StarTalk Radio - Gold Metal Physics, with Edwin Moses (Re-release)

Episode Date: November 24, 2023

Can a physics background help you win gold? Neil deGrasse Tyson and co-hosts Gary O’Reilly and Chuck Nice discover how to use science to win with Dr. Edwin Moses, two-time Olympic gold medalist and the greatest hurdler of all time. NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/gold-metal-physics-with-edwin-moses-re-release/ Subscribe to SiriusXM Podcasts+ on Apple Podcasts to listen to new episodes ad-free and a whole week early.

This week on StarTalk, we look back at an episode where we featured Dr. Edwin Moses, Olympic 400-meter hurdler, and learn how he applied the laws of physics to ensure that he would win gold in that event. Also, we're going to ask the question, can the application of science to human performance go too far? Up next on StarTalk. Welcome to StarTalk. Your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide.

StarTalk begins right now. This is Star Talks Sports Edition. And we're going to title this episode, It Ain't Rocket Science. Who do I have with me? Of course, Gary O'Reilly. Gary. Hey, Neil.

Former professional soccer player in the UK. What team did you play with? Tottenham, Crystal Palace, and Brighton and Hove Albion. All Premier League teams right now. So, good news. Okay, okay. So, you got traded a lot?

Yes. Does that mean everyone wanted you or does that mean no one wanted you? Which does that mean? All of the above. Okay.

So, former pro turned sports commentator and we're lucky to have you. Thanks for being on, of course, as always. And Chuck. Hey, buddy.

How you doing, man? I'm doing well, man. All right. Long time StarTalk co-host and comedian and, dare I say, actor. Damn, damn. Well, you know, you would be daring to say that. So you got some gigs coming up. Maybe we'll do a whole episode on where that's going.

So always good to have you guys. Today we're going to take a look at the upcoming Olympics, Olympics 2021. Of course, they were canceled, postponed out of 2020 due to the pandemic, wisely so. And so I just got a sense of what it means to compete at that level, what people did to enhance their performance to get to these levels. And we've got a former Olympian, Edwin Moses.

Edwin, welcome to StarTalk. Yay. Good morning. Glad to be on. Thank you. I know, man. It's like, this is crazy. This is insane. And not only

Olympic gold medalist, not only the greatest herder of all time, but then... He's a hurdler. That's what I said. You said hurdler. He's a sheep herder, yes.

Hurdler. Here's what people don't even know. You never know. The Olympics is getting every sport. Sheep herding might be. Herder. No, here's what people don't even know. You never know. He does that too. Olympics is getting every sport. Every sport. Sheepherding might be an Olympic sport one day. The way that's going.

And if it ever is or ever was, Edwin would have a medal in it. Okay. Yeah. Well, let me flesh this out. Arguably, in fact, not even just are, the greatest 400-meter hurdler of all time. Two-time Olympic gold medalist, 1976. You surely would have won one in 1980, but we boycotted the Moscow Olympics in the middle of the Cold War,

you know, and then came back and then did it again in 1984. So that's spanning eight years, which is extraordinary, especially for that event. And you're an emeritus chairman of the board of the United States Anti-Doping Agency. So we're going to spend a whole segment on that. Yeah, it's kind of dope. Yeah, it's kind of, okay. You couldn't resist it, could you?

That's a low-end Chuck joke, okay? What can we do? You know, sometimes they're just hanging. You got to be. Your chair of the Laureate World Sports Academy. So let's just resurrect some of this time of you as a hurdler. You had a unique approach to the sport, to your steps, to your, to the, just tell us what made your performance unique and and my father used to run track and he described to me what i was looking at because i'm old enough to remember all this he described what i was looking at when i saw you in the 1976 and 1984 olympics but i want you to tell everybody this okay go well the story starts that time. I was pretty much of a nerd in high school. I studied.

Yes, yes, yes. I was a nerd. I was a straight out nerd. In fact, they could have had me playing the character of Urkel because that's how I presented myself. I was smaller than everyone else. I was pretty good in track, but I wasn't a superstar. I was unrecruitable going into college.

I couldn't get the scholarship. So I got an academic scholarship to go to Morehouse to study engineering. I was in a dual degree program. So I majored in physics and engineering. Wow. At Morehouse, there was no track, no field. So I had to really look at everything differently when it came to being able to train every day. So I used to have to jump fences.

We used to carpool to three or four tracks. I ran hurdles in the hallway. I had a hurdle that I jumped in the hallway in the wintertime. I was absolutely the most unlikely person to three years after going to Morehouse with no track, no field, jumping over fences to become Olympic champion. So I had to reinvent everything. And I started by really just technically with the hurdles and also using the science to really, you know, take a couple of meters off of the track without anybody else knowing it. So it was a combination of sheer will, going to the right school at the right time,

you know, being at an HBCU. I went when I was 17 years old, but being in that- Starts with black colleges and universities, yeah an HBCU. I went when I was 17 years old, but being in that- Historically black colleges and universities. Yeah, HBCU. Where I was able to thrive and study. And the academics was hard. So I was, I didn't have time for frats and parties and girls.

