Stuff You Should Know - Breathalyzers: Really, Really Complicated

Episode Date: August 18, 2010

Breathalyzers work on a simple principle: Alcohol is absorbed into the lungs and present in breath. But the machines that actually measure this alcohol level are really, really complicated. Tune in and learn more in this podcast. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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loc.gov slash that all may read to learn more as loc.gov slash that all may read Brought to you by the reinvented 2012 Camry. It's ready. Are you? Welcome to stuff you should know from how stuff works calm Hey and welcome to the podcast I'm Josh Clark with me as always is Charles w sober as a judge Bryant Yeah, yeah Actually when I say sober as a judge I mean it in relation to that one judge from Gwinnett County who was busted on the news for being drunk in the middle of the Day, oh it on the on the not the stand. Where would he be? What's that called?

Chambers no, that's no. No, it was at the it was at a bar Oh, I don't like you know like during the day like for lunch and I remember on the promo for whatever You know news expose a local news expose. They had a great. It was um, he not only passed the bar He stopped and drank at it Although you're gonna say he was drinking while judging Well, that was the implication is that he was WJ doing the morning Session got going out to lunch and then going back and doing the afternoon session Crocked gotcha the guy thinks it's like 1961 or something

I would actually love for my judge to be slightly hammered. I don't know man cuz you know what is yeah He's a mean drunk. Yeah in trouble. Yeah, exactly precisely So I guess that's as good as set up as any right sure Well, I mean what why don't you want the judge drinking? It's not just because you want him to you know Pass a sensible sentence, right? Right? It's also he's got to get from the bar back to the courthouse Sure, and on route he could take out an entire family. Yeah, and I doubt if the judges got his robe on on his bicycle Although you shouldn't be driving a bicycle really drunk down the road either and plus I don't think they're allowed to wear the robes outside of court. I would wear mine everywhere

I know you would Chuck and you were nothing underneath it, right? That's right Chuck give us some stats There's some pretty bad stats from 2008 that I know you have on hand. Yes, Josh if you're talking about traffic accidents that result in death in 2008 there were a Little more than 37,000 total deaths By traffic accident and about close to 14,000 of those were alcohol related, right? That's 37% of all traffic Related deaths were because of alcohol. Yeah, and it's kind of hovered in that range I noticed over the past few years, but I went back just for curiosity's sake and in 1982

60% of Deaths were alcohol related Wow, and there were twice as many there were 26,000 alcohol related deaths by you know vehicular means I wonder though if it's not just because of More driving drunk. I'm sure that's something to do with it But if that it's because there were fewer SUVs on the road as well It's probably that would skew the ratio probably not as advanced testing more lacks I think back then you could literally have an open beer in the car if you weren't drunk Just drive holding the beer. You're like, it's my first one, right? What are you gonna do?

You just take a couple sips while the cops go over those are the days well Chuck We are not a teetotaler society. We tried that once it was called prohibition. It didn't work very well, right? You know the the the mentality behind prohibition was Alcoholics have to have alcohol the rest of us who aren't alcoholics don't have to have alcohol So we can reasonably give it up for the benefit of the alcoholics, right? Right and it didn't work No, so we are you know, we we know everybody likes to take a drink here there So there is a certain amount of alcohol that you're allowed to have. I think in most states. It's a

0.08. I think it's every state now. Okay. Do you have that? Yeah, but how to test that? Yes, there's a couple of ways. There's a few ways Blood urine. Yeah, but I think you could make a really excellent case that a police officer Removing a sample of blood or collecting the urine of a driver. He suspects is drunk sure I would you know reasonably violate the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure right as well as a couple of human rights Exactly. Yeah, you don't want some cops stabbing you with a hypodermic, right? But your breath is expelled without any

Expectation of privacy right which I think is why we have the breathalyzer and why it's in use Yeah, let's talk about the breathalyzer truck, which you could also call the most Confounded contraptions ever known to man. They're way more advanced than I thought they ever were right I thought there was a little gnome inside that was like Smells like Budweiser and lots of it. Yeah, pretty much. No. Yeah, no It's like some of these some of these contraptions. There's a few we're gonna talk about there's three main types But some of them seem almost Rube Goldberg asked like totally would expect at some point. There's a candle

