StarTalk Radio - #ICYMI - Out of This World Sports, with Neil deGrasse Tyson

Episode Date: March 16, 2017

This week, Gary O’Reilly and Chuck Nice explore what it would be like if we held the Olympics on Mars, or went ice skating on Europa, or played baseball on the Moon, using Neil deGrasse Tyson’s popular tweets that look at sports through the lens of science. Their only guest: astrophysicist and master tweeter, @neiltyson.Don’t miss an episode of Playing with Science. Subscribe on:iTunes Podcasts: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/playing-with-science/id1198280360?mt=2Stitcher: http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/startalk/playing-with-scienceTuneIn: http://tunein.com/radio/Playing-with-Science-p952100/SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/startalk_playing-with-scienceGooglePlay Music: https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Iimke5bwpoh2nb25swchmw6kzjqNOTE: StarTalk All-Access subscribers can watch or listen to this entire episode commercial-free. Find out more at https://www.startalkradio.net/startalk-all-access/ Subscribe to SiriusXM Podcasts+ on Apple Podcasts to listen to new episodes ad-free and a whole week early.

I'm Gary O'Reilly. And I'm Chuck Nice. And this is Playing With Science. Today we enter Twitterdom through the vast multiverses of Neil deGrasse Tyson's mind and light up the cerebral spheres that engage with the complex and ever-evolving world of sports. Yeah, so did you change your meds? A little slightly.

Hey, Neil deGrasse Tyson has many opinions and many things which he chooses to share on a regular basis, but he has a heartfelt connection to sports that's constantly filtered through his scientific lens on Twitter. So when you play with science, there can be no better play date than the man himself. Yes. Thanks for joining us right now. It's the one, the only, the inevitable. The only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only, the only You like that? Scared? That's all right. Where'd you get the gong? Oh, my gosh.

Normally, that's how you get someone off the stage, right? I saw the gong show. All righty. No, no, don't take it personally. No, that is a royal entrance right there. That's what the gong is for. Now, normally, I'm sitting there. That's right, sir. Now, normally I'm sitting there.

That's right, sir. Now, you just took your own damn show. Now I'm a guest on your damn show. Weirding you out? Are you comfortable? Are you okay? I'll get used to it. That's all right.

It doesn't happen without you no matter what, though. What's up? Neil's going to start asking us questions. He won't be able to help himself. Yeah, no, I'll happily be your guest on this show. Yeah, that's when, please don't ask us any questions. It means I feel loved.

I feel loved, yeah. That's very cool. Thanks for being here, man. We appreciate it. And of course, you are a prolific tweeter. Yeah, but it's not, well, so a couple of things. First, you said I have many opinions,

which I do, but I hardly ever tweet opinions. This is true. The most opinionated tweet I ever posted, which was clearly an opinion, was after Star Wars The Force Awakens. I said, BB-8 is way cuter than R2-D2. That was clearly an opinion. That's an opinion.

And of course, there were fights and things. Are you kidding me? Yeah. That was generational fights. Yeah, without a doubt. But what I try to is not give you an opinion because, frankly, I don't care

if you share my opinion on anything. Okay. What I care is that whatever opinion you come up with, it is informed with objectively

verifiable truths. Nice. There we go. Say, there you go. This man is always about science education right down to the tweets. Then make whatever

old damn opinion you want. Right. I don't care, but, I mean, I care care broadly but specifically person to person right just i'll give you more information that you may have had before right to help you understand your decisions that's all it's funny so on behalf of the universe thank you i like that i'm representing the universe in my presence here today well and the funny thing when you talk about opinions and uh i caught the tail in eavesdropping of you having a conversation with somebody, and you were saying that when scientists talk to people,

if you say things that are just patently unscientific. Or just false. Or false. Yeah. And you just refuse, you just blindly adhere to those things. Yeah. We're not going to argue with you. You just walk away.

You just walk away. Yeah, yeah. There's the old adage, which is mostly true, that if an argument lasts more than five minutes, then both sides are wrong. Nice. There's a timeline on an argument. That makes sense, though, when you think about it. Yeah.

Because facts are facts. Yeah. And by the way, in science, it's not like we don't argue. But when we argue, we argue with a certain fundamental premise, which perhaps does not exist with other kinds of arguments, other spheres of argument. In science, you and I argue, it's built on the premise that either I'm right and you're wrong, or you're right and I'm wrong, or we're both wrong. And the fact that we're arguing is that there's insufficient data to resolve this yet. So we use our arguments to help shape

what next data we're going to put on the table so that we can get over with that argument, agree, and go on to the next problem. Right, but the argument in science is not for the sake of argument, like, I know I am, but what are you? I know you are, but what am I? Your mama.

99% of the normal arguments. Right. It's really... Yeah, in science, there are no your mama mama. 99% of the normal arguments. Right. It's really... Yeah, in science, there are no yo mama jokes. Right, no yo mama jokes. Which I think's a good thing. That would be fun.

If I get up and give a talk at a scientific conference and somebody doesn't like it, they say, yo mama. I'd have no rebuttal to that. Exactly. So what we're talking about today are the tweets of Neal's with respect to sports, which is— You called all my sports tweets?

Yes, we did, my friend. There's a few, but it's not like that's what I do, right? No, but there's more than 40 of them. 40? We weren't able to find— Okay, so one in 100 is a sports tweet. One in 100 is a sports tweet. One in 100 is a sports tweet. And a lot of times they surround very significant sporting events.

Yes, yes, just to keep it in the mood. So it's like the Super Bowl or the Olympics. It tells us that sport exercises your gray matter. Yes, it does. You know, it's one in 100. And you are an athlete, you know. 40 pounds ago, yes. I think we've established we're all, everyone here is an ex-athlete.

So, you know, I'm sure that, you know, you're a person who looks at, so as a former athlete, you were a wrestler. But just can I tell you, since we're like three guys here, so you know how I wear my 40 pounds. So a lot of it is everywhere, but of course we're guys, so most of it just goes to the belly. The gut, right. But I've always had broad shoulders and a large chest. And my chest, even at my chubbiest, was always bigger than my waist. So all you have to do is cut a jacket, a sport coat, to come in at the waist a little bit. Right.

Then it still cuts, and you don't look like some slob that, you know, that clearly was once in shape but is no longer. There you go. So I've been able to fake this extra weight in my. Next week on Playing With Science, we'll have colors for spring and fall, as well as tailoring and other ideas. It's a haberdasher-al advice from Playing With Science. You know, we like to start off every show with a clip, a sporting clip that is significant.