I was physics and track and field. So that's where I put my- So could it be, you know, I'm thinking of Bobby Fisher in this example, where he didn't have the traditional path of chess training that so many other grandmasters and masters did so he had to be sort of inventive all on his own and then when he burst out onto the world scene no one knew how to handle him or is it the fact that you had to invent this on your own, contribute to your unique running style when

you finally ended up competing? Yeah. When I was, I think, a sophomore or junior in high school, they had an event. You probably have heard of it. The four by 120, 480 yards shuttle hurdle relay, where each team is running 10 hurdles, but one runs up the track and one runs down. And I jumped in as a substitute and really taught myself how to run hurdles. So that was how I started. And I think Tommy Smith, John Carlos, the 1968 Olympics. I was 13 years old just getting ready to go to high school. These sprinters who had their fists up.

So that had a big impact on my whole outlook going in. And then the 72 Olympics, which was a debacle for the United States. But in the 72 Olympics, there was a guy by the name of John Akeboor from Uganda, smashed the world record and ran 47.82 seconds from lane one. And I imagine myself being John Akeboor every time I went out onto the track. I had no idea that four years later, I would go to the Olympics, win the gold medal and break his record. But that was my take on track. But let's literally take a step back. You must have had a smart idea about the biometrics.

Because of your physics background and engineering, you'd have dismantled the whole event and then rebuilt it in your style, in your form that gave you. Surely, did you have an unfair advantage is what I'm asking, I suppose. We need to add more physics so people will have an advantage. It was my brain. It's called a fair advantage. That's what it is. I taught myself to run, well, 13 hurdles.

I was a very good high hurdler. I was running like 13.6. And I dropped my 400 flat down. So just to be clear, that would be the 110 meter high hurdle. 110, yeah. 110. And then I ran from my sophomore year to my junior year. I won the conference in 47.5.

And I felt like I had made it in track and field. Well, at the first meet of my junior year, which was 76 at the Florida Relays, I started the season with a 46.1. So that was like a second and a half drop right from the beginning. a lot of power running, cross-country running. So I was in tip-top condition. All I had to do was teach myself how to run the hurdles 35 meters apart. And the first time I did it, I found myself running 13. I found myself using my left leg, which is the inner leg. 13 strides between hurdles. 13 steps, yeah.

Running closer to the curb. And then I figured out that if I run eight inches away from the inner line, which is where they measure the lane versus two or three feet in the middle of the lane, I'm saving three to four meters for a race, which is like 15 feet, anywhere from 12 to 15 feet. So that was the first adjustment I made. Wait, Edwin, are you saying wow the effective length of your path because you start out in blocks right right and of course you have to stay in your lane because that you were hurdle all the way around so the length the actual 400 meters is not the center line of the width of your lane eight inches eight inches from the inner line i didn't know that eight inches from the inner line. I didn't know that. Eight inches from the inner line. So my endeavor was to run as close to the inner line as I could.

Whereas most people just run all over the lane. And by doing that, I calculated the radius of the track and figured out that I was saving three to four meters per race. So that's 1250 feet. I was basically... That's an unfair advantage. That's a huge distance. That's an unfair advantage. That's a huge distance. That's an unfair advantage there.

That is amazing. But Edwin, that's not nice. So everyone was always asking me what the secret was, but I would never talk about something as simple as that. They thought it was, you know, whatever it could be. But it was a combination of 13 steps. I was a very good technician.

I ran with my inner leg. My left leg was the one that I went over the hurdle first. So I was able to run closer to the line, which got me 12 to 15 feet in every race. And that was the first thing on my mind coming out of the blocks. If you ever see me come out of the blocks, I'm running almost on the line around those turns. Wait, wait, wait. If you take 13 steps, that's an odd number of steps. Right. So you're saying your left

leg only took you over the first hurdle, but your right leg is going to take you over the second one. No, left leg every time. Because they don't count the step where you touch down. They don't count that one. They count the following one. Oh, so you know that. An odd number of steps will have you hurtling

on the same leg. An even number, you would switch. You switch. Wow. Anyone wonder why he was world champion? Yeah.

What you're saying is, wait, wait. So if you go over with your left leg, and since we all run counterclockwise around the tracks, that left leg assures you

that you will be closer to the line, eight inches. Every time. Because the right leg, you'd land in somewhere else. Exactly. Oh, my gosh. You're going to love this. You're going to love this.

And if you run with your right leg, for example, your body has to remain within the vertical plane of 48 inches. The lanes are 48 inches wide. So if your knee swings outside of the lane, technically you can get eliminated from the race. It's a foul. And they will call it in the Olympic games because there's guys who run with their right leg going over first and their left leg is what they call hooking, going outside of the lane or even under the plane of the hurdle. Speaking of that, speaking of fouls. But just to be clear, your knee, just your front leg goes straight out and over,

and then your trailing leg, your knee comes up and around. So there's a whole drag motion there that has width to it, and that's what you're describing. That's right. It's exiting the lane. That's right.