Oh, look that that's gonna burn a string that drops an anvil that hits a catapult that like shoots a kitten somewhere Like that's that's one of the processes. Yeah, I just want to point out too before we move on that the 0.08 You know, they've done tests over the years and they found that 0.04 Actually impairs a human being. Yeah, the medical association says 0.05 0.05 So I just think I find it odd that that wouldn't be the limit that they would say I can get a little impaired and that's fine. Just go ahead and get behind the wheel, but just not this level of impaired It just seems like you blink really hard and frequently while you're driving

I guess that just shows that we are not a T totaling society So they do understand like you might have a drink at a bar having dinner, right and then get in your car and go home And that's okay. I guess that's what they say. Yeah, so I mean at the very least you can't be arrested for it Although I understand if it's right around 0.08. It's at the cops discretion Yeah, and whether or not you even get a breathalyzer Yeah, because not all of them have them and then I think every all of them do the field sobriety test first because the Breathalyzer sort of a pain to get going so right, but I think the test I think the presence that the fact that the breathalyzer exists

Mm-hmm if you do a field sobriety test and arrest the person without giving them a breathalyzer I think that that's probably frequently acquitted is it I would think so yeah I've never been I've never blown into a breathalyzer never been even pulled over for alcohol good buddy moving on So let's talk about the breathalyzer from this article written by Craig Freud and reach PhD the only PhD who writes for the site your buddy, right? No, I don't know. Oh, I thought oh, that's right Tom That's Tom. Shev. Yeah, he has a PhD in school of hard knocks I was surprised to find out how old these things are in the 1940s They were testing the blood alcohol content from by the breath. Yeah, they were called drunken meters back then

They really were and it had some guy with like a crumpled fedora and like stars popping around his face Yeah, they really were though They were called drunken meters. Oh, I believe I don't know I believe but they did not have like a nose on there that turned more red as you blew into it It was like that, you know, if you if you blew three pink elephants, you're going downtown, buddy But yeah, that that was when they were first used but the actual breathalyzer trademark breathalyzer was invented in 54 by Dr. Borkenstein. Yes from the Indiana State police, right? Mm-hmm. Yeah, and

That was another thing I learned that the Indiana State police have doctors on their payroll Yeah, I guess so inventor doctors. Yeah. Yeah, and though the premise of all of the breath analyzing Machines, I don't know what that category would be called. That sounds right breath analyzing machines. Sure Breath alcohol content breath analyzing machines a breaking bubble, right a piping feature um, they all work on the same principle and that's that alcohol is actually absorbed into The lungs right through your breath. Yeah, and in your blood. Yeah, like you drink you take a drink of alcohol and you know If you're a reasonable adult and you've been drinking for a little while

You know that it doesn't like you don't digest that alcohol and it doesn't like change into Maple syrup once it hits your body. It stays as alcohol in your blood You know, it'd be delicious if it changed into maple syrup, right? And there's actually a predictable ratio between the blood alcohol content Which is what screws you up and makes you like blink really heavy and drive into other cars and the right a viola Content, which is what's in your lungs in your breath, right? And it's a 2100 to 1 is the ratio. So if you have 2100 milliliters of Alcohol in your breath. Yeah, you've got one milliliter in your bloodstream

Yeah, and that's the formula. That's the basis for all this, right? Right all breathalysers Yeah, or breath alcohol monitoring machine So so consider this right there just the fact that we're measuring breath We're actually measuring a reflection of the blood alcohol content. Okay, that's that's step one remove from actuality Yes, okay, but again remember the the fact that breathalysers exist Shows a deep and continual Commitment by the state to protect human rights individual rights and protect human lives, right that that too. Yeah, of course Chuck So let's talk about the first one the breathalyzer the Kleenex the aspirin the Xerox of the q-tip breath analyzing machines

Josh that is the I don't know if it's the most common. I couldn't get any stats on which you I think Atlanta uses the infrared one Actually, do you have like an in at the DA's office in Atlanta? You know a lot about Atlanta crime stats I do the breathalyzer Josh uses a chemical reaction That basically makes it change color. So What happens is you you blow into it. I'm glad I'm explaining this one because this is the only one I truly understood Yeah, oh really sort of okay. I got the fuel cell one. All right Well, hopefully someone can come in and explain what the infrared one means, right? Maybe Matt who's guest producing Yeah, Matt for a matter. You still with that band?

