. A little bit more. And so much, I have a co-author, Avis Lang, long-time editor of mine from Natural History Magazine. Oh, very cool. I couldn't have finished this in any sense. I figured it would take me several life expectancies to finish this. Really? Yeah, so I needed a co-author.

So a very hard-working co-author, Avis Lang. Oh, that's very magnanimous of you. Okay. Because I would have been like, I wrote this book. That's the end of it. But it's this. Yeah, I know what it says. All right, here we go book. That's the end of it. But it says. Yeah, I know what it says.

All right. Here we go. Here we go. John Laird from Twitter wants to know this. How do you see humanity dealing with the concept of ownership in space? An American flag sits on the moon, but we came in peace for all mankind. What happens when U.S. astronauts and Chinese taikonauts land at the same spot with potentially, here's the real point, highly valuable assets? See, there's nothing on the moon worth anything.

Okay. Well, there is actually. There's helium-3. Oh. Yes. This is an isotope of helium, which is a key ingredient in thermonuclear fusion. Correct. It's what's created when, in fusion, in the sun.

Well, our sun. The sun does that every moment of its life. It pushes out helium, right? Well, helium is a byproduct of it, but you need helium-3 as an intermediate product before you get helium-4. And helium-4 is the final byproduct. Ah. and helium-4 is the final byproduct. Ah.

Yeah, yeah. So, and helium-3 are particles that come from the sun get lodged in the, quote, soils of the moon. So you need some factory device, some plowing device to sift through the dust. So you could actually, you could mine the moon for helium-3. You wouldn't mine, you'd be bulldozing. Bulldozing.

Yeah, yeah. What do they call it? What do they do? Strip mining. Strip mining. Where they shave off the top ofzing. Yeah, yeah. What do they call it? Strip mining. Strip mining. Where they shave off the top of mountains. Shave down the mountain. Oh. Shave down the mountain.

First it is a mountain, then it is no mountain. How did that moon end up completely smooth? A cue ball. Right? A cue ball. Wouldn't that be great? Once again, we see the effects of humankind. The moon, a cue ball.

But go ahead. So anyway, but his point being, if there's a highly valuable asset. So watch. So I don't have a good answer to this. But I can tell you that if humans go into space in a big way, it's not just the astronauts and engineers participating. It's the artists who want new vistas.

It's the lawyers who have new frontiers of legal precedent. All right? If, let's say, you meet an intelligent alien and kill it, is that murder?

Well, our laws don't talk about space aliens, okay? So, if you... What are you... It's not murder. If it's an alien. If it's an alien. If it's an alien. Chuck.

I couldn't help it. Okay. But go ahead. So, there's an entire legal frontier. Right. And we've already made some inroads in that. I think something that was successful in the United States was homesteading. In homesteading, if you have enough money, time, and resources to go to some unquote developed spot and cultivate the land and turn it into some crop or whatever, then you keep the land.

You got to keep it. You got to keep it. Right. So let's not talk about the surface of the moon. Let's talk about an asteroid. I was about to say. Which we know has natural resources. Lots of it, too.

And we got a zillion asteroids. Right. So I say, I'm going to launch a mission to an asteroid. And it's got these minerals. I go there. It's my asteroid. So who does that first? A government or a private person, a private company?

Who gets there first? Generally, governments do expensive things that have no return first. And then when you figure out how to make a buck on it, then private enterprise comes afterwards. That's why the first Europeans to the new world were not the Dutch East India trading company.

It was Columbus. Right. Who was sent? Sent by a country. By a country. By Spain. Not even by Italy which was busy

doing other things. Right. Okay. Italy should have been his thing. But it wasn't. It was Spain. So that gets me angry.

On a Columbus Day? Right. Okay. With a Columbus Day parade? Who comes out for the Columbus Day parade? A bunch of Italians. Italian. Italian-American.