And if it exits the lane, that can be a penalty. But if you're left leg, you don't have to worry about it, and you're running inside. Right. So let me ask you this. And I will show my ignorance because I've always been just too afraid to ask this question. When you see the guys running and they're knocking over all the hurdles,

are they being penalized for that? Because every time I watch hurdlers and I see them knocking over all the hurdles. Are they being penalized for that? Because every time I watch hurdlers and I see them knocking over the hurdles, I'm like, well, that guy sucks. I could do that. He's just knocking stuff over. Well, the Federation

did a trick on that because when I was running, I think it took 18 to 20 pounds to tip over a high hurdle. It would take 20 pounds of force to knock it over. They reduced that to 12. So during Roger Kingdom's era, and he won two gold medals, those guys were knocking over hurdles every time. In my era, they had big lead weights on it.

One was flipped forward and one was flipped back. If you hit any hurdle, it would take away from you. Chuck, it had to go there. He's saying, in my day, it snowed in both directions and we had it hard. But I get it. I get it.

They had to change the rules to keep up with the old dogs. That's what they did. So basically, that's what they did. And with the track surfaces as well, they changed the bouncy, the elasticity of the track to make times faster. So how did you cope with that? Because you went from what I would call cinder track

to, we call it tartan. It's a tartan track. And that obviously, energy rebounds back out of that. So you being the engineer, how did you cope with the effect that that had in your technique? Because you always say about the most important thing being the takeoff. Yeah. And first, before you do that, maybe there's somebody listening who's like me, who is not a track aficionado like you three,

and doesn't know what a cinder track and a tartan is. All right, cool. Okay, rubber track. The tracks you see now, the rubberized surfaces, that's what he means. It's a trade name. There's about three different names, Mondo, Tartan, Recrotan. There's quite a few brand names, but they're all essentially rubber, and they all have a standardized compound that they must have.

I ran on dirt tracks in Dayton, Ohio. It was cinder. Basically, it was- Here it is again. I was on dirt tracks and I'm pearls wouldn't- It was ground up cinders and sand and they would spike it up and get a tractor to roll it down. So it's almost like you would see at a construction site right before they begin to put up everything. It's just rolled flat and heavy. And we used to wear these long three-quarter inch spikes in it. The problem with that is when you're behind, you literally eat dirt. The people in front of you are kicking up dust and sand and, you know, it gets in your teeth and in your eyes.

The first time I ran on a rubberized track with great shoes was in the 1976 Olympic Games. The first time you ran on that? Well, the first time I ran where I really, really felt the difference. When I got brand new shoes that were made by Adidas and they were custom made for the Olympic Games and the Olympic track, which was a lot bigger and just perfect for running. track, which was a lot bigger and just perfect for running. I felt like I just felt like a Ferrari and with big wheels on it, the total amount of grip that you could get, the elasticity when you take off. I mean, you could feel the energy coming out of the track if you put it in. So when I felt that in Montreal and ran around that track, I just knew it was going to be all over.

And the spikes are shorter for the rubberized track, correct? Yeah, mine was like nine millimeters, something like that, like a quarter of an inch, less than a half of an inch. Right, right. I knew once those shoes were on my feet, it was all over as far as I was concerned. No! Nice. That's confidence right there.

This is where being disadvantaged becomes the ultimate advantage because when you have all the accoutrement and they're just giving you all the the latest and the best you're like okay i'm spoiled but when you don't have any of that and then you get it it's like oh my god now is an elevation. Like I'm sure right now there's a brother somewhere in Africa that's skiing on dirt. And when he gets to snow, it's going to be over. All over.

So Edwin, I'm a fan of dance and I learned that you took ballet classes. Was this specifically to help you work on your hurdling or had some other just general interest? My roommate at Morehouse, Josiah Young, Dr. Josiah Young now, he was, I guess, one of the first male principal dancers at the Atlanta Ballet.

When we were in college, he was that good. He had been taking it all of his life. He would come out to the track and watch, and I would watch him compose dances and stretch and flexibility. So I learned a tremendous amount about flexibility from him. And I actually took one class over at Spelman in ballet and dance. He drug me over there because there was not too many guys that wanted to take it, but I went over and took it because I was interested in the flexibility and the stretching part of it.