He says yes, okay lines and scissors So Josh the breath the actual breathalyzer what you do is you blow into it. There are two glass vials with a chemical reaction mixture and then a system of photo cells Why is that funny? So you breathe into the device and it bubbles up and the it bubbles through a mixture of sulfuric acid mm-hmm potassium dichromate silver nitrate and water Right, so that you have reddish orange dye dichromate, right? That's key and when you breathe into that and it's bubbling it actually the alcohol in it converts it to a

Green chromium ion, right? Yeah, it changes the color to green depending on how much alcohol you've had It it varies on how much color change takes place, okay, right? Okay, so you're we're with us so far, right? Yeah, are you seeing like how? How difficult this is getting yeah, sure, so we've converted alcohol Content to a color, right? Okay, go ahead. So like I said the degree of color change is related to how much alcohol you expel through your breath So what happens then is it goes over to the photo cell system and there's an electric current that causes a needle to move up Okay, so the color remember this, huh? It's gone from reddish Orange not even red or orange just to further complicate, right? It's a reddish orange that goes to green

Yeah, which is weird the wavelength is measured to determine How green that green ion is because Chuck remember the butterfly wings episode? Yeah, like like color exists in different wavelengths That's how it's differentiated sure there's something measuring the wavelength, right right and then it's comparing The green to the reddish orange the original unreacted solution Yes, and that's what's connected to the meter because the cop doesn't just hold it up like a pregnancy test, right? Thank God and say that looks sort of green to me at least in this light yellowish green rather than you know bottle green As he's holding it next to your green car So it's actually hooked up to a device an electric current moves the needle and then the cop then

Rotates a knob to bring the needle back to its original zero reading is what I gather And how much he turns that knob the knob has this the point oh one point oh two and that will tell him or Her if it's a female cop how much alcohol you have in your breath So if you see if you take a breathalyzer and you see a cop turning a knob and shaking said like wow And he keeps turning it and turning it you're probably in trouble. You're crocked. You're crocked exactly So the blood alcohol content has been converted into a color. The color is compared to the original unreacted color Yes, that disparity is turned into an electrical pulse which moves the needle and You move the needle back to zero by turning a knob and the amount of degree

Of the knob that's required To get it back to zero is how drunk you are and then the basket falls on top of the mouse and it's trapped Yes, that's a great recap to by the way. Thank you. That was that was the only one. I really actually understood to well This should be fun then because up next Josh is the intoxalizer And that's the one that uses infrared spectra. It's just spectroscopy. Yeah, so not only can you convert Blood alcohol content or your breath alcohol content into a color you can shoot infrared light at it Yeah, and measure how much is absorbed. Yeah, and then figure out how much Alcohol is in the blood using that standard ratio, right? Yes, and that's possible because

molecules vibrate constantly and when you shoot infrared light into a molecule it will the vibration will change and The bonds the literal chemical bonds will actually change right and we know how much like say A carbon-to-oxygen bond in ethanol alcohol, which is what is in our bloodstream, right? How much will be absorbed and how much would be reflected back, right? Yeah, okay, so once again you're dealing with wavelengths Right. Yeah, so chuck in this one. It's I strongly strongly recommend People who are listening in this podcast go on to the site afterward and look at the breathalyzer

Article because there's some really great illustrations that I wouldn't have been able to get this yeah without looking at these agreed but this one looks kind of like a Nitrous oxide chamber. Yeah, but with two holes in it. Uh-huh, right and then at the end there's a quartz lamp So the quartz lamp generates an infrared beam that shoots through the nitrous oxide chamber, uh-huh, right? You blow into the top hole and your breath is in there and it exhales through the other hole, right onto a spinning wheel Right. Well, no, it goes it goes through the infrared beam, right? And then it goes on to this. Yeah, this filter wheel and each of the there's different lenses in this filter wheel Uh-huh polar eyes to I guess just let certain

Colored ions pass through right right crazy. I know the the different I guess the different Infrared beams that make it through this color will hit a photo cell Which then interprets these things the wavelengths into an electrical pulse again, and then that ultimately hits a microprocessor Yeah, where the information is translated into the blood alcohol content. Yeah the percentage could they make it any more difficult? They could I think the breathalyzer may be more difficult than that one really more complicated Yeah, this one just seems like holy cow because there's like a filter wheel and infrared light Yeah, that's true, but I think they're equally complicated and that's what they use in Atlanta

