Stuff You Should Know - How Watersheds Work

Episode Date: January 12, 2017

Unless you happen to be standing on a hilltop or swimming in the ocean right now, you are on a watershed. These unsung wonders of topography and hydrology are an important contributor to the rain cycle and yet we humans tend to abuse them. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

On the podcast, Hey Dude, the 90s called, David Lasher and Christine Taylor, stars of the cult classic show, Hey Dude, bring you back to the days of slip dresses and choker necklaces. We're gonna use Hey Dude as our jumping off point, but we are going to unpack and dive back into the decade of the 90s.

We lived it, and now we're calling on all of our friends to come back and relive it. Listen to Hey Dude, the 90s called on the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey, I'm Lance Bass, host of the new iHeart podcast, Frosted Tips with Lance Bass. Do you ever think to yourself, what advice would Lance Bass

and my favorite boy bands give me in this situation? If you do, you've come to the right place because I'm here to help. And a different hot, sexy teen crush boy bander each week to guide you through life. Tell everybody, ya everybody, about my new podcast and make sure to listen so we'll never, ever have to say. Bye, bye, bye.

Listen to Frosted Tips with Lance Bass on the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. Welcome to Stuff You Should Know from HowStuffWorks.com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant. And there's guest producer Noel,

who frankly, I think he's done enough times. So we should just be like, our other producer, Noel. Yeah. And then if we're in France, I would say, our other producer, Noel. So just removing the interim tag, the guest tag. I think he's earned it, don't you? Yeah.

What is with you in these snacks? All right, everyone, you should know, Josh has a large-ish cup. This is not large. It's a small tumbler at best. It's a tumbler full of jelly beans and animal crackers as if you are a four-year-old. Four-year-old should not be eating that stuff.

Weird. I don't like jelly beans, so. Well, whatever. Do you put them in your mouth at the same time? Is that the idea? Because they're all mixed in there together. Yeah, I guess, I mean. Really, you're eating an animal cracker

at the same time as a jelly bean? Oh, oh, no, no. Oh, okay. No, I see what you mean. I thought you meant the different flavors of jelly beans. Oh, gotcha. Are those the weird jelly beans? They're like, hey, this is fart.

This is snake oil. Yeah, they're not supposed to be, though. I think they turned. Yeah, it was supposed to be just lime and grape. All right, snake oil. That's a good one. So I've been singing the Indigo Girl song in my head all day because of watersheds.

Just wanna throw that out there. Was that one of their songs I knew was one of their restaurants? Yeah. I didn't know it was named after a song. Yeah, up on the watershed is how it goes. Yeah, it's a good restaurant. It's Emily from the Indigo Girls?

It was, I'm not sure if it still is, but yeah. I think it still is. Well, so she named the watershed after her song. Yes. But she named her song after the actual hydrological unit of watersheds. Yeah, I think she thought that naming a song Kid Fears would be weird.

Oh, is that the song? No, watershed is the song, but I was just making a joke about another one of their songs. Oh, okay, I thought, yeah. This is the most confusing Indigo Girls conversation I've ever had. Including the famous Indigo Girls conversation of Aut3? This is more confusing.

This is the worst intro we've ever had in our lives. All right, well, let's continue then. All right, so Chuck, it's a watershed. Well, I already kind of gave it away a little bit by saying it's a hydrological unit. Yes. Okay, so watershed is basically, actually it's even easier to say what's not a watershed.

Not a watershed is a ridgeline, or a hilltop, or a large body of water, like a lake or an ocean or a bay. Wow. Wow, everything else is basically a watershed. Yeah, which is to say a place where water sheds, rainwater, water comes down upon the earth and then eventually finds its way to a larger body of water via watersheds.

That's right. I just saw that there was this cool thing. I can't remember the exact name of it, but a thing that you can do here in Georgia where you can follow the water from Atlanta all the way to Sappalo Island. Oh, that's neat. And it's a tour.

I think you like canoe part of it and you just sort of follow its path. It's like a little eco trip. Oh, I see. I thought you meant like online. No, no, no. You actually do it. Oh.

Forget it. Yeah. No, it does sound pretty cool. Yeah, it's neat. I saw somewhere that one drop of water, this is on a kid's website, but one drop of water stays in a lake for about 100 years. Really?