So I learned a lot about it. And hurdles in ballet are very, very similar. I consider myself more of an artist, an artisan, when it comes to technically running the hurdles, but using the scientific background and being in tip-top condition, having the cardiovascular training, being a very, very good sprinter, everything. So it sounds like you had combined mind, body, soul into one sort of holistic package. Is that a fair way to think about this? I would say so because the thing that I didn't have was a track,

which is the main requirement for track and field. So I had to think of everything, flexibility, diet. Yeah, I had to use every advantage and everything I could think of because just as today where you see basketball Jones, that's what they call them, walking around with a basketball and their baggy shorts and a couple of pairs of shoes in the bag. I was walking around with track shoes and thinking about running all day long. Well, we got to take a break. So when we come back, Edwin, I want to get into what your role has been in the sort of anti-doping movement with regard to the purity and the efficacy of sports.

So stay with us on StarTalk Sports. We're back. StarTalk Sports Edition. We're here with Edwin Moses, Olympic great, from a period where I was, you know, first really getting into the Olympics back in the 1970s, because that's how old I am. 1976 and 1984 gold medalists, 400-meter hurdles. And something I want to pick up in that first segment,

Edwin, you won how many consecutive races at the end of my career was 122 straight races and 100 107 of those were finals but it was 122. damn so why does anyone even bother to say, here, just take the medal. I'll meet you at the bar. Right. If everyone knows you're going to win, do other runners believe that they might be able to beat you in that one time?

Do they think so? Yeah, yeah. Every time I ran, in someone else's mind, they were in an Olympic final. And I knew that every step of the way. And a lot of people thought that me winning was easy, but running faster, probably running more than the other athletes,

I had to be prepared all the time. And the faster you run, the more it hurts. So I was the one that was in pain all the time. But I was always ready for that. And that was across almost 10 years. But I was always ready for that. And that was across almost 10 years. How many times did you break your own record in those 122 wins?

1976, I broke the world record in the Olympic Games. That year, I was breaking my own personal record all the way up until the Olympic Games, until my personal record became the world record. So much since 1976. I love that So much since 70. It's hard. It sounds easy, but once you become a world record holder, it becomes hard to break your personal record. You might only get two or three

chances a year if you run 20 chances that everything can go right. Do you need someone on your shoulder to try to push you? Well, that's what I didn't have. That's the one thing I didn't have. Oh, I'm so fast. Nobody was ever near me. Hey, yeah.

And by the way, Dr. Moses, I just need to correct you on one thing. You said it sounds easy. No, it doesn't. It's not. It looked easy. When you see it on television, it looked like I was just prancing away,

but I had to run hard every time. You look like you were just floating. You have to run hard to maintain 13, especially at the end. So I had like a zone where I could run 13 steps slowly and run maybe a 48.3, 48.5. And if I ran fast, then I could run as fast as I did down to 47 flat. So there's like a second range.

And your times are generally going to be in there whether you run fast or slow. It's just a matter of intensity during the race. You have an internal stopwatch, don't you? Yeah. Yeah. Amazing. So did you, given that you could have made this calculation, I'm wondering if you did,

there's a calculation between how much time you spend airborne versus how much time, so in other words, the arc of every stride. The higher you go, the more time you're wasting coming back to Earth before your foot hits the ground again. Is there some ideal elevation, airborne elevation above the track that maximizes your forward motion? And can I add to that and say, and is there anything that in that what Neil just said that changes the gait itself? Yeah, that's really the key. Those two questions are really the key because there's only one perfect takeoff point for the hurdle. There's only one point and I may be, for me, it's about nine to 12 feet away

from the hurdle that I'm taking off. And for me, what I did was I never thought that I was going up into the air and going over an object. I thought I was, really, I called it an exaggerated step. And all I did, and because I was flexible, I was just able to take off at the right point, begin my movement, get my lead leg up, just the hurdles three feet high, so maybe three feet and two or three inches. Wait a minute, Edwin.

Wait, wait, wait, wait. Did you just tell me that your launch point to jump over hurdle is up to nine feet. Yes. Before the hurdle. And did you notice that he just said that? He just casually, like, oh yeah, everybody, everybody can just put their leg up 12 feet away from something

and just end up on the other side of it. And by the way. Like four feet on the other side. Four feet on the other. So basically you were Jordan before Jordan. That's basically. Yeah. Yeah. I used to kick basketball rims when I was at that age, when I was running, go up, kick it with my foot and come down like a cat. I can, I can jump.

I could have played basketball, but I really love track. But basically I also, another thing. You could have slammed dunk with your feet. Horrible. Yeah, exactly. Horrible, like 2,400 back then. It's like 2,600. So 35 meters, I can't even see the hurdle in front of me.

So I had to concentrate on the one takeoff point for everything and then count the number of steps and then wait for the hurdle to come in. But I never really focused visually on the hurdle. This will be interesting to you, Neil. I always, you know, you're a running platform and everything is moving, your mind is working. But I saw myself as a stationary object. And I saw the hurdle was something that was moving at me.