So we have something. You made a—you wrote a tweet about Usain Bolt. I thought it was very cute. But speaking of Usain Bolt, who, by the way, for those of you who are interested, we are going to be doing a show with Usain Bolt, who has expressed his interest. He's going to come on your show? No, he wants to talk to you. He wants to talk to me.

He wants to do an interview with you that we will then take and put on the show. Oh, okay. We can catch him. Oh, look at that. We can catch him. That was good. We can catch him. That was good.

So anyway, he is the fastest man in the world and probably the greatest sprinter of all time. And here's a little ditty from him in something called the Rio Olympics. Catch him. That was good. So anyway, he is the fastest man in the world and probably the greatest sprinter of all time. And here's a little ditty from him in something called the Rio Olympics. Gatlin got a good enough start. Bolt was a bit slow to begin. He's got some work to do. Gatlin's in front. Bolt's stretching out now.

He's coming after him. He's immortal now. Usain's done it. Gatlin challenge for the silver medal. 9.80 all the way from Beijing to London and now to Rio. It is one of the greatest athletic achievements of all time, if not the very greatest. Wow.

There you have it. What was great about it? So here's the way. I've got to jump in right now? Jump in right now. Jump on. So he's not the fastest man in the world. He's the fastest human there ever was. Wow.

Just to be clear. There is a distinction. Okay, this is why we have measuring devices. So for him to say one of the greatest. No, if he's the fastest human there ever was. It is the greatest. Thank you. It's not one of the greatest. It's not about an opinion at that point.

These are numbers that we're talking about. This is the good thing about the methods and tools of science. It renders opinions irrelevant. Right. So I know where you were going with that. The winner of the 100-meter dash is considered the fastest man in the world. Correct. You set a world record in it, you're the fastest person there ever was.

Right. Wow, that's pretty cool, actually. Think about it. Oh, you got my tweet. You got my tweet! That's your tweet, okay. I really liked it. You caught some flack on this from some haters because you used Bolt, the dog,

who, by the way, great movie if you have kids, which I do, young children. I took him a few years ago. And it's a cute movie, and it's about a dog who's super, super fast. And so why don't you read the tweet? Okay, so in this tweet, this is not from memory. You have it up on a screen that I'm looking at. Okay. So I just thought people should know how fast bolts are right

I said how many bolts can I come up with so there's Usain Bolt? There's a lightning bolt right and I thought I remembered some other sort of cartoon character bolt and sure enough There was the dog from the movie right so then I looked up the speed The average running speed of that species of dog Okay, because there was a real species of dog portrayed in the film. So I got all these three numbers together, and I put it in metric units. So here we go. So here's the tweet.

100,000 meters per second, lightning bolt. There you go. 13.4 meters per second, bolt. 10.4 meters per second, Usain Bolt. Usain Bolt. And I matched three images together, one of the lightning bolt, the dog per second Usain Bolt Usain Bolt And I matched three images together One of the lightning bolt, the dog, and Usain That's all I did

That's not an opinion here I'm just giving you information And so a lot of people were incredulous That a human being could run 10.4 meters in one second. Oh, they didn't see it in this context. Right. Yeah.

Because there's 10 meters. Right. One second is short. 10 meters is how far you got to go in four downs to get a first down. Exactly. And they couldn't quite. People were like, oh, okay. Conceptualization.

Right. Time and distance becomes an issue. Okay. I did not know because I can't track everybody's comment about it. So I read the comments after I read this and a lot of people were like, that's impossible. So 10.4 meters in one second, but it's over 100 meters. Right, and in fact, it looked like he didn't hit his stride until 70 meters or so. He doesn't. He never does.

Oh, he's still accelerating at 100 meters. Yeah, but that's the whole thing about Usain Bolt. Against the shorter sprinters, he takes one or two steps less. Okay. So the power transference from when his foot hits the track and then goes allows him to become that much faster in the latter stages. It's probably also more efficient because he takes fewer steps to go the same. And the experts are saying he may not be

the apex of human sprinting. Somebody at some stage, another outlier will turn up and go even faster. What's that person going to look like? How long are their legs going to be? He has redefined the shape. If you think of sprinters in the past,

they were little pocket rockets. Yeah, yeah. He's come along at six foot five, but he's probably, you remember the great athlete Carl Lewis? Of course. He's probably five inches taller. Carl Lewis is 5'10 or something.

Oh yeah. 6'5 and much bigger. Yeah. And just that much quicker. Yeah, yeah. So it was a delight to watch him run, of course. I mean, on TV I saw saw it, but so yeah, 10, so the meters per second transfer of, of how to think about speed, uh, to whatever extent that would have helped. That's great. What concerns me is that

we have an educational system where someone could think that's wrong. Yes. Then assert that it's wrong. And which they did by the way. Right. right. So rather than say, wow, I never thought about it that way before, let me investigate to see if Tyson is right. Rather than assert that I'm wrong. Right, correct. Because people, just so you know, I think about this stuff before I tweet it.

That'll just like randomly, oh, let me throw down some numbers. No, no, no. I put way more thought into my tweets than you will ever believe given how much thought most people put into their tweets. Don't put into their tweets. Right. So just so you know. But the fact is, it's

possible to run 10.4 meters per second. Right, because a 100 meter dash takes 10 seconds, therefore it's 10 meters per second. There you go. It's really simple math. It's math, not even 101. The thing is, I think for a lot of people, like you say, you see 10 meters and you see

one second, and you think of somebody coming from a standing position and going one second and they've gone 10 meters. Right, right. That's the way people think. Another impasse in this mental impasse occurred as trains were getting faster. Mm-hmm, right. Someone said, oh, will we ever go a mile a minute?

Was that mile? Right. A minute. You never had those in the same sentence before. And hell, that's just 60 miles an hour. That's all it is, is 60 miles an hour. Just 60 minutes in an hour. Right. Mile a minute? Right. Minute. You never had those in the same sentence before. And hell, that's just 60 miles an hour. That's all it is, is 60 miles an hour. Just 60 minutes in an hour.

Right. Mile a minute. Right. There you go. And nobody would blink twice at that right now. Not today. You'd complain if you were doing 60 miles an hour. Only 60 miles an hour. Or a bullet train or one of the super fast trains in Europe.