This is the one they use. Yeah, the intoxicator the intoxicator the eradicator The intoxicator would be you and I did you see the kids in the hall on the soup recently? No They reunited for the first time. Yeah, they did a they're back with a show Yeah, this was to promote a mini series or something. I think it's on HBO or such. I can't wait to see that Yeah, me too. Although they got nothing on the state Yeah, you're a big state fan. Aren't you love those guys? You love David Wayne. I do and Kimmerina. Those are my boys. Yeah So Josh That's pretty much it for the intoxicator, right? Bing bang boom

Done now. This is that the Alco sensor. I love that. There's two the three and the four. I guess the one and the two Went the way of the dodo. You're right. Yeah, they just said everybody was drunk all the time Version one and version two were the drunk of meters of the years past. Yeah, then they changed the name to Alco sensor and luckily the Alco sensor is Is perfected now and it uses a fuel cell technology right kind of the same thing that they're talking about for cars Which is crazy. It's pretty much the exact same thing. You have a a positive post and a negative post and in between you have a An electrolyte, which is this basically a thin film, right? Yeah, the the poster platinum electrodes, right? For all you chemistry nerds out there, right? So this one has the the suspected drunk driver blow through a

the say the negative post that the platinum negative post right and this oxidizes the alcohol present in the breath, right? Yes, and that produces protons electrons and something called acetic acid, right? So but the the acetic acid is actually vinegar. So it's actually producing vinegar. Isn't that weird? I'll bet that these things stink after a few years is The the really important part here is that it strips the ethanol and believe the hydrogen specifically of its electrons, right? Now electrons have this thing called electron flow where they naturally gravitate from Negative side a negative post of like a battery to the positive Yeah, and the electron flow this movement of electrons is actually where we get our electricity from this is exactly how a fuel cell works

And in a car that runs on hydrogen, right? So you direct these the electrolyte won't let the electrons go through, right? Okay, so these negatively charged electrons are run through a circuit in the middle of the circuit You have this electrical pulse that's there this electric electrical meter. That's reading the pulse the current Yeah, right as it passes through to the positive side to rejoin its friends and And what however, I guess the more electrons there are present the more blood alcohol there is So this this meter converts, you know a high voltage to you know the equivalent BAC, right? So the more alcohol is oxidized basically The greater the current and then the microprocessor reads this current and says ping drunk, right?

Or point oh eight. Yeah, this is actually the simplest one You think so? Uh-huh. Yeah. Yeah I do. That's for my money buddy. I'm going with the what is this one called again? Intoxilizer Yeah, I suppose it sounds the coolest. I'm going with the gnome That's the simplest one. This guy's drunk. I got a couple of things here Obviously, we're not encouraging anyone to drink and drive ever. No, I think that's really important because they do say that even one drink Can impair you but they do have some They floated some stats out there about how much you can supposedly drink and and still not blow a DUI

Oh, yeah. Yeah, they say a hundred and eighty pound man Which show me a hundred and eighty pound man Come on You got to get above two bills if you're a dude Yeah, I think so too. I don't I think the trend is going the other way though with the skinny jeans and everything Well, I'm gonna have a shirt that says real men weigh 200 pounds nice or more I'll bet we get one on our Facebook page that we do so a hundred and eighty pound dude can supposedly be at point eight after four drinks But they don't give an amount of time either

Yeah, I would dispute that if I have four drinks and what kind of drinks if I have four It's so let's say that it's that standard like one shot, you know one number of ounces of wine And then like I think 12 ounces of beer is five five ounces of wine or a 12 ounce of beer or a shot It's supposedly all the same dude if I have four shots. Yeah, I'm I'm definitely impaired You don't want me getting behind the wheel of a car. No four shots in an hour. No exactly But I think this is should be I think they say like the cop that I read an interview with from Atlanta said that He says if you can stay within one drink per hour, you're probably gonna be okay Mm-hmm, and you shouldn't sweat it right and I've also adopted drinking a glass of water while drinking a drink. Oh