And most runners, they say, okay, I'm moving. There's an object out there. I'm running it at. But I saw myself as a stationary object. My whole mental frame of mind was the hurdle is going to get to where I want it to be. All I have to do is take off when I get there versus trying to aim at a spot

that's 12 or 15 feet in front of a hurdle. This is called a Galilean transformation. I transformed everything. You were stationary. The track called a Galilean transformation. I transformed everything. You were stationary. The track is moving under your feet. There it is. And I wore contact lenses and glasses. And if it was raining or they fogged up,

then I was in trouble. So I had to look at it from a completely different way. That with the stretching, the diet, and I trained hard. I out-trained everyone. And I'd like to say that I became better than people that were much, much better than me because I stayed in it longer and just became better than them, outworked them. Okay. So now tell me about at the time and even

continuing decades to follow, there's always been rumors of doping in one way or another. Doping is, I guess, the broad category of what anyone would do to themselves chemically, usually to the blood, to enhance their performance. So in your later years, I guess in retirement, you become a big anti-doping advocate. So could you just describe what your motivations were there and why it brings you back? It happened at the 76 Olympic Games, which was my first one. I was 20 years old. And from my perspective, here I am.

I'm the best 400-meter hurdler in the world. I'm running at under 48 seconds. And I see these women from Romania and East Germany and Bulgaria and Russia, and they have more muscles than me. And I was like, what the hell? You know, looking at them in the billets, the swimmers, the track and field people, not to mention the discus and hammer, but all of the runners. If you go back and look at any book that had the 76 Olympic sprints, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, it was dominated by East Bloc women.

And that really bothered me. One reason was because I came from an atmosphere where I didn't even have a track. So for me to take drugs and think about cheating was really beyond comprehension. And during that time, to be honest with you, most of the cheating was done in the East Bloc. There were a few athletes in the United States, but most of those were like the discus, hammer throwers, the weight guys. The strength, the strength sports. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. The extreme sports. And so as my career progressed after 1980, it really changed in the United States as we led towards the 1984 Olympic Games because there was money on the table for marketing.

And it was Los Angeles, right? The LA coaches out there that were willing to show athletes what to do. And I began to fight it, quite frankly, back in the 70s. And it was an uphill battle. I was one of the few athletes that was not afraid to say anything because we were kind of like, sort of like a code of honor that they have amongst, say, policemen, for example. It was that kind of scenario. Is it right, Doctor, that you received death threats

because of the actions that you took to change the sport and keep it clean? Yeah, all kinds of threats, yeah. So these guys were doping, right? And you're still beating them. You're natural 100%. You're clean. They're hopped up on whatever Andro,

whatever they got in them. And you're still winning, which is why if you look very closely at the 76 race that you took the world record, there's one dude in the back giving you a finger the entire way around the track. I missed that, Chuck. Is that on YouTube?

I just lost it on YouTube. But wait, wait, wait. So, Edmund, you famously lost some race to some guy in Germany, and then a week later beat him by 15 meters, right? And this is like widely talked about. So was he doped up when he beat you? Or would someone accuse you of doping up in order to beat him right one week later? No, I think he was one of my competitors that I ran against many, many times. He was my arch rival, Harold Smith from Germany. And he was clean his whole career. He worked hard too. And we both started in the 76 games

and we both finished in the 1988 games. So our career- Wait, wait, so how could he, how did he beat you? I was, to be honest with you, I was staying at a guest house of a guy who owned a Mercedes dealership in Berlin and myself

and a guy named Maxi Parks. We were out at the pool sipping martinis and we should have been warming up. So we got out to the track. I just got out there late. It was my second or third race ever in Europe. And I just wasn't paying attention. I clipped the hurdle. I clipped the ninth hurdle and he passed me. And then I lunged at the wrong finish line. And, you know, it was too late to beat him. And at that point, it really didn't matter. There was no winning streak or anything like that.

Okay. Yeah, it didn't break a winning streak. And you kicked ass a week later just to... It angered me. That was very Michael Jordan to be motivated to say, okay. Neil, there's a little phrase in there. What? It angered me.

Neil, there's a little phrase in there. What? It angered me. You see, when you hear an athlete say that, and then you look at the history of what that triggered, you realize how condensed that power was and how that was brought forward. So that, for me, is a very powerful, short sentence. It angered me.

So this thing about doping, over the years, it gets more and more sophisticated. Yes. In part to dodge loopholes, which I guess you just have to plug the loopholes. But also, even if there's no loophole, you do it so that they don't get caught. So how do you approach this? How can you expect to be effective if this is like whack-a-mole? Every next drug that gets developed, somebody does something different.

Well, there's a couple of different approaches now. There's a deterrence model that they set up, which does statistical analysis and kind of bases certain events, whether it's biathlon or bobsled or track and field on probabilities of athletes needing to take drugs and being in that type of event, when the competitions are, what countries they come from, what part of the training cycle that they're in. We also have new tools out there. One is what they call a non-analytical positive. The computer power, Neil, has really helped in the fight against doping because most people think of drug testing as like a litmus test.