Well, that was great, man. That was really cool. And I just love the fact that no matter what you tweet, it's always controversial to someone. Yeah, but that's not my, I'm not trying to be controversial. By the way, I have tweets that I read and I say, you know, that's probably controversial. I'm not going to tweet that. One day, I'm going to collect all the ones that I knew in advance would be controversial and chose not to tweet them. Sweet.

Okay. You're going to data dump them on everybody. I'm going to do a data dump. I said, you think, you think I'm trying to be controversial? Here's the controversy. You have no idea. Here you go. Nice.

Okay. Tyson's new book of controversy. Yeah. You got to find a way to make that into a book. Neil Tyson. We got one here. This is from the 2012 Olympics. All right.

I said, how about a Mars Olympics? Yes, all athletes would suffocate. Ignoring that complication, way cooler than an Earth Olympics. That's all. Way cooler than an Earth Olympics. I'm setting you up

for tweets that follow. Yes, I was going to say, because when you say way cooler, then you actually give us some examples of why an Olympics on Mars, or pretty much any sporting event on Mars, might be cool. It's also a couple hundred degrees below Olympics on Mars, or pretty much any sporting event on Mars, might be

way cooler. It's also a couple hundred degrees below zero on Mars, so way cooler has double meaning there. I think we picked that one up. You picked that up. Okay. All right. So let's look at one of the Mars tweets, and this is cycling on Mars.

Okay. All right. All right. So go ahead. So this is, again, during the summer 2012 Olympics. If there was cycling on Mars, try Olympic Mons, a volcanic mountain five times taller than Mont Blanc in the Alps. Wow.

So you think you've got tall mountains here. No, the tallest mountains and the deepest valleys are not on Earth, in the solar system. They're on Mars. They're on the moon. So we ain't got nothing. It's not the right. Yeah, we're not winning those contests.

Because you know this, the atmosphere on Mars is how much less than the Earth's atmosphere? It's about one one-hundredth. Yeah. So if we had that. Pressure, atmospheric pressure. So in other words, for every breath you take on Mars, there's 1 100th the amount of air in that breath. And it would be on Earth.

As an athlete, altitude becomes your enemy in terms of the oxygenation. If you're performing in altitude, but the ideal way to do this is you train in altitude and then compete at sea level. Right. What we need to do is go to Mars. That's why Sherpas don't have any problem

getting up the mountain while all the tourists are like, That's right. All the baggage. I need more oxygen. Here's what you do. Even better. You're going to train on Mars. I'm going to make a suggestion that's never been made before.

You ready? Here we are. You drain the Pacific Ocean. Okay. And then hold the Olympics at the bottom of the Marianas Trench. the bottom of the Marianas Trench. But you train at high altitude, but now you compete at the bottom,

which is six miles down. Now every breath of air has way more oxygen than at sea level. And so now you have heroic feats. You don't even have to dope your blood. The air itself will put the oxygen, force it right into your lungs. I just love... You're gonna stump up for that draining of oxygen. I'm not sure the IOC are going to stump up

for that draining of the Pacific. I just like the fact that you're thinking like a supervillain. I'd have gone the other way and said, let's all go train on Mars, on the mountain. On the Olympic Mons. And come back to Earth and compete.

Problem is it's only 40% the gravity of Earth. So the weight that you are carrying is not as much going up the hill. Gotcha. Right, so there is some trade-offs there. Some trade-offs, that's the worst. Some leaded suits. Oh, yeah, yeah, just lead yourself down. Another thing, once you've drained the Pacific Ocean,

that has nothing to do with sports, just while we're on the topic. If you drain the Pacific Ocean, that is the great toilet bowl of dead satellites. Oh, really? Yes. Oh, yeah, because they always splash down in the Pacific. Oh, they crash down.

It's a dead satellite. They're not splashing. They're not splashing down. They're crashing down. Yeah, so the reason why is the Pacific Ocean is almost a third of all possible longitudes on Earth. So if you deorbit and you do it, you have a lot of latitude, no pun intended,

to where you begin the deorbit so that it's going to plunk down in the Pacific no matter what. And people don't live there, so not over the great bulk of the expanse. So it's a safe place to drop your stuff out of orbit. The day we deorbit Hubble, it's going straight into the Pacific. It's going into the Pacific Ocean. And it's the size of a Greyhound bus, by the way, if you know. Nice.

Hubble telescope. All right. Yeah. So this is one of my favorite. Okay. We actually talked about this in a different forum on StarTalk, and it's swimming on Mars.

Okay, so here it is again, the same week. If there was swimming on Mars, the low temperature and low air pressure would force the pool to simultaneously freeze and boil. Sweet. How many hours does Michael Phelps have to train to cope with freezing and boiling simultaneously?

Because he's up to about 50,000 hours. There it is gurgling, and there are chunks of ice in there as well. So at the same time, so can you explain that? I wonder how you get to that situation. How do you get to that situation? Okay, so in chemistry, in physics as well, it's called the triple point. Okay. Which is a cool name.

Yeah, yeah. The triple point of a substance is the point where it is happy being solid, liquid, and gas all at the same time. All at the same time. Okay? So now, that sounds freaky because it's outside of our common life experience. But it's less so than you might think. Okay? So, take a look at

dry ice, okay? CO2. That's in a double point of its state. It is simultaneously a solid and a vapor. It's happening all at once. Okay? You open the thing up, the vapor comes out and it's solid. Right.

So that's a double point that it's occupying. That's not as interesting as the triple point. But it does make for awesome concerts. So here's how, I think they use other smoke for that. I think there's other, they got that done. They used to use dry ice back in the day,

but you're right, they used smoke machines now. About 80 years ago, yeah. When Twisted Sister performed in Ought 3. So here's how it works. You know that when you go to high altitude, it affects cooking times because water boils at a lower temperature. Right. You know this.

times because water boils at a lower temperature. You know this. Instead of 212, if we're all using imperial units, it could boil at 200 degrees or 180 degrees. So you have to increase the cooking time because the food is not at the high temperature for as long, and you can't get boiling water hotter than the temperature that it's boiling at. One of the earliest experiments I did with my kids, so they understood this. I would start boiling a pot of water. I'd give them a thermometer and say, measure the temperature, and it's like 100 degrees. Three minutes later, measure it again, 110 degrees, 120. They keep doing this. And I say, there's heat going into it. I say, yep, we see the flame. My kids are like six and seven and eight. So then it's like 200 degrees. They check it again. 205, 210, 212. Okay. 10 minutes later, measure it again.