It should be Spaniards. It should be the Spaniards. Right. I feel like climbing up the flagpole saying, Go home! You didn't pay for this man's voyage. You had nothing to do with his voyage. Sit your ass back down

and let the Spaniards cheer this man. And how do we know that that mattered? Because Queen Isabella King Ferdinand said, here's a satchel of Spanish flags. Right. Take them and put them wherever you find land. That's right. And that's why most of the new world speaks Spanish and not Italian. Well, there you have it.

You know who speaks Italian in the world? Italians. Italians. Italians. Torchina? Torchina? well there you have it you know who speaks italian in the world italian italians italians torcina i think i don't know what torcina is well this part of the issue here okay and vatican city vatican city and maybe one other place in the world italian is one of the multiple official languages that's it and we cannot list how many places speak spanish it's because Queen Isabella said, we're going around the world and we're going to get

people who do this and they're going to carry flags with them. So in space... This is the exploration attitude that they had. Right. So when you're in space... By the way, it's not always good for who gets explored. Right? No. If you explore a place where no one is there, fine. But when people are there

to greet you and then you plant a flag saying, the queen now owns this. It's like, wait a minute, man. I'm already here. I'm already here. Right. Yeah, you didn't discover nothing. How did you plant a flag in my bedroom? Let me try to kick your ass.

Or you can't, because now they got bigger guns and bigger everything. That reminds me of, very quickly, I once found $20 in a couch cushion in my home as a kid. And I went and I held it up and I said, Dad, I found $20. He said, give me that. You can't find in my house. Very good. Exactly.

That was not some treasure hunt. No, exactly. Of uncharted land. Exactly. That was not some treasure hunt. No, exactly. Of uncharted land. Right. You know. So. Yeah, okay. So the question was,

so homesteading is a model that has worked. Right. I think the best plan there is not to imagine China going to the same asteroid we go and plant the flag and then we fight about it. I think the best plan is to come to peace on Earth before this exercise begins. Oh, that's a good one. And then we see this exploration as something that is a sort of an Earth activity.

Right. In the service of the future of the Earth, not for the betterment of one nation relative to others. Boy, I sounded very kumbaya. That really did. I like it. Oh, man. Yes. I think I still had that in me. I like it. Oh, man. Yes. I think I still had that in me.

I'm all about it, man. That's beautiful. That was very Gene Roddenberry. I like it. Thank you. Thank you. Yeah. All right.

Gene Roddenberry, creator of Star Trek. Yes. I should have. Just for the non-geeks out there. Non-geeks, yeah. Okay. So, here we go. Matt Quick wants to know this.

Matt Quick? Matt Quick. Good name. Okay. Matt Quick. You know what quick means in the Bible? Alive. Yeah, it just means alive.

That's right. The quick and the dead. It's just the alive and the dead. Right. Yeah. But in the Old West, it was, you know, can you shoot fast? And if you can't, you get shot in your head. Well, if you were quick, you were alive? And if you can't, you get shot in your head. Well, if you were quick, you were alive.

And if you weren't, you were dead. I guess that's... It's the same meaning. It's the same... That's funny. All right, here we go. We know the first destination of humans off planet was the moon. And we know the next is likely Mars.

But after we've landed on Mars, where would you like to see humans set foot next? Interesting question. So there's an old quote from the space community. Okay. If God wanted us to have a space program, he would have given us a moon. That's crazy.

That's a good one. That's a good one. That's a good one. I like that saying Yeah So there it is There you have it There you have it

So I'm not into sequencing destinations Right I have a more unorthodox perspective I want to have a suite of launch vehicles That can take me anywhere I want Whatever my needs happen to be Sweet You want to go mine asteroids

That's a certain combination of rockets Right You want to look for life You're a scientist you want to go mine asteroids that's certain combination of rockets right you want to look for life your scientists you want to look for life on mars different combination you want to have a tourist jaunt on the moon that's a different combination you want to sail the back of a comet that's a different combination you want to visit no you don't want to venus um it's 900 degrees fahrenheit. I don't have to cook anything. Great. Just put it out on the windowsill. Just pull a chicken out my pocket.