You have urine and then you can know, you can test for a lot of things like the opioids, cocaine, steroids, stimulants, things of that nature. And those are pretty much the same with the GCMS. But then we also have a lot of other... I guess no one tests for marijuana because then you're just too chill. They're trying to minimize that because around the world in some places it's legal. And you're dealing with a pool of athletes where it's quite likely that they would use it. I still know that marijuana ever helped anyone do any sport at all. It can help in some sports.

But basically it clogs up the legal system in terms of dealing with positive tests. And that's what they don't want to have. They actually raised the limits a couple of years ago. And I think they almost decriminalized it in sport, except for in competition now. Dr. Moses, there's something selective androgen receptor modulator. That's just what I was going to talk to you about. Then I'll step aside, sir.

They are not anabolic steroids, but they are precursors where they stimulate the production of anabolic steroids or some they are precursors where they stimulate the production of anabolic steroids or some kind of hormones in your body. Most of them are research drugs. There's a bunch of doctors from around the world that get these drugs from laboratories in China or from a lab under the auspices of doing research. And they convert these drugs and take them and package them up. But they make your body produce more of the type of hormones. And not all of it is just straight testosterone. Androstenedione is an etiocalanolone.

It's about five or six different drugs that they know are part of the reason that the body does overproduction and stimulates muscle growth. But the research now, what did I say? Non-analytical positive tests. They're looking now, they're looking at proteins on a steroid chain and they're looking at like 200, 300 different strands of DNA that they know will change. And they know there's nothing your body can do about it to reverse it. So now they're looking at the DNA strands on protein chains. And now they're able to go up to an athlete and say, oh, you're 6'9", 290 pounds and throwing a javelin 300 feet.

How can you have breast cancer and be pregnant? You know, it's that sophisticated. And that actually is what's happening. Women who present as though they have testicular cancer, for example. Wow. So it's very, very sophisticated now. And those markers are there because they're an imprint of the doping that they have done.

These small molecule things that they've put in their body, that's the imprint that they make. The effect is immediately. It may not be an imprint that it makes on the body, but it causes something else to happen that can be measured. And then something else is not necessarily revealed in a blood test, but you do get it genetically out of it. Right. So they call those non-analytical positives.

We don't even detect a drug. We just know that this can't be possible. Right. Some of these research drugs, are they sort of gene therapy? And is this where we are? They're moving into that too. Some of them are. So how do we detect that?

We go right to the manufacturers of some of these drugs in the pharmaceutical houses and make agreements with them such that we see the research way in advance. And we're able to figure out when we see it,

we recognize it. That's what they're doing now. Oh, you're ahead of the story. Yeah, there's a lot of detection out there. And we have agents. We have guys from the DEA and FBI and Interpol that run security offices that do investigations.

We have a bunch of whistleblowers all over the world. So there's a lot of different elements. It's not just urine and blood anymore. There's very sophisticated intelligence that goes on. We got to take a break, but can you hang out for our third segment? Because we want to just sort of shoot the shit and just sort of

speak in a completely disorganized way on topics that didn't cleanly fit into the two previous segments. With your permission, if you can hang on. When we come back, more StarTalk Sports Edition with Olympic great Anthony Marston. We're back.

StarTalk Sports Edition. It's not rocket science with Edwin Moses, Olympic great in the 1970s and 80s for the 400-meter hurdles. And a few things, Edwin. I've always known, as I said, my father ran track and he told me about it and I ran with him a few times. The 400 meter race, with or without hurdles, I think everyone agrees is the hardest race in all track and field. Because it's too long to sprint the whole way, but it's not so long that you could pace yourself. So is this a fair commentary on it? Very fair.

The only other race that I'd say would be equal is the 800 meters. The way that they're running that now, because they're running like 141 and 142. Okay, so it's become the 800 meters has worked its way into that regime. 800 meters, you don't have to lift your leg and go over something and then come down and sprint and then make it to the next hurdle and then go over something. There's no 800-meter hurdle is what you're saying, right? Yep.

So it's the tough, they call it the man killer events. So I just want to go a little further back on your story again. So you had a chemistry set as a kid. You were a geek kid. You know, the word today would be blurred, black nerd, right? Yeah, yeah, yeah. That's the term for that. So tell me some other geeky things that you did.

Your father was a Tuskegee Airman, is that right? My dad was a Tuskegee Airman. He studied botany and biochemistry at Kentucky State. He wanted to be a doctor, but he could never get into medical school back during those days in the early 50s. He tried Indiana University, a bunch of schools, and he was very frustrated. He went into education. But I grew up looking at my dad's chemistry books, organic chemistry books. I didn't know what I was looking at, but I was just turning pages and fascinated.

Algebra and geometry books. We had a whole basement full of his college books. algebra and geometry books. We had a whole basement full of his college books. You know, today many people sell back their books or they just, you know, the idea that a book is something ephemeral is so anathema to me that I'm glad that you benefited from kept books.