205, 210, 212, okay? 10 minutes later, measure it again. Still 212. Where's the energy going? Oh my gosh, it stops going because water cannot be liquid at that temperature and at that air pressure. Right. It's got to become gas.

Got to become a gas. Right, so now you lower the air pressure, the boiling point drops. Right. And the more you lower the air pressure, the lower the boiling point drops. Right. And the more you lower the air pressure, the lower the boiling point drops. Right. And eventually, the boiling point meets the freezing point of water.

Oh. And now you have frozen water, liquid water, and boiling water all in the same pot. Oh, the same point. That's great. Awesome. That's fantastic, man. That is fantastic.

All right. So instead of getting into another one, why don't we, because we're up against a break, let's take a break and we'll come back with more I've got to do this one real quick. Alright, go ahead. Still Olympics on Mars? Olympics on Mars. I want to say, because the side of my eye

caught it, and I don't want to we can pick it up after the break, but go for it. Women's beach volleyball on Mars. No protective ozone layer there. Solar UV would irradiate all exposed legs, buns, and tummies. Wow. They don't hardly wear clothes in women's beach volleyball.

Which is, you know, that's why I don't watch it because I'm very modest. Very modest. Not that your wife doesn't let you. All right. Let's do that break before we're in trouble. We're going to come back with more of Neil deGrasse Tyson's tweets on sports right after this. Welcome back.

I'm Gary O'Reilly. I'm Chuck Nice. I forgot who I was. Don't worry. We're here for you. We're your backup team. And this is Playing With Science. We have Neil deGrasse Tyson with us. We've got to work on that.

This is Playing With Science. Okay. Go. Reprimanded. Okay. I don't want to. No, no, no. You're in now. I'manded. Okay. I don't want to. No, no, no. You're in now.

I'm your guest. Now you're wanting the gong back as well, mate. And a butler and a servant. We don't ever lose an opportunity. Are playing with science. And Neil deGrasse Tyson is here with us. And his tweets, his many tweets. Not opinions.

Not opinions, but they're tweets. Hey, before we jump back into this, I just realized something. So everyone's once, when you were talking about volleyball on Mars, burning the skin because no UV protection. By the way, Mars is farther away from the sun than is Earth.

So the, what is it, 1.4, carry the two. Don't you get it wrong. You'll get, so Mars has about one half the solar intensity than does Mars. So in any given amount of time, all other things being equal, it would take you twice as long to get sunburned. But Mars does not have a UV layer. Right. I mean, an ozone layer. Because there's no free oxygen on Mars.

Right. So on Earth, free oxygen is the oxygen we breathe. That's O2. Right. Oxygen binds with itself. The ozone layer high up in the atmosphere is three oxygen atoms. And the reason why that blocks UV, do you ever wonder why, how? I did not.

Okay. So this molecule is sitting there fat and happy in the upper atmosphere. Okay. And one of its bonds that binds these molecules together is the same energetics as that of an ultraviolet particle of light, an ultraviolet photon. That's it. Ultraviolet photon comes in. It is just what it needs to bust it open. Right. So the energy of the light is gone, and it got converted to breaking apart this molecule.

Right. So basically ate the UV molecule, eighth UV photon. That actual molecular bond becomes a natural block. Block. It's literally like a blocking tackle. Literal block. And if there's a very close explosion to us in our solar system, supernova, you can calculate, close explosion to us in our solar system, supernova.

You can calculate, because it takes a while to regenerate the ozone, right? Because it's a stable layer. You win some, you lose some. Right. Re-manufactured. Thank you, Al Gore. Okay, so watch what happens. So if you have a nearby supernova, which has a lot of UV, the waves of UV light take out your ozone, and then the next wave goes through without conflict.

Wow, so the first wave. Just like an army, it's exactly like army waves, waves of armies. And so the ozone can only protect you so much before it has to rebuild itself if you have a major flux of UV coming in. What's the timeline on a rebuild? I have to calculate that.

Okay. It has many sources. Lightning can actually regenerate. You can put energy back in to recreate this because different chemical reactions are exothermic and endothermic, and it's the balance of all of these that creates the chemical cocktail that is our atmosphere. Nice. So other mechanisms can regenerate it.

And whatever those mechanisms are, you can construct actual things in the universe that will override them, such as supernova explosions. Any other planets or moons in our solar system with a similar ozone layer? No, because we get our oxygen from life. I used to think in Star Trek, oh Captain, this is an oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere, we can go down and breathe it. I said, oh, all we have to do is look around the universe for a planet that happens to have

the chemical mixture that Earth has. Then I realized, no, that's not how it works. It's not that every planet's got its own mixture, it's that Earth has oxygen because we have life. Because the photosynthesis, all the green plants make that oxygen. And that's like rocket fuel for animals. Then animals can now rise up, metabolize oxygen, and we have this harmony of plants and animals. Sweet.

There you go. I'm just saying. All right. So let's move on to some other tweets, and we're gonna kinda group these as, you know, kinda like, to deal with ice. So think of it as like, you know, maybe skating on Enceladus or Ropo or something like that. But you happen to have some skating facts

that you tweeted about. I wonder if this was during the Winter Olympics This is February 2014. I don't remember the dates. Yes. Yeah. Yeah, okay Yeah, okay, so so here's one. So you're watching the Olympics in Sochi. I'm loving me some Olympics I love me some Olympics. Okay, so I if this is titled obscure fact, okay By the way, I tweet a hundred and twenty 140. See, now you're just showing off. Every single time. By the way. Pretty much every single time.

I try to leave some characters. Rare exceptions. I like to leave characters on the table. Just saying, in case I need them. Yeah, just in case you need them. Just in case you need them. In the bank, in the character bank. Okay, obscure fact.

Skating is possible only because compressed ice melts. So skaters glide on slippery water, not on slippery ice. Sweet. So now are you saying that the friction between the blade and the ice. The friction, the pressure. The pressure between the blade and the ice is melting the ice so that there is an ever so thin layer of water that the skater is actually gliding like a snail makes its little slimy goo. I've never heard skating analogized to snails.

Snail slime. Yeah. It's like snail slime. Oh, yeah. It's exactly. Yeah. Okay, Chuck. Yeah.