Before it moves along. Is that why you're eating the jelly beans and animal crackers? Oh, because I was on a kid's website. Nice. All right, so we know what watersheds are and are not. If you want the strict definition from the EPA, they said, is anybody of land that flows downhill

into a waterway? Yeah, so they can be very big. They can be very small. I saw somewhere that made reference to something the size of a footprint could conceivably constitute a watershed. I saw that too. All right, so basically anything that's defined

by some sort of higher elevation that moves water on a downward slope toward some sort of flowing water that goes into a larger body of water. Again, that's a watershed. You put these things together and one little watershed that feeds water to a tiny little trickling stream

that leads to a larger stream that leads to a river. That's one little watershed, but it's a part of the larger watershed for that one big river that that little stream feeding it is just one of many streams feeding it and each of those streams has its own little watershed.

So it's a weird little patchwork quilt or jigsaw puzzle that overlays any bit of land. Yeah. Those are all watersheds. And when you put them all together, they all form one cohesive whole and the boundaries are defined by elevation. Yeah.

Because if you, as this article puts it, if you live on a ridge and your neighbor lives on the other side of a ridge, you live in two different watersheds. And your mortal enemies. Right, exactly. If you're a half-field and you're a McCoy. Our own article had a nice little analogy

with the umbrellas, like if you turn over, let's say five or six umbrellas at varying heights on top of one another and they all had holes at the bottom, any water, let's say it started raining, it would just collect at various different parts of the umbrella and it would all flow down and eventually exit that bottom

and maybe go into another umbrella. Right. But that would eventually get down to that main umbrella, which would be whatever main body of water it flows into. Right, so. Ocean or a lake or whatever. Yeah, and then each watershed is defined by the head water of the water it goes into.

Correct. So the, well you have three things as far as flowing water goes, right? You've got the head water. Yeah. Where say like the river begins. Yes. And snow melt and rain all flows down hill

to this thing to form the beginning of the river and there it goes, there it's off. Yep, head water is release. And then with that, flowing water hits another stream of some sort, you've got a confluence. Yeah, those are great. Confluence and then where they end, say like they go into a bay or something like that,

big river empties out like the Mississippi, empties into the Gulf of Mexico, where empties into the Gulf of Mexico, that's the mouth. That's right. And all of this water, it moves downhill or uphill. It moves toward the equator. The bulge in the earth attracts the water like crazy. Yeah, it can't move uphill though, can it?

To us, we would think it was uphill because we're looking down onto the southern hemisphere. For the southern hemisphere to be down hill to them. It's just wacky. I will say though, one time I was in a rainstorm in the desert that was so bad that there was water running uphill briefly. Wow.

And it was freaky looking. I'll bet. Like it's just something your brain doesn't know how to process. And you see a definite grade in the land and water going the way that it shouldn't be going. I don't know what caused it. Or maybe it was the drugs, just kidding.

It was an intense storm and the desert storms, actually this leads right into this part nicely. Desert storms are amazing because of how the water runs off compared to what I was used to growing up in the southeast. But there are a lot of different things that can happen to the water once it rains or once it snow melts.

It's not gonna all end up in the mighty Mississippi or that ocean. Right. And here they are. Yeah, there's a lot of stuff that can happen to it along the way. That's right. Infiltration is one of the big ones.

The rain falls on the dry ground, obviously. Water's gonna soak in, get in that soil or infiltrate it. Some of it will remain there in that shallow layer. And then that's gonna move downhill through that soil still into let's say an aquifer or something. Okay. Yeah, that's infiltration, right?

Yeah, and sometimes it goes a long way or remains stored for a long period of time before it comes back to the surface. Sometimes it doesn't. Right. But it's just how much is infiltrating the ground. Yeah, and those underwater rivers are pretty interesting. You've got ones that are like in a karst system,

like a limestone system where it actually is like a river underground. It's amazing. Through like a cave. But you also have underground rivers that aren't part of karst systems and that are actually rivers underneath rivers, right? So you have a river bed,

all of the sediment and soil and dirt and sand and gravel that make up a river bed is porous. But it's also saturated, which is why there's a river on top of it. But because that river bed is porous, water actually flows through it as well. So that's one of the other ways that water can kind of flow invisibly to us

underneath a river through the ground. Yeah, and that infiltration and how that water flows, it depends a lot on the soil characteristics, whether or not it's clay or sandy, like you were saying. And then also like you mentioned, it's just like a sponge that soil saturation, it can only get so saturated and then you get that lovely river.