Lunch. But just consider that you get cooked at the same rate the chicken does. Oh, damn. That's part of the problem. That's ugly. Yeah, yeah. So there aren't that many nearby destinations with a surface upon which to walk. Right.

So Mars, the moon and Mars are kind of it nearby. And Mercury is too hot. Right. Well, how about a moon of another planet? Some of the moons of the other planet, that's where I would go next. Right. You need a little more life support, but definitely, definitely. Cool.

Or maybe the goal is not to land and walk around on a surface. Maybe it's to hang out in space itself. One of the things we learned is we know how to build stuff in space. Right. We have a space station. Is that sitting on a surface of anything? No. We have the ISS.

There was Mir before that. Yeah, yeah. Mir, the Russian one. And so maybe we're not looking for surface. We're looking for habitats that are free-floating in space. Ooh, I like that idea. That's kind of cool, actually. Why not? Who needs a planetary

surface? And plus, we had the twin brother who just spent a year in space. We know it can be done. What can be done? Spend that much time in space. What's my guy's name? I forgot his name. What's his name? Scott? Yeah, Scott Kelly. Scott Kelly! The handsome of the two went into space. That's what he told me.

That is messed up. They're twins, right? I'm a friend. I'm the two went into space. That's what he told me. That is messed up. They're twins, right? It's funny. I have a friend. I'm the bald, handsome one. I have a friend, Brian Scott McFadden. He's a comedian. He does a joke and he says,

I have a twin brother, but my parents said they love him more. Okay. Okay, so. Okay. All right, here we go. Oh, look at this. Hash Factory wants to know this. What's the name?

Hash Factory from YouTube. Hash Factory. Like Hashish? Like Hashish, maybe. Okay. Exactly. Now I'm thinking about Hashish. Now I'm wondering what was he on when the question came out.

What's the question? Arrowgreen426 from YouTube says, what do you think changed our society when we landed on the moon psychologically what did it do to us very good that's a great question my answer will come in a moment we take this final break of our three-part star talk cosmic queries on our future in space when we return. Unlocking the secrets of your world and everything orbiting around it. This is StarTalk. StarTalk.

We're back. Chuck Nice. That's right. Tweeting at ChuckNiceComic. Thank you, sir. Yes. Very good. I follow you.

Oh, I follow you, too. I don't follow that many people. Oh. So keep it going. I am honored. Good. I am honored. So. I am honored. So we're talking about the 50th anniversary of Apollo.

We're talking about the future of space exploration. And we figured this show would not be complete without a one-on-one exclusive interview with Alyssa Carson. Wow. You know Alyssa Carson. She is the future. She is. It's not just thinking about it.

She is the future. Yeah.. It's not just thinking about it. She is the future. Yeah. 18-year-old. Right. Who everybody thinks is going to be the first next person to walk on Mars. Wow. And so, do we get Alyssa online? Alyssa?

Hello. Yes, I'm here. Thank you for Skyping in. You're in Germany right now? Yes, I'm currently in Berlin. So, kind of been traveling during the summer. And where do you call home? Home is Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Baton Rouge. Soon Florida, kind of all over the place right now with transitioning to college and all. So a bit of a mess. All right. Okay, you're just graduating high school. Ooh. Wow. So I got on you here.

So you're starting college soon. What will you be studying? Yeah, so I am planning on studying astrobiology. Beautiful. And with that, it's super similar to astrophysics, just a bit of a mix of all the different sciences. And super excited to be doing that. And definitely excited to just kind of get out of that high school phase

and actually have space-related classes and lectures. So I'm really looking forward to that. Fun classes, right? Isn't astrobiology harder than astrophysics? Well, she'll figure that out. Even if it's harder, does it matter to her? She wants to take it. Let the woman take what she wants.

I'm just teasing Nia. I'm teasing Nia, Alyssa. That's all. So you are, you're not thinking about the moon. We're about to have a 50th anniversary of the moon landing and you ain't even that.