Who's the one that needed meds this morning? I don't know. I think we're going to share. Oh, yeah. It's exactly. Okay, Chuck. Yeah. Who's the one that needed meds this morning? I don't know. I think we're going to share. Oh, you're sharing. So now how is it? So is this surface tension? Can we back up for a minute? Yeah, sure.

Okay. Because I'm really fascinated by this. Generally, people's understanding of the word force is accurate to how we use it in physics. It's generally the same. I need more force to open this door. So you put in a force. There's another term called pressure, which is less familiar as a physics term in the public.

So pressure is force divided by the area over which the force is operating. Got you. Okay? So watch what happens. divided by the area over which the force is operating. Got you. Okay? Mm-hmm. So watch what happens. If I have a knife and it's not cutting because it's dull,

I'm putting a force on that knife and it's not working. You have to ask yourself, what is the area of the cutting blade? What is the area of the cutting blade? What is the area of the thing that's touching the thing you're trying to cut? It's dull, so it's not very big. Let's say it's one square millimeter over the entire length of the blade, let's say. Okay. Okay?

Now you sharpen the blade. What does that mean? You're reducing the surface area of the cutting edge. Now it's one hundredth of a square millimeter. Because that stuff would, you can't even, it's, and now the force divided by the area creates an enormous pressure. So the lower the pressure, the lower the area is of that cutting blade, the higher the pressure. The pressure is for the same force that you're using to cut. That's why sharp knives cut.

That's what it means when you sharpen a knife. You're shrinking the denominator of that equation. Pressure equals force divided by area. So if you've ever ice skated, I used to be a skating guard, actually, long ago. Long ago. I used figure skates, by the way. So, okay. So when they, quote, sharpen skates,

what you do is you actually put a concave cut. The bottom of the blade is concave. That's right. Okay, I don't know if you ever looked closely at this. I haven't. Every day's a school day. Okay, every day's a school day. So it's concave, the full length of the blade is concave. That's right. Okay, I don't know if you ever looked closely at this. Yes, I haven't. Every day's a school day. Okay, every day's a school day. So it's concave, the full length of the blade.

So that means if you lean to the left or to the right, all of your weight is on basically a knife edge of the skate. And so that creates extreme pressure on the ice. And how thick is the ice? It's like a fraction of an inch. Did you know this? Ice skating rinks, it's like a fraction of an inch. Didn't know that.

So now you put pressure on the top of that ice, and it melts the ice in the instant your skate comes over it. Wow. Okay? Now, but I didn't explain why the ice melts. I was about to say. That is one of the most profound facts in the universe. But are you ready? I don't know if you're ready.

Sat down anyway, so let's go. Okay. Go ahead. Are you ready? Okay. So you're with me now that the sharper the edge, the higher the pressure. Right. Okay.

You got that. All right. So now, we all know that ice floats. Okay. That is rare among substances. Usually, if you freeze something, cool it and freeze it, it gets smaller. Right?

Right. Okay? Water, however, expands. When it gets to about 4 degrees Celsius, by the way, water is shrinking down to about 4 degrees Celsius. It's not freezing yet. Freezing would be zero. Right. 4 degrees Celsius. Then it says, I'm now down to about four degrees Celsius. Not freezing yet. Freezing would be zero.

Four degrees Celsius. Then it says, I'm now going to get bigger. So between four and zero, it becomes puffier. And it becomes less dense than the water it's sitting on and it floats. Okay? That's why it is almost impossible to completely freeze a lake in the winter. Because if a chunk of ice forms anywhere, it floats.

And you will freeze the top of your lake. And that will insulate the rest of the lake from the cold temperatures that are above it. It basically prevents the bottom. So all the fish just get lower and lower and lower and they hang out until springtime and then they come back.

Otherwise, we would be killing all life forms in every lake for every winter. Okay? So now, watch what happens. I now have this ice cube that is bigger in volume than what it's melted, than what it would be melted.

Okay? I want to now squeeze that ice cube. That's not allowed. You can't do that. Because the ice has to be that volume. Got it. That's it. Right. It has to be that volume to be ice.

So it has to return to the stage before you froze it. Yes. Which means that it's got to turn back to water. It's got to turn back to water under pressure. Oh, my God. That is so awesome. Okay.

It's got. Okay. Okay. Wait, wait. That's amazing. No, it's freaking. Okay, so wait a minute. Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait.

Okay, so check this out. Wait, wait. Can anyone else see that light bulb? Chuck is having a brain orgasm. Chuck is brain orgasming. I have this little brain orgasm. So wait, wait. I got to tell you this. I have this little brain orgasm. So wait, wait. I got to tell you this.

Okay. Wait, wait. So by the way, this is also why pipes break in the winter. Right. What happens is water is sitting there.

Okay? How come they don't break at, wait, wait. So water's sitting there in the pipe. Now watch what happens. So the water tries to expand, but the pipe is preventing it.

Right. Okay? So you can get down to 31 degrees. Nobody's pipes freeze at 31 degrees or 30 degrees. You know? The water is still there contained. Okay? Then you reach a point where the pressure of the pipe can't keep this thing as water.

And the water-changing state becomes more powerful than the frickin' copper pipe itself. That's right. And it says, I am now Iceman. Right. It busts out of the pipe,

and it'll break practically anything. But if you make something that's kind of unbreakable, it'll stay water all the way down. So check this out. With that in mind, I love scotch, okay? I enjoy drinking some scotch, single malts.

And they have these giant copper weights. And they are hollowed out so that it's a sphere on the inside of this giant copper weight. This is in the vat where the- Well, not where they're making it. This is for an ice cube so that you can make an ice cube to put in your scotch glass. Without diluting your scotch. Without diluting your scotch. Oh, okay.