Right, and then of course, the land cover has a big impact too. If you've got what humans have done has created a lot of, they pay paradise and put up a parking lot. Oh. You not like that song? Really? All right, you seem shy about admitting that. Oh, I don't like to put things down, you know?

Oh, okay, you don't want to yuck a yum. I do like that song though. That's great. So anyway, what we've done is paved a lot of things and then that creates what's called a fast lane for rainfall and that is, it's not the only reason why, but that's one of the big reasons why we have floods

is that this water that normally would take a more lazy route and a more natural route. Yeah, water's super lazy. If it hits that pavement and all, then you get water running much faster and in ways you maybe didn't predict. Yeah, the geological service calls impermeable surfaces a fast lane for rainwater, storm water, right?

Yeah. And it is true in a built environment, definitely alters the way water moves through it. Yeah. So human, not just human intervention or obstruction, but also human use too, like when we draw water out of an aquifer, that prevents it from ultimately going to its destination

or delays it, I should say, depending on what we do with that water. Yeah. Like if we drink it, tinkle it out into a stream, we actually make it go there faster. Are you encouraging that? Nothing wrong with that, man. All right, well, let's take a quick break

and we'll talk a little bit more about some of the other things that can happen to water once it hits the ground. ["The Nineties Call David Lasher and Christine Taylor"] On the podcast, Hey Dude, The Nineties called David Lasher and Christine Taylor, stars of the cult classic show, Hey Dude, bring you back to the days of slip dresses

and choker necklaces. We're gonna use Hey Dude as our jumping off point, but we are going to unpack and dive back into the decade of the nineties. We lived it and now we're calling on all of our friends to come back and relive it. It's a podcast packed with interviews, co-stars, friends, and non-stop references to the best decade ever.

Do you remember going to Blockbuster? Do you remember Nintendo 64? Do you remember getting Frosted Tips? Was that a cereal? No, it was hair. Do you remember AOL Instant Messenger and the dial-up sound like poltergeist? So leave a code on your best friend's beeper

because you'll wanna be there when the nostalgia starts flowing. Each episode will rival the feeling of taking out the cartridge from your Game Boy, blowing on it and popping it back in as we take you back to the nineties. Listen to Hey Dude, the nineties called on the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts,

or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey, I'm Lance Bass, host of the new iHeart podcast, Frosted Tips with Lance Bass. The hardest thing can be knowing who to turn to when questions arise or times get tough or you're at the end of the road. Ah, okay, I see what you're doing. Do you ever think to yourself,

what advice would Lance Bass and my favorite boy bands give me in this situation? If you do, you've come to the right place because I'm here to help. This, I promise you. Oh, God. Seriously, I swear. And you won't have to send an SOS

because I'll be there for you. Oh, man. And so, my husband, Michael. Um, hey, that's me. Yep, we know that, Michael. And a different hot, sexy, teen crush boy bander each week to guide you through life step by step. Oh, not another one.

Kids, relationships, life in general can get messy. You may be thinking, this is the story of my life. Just stop now. If so, tell everybody, yeah, everybody about my new podcast and make sure to listen so we'll never, ever have to say bye, bye, bye. Listen to Frosted Tips with Lance Bass on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

or wherever you listen to podcasts. All right, so, um, we teased everyone that other things can happen to water. It can turn into wine. All right. If you believe the Bible. It can evaporate and then turn into rain, part of the rain cycle.

Yeah, well, that's a big one. Do we do want an evaporation or just clouds? This is probably where we covered that. Clouds, yeah. Fluffy clouds or something. Little fluffy clouds. Look at the orbs on. But when rainfall does come down on the ground,

a lot of it does go back up into the atmosphere through evaporation. And that depends on how hot it is, the temperature, wind, atmospheric pressure, a lot of other things. Right. Then there's also transpiration. This is my favorite. Is it?