We had a children's encyclopedia. We had the Encyclopedia Britannica. I've done everything from making a volcano with potassium chloride or whatever it is and blowing it up in school. I had a big hill. I had fossil collection, insect collection, frogs

and snakes. I had butterfly collections, launch model rockets, had a chemistry set and a biology set. So I was just a total nerd after my dad. I'm so loving this. I was. So I was just a total nerd after my dad. Man, I'm so loving this. Yeah, I was. And I had braces and big Coke bottle glasses.

So I used to have to fight a lot. I would get bullied. You really were, Uncle. I had to fight. Yeah, you was, Uncle. My house was uphill. So after I used to get out of school early and leave like five minutes before

and start running uphill with my saxophone, but I never got caught. So that's one of the reasons I was able to get in shape because I wasn't afraid to run uphill to get over. And that's before bullies were outlawed. You know, bullies are like a whole thing today. You know, they're sent to the principal or kicked out of school. And back in our day, they were just a fundamental part of life in high school. And in fact, you know, people forget that the movie Back to the Future, that whole storyline exists only because there's a bully. Just think about how that is and what that works.

Today, that wouldn't be tolerated from an administrative level, even if it was, you know, the terror of the kids in the school. So you had all this kind of backdrop and I'm just loving, I love hearing it. Let me ask you, you approach the whole sport holistically as we've described, or just as one generalized package, rather than send out Interpol to catch cheaters. Is there a way, and I don't want to sound a little new agey on you,

but is there a way to just change the culture of high performance athletics so that no one would even think to do such a thing? Yes, Dr. Moses, can you please change human nature? Well, I was the chairman,

interestingly enough. You know, he was the chairman, interestingly enough. You know, he might have a solution, Chuck. He just might. I was the chairman of the World Anti-Doping Agency's Education Committee, and we realigned the education to really, even at a young age, as early as like three, four, five years old, to really kind of integrate ethics and fair play in sports at an age appropriate level. If you're seven years old or 12 or 15, for example, if a kid, if you put together a group

of nursery school kids and you let them run across the room, 20 meters or something, you go ahead and put one kid in front of the others and watch the other ones go off. They know innately what's cheating and what's fair and what's not fair. And so when you begin to talk to them at that appropriate level, why it's important to play by the rules, understand the rules, be a gracious loser. So in that example,

you gave an obvious advantage to another student. That's right. They know that right off bat. So when you can engage them at age-appropriate levels with those principles, then you can begin to deter the use of steroids. And when you can engage them at age-appropriate levels with those principles, then you can begin to deter the use of steroids. And then you have to talk about the risk. There's risk and rewards that athletes are willing to take in order to become a world-class champion, become an Olympic champion. You mean health risks or penalization risks? Penalization risks. Right.

And physical risks as well as physical risks. I don't think you should talk about physical risks because... As physical risks. Because there might be some future doping thing that has no other side effects. And so to say, don't do this because you'll lose your testicles or whatever, is that the only reason why? No, you don't want them to do it because it would give them an unfair advantage. The rest of that is just a byproduct. So, okay, Dr. Moses,

your athletic career is nothing short of stellar. The campaign and your advocation for a clean sport is amazing, but do you not regret having passed the cognitive test to be an astronaut, not to have gone to space? Yeah, the story is I got drafted in 1975, passed the test to become a Navy bomber navigator, and the war was still going on. I think I was a junior, sophomore junior at Morehouse still,

and a recruiter came by. He was from the Marine Corps. He said, well, it's another one of my physics partners. We both got drafted on the same day. Our numbers came up. So we were definitely going to Vietnam. And he said, I give you guys a choice. We said, what's that? He said, you can go to Vietnam with an M-16 on your back or F-16. We said, we'll take the F-16. And we were supposed to go down to Pensacola, me to train to become a bomber navigator. My vision was not good enough for a pilot. And then that was actually going to be the path to becoming an astronaut for me because there was no black astronauts back then. And they were recruiting us because we were physicists and engineers.

So I had that path and was very interested in it. And then the next year I went to the Olympic Games and all bets were off. All bets were off. There you go. What a surprise. Yeah, it was.

Unfortunately, I cannot run to the moon. So I'll be here, guys. I'll settle for the Olympics. I'll settle. Okay, Dr. Moses, looking forward and hopefully in 2021 and Tokyo, are we going to get on top of sport and make it clean

or are we going to rinse and repeat the episodes of previous Olympians? Well, generally, Olympic sport is clean. There's a few bad players that promote the use of drugs and write prescriptions. And it's all over the world and all different sports in the U.S. The majority of athletes want to be clean. And because of the work that we've done at USADA, they trust us to do what's necessary to keep the playing field level for everyone. If athletes test positive, we have to do something about it. So they have the confidence

that there is someone there that's going to keep the playing field level. And that's been the greatest thing, one of the greatest pieces of work that we've done, that we've actually been able to kind of clean the playing field up and make it level and have the athletes think