You're like the self-proclaimed Mars generation. Tell us what, it's all fogies, what that is. Yeah, I mean, definitely, you know, definitely with the 50th happening and all right now, it's super great to be looking at everything that we've accomplished so far within

the space program. And I definitely think, you know, depending on, you know, what our ideas are, we may go back to the moon. I think that's kind of the idea. But I think going back to the moon, we'll kind of start possibly rolling on to Mars. But I think if we are going back to the moon, we'll kind of start possibly rolling on to Mars. But I think if we are going back to the moon, it should be kind of in the very soon future, whereas Mars, we still have, you know, several years in getting there. But I definitely think that this generation in terms of the Mars generation, this generation is the people who will be either working towards a mission to Mars, witnessing a mission on Mars, or being part of that mission on Mars, because we will actually see first

person set foot on Mars, and that's the goal that we're reaching for. So you were, I have in our notes here, you were one of the ambassadors for the Mars One plan. We had the founder of Mars One on StarTalk. And what was your role in that whole exercise? Yeah, so Mars One was based out of the Netherlands and they also had their idea of wanting to go to Mars. They had the idea of colonizing Mars.

So we had met with them actually in the Netherlands. And, you know, I eventually became an ambassador because at the time when we went over there, you know, I eventually became an ambassador because at the time when we went over there, you know, I was super big, especially in just promoting the idea of going to Mars in general, because, you know, it was kind of an idea, but a lot of the general public

didn't really have that idea that we were planning on going to Mars, that there was an idea of going to Mars. And so I think that was a huge part of it in helping them advocate for their mission, also helping advocate for going to Mars. And so I think that was a huge part of it and helping them advocate for their mission. Also helping advocate for going to Mars in general and starting to open up the idea of possibly colonizing Mars in the future. But you left out the part where you go to Mars and don't come back. You left that out of that explanation.

So would you have considered going to Mars on a one-way trip? Because that's part of what Mars One meant, wasn't it? Right, right, yeah. Definitely the idea of Mars One was, you know, a one-way trip because they wanted that colonizing. You know, you go, you live there, you learn everything. And so, yeah, it was definitely all for, you know, talking about getting to Mars one way or another.

And I thought that, you know, so many benefits would come from a getting to Mars one way or another. And I thought that, you know, so many benefits would come from a mission to Mars. And that, you know, if that was the route, that was the plan that would end up happening. And that was my only option. And I guess I'd be stuck living on Mars. Why are you so desperate to go to Mars? As a young person, I'm interested.

I mean, why do you hate us so much? Are you running away from Earth? Or just that Mars beckons? Or both? Right. I mean, definitely when I was little, I was definitely just curious about Mars and about space. And, you know, I was just curious, you know, when I've been there before, I had this interest, what could be there? I think as I've gotten older, I was just curious to know when I've been there before. I had this interest, what could be there. I think as I've gotten older, I've learned more about the importance of going to Mars and all the benefits that we can get in terms of, you know, building the technology to actually get to Mars and those helping everyone else here on Earth or the idea of starting to learn more things on Mars,

seeing if, you know, developing the technologies to travel there, travel further and continuing on that route. And so I definitely, the more I've learned about all that and the more important I've realized it is, there's got to be that crew. So I've always been interested in going to space, of course, just like so many people. And so Mars is kind of that next place that we are planning on going. So, you know, I'd be happy to be on it. So what I like the fact is in your sort of recitation there, you're including the fact that there's not only the astronauts, but there's the engineering that goes in. There's a lot of pieces that have to come together.

And not many people think about it in that context, a more sort of holistically STEM construction there. But let me ask you, I'm old enough to remember all of the lore, most of it true, about the original set of astronauts being the right stuff. So for the Mars generation, are you the right stuff? And what does that even mean today? Yeah, you know, that was definitely super big. And I definitely think in terms of becoming an astronaut, a lot of things have changed since those first seven astronauts. You know, we went from just military guys to so many more people now taking part in the space program.