Yeah. We'll take it away. Oh, well, basically, when you have plants, they're also taking in water themselves, putting it to good use, breaking it down, creating chlorophyll, not borophyll, chlorophyll, and just generally making things pretty and happy. That's transpiration.

Yeah, and that'll slow the runoff, obviously, because it's taking a more circuitous route. Well, locks it up. And then eventually, it should evaporate from the water or from the plants and enter the rain cycle again. Yeah. And then, of course, other man-made things like water storage, like if you build a dam or something,

you're literally in control of the release of that water. Yeah, that's a huge threat to the health and vitality of wetlands is dam building. Like it helps us. Yeah. We have basically a huge store of drinking water that we can create electricity from. But for the downstream ecosystems, dams are not good.

Plus, they can cause earthquakes, if you'll remember correctly. Yes, that's right. I remember that. You remember? So hold on. I have to say, I was thinking the other day about those shorts. For the uninitiated, we used to do one-minute shorts that

appeared on the Science Channel. They were like the precursor to our actual show. Yes. Do you remember those shorts? Yeah, they were fun. So I thought of one the other day. Do you remember the one where we were playing racquetball? That was, I think, the pinnacle of all of them.

Just the setup? Yeah, just the whole thing. Everything went. It was just perfect. I just thought it was great. It just popped in my head the other day. I was like, I totally forgot. We even did those things.

And then I was thinking about it, thought it was hilarious. Yeah, the gag in that one was that I was wearing a full basketball uniform and sweat bands and goggles. And you were wearing an Oxford and jeans. And we were playing racquetball. That was it? Funny as that. Yeah.

I just thought it was great. I'm surprised it never took off. Well, it did. It got us a TV show. Yeah, that's true. We did like, it was the TV show that didn't take off. We had a couple of dozen of those shorts, right? Those were all fun.

I'm going to start posting some of those again. Well, this is my passive aggressive way of asking you to. OK. So watersheds are keeping them clean is a big deal. It really matters because there's a domino effect that can happen when they're polluted. Oh, yeah. So water is great for transporting things, right?

We put barges on them, jet skis on them, sailboats. Sure. It's also really good for transporting other stuff. Like anything that's a pollutant is really easily moved along through water, right? Yes. And the whole point of a watershed is moving water across land into larger bodies of water.

Well, the stuff that's in the way of that water gets picked up and carried in along with it too, right? Yeah. So the pollutants that we just leave lying around, everything from dog poop to antifreeze ends up in the water because it's in the watershed. So it ends up in the body of water. And since we use these bodies of water

for all sorts of different things, it's a big problem. And it's something that I think more people need to be aware of. Because you think, I'll just leave my dog poop there on the ground. You don't think about how it's going to rain and flush that dog poop in there and create a coliform bacteria bloom that's going to kill a bunch of fish or give them salmonella.

Yeah, I've seen certain cities on their storm drains have little signs that say things like just reminders like what goes in this thing will end up in some larger body of water and have a big impact. Yeah, that's good stuff. I found the thing that said the leading cause of pollution are sediments and a lot of times bacteria like E. coli. Right, from dog poop.

Yeah, and even excess nutrients can be bad. Yeah, because those form algae blooms, right? Yeah. So algae blooms are where a type of algae is already present in a body of water. But then all of a sudden there's a bunch of agricultural runoff, say. So there's a huge introduction of nitrogen and phosphorus,

which are fertilizers. Well, algae is a plant and algae blooms as a result. And they can block sunlight for other plants in the body of water. When they die off, the bacteria that eats them and decomposes them uses up tons of oxygen so it chokes the life out of the fish that are in the body of water.

It can make things quite smelly. It's just not good for anybody. And the reason why these algae blooms happen is because of the fertilizer runoff that's being introduced into the bodies of water. All right, well, let's take another break and more depressing news right after this. On the podcast, Hey Dude, the 90s called David Lasher

and Christine Taylor, stars of the cult classic show Hey Dude, bring you back to the days of slip dresses and choker necklaces. We're going to use Hey Dude as our jumping off point, but we are going to unpack and dive back into the decade of the 90s. We lived it, and now we're calling on all of our friends to come back and relive it.