What they do is they take a block of ice, they sit it, and they put the giant copper weight that is concave on top of it. The pressure of the giant copper weight pushes down on the ice, and the ice melts into a ball. Yes, yes. It's exactly what you were just talking about, which happens when the skater is on the ice, and the ice melts into a ball. Yes, yes. And it's exactly what you were just talking about, which happens when the skater is on the ice. You know what else will happen? You could take a screen, a grid, like a screen that would be on a screen door,

but just to make this a little more interesting, increase the size of the screen hole. Make it like maybe a half a centimeter on a side. And hold it horizontally. Take a block of ice and place it on this screen. And it's got to be really heavy ice, and the screen is not too fine a grid. So what will happen is the ice in contact with the screen

will feel the weight of the entire block, and it's going to melt it. So it melts it, but just to get around the screen. And it comes out on the other side. I am melted ice at 31 degrees because I was under pressure, but now I'm back to

32 degrees. I mean, did I say that right? It melts in a below freezing temperature. And when it comes out the other side, it just freezes again because it's no longer under pressure. So you come back in a below freezing temperature. And when it comes out the other side, it just freezes again because it's no longer under pressure. So you come back in a half hour, half of the block has passed through the screen. But it's still ice on the other side.

It's still ice on the other side. Wow. And see this? And all this happens when you watch hockey and you don't even know it. Speaking of skating and ice, any tips for skating anywhere else in the universe? Ice?

Earth does not have ownership of all the ice that's going on. So Mars has polar ice caps, as does Earth, that shrink and grow seasonally, as does Earth. And while we're there, Mars rotates about once every 24 hours, as does Earth. So that's why Mars is such an object of our affection as a possible second planet that we might inhabit after we trash Earth. But if you want to go beyond Mars, one of my favorite objects out there, celestial objects, is a moon of Jupiter called Europa. Europa. Love me some Europa. This is far beyond the warm habitable zone, the Goldilocks zone, where the temperature is just right to sustain liquid water. If you have water and you're too

close to the sun, it evaporates. Far away, it freezes. Europa is well outside of the zone, but beneath this surface of frozen water is a liquid ocean. It's been liquid for billions of years. There's an energy source from Jupiter stressing the shape of Europa in ways that are not fundamentally different from, if you ever play racquet sports, they say, let's warm up the ball.

Yes, yes, yes, yes. What are you doing? You are compressing the ball for every hit, and then the ball restores its shape, ready for you to smack it again. Okay. You are pumping energy. So this is through gravitational force? Yes. to smack it again. Okay. You're pumping energy. So this is through gravitational- Yeah, so what's happening is

what we call tidal forces that distort the physical shape of Europa. And as Europa goes around Jupiter, it's then distorted in another way and then in another way. So it's constantly getting harassed by Jupiter and other surrounding moons. So that collects as energy deep within

and it melts the ice. So it's like when you bend a paper clip back and forth, back and forth, back and forth. So it's matter getting stressed and heat. And why does it get hot? You're putting energy into it by bending it back and forth. Jupiter is putting energy into Europa. Jupiter and surrounding moons are conspiring to make this happen. Okay, so now watch.

So you have a nice surface of ice on Europa. In principle, you could go skating there. However, this ice is not on top of a rigid surface, as a normal skating rink would be. It's afloat an ocean. So what happens? The ocean moves. The ice cracks.

Water seeps up, refreezes. So there is no smooth, zambonified surface on Europa. So I don't know that, I guess you could bring a zamboni there. That would be a really wealthy civilization. Hey, let's smooth out Europa, guys. Just so we go ice skating on it.

Let's go sky. Yes, more than wealthy. But a quick thing about Europa is, of course, I've said this many times, I want to go ice fishing on Europa, cut a hole and see if anything swims. Did anything evolve in that ocean over the last billion years?

But here's the thing. You bargained for. I know, yeah, you watch what you wish for. But I have colleagues of mine that said that might not be necessary. over the last billion years. But here's the thing. You bargained for. I know, yeah. You watch what you wish for. But I have colleagues of mine that said that might not be necessary. Because Europa keeps breaking apart and refreezing. When you break apart, the water gurgles up and then refreezes very quickly. Okay?

Because it's a spontaneous crack. Right. So you might be able to find fish that got caught in the updraft of the water. Right. And so then you there, and it's just frozen fish. You didn't have to dig for it. It's in the cracks. Right.

It's a TV dinner. Just wait a minute. It's a TV dinner. It's a Europa TV dinner. Frozen food section. Frozen food section. Frozen food section. There you go. So it would be a very big challenge to smooth that out.

And by the way, the surface of Europa looks just like what the North Polar regions used to be. It's ice sheets on an ocean because there's no land in the North Pole. Contrary to any representation of Santa you have ever seen at home. Because you'd think they have to show pine trees around his... No. That doesn't happen. The dude's on the North Pole. He's on an ice floe.

And he's no different from the polar bear that's about to be stranded because the ice is melting. Right, so that means there's probably no reindeer up there either. Not only that, he'll be overdressed for the warm weather that's to come. So, in the future, there'll be Santa with fewer clothes on,

sitting on the ice floe. Don't worry, children. He'll be there next year floe. Don't worry, children. He'll be there next year for you. Don't worry about that bad Mr. Neal. I didn't mean to put that image in your head. Santa on a beach chair. Yeah. That's why he's working on his abs.

Santa abs. Santa abs, baby. Santa abs, baby. Oh, there's also another moon, Enceladus. This is a fun moon because there are pressures under the surface. And when we think of Yellowstone, I think of Jellystone. It's Yogi. Yes, thank you.

Yellowstone Park with the geysers and things. Why are there geysers? The water gets heated. Pressure builds up. It blows. Old Faithful. Okay, it turns out after an earthquake, it's not Faithful anymore. That's what you haven't heard about in the last decades.

When was the last time anyone even mentioned all faithful to you? Think about it. Wow. Yeah, so what I read was there was an earthquake and it messed with the under areas, and now it's just not faithful anymore. It's still a blow.

It's still a blow. Not the way it used to be. Yeah, not the way it used to be. Yeah, so it's the old unfaithful. So we've got, so Enceladus has geysers and volcanoes that blow from the pressure of evaporating ice rather than from the steam that would build up from high temperatures. So on Enceladus, you've got geysers spewing,

hurling chunks of ice. Right. Whoa. And volcanoes that blow other, so the pressure is from cold things subliming, evaporating, like CO2 would. CO2, right. So the cold volcanoes, it's a fun idea.

That's a great idea. Think, Puck. Fascinating. Yeah, yeah. That's stuff. Yeah. That's a great idea. Think Park. Fascinating. Yeah. That's tough. Yeah. That's tough. Right.

We're going to take a break. More of Neil's tweets. More of Chuck's discovery of ice and a brain orgasm and me being quiet. Probably learning lots. Join us in a minute. All right. Welcome back. I'm Gary O'Reilly.