that there are no exceptions. Whether you're Lance Armstrong or whoever else you may be, that there's no exceptions, whether you're a Lance Armstrong or whoever else you may be, that there's no exceptions, that we, in the United States, we go after anyone, including the 85-year-old little old lady who's, you know, a cyclist on weekends. And, you know, there's so many different athletes that test positive. And there's a lot that make innocent mistakes,

especially with supplements or... Get over here, Grandma. Did you just say there's an 85... I'm mistakes, especially with supplements or value to show. Did you just say this in 85? I'm sorry. Get over here, Grandma. We don't give a damn. On a heart-breaking thing is inadvertent use like a substance

that's in a... In Geritol. 85-year-old lady with muscles must function people have. Yeah, supplements. Supplements that are tainted. Those are the heartbreaking cases. Or someone who just missed tests.

They're a knucklehead and they just missed a couple of tests every now and then. You only get three. Those are the heartbreaking tests. The majority of people want to compete clean. So can I ask you, I'm going to ask you a philosophical question because as we talk about this, so, you know, people take these things when they're cheating for the promotion of anabolism

and then also for recovery time. Yeah. So let's say, for instance, you had a drug that did not promote the growth aspect, but did decrease recovery time. Improved healing. Yeah, that improved your healing. Would that be okay if something like that were, or is philosophically, it's just the whole act of utilizing a substance that is the problem, period?

Well, in cycling, they use corticosteroids. They're mostly used for recovery to help the body recover. Because if you look at the Tour de France, there's no way that you can pedal like that or do any high intensity sport for 18, 20 days in a row without a lot of physical damage and eventually your body's going to break down. So all those recovery drugs that are pharmaceuticals that aren't normal, a normal person would take just to feel good. Those are all banned. Those are all banned. There's certain ways that you can take them.

Injections in a joint, for example. But you can't inject them into your skin. Can't rub them onto your skin. Just like you can't do testosterone and whatnot. So I use ice. That was the best recovery method. Ice bath. And when I was doing it back in the late 70s and early 80s,

everyone laughed at me. But now every NBA, soccer team, NFL, baseball, you see their guys in ice immediately after the game. Because that does more than almost any other job. When I was the first to do that, they laughed at me back there. H2O is a major additive. 50 degrees, 20 minutes. So you were, I mean, apart from being this holistic athlete

and the yoga, the stretching, the diet, you embraced technology. You were one of the first people to have one of those... Heart monitors. Yeah, the Finnish company, Polar. Polar. You were one of the first people to have one of those... Heartbeat monitors. Yeah, the Finnish company, Polar. Polar. When was that, that you started to take that sort of tech onto the track and use it? That was 78.

I went to Finland to run about three track meets and met this Finnish masseur, Ilpo Nikkila, who stayed with me for almost my whole career. And they showed me the monitor. And then one year, I got injured and went up and trained at a place called Viramaki, the Finnish training center for six weeks. And they gave me a new one. And I just found a way to incorporate that into my training because I knew how far I was going. I measured everything off, my cross-country courses around the track. And I used it to be able to moderate

how much time I would use between races. And I've still got all the charts, the original charts. And then I plotted it on the old Epson QX10, which had about 20 disks to load up just to be able to count to five. But I saved all that and printed it all out. Oh, man. You've got a museum there.

So, Edwin, when is the biopic coming out? Actually, we're working on it right now. Oh, good. We have a treatment. I don't know which way it's going to go, but we actually are working on it right now. Is it based on a book or is it just something out of just going straight to film? And who do you want to play young Edwin Moses?

I don't know if it's going to be that kind of movie. It really just depends on how it's marketed and who picks it up. But I do see scenes. In my imagination, I see scenes of me

asking the teacher, can I go to the bathroom, running to my locker, getting my clothes, grabbing my saxophone and busting out the door uphill with the kids chasing me? I see that at night as a part of the movie. Let me channel some of my father's spirit energy here. We lost him a couple of years ago. talk with you about what you did in that race that all of us were agape at as we saw you win

with such grace and such poise. And it's great to see that you've continued. It's great to learn that you're a blurb from way back. And if we may, when the Olympics comes a little closer, if you're not heavily tapped by all the Olympic outlets. Can we bring you back on and just shoot the shit about the Olympics? Absolutely. Because, you know,

Olympics is the way the world comes together just to think about the sports that keeps us together really at some level. So it'd be great

to have you back on when that time comes. All right. We got to call it quits there. Sorry. Sorry, Edwin. We got to run. Yeah.

We don't want to talk no more. We're going to run. We got to hurdle out of here. It's good. Great. Also, plus, it's pretty clear that Edwin was destined to greatness because the dude's name is Moses. Okay? Yeah.

Yeah. There you go. Deliver us from the desert, Edwin. Yeah. So, anyhow, we'll call it quits there. So, Chuck, good to have you. Gary, as always. Pleasure, pleasure.

Dr. Edwin Moses, it's been an honor. I'm Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist. Keep working on it.