It's a podcast packed with interviews, co-stars, friends, and nonstop references to the best decade ever. Do you remember going to Blockbuster? Do you remember Nintendo 64? Do you remember getting Frosted Tips? Was that a cereal? No, it was hair. Do you remember AOL Instant Messenger and the dial-up

sound like poltergeist? So leave a code on your best friend's beeper because you'll want to be there when the nostalgia starts flowing. Each episode will rival the feeling of taking out the cartridge from your Game Boy, blowing on it and popping it back in, as we take you back to the 90s.

Listen to Hey Dude, the 90s called on the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey, I'm Lance Bass, host of the new iHeart podcast, Frosted Tips with Lance Bass. The hardest thing can be knowing who to turn to when questions arise or times get tough, or you're at the end of the road. OK, I see what you're doing.

Do you ever think to yourself, what advice would Lance Bass and my favorite boy bands give me in this situation? If you do, you've come to the right place because I'm here to help. This, I promise you. Oh, god. Seriously, I swear. And you won't have to send an SOS because I'll be there for you.

Oh, man. And so will my husband, Michael. Hey, that's me. Yeah, we know that, Michael. And a different hot, sexy teen crush boy bander each week to guide you through life, step by step. Oh, not another one. Kids, relationships, life in general, can get messy.

You may be thinking, this is the story of my life. Just stop now. If so, tell everybody, yeah, everybody, about my new podcast and make sure to listen so we'll never, ever have to say bye, bye, bye. Listen to Frosted Tips with Lance Bass on the iHeart radio app, Apple podcast, or wherever you listen to podcasts. All right, Charles, where's the silver lining here?

Well, here's some more bad news. OK, I was hoping to change that. In the United States, 40% to 50% of our waters are impaired or threatened. Yeah. And impaired means that it doesn't support one or more of its intended uses. Impaired means it's drunk.

It is. It's drunk-like. Drunk with pollution. Yeah. So one or more of its intended uses could mean you can't swim in it, you can't drink it, don't hit. You know, it's always scary. It's like, yeah, he's a good fishing over there.

Just don't eat him. Right. That's always like, oh, wow. Yeah, and bad. But it could be anything. It could be from there's high levels of mercury in there to there's toxins or, I'm sorry, bacteria. Yeah.

That could kill you. Flush eating bacteria lives in bodies of water. Yeah. There's a lot of reasons. And a lot of stuff you just take, well, oh, that's the natural state of that body of water. That's absolutely not true. Yeah, and like you're pointing out here,

that it's all interconnected. The EPA has a paper called Sustaining Healthy Freshwater Ecosystems. And they really try to drive home the point that these are not isolated bodies of water. Right. It's all very much tightly linked to one another. And the human impact has this domino effect

that you throw that cigarette out of your car and you don't think it's a big deal. That's going to end up either in a bird's nest or a body of water, just two places. Right. Can't you see a little baby bird being like, what is that? Why did you bring that home? Just nuzzling up against it, rubbing its little baby bird

head, where else? So around the world, this is obviously a big problem. It's not just the United States. Right. In the Amazon basin, the Amazon River Dolphin is threatened with extinction because of the domino effect of watershed runoff pollution. Well, you said it earlier.

You said human activity, basically. Yeah. And it's not just us polluting. Like, say, you pour out your antifreeze and just go in. Yuck into yourself about how great that was. Yeah, like, that's changed my oil. I just dumped it down the storm drain. Yeah, you're not supposed to do that.

That's not good, right? Not good. It goes beyond that. Like, our activity, like, say, if you tear up some trees along a stream bed. Well, tree roots have a really great effect of holding soil in place. And without the roots to hold the soil in place,

as the stream passes by and maybe floods a little bit after a big rainfall, it takes a lot of sediment with it. Well, you save so long riverbank, who cares? That sediment can go clog the gills of fish downstream and kill them all because you just couldn't live with a tree in your backyard. Yeah, or because you just had to build your riverhouse that you visit three times a year.