I'm Chuck Nice. This is Playing With Science. Before the break, we got a little bit glacial. Yes. And we learned plenty about ice, water. And how you cannot skate without pressure melting the ice so that you can glide on a little thin stream of water. Fascinating stuff.

And that water refreezes immediately. Right. On the other side, because it's not, the water is not above the melting point. Right. You just forced it into the liquid state under pressure. Self-healing. Self-healing.

Self-healing ice. Look at that. Yeah. And I'm sure that most people were under the impression that you're just carving through the ice, and that's what makes the skate work. But that's amazing. And hence the way they sharpen the blade.

To make the thinnest possible edge on each side. And that's why in figure skating, it's that my daughter figure skates, and I did a little bit of it long ago, the most of what they do is on one edge or another edge. Rarely are they ever just going straight forward. And it's all

about the curve because you're on the edge. And that's how they judge. That's how they do all the fun things. Yeah. So this is great. Let's move forward because right now I want to get- I just realized that this is like a cheap-ass show because I'm in the family and I'm your entire guest this whole show. Yes.

That was the idea. All some cheap- That's right. Some people would look at that and say, I'm that important. This whole show's about me. You took a different stance. I'm just saying. You took a different stance.

I see what you guys are doing here. You know, when I'm hosting a show, I'm getting people from around the world. But Al Gore doesn't want to talk to us. Okay. All right. All right. He did, but he was very short. Right.

Okay. So let's jump into a little baseball. All right. Let's go summertime. Before we look at the tweet on baseball, because you had a really interesting tweet about the slowest you could make a pitch, which made me think about- In other words, there's a slowest possible pitch. Slowest possible pitch, which can actually happen at the physics of a slowest possible

pitch. But it also got me thinking about one of the most unique pitches in baseball, which is the knuckleball. One of the most unique pitches in baseball, which is the knuckleball. And there's a guy by the name of R.A. Dickey who throws the nastiest knuckleball in baseball. So let's take a look at this clip. And then I just want you to comment on the knuckleball for me. Toronto versus Boston.

Yeah, Boston versus Toronto. And Dickey's on the mound. And take it away. The Blue Jays, because R.A. Dickey's throwing today, Josh told him. He told me today, he said, trying to catch the knuckleball is tough. Trying to catch the knuckleball in the shadows on a 4 o'clock game is nearly impossible. So we will watch that tomorrow for Stephen Wright.

Yeah, might be a problem for Ryan Hannigan. Russell Martin will be back there for Marcus Stroman. Boy, that was a terrific number ball. That was an 0-1 pitch to Blake Swire. That was waved by to Blake Swire. What just happened there? I mean, that was a funky delivery. Took a little something off of it.

It was wiggling and then watched a swing from Blake Swire. He swings and and see, the bat just sinks out of his hand. Nothing but air. Nothing but air. A lot of air. It wasn't like he just came near the ball. Not only, the bat wrapped around his waist and then flew out of his hand. He lost control of it.

But the thing that made that interesting is when you hear the announcer say, the ball gets to the plate and just wiggles. So what's going on from a physics standpoint in that instant? So what we know from basic physics 101 is, well, physics 102. How's that? Second semester. Well, physics 102. How's that?

Second semester. Second semester is the stability of an object is improved and enhanced if you rotate it. Yes. You might have heard the notion of something being spin-stabilized. Right. You see it in NFL with the spiral. No, spin-stabilized. So the spiral goes, and it's very stable in that configuration. Or just a simple gyroscope.

Gyroscopes, for example. Planets are stable spinning objects. So we might spin a satellite to stabilize it in its location. So, all right. A knuckleball does not spin. It is therefore not spin-stabilized. And if it's not spin-stabilized, it is susceptible to any possible puff of air that goes transverse to its path to the plate. Right.

So the slightest breeze will just take it. Right. And breezes are kind of strong in one instant and a little less in another instant. And we just take that for granted walking down the street. It's not always constant in your face. Can you just give me an idea for one of our little mini-series. What's that? Weird Science.

Weird. Because that's weird. Because when we see a pitch, it does all the things. It's only weird if you're unfamiliar with the science. Which people are. That's not as good a segment. Think about it. All right.

It's on the to-do or to-don't-do list. All right, all right. Instead of Weird Science, this segment is called It's Only Weird If You're Unfamiliar With The Science. Go ahead. So a knuckleball. So one thing I would be interested in testing is if the air is perfectly still. And I would wonder whether knuckleballs in domed stadiums

are as effective as knuckleballs in open-air stadiums. You can have, you know, in any stadium you've been in, air can just come in and circle around. It swirls around. It does all different kinds of things. All kinds of different things. And now you do have air currents in a closed dome because you have air conditioning ducts and they cycle the air. You have doors that are opening and closing. Right.

So there's some air currents. But I would be curious, and I'm sure the sabermetricians, you know, the folks who calculate every little detail that has ever happened in the history of baseball in the universe, maybe they have thought about this. I don't know. But I would guess that in a closed stadium, your knuckleball just does not do as many things as it would otherwise do. And it also means if it's a windy day, you can't even trust the knuckleball

because the catcher will never catch it. Because it'll just go one foot away in an unpredictable way. You end up throwing a ball every time if it's too windy. If it's too windy, you can't even, it's a crap shoot at that point. So what's the worst that'll happen if your catcher doesn't catch it

or if the batter doesn't hit it? So what would you rather, if your catcher doesn't catch it or if the batter doesn't hit it? So what would you rather, if your catcher doesn't? If the people on base, you don't want the catcher to not catch it. No, but I'm just saying, if it's loaded. What matters, it changes the dynamic. So the catcher doesn't catch it, the runner advances. Right. And it's a passed ball.

So you're a Brit. Do you know the difference between passed balls and an error? Nope. Okay. So we have a Brit in the house. So the pitcher and the catcher handle the ball on every single play. Right.

So they get a dispensation if they do something wrong for the fact of handling the ball on every single play. So if I, the pitcher and I throw the ball and it's way outside, you can't recover it and the batter advance, it's not an error, it's way outside, you can't recover it. And the batter advance, it's not an error.

It's called a wild pitch. Right. Right. With you? And if I'm a catcher and I should have caught the ball, but I just messed up, it's called a, a, a pass ball. Okay. Those do not accrue to your record of errors.