Yeah, because does that work? It's it's not necessarily the dilution although I suspect that that does have an effect But number one you're expelling Alcohol more frequently because you're drinking a lot of water. What three urine? Yeah, yeah, but that doesn't change your blood alcohol Hold on and then secondly you're drinking you're spreading it out over more time because you're not just drinking alcohol the whole time You're drinking alcohol and water so that's that's say doubling the amount of time it takes to finish a drink so in theory You could play boggle while you drank And as long as it took more time, but I wouldn't play boggle. You could at thinking man tavern they have all those games there Okay, did you do you I'm not playing eggs for that? No, I'm not playing them

It's just a boat local bar that has like board games, so it's fun. Do you want to give the address? No, I don't it's on College Avenue indicated But the same cop also verified what I thought which is they they always do a field sobriety test first which is I mean, there's different variations that the Count your count better. No do the ABC's backwards. Yeah, I can't do that right now dead sober. There's no way You you could there's trying. I think you should right now. No, I've tried it I know it starts with Z it definitely doesn't answer they chuck and And here's another tip too is you should never ever sing the alphabet song

If you're pulled over by a cop and they asked you to say the alphabet not a good move would sing in the song Yeah, like people I think it wasn't that judge, but some public figure recently did that I think one of the like when I look at some sang the alphabet song And Josh of course There are other and like I said, we're not telling you how to beat an alcohol test. No, I think the point here is for For this stuff. We're about to talk about we're talking about the the the aviola or concentration Yeah, the amount of alcohol concentrated in your breath. It's not constant it depends on right what phase of the breath you exhale and I think people who are a

Little drunk or drunk and are thinking like this could use this to their advantage But at the same time cops might use the opposite to their advantage as well and I think it's smart to know You know, so you don't get an unnecessary beef against you Well, and it provides it results in an inaccurate reading and when you want accuracy whether it's you trying to influence it or the cop Trying to influence it. They can be influenced Like so hyperventilating Josh will lower Your reading this feels wrong it does but it actually will lower they've done studies and if you Hyperventilate for 20 seconds. It will actually decrease the reading by 10%

And let's say if you ran up a couple of flights of stairs They and then blow in they said it'll decrease it by 20 to 25% Because it's a more shallow breath and I think that the breath at the bottom of the lungs is richer in alcohol content That's why the cop says blow harder and deeper When you're blowing on the breathalyzer, right? That's that's I Have a problem with anybody trying to You know trying to get out of you know breathalyzer reading sure But I also have a problem with a police officer trying to jack up in a breathalyzer reading

Yeah, and apparently if you if you breathe really deeply really hard you exhale from the bottom of your lungs The the reading can be One and a half times more with the actual blood alcohol content is yeah, which is significant when you're talking about like point 08% or you know 0.07 0.1% or something like that. Yeah The only problem with these as far as someone out there thinking you know what I'll just I can hyperventilate and beat this is You forget that the cop is there at all times. You can't hyperventilate I'm not gonna run up two flights of stairs. If you do you're gonna get shot in the back So what you're probably gonna end up doing is breathing just like they say to and you'll be pinched

I think ultimately though all numbers Can be tossed out the window if you're a driver, you know if you're impaired if you shouldn't be driving yeah, don't and Don't believe any of those myths about pennies in your mouth or mints or onions or in nothing Will affect your blood alcohol content the myth busters blew that wide open Snopes blew it wide open common sense blows it wide open sure and You can also I checked into it. You can buy a breathalyzer. They have consumer models, right?

And they have one some that are hooked up to the ignition of your car. Yeah, that won't allow you to start Yeah, but apparently you can get the top rated one is about 150 bucks So if you're that big of a lush that you want to purchase one of these and carried around or maybe you're being really responsible I mean depends on how you look at it Yeah, finish the sentence. Well, then you can buy one for a buck fifty keep it in your purse or your or your pocket Yeah, and then before you leave the bar just blow into it and say you know what I should wait a little while That's fantastic sober up. Yeah, so that's breathalyzers. Yeah, and again We would strongly recommend you go. Well, we strongly recommend you don't drink and drive and