And I don't think as we continue, we're going to have even more of a variety of people in the space program. And in terms of, I guess, me having the right stuff and being selected, that's just really what I'm working on and trying to do. I don't necessarily think I'd be ready to do everything perfectly on a mission to Mars now, but definitely just doing the best I can and almost building a resume to eventually apply and really hope for the best to be able to translate everything I've studied and learned here on Earth and translate that into a mission to Mars. For me, the right stuff is, did you barf in the centrifuge? That's a good, yeah. If you don't barf in the centrifuge,

that's the right stuff as far as I'm concerned. What's your relationship to NASA? Does NASA know you exist? And are you on their radar, literally and figuratively, to be the first, to be plucked, to put on that first mission to Mars? I definitely

have met people who work at NASA and, I mean, going through space camp, I've also met many people who work at NASA. A lot of the I guess more so-called trainings that I've done recently, starting since I was 15 has been through a citizen science organization called Project Possum.

And so they are their main study is clouds in the upper atmosphere. However, their ultimate goal as a program is to do a suborbital flight to collect a sample of this cloud. And so with them, I do suborbital spaceflight training, such as water survival training, G-force training, decompression, all kinds of different things that actually are very similar to things that will eventually help and apply towards going to space. Every 18-year-old has G-force training. Oh, yeah.

I had a G-g-g-g unit training so so so do you get frustrated i mean i do i just want to by how much attention backwards attention uh space is getting oh look at what we used to do isn't that great the saturn 5 and the apollo uh does thatrate you? Or are you saying, well, that's okay? What I'm trying to ask is, how do you, what is your confidence that we will all make this happen according to your dreams rather than just reminisce about the old days on the front porch in a rocking chair?

Wow. Right, yeah. I definitely think that, you know, definitely the 50th is a time to celebrate what we have done. But I definitely think things such as the SLS and the mission to Mars, I definitely can use a bit more attention. As far as, you know, if you walk up to someone on the street and you ask them about it, they wouldn't really have too much of an idea as to what is going on or what the plan is, when, you is, what time frame it would be looking at. I do think it is interesting, you know,

the amount of media and, you know, like movies, TV shows, all that, that's now surfacing about Mars, something to do with Mars, commercials, whatever it might be. And that's kind of, I think, that buildup towards that, you know, adjusting everyone like, oh, you know, Matt Dana went to Mars so we can send astronauts to Mars. It must be possible.

It must be possible. To grow poop potatoes on Mars. Absolutely. Thinking about opening a restaurant. Special recipe potatoes. There you go. So we only have two minutes left. Is there something you want to, you know, we have some reach in this show, but not that you need it because, like, you're all over the Internet with your ambitions.

But is there some message you want us to carry forward that we can try to make your dream and the dream of so many, myself included, more real? Yeah, you know, something that I think is super important is getting kids to realize that they can start working towards their dream or their goal or their passion at an earlier age. You know, you don't have to wait until you get to college to start researching what you want to do. You know, if there's something that you're interested in, something that you're passionate

about, you can definitely start researching it, going to, you know, a science museum or going to whatever it is. Start asking, maybe find someone in your area that has that career. Ask them what they did and kind of get a little bit of that jump start because, you know, if you know you're interested and if it changes after that, then that's fine too and you can continue working and pursuing your dream and never give up and really never let anyone take your dream away from you.

I can tell you this, that whether or not the next mission is to Mars, whatever next mission where we're sending humans to a destination, I want Alyssa on that mission. Absolutely. Alyssa definitely should be, yes. Yes.

Alyssa, we've got to call it quits there. But thank you for being on StarTalk. And we'll hope to reach for you again if we do another space show, just to find out what's the latest in the Mars generation. Because we're the Apollo generation. Exactly. The next time we talk to you, you'll probably be on Mars. That would be great.

You know, because I think you're going to get there much sooner than you think. I really do. You seem like such a driven young woman, and it's wonderful. Yeah. It gives us all hope in the next generation. Absolutely. It's not like, oh, the next generation is going to ruin everything. No, the next generation is going to fix everything and take civilization to the next stage.