All right. Okay. Whereas I'm a pitcher, it hits back to me and I throw to first base and I throw over the guy's head. Er right. Okay? Whereas I'm a pitcher, it hits back to me and I throw to first base and I throw over the guy's head. Error. That's an error.

All right? I'm trying to catch the ball. I'm at home plate and it bounces off my web and goes over my head. That's an error. So catchers tend to have a lot of pass balls

when they have pitchers who throw knuckleball. Right. Because they cannot anticipate where the ball is going to be. So with that in mind, you wrote a really cool tweet about baseball. We were just talking about air currents. Okay. This is just the opposite.

So go ahead and read your tweet. Where's the tweet about the minimum speed of a throw? Oh, that's what— Can we do that? We got the wrong tweet up. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. So here we go.

So go into that. So with that in mind, you wrote a tweet because the knuckleball, as you say, is kind of subject to the whims of air currents. And they don't tend to go very fast. And they don't tend to go very fast. You're a fastball hitter, you might as well just give up and go back to the dugout. Right.

Which brings me to this tweet that you wrote about slow pitches. Yeah. And so go ahead and read this one. Okay. Slowest pitch in baseball to reach the catcher, 30 miles per hour, thrown at a 45 degree angle. Any slower and at any other angle, it hits the ground.

So that is the slowest possible pitch. And so here's what's funny about this tweet. Not funny. Here's what I love about this tweet and working with you, period, is you say a lot of things and people, which I appreciate. I appreciate that people go behind you and actually say, okay, I'm going to see if this is right. Well, that's good. But they're making, trying to prove Tyson wrong as a sport.

Well, that's, listen, there's nothing you can do about that. You can't be right. Let me put it right there. But the great thing is there is a guy, which we don't have it and it doesn't make a difference. He took your calculations and diagrammed it out and put it up on Twitter and was like, Neil deGrasse Tyson, absolutely right. This is the absolute. And the actual calculation is 30.4 miles per hour.

I rounded. You rounded it. But it's 30.4 miles per hour thrown from, it has to be a 45-degree angle, factoring in the mound. The mound is already factored in. Yeah, and the catcher is not actually at home plate. Right. And the arm of the pitcher, the ball leaves the hand of the pitcher well forward of the

rubber on the mound. Right. So you got to- You got to put those things in. So I did a rough estimate to factor that in. But the thing is that he actually proved your calculations in a diagram and put it up on Twitter, which I thought was fantastic. And that is the slowest you can pitch a ball. Possible pitch.

And the thing about a 45-degree angle, we all know what that is. It's equal amount forward as up. And you learn in physics 101 that it's an interesting question. How do I make, by the way, this comes from military. Military. Napoleon, I visited Napoleon's library on Elba when he was there. An entire wall of engineering and physics books. So he wasn't just a little tyrannical guy.

He knew not only how to make his cannon, he knew where the cannonball was going to fall. You got to know where to put those cannonballs if you wanna rule the world. You gotta know where your balls go, right? Exactly. If you wanna hit your enemy as far away as they are, what angle should you put your cannon? And you can calculate that angle

for a given speed of the ball coming out of the nozzle, whatever the hole, 45 degrees. If you angle it higher than that, you're wasting some of the speed in altitude rather than in distance. If you angle it lower than 45 degrees, it doesn't stay airborne long enough to go as far as it could have.

45 degrees maximizes the hang time and the distance so that you can go as far as you possibly can on that hit. Now, if they're closer than that maximum distance, then you'll want to adjust the height. So what do you call those things that they go, boof, boof, that they... Mortars. Yeah, those mortar shells.

Yeah, yeah. So that's a fixed speed that it comes out. And if they're not as far away at the maximum speed, you got to change the angle higher. Right. And then, so that's how fixed speed that it comes out. And if they're not as far away at the maximum speed, you've got to change the angle higher. Right. So that's how you do it. Those were what the first computers were used for. Sweet spot of war.

Right. So you apply that same calculation to a pitch. You get a 45-degree angle, 30-mile-an-hour pitch. Sweet, man. I just thought that was really interesting. Oh, that's why sometimes they have people, first pitch, ceremonial first pitches. Right. Sometimes people throw it.

It just never makes it to home plate. Right, because they throw it at 28.4 miles an hour. And if you ever wanted to have the evidence of Neil thinking deeply about his tweets before he tweets them, that's exactly it. That's it. You've sat there. You've calculated. You've thought about it. And just to be clear, it's not that I distracted my day to make that tweet.

I just had that thought anyway. And then I said, well, let me make it rigorous with the calculation. So that did take extra time. But this was a thought I was having anyway while I was watching a baseball game. Cool. All right. Let's get to what probably will be our last tweet. What do we have?

The segment? Okay. We can stop. Oh, you can play baseball on the airless moon, but only if you find a way to not suffocate. Okay. And if you don't care about curveballs. Right. Yeah, because a curveball requires a difference in pressure from one side of the ball to the other.

Right. To have air alter the course of that ball. And curve it like Beckham And curve it like Beckham. What's the... Bend it like Beckham. Bendy Beckham. It's no different from what he's doing when he can kick it forward,

but with a spin, and he's relying on the aerodynamics of the ball moving through the air for the air to then push the ball sideways, looking like it has some magic arc to it. But it's really just aerodynamics. Resistance. Yeah.

It's like, it's the aerodynamic version of putting English on the ball when you play billiards. Right. They call it putting English on the ball in the UK? Or is it putting American

on the ball? What is it? The answer is yes. Yes, okay. Mild Neil, I got to tell you, man, this was fantastic. So much fun.

We didn't get through most of my tweets. No, we didn't. We'll have to come back and do it all again. Okay, I'll be a cheap date for you guys. I'm already in the StarTalk family.

Just call me up and I'd come by, because I'm a sucker for this thing. Well, we certainly appreciate it, man. Seriously. That was a lot of fun. Very informative. And, you know, a little different twist on the show, so we're glad that we did it. I'm Gary O'Reilly. You're Chuck Nice. This has been Playing With Science, but if you think about it, different twist on the show. So we're glad that we did it. All right. I'm Gary O'Reilly. You're Chuck Nice.

This has been Playing With Science. But if you think about it, we've spun the Playing With Science just a little bit differently. So thank you to Neil deGrasse Tyson, who has been entertaining as always, informative and a great sport for going back through all of those tweets over the recent years.

Thank you. From us on Playing With Science, see you all soon.