Secondly, we strongly recommend you go on to how stuff works calm and look up breathalyzers. You're gonna find some pretty You're gonna find some illustrations that don't make you go. Okay. I get it nitrous oxide charge. I know right there's the no All right Chuck. What do we have? Do we have listener mail? Yeah? Well, let's do the listener mail chime And now let's do a little bit of plug you first. Okay, plug it south by Southwest Yes, go to HTTP colon slash slash panel picker one word dot s x SW comm sign up and you can vote for us. We're under interactive panels stuff You should know yeah, and it'll walk you through

You know, we're trying to get to South by Southwest next March on a panel and visit the fine folks of Austin, Texas And perhaps do a trivia event there, too. If we can if we can make the panel Yeah, so if you click on that and click your little thumbs up to vote for it It'll say oh you haven't signed up yet And it'll walk you through the signup procedure and I need to point out that will not put you on some spam list You won't get emails. No, they swear up and down. Yeah, they promise It's just so they can verify that you're a real person and all that and then uh We are on facebook and twitter. We're no steve slater, but we're worth following

And um kiva kiva.org Slash team slash stuff you should know. Yep. We have our own microlending team if you want to learn a little bit about that And if you have questions or you're confused about microlending and why we do it you can read our two-part blog post. Yeah, why we lend on Kiva s team sysk. Yeah, josh wrote a really great long-form two-part Thing that's blog post that really spells out kiva and everything you need to know about it and well done. Thank you Um, I almost forgot chuckers

Um, we have a very robust t-shirt gallery Um, not just the winning designs, but a lot of the ones that came close Not so close basically pretty much all of them. I think there's like 10 15 That aren't up there. Okay, but there's a bunch more and it's like looking into the minds of like stuff You should know listeners. It's really interesting. There's some cool designs on there. So you can go to um Let's see howstuffworks.com slash t-shirt Pictures and it's t-shirt-pictures dot htm and that will take you to it. Awesome. Yeah. So listener mail

Finally Okay, josh. I'm gonna call this uh love from jamaica Remember how in the in the grow houses someone we talked about I thought jamaica might be the highest rate of marijuana consumption Yeah, it turned out it was Papua New Guinea. Yeah, and then africa all over africa. Okay, um So this is from shonari in jamaica. She says uh here in jamaica We don't have indoor grow houses, but more outside cultivation People grow it outside in deep overgrown bush country far away from prying eyes And also in the mountains where people don't venture much

They grow them amongst regular crops like bananas and coffee and sugar to mask the appearance from the sky And they're normally family operations or local locally based where the whole neighborhood so to speak will keep a watch out For cops and the whole neighborhood benefits in some way from the influx of cash That the marijuana provides plus free weed. I guess so Uh, sometimes the local law enforcement will raid these growing operations But the growers still will set traps for them that will hamper their willingness to even go into these areas So you got like a badger trap or like a tiger pit. Yeah cops like I ain't going in there Yeah, you see one cop fall into a tiger pit. You're not gonna follow him

Well, listen to this one trap. I saw on the news sometime back Takes the form of hidden water spikes So they'll basically make a muddy pond And grow marijuana on top of this and in these ponds. There are solid paths and there are also Uh paths with spikes sticking up. That's a tiger pit Oh, is that what that is? Yeah, it's a hole with like That you dig a pit and then at the bottom there's these sharpened sticks all sticking up

So when you fall in you're in deep deep trouble and I'm blushing. I thought a tiger pit was like a pit with a tiger in it That may have a tiger in it, but it's impaled on stakes. I wouldn't last five minutes in the the Jermay bush of Jamaica. Yeah, no way In general though because of our rastafari and heritage Where marijuana is part of the religious practice. Marijuana is illegal, but decriminalized for domestic use So uh as a result seeing someone smoking pot in the open is not strange But it can land you a fine So this comes from

Shinari I think I said sharoni didn't I? It's shonari in Jamaica. I think you said shonari sharoni doesn't ring a bell. All right, so thank you shonari for listening in jamaica. Yeah Uh, yeah, I didn't know we had any listeners in no, she's not in Jamaica. That's her home of Jamaica Now she lives there. I think does she really okay? Well, thanks shonari We appreciate you uh keeping the home fires burning down there in Jamaica If you have any stories about tiger pits or other kind of clever traps or group group goldberg-esque Devices we want to hear about them right chuck. Yes. I love those. We want to see schematics actually

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