You've restored my faith in people your age. I may actually start liking my children again. So, all right, Alyssa, thanks for checking in. We'll find you again. Okay. Thanks. Take care. So, Chuck, that last question, I think, did we get that answered in this interview?

We did not. What was it? And it was, what do you think changed for our society when we landed on the moon from Arrow Green 426? And one of the things probably would be someone like Alyssa. I'll tell you what happened when we landed on the moon. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs witnessed it in their early to mid-teens. And they transformed the world in which we now live. Right. mid-teens and they transformed the world in which we now live right so the the power of space

exploration isn't just teflon or velcro or whatever or this the stereotype the other great tang tang whatever that's the big trinity teflon velcro and tang i think not all of them are space derived but that's that's the that's the the trope right right So I think its impact on a civilization goes beyond just what is the economic return, right? It's how do you feel? How do you think? And the fact that when we went to the moon to explore the moon and we discovered Earth for the first time, the modern conservation movement began while we were on the moon. Very, very, yes.

The Environmental Protection Agency, founded in 1970. That's right. By Republicans, by the way. By Republicans, signed into law. Congress was Democrat, but Republican president. And just look at this list.

The, you know, leaded gas was banned. Lead was banned in paint. Right. A Comprehensive Clean Air Act. A Comprehensive act a comprehensive clean water that's right there were earlier versions but they weren't fully uh incorporating everything in the needs of the day right there was a um ddt was banned all of that occurred between 1969 and 1973 right and are we going to say oh we just figured out that's what we should do no we were still at war in a cold war with russia in a hot war in southeast asia and just all of a sudden we're

going to say let's clean up the earth i claim i assert that we did that because we saw earth floating adrift in space spaceship earth right and said oh my gosh no one is going to come save us we have to save ourselves. And thus began a modern understanding of our relationship to nature. That's the kind of stuff space gives you. And now we're like, yo, we got to move to Mars because we don't really mess this place up. My last point on that, and then we got to call it. My last point there is, if we're all going to ship a billion people to Mars.

Right. So that's plan B, right? In case something bad happens on Earth. Right. Some humans will survive. The species continues. Right. The remnant.

It's a nice idea. It makes a good headline. Elon Musk was a fan of that, as was Stephen Hawking. But I think it's not how it's going to go down. Because to do that, you want to terraform Mars. Right. Oh, by the way, I have a coffee mug from SpaceX headquarters. Nice.

Okay. And it's Mars, but you put hot liquid in it, it becomes a terraformed Mars. It's really cool. Really? It's green and blue. It's really cool. You know, it's one of those colors. Thanks for making me jealous. You don't have one of these? No. Oh, okay. It's a terra. You know, it's one of those... Thanks for making me jealous.

You don't have one of these? No. Oh, okay. It's a terraforming coffee mug. That's cool. Anyhow, I got it on property at SpaceX. So if you have another planet and you terraform it from the current state of Mars to some Earth-like planet, and you do that to save us from Earth

because we're destroying the environment. I'm just simply saying, whatever it takes to terraform Mars and ship a billion people there, it's got to be more effort than fixing Earth's problems. If you could terraform Mars into Earth, you could terraform Earth back into Earth. Right. Can you not? That's so true. Thank you.

Right. That's what I'm saying. I'm just a realist here. No, that's true. We got to call it quits. Yeah. Right there. Chuck, any final word? Mars. Thank you. Right. That's what I'm saying. I'm just a realist here. No, that's true. We got to call it quits. Yeah. Right there. Chuck, any final word?

Mars. Thank you, Chuck. Chuck at his most articulate. There you go. Right. I've been and will continue to be Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist. This has been StarTalk Cosmic Queries Edition. The 50th anniversary of Apollo. Yay.

I remember. I was there. I'm not there, but I was somewhere. I was going to say. When did that happen? One small step for man. Hey, is that Neil deGrasse Tyson

over there? Sorry. I was on Earth at the time. Anyhow, we got to call it quits there. Thanks for tuning in. We'll see you next time.