But even still, even if you did build that, you would want to keep a buffer of trees along the riverbank. Like, there's just some steps you want to take, right? And it's easy to overlook a lot of the activity that we do that has these negative effects on water bodies because we're doing them elsewhere, but in the watershed that's still connected

to the body of water. I don't know if we've driven that home enough yet that the activities we do on the watershed affect the bodies of water in the end. That's right. But people are taking action. The first watershed protection and flood prevention act came about in 1954.

That was a little bit more about coordinating flood efforts or flood prevention efforts, rather. And then in 1972, they added some more conservation efforts to that. And then in 1996, I think they made it friendlier to get loans for groups carrying out measures that would help promote watershed management, financial loans.

Yeah, and there's like a lot of ways that you can get involved. The EPA is big time into putting you in touch with people who are already trying to protect your local watershed. There's stuff you can do if you're a loner. If you have a leaky faucet, fix it. It wastes water. It also increases the potential for pollution.

That's one thing. What else can you do? You can fix that septic tank. Yeah, that too. That can increase pollution. The thing is leaking poop out all over your yard. Take care of it. Yeah, because it spreads disease.

Your fecal material. What else? Add plants and trees instead of removing them. Right? That's a good one. If you have asphalt driveway, carry it up and put down pavers. And what does that mean? Well, you know, pavers have joints between the pavers

so the water can trickle through them. Gotcha. It's a permeable surface rather than impermeable. You know what I kind of like or the, and this has got to be slightly better, is the, instead of the solid driveway, just the two strips where your tires go. Oh yeah, that's grandma's house right there.

Yeah, then have either the grass strip or pebbles or something in between. Yeah. Kind of nice. Yeah. Or, what about the ever popular neglected strip of rocks with the grass growing up through them? This is what mine would end up looking like invariably.

Or have you ever seen the ones where it's like a steep driveway but they basically put tiny steps in the center of them that you walk up? I always thought that was ingenious. Love those. Totally love those. I went by, you know, the, well, you may not know, but there's a street, what's the name of the street,

leading up to our office, where there's a row of houses where the drive, the yard, it's like it's one of the steepest things I've ever seen. Which direction you coming from? Going back up towards Glen Iris, there's a cut through street off of North. And I mean, it might as well be a cliff, but it's all covered in grass.

And I'm just, every time I pass it, I think how in the world do they cut that? Oh yeah, the machete. I don't know. I'm just going to hang out and wait next summer until someone goes to cut the grass. In the meantime, you should clean up the watershed that that little grass cliff feeds.

Oh man, that runoff must be amazing. Just flows like a waterfall. You got anything else? I don't. Okay. Well, let's end this one, huh? Sure. If you want to know more about watersheds,

well, go figure out where your watershed is and help clean it up. Yeah, there's websites we can do that. Type in your, like find your watershed. Yeah, that's one. Or surf your watershed. Surf your watershed is the EPA's one where they're more than happy to put you in touch

with anybody who can help you figure out how to keep your watershed. Yeah, so I go, you want to help your watershed? Great, great. Did you mention the watershed challenge? No. So, every March 22nd, there's a World Water Monitoring Challenge

where you can get like a water monitoring thing and monitor the water quality of the water in your watershed and send in the results. There's a lot of stuff you can do. Anyway, go search all of that stuff. And in the meantime, it's time for Listener Mail. I'm going to call this kitty Genevieve's follow up. Hey guys, recently listened to that episode

and had a few observations. I've read much about the case before and have read Abe Rosenthal's 38 Witnesses account. It never occurred to me that I knew basically nothing about Ms. Genevieve's other than how she died, like you guys were saying. You made that point and then made an effort to add some color in her life to her life.

I appreciated that. Inspired me to watch the documentary, The Witness, which you recommend. The documentary was heart-rending. Knowing more about Ms. Genevieve, seeing the footage of her dancing in the park with her friends made me really, really sad. But like Josh, I struggled to see any common understanding

between Ms. Genevieve's brother and Winston Mosley's son, though it was certainly a fascinating interaction to watch. Honestly though, the final scene with the screaming actress, remember we were talking about that? Yeah, man, that was, I thought it was going to be corny and it ended up moving me. She was not moved.

Oh really? No, or this is Chris. Don't know if it's a lady or a dude. It could go either way. But honestly though, the final scene with the screaming actress left a very bitter taste in my mouth, left me feeling that a good documentary had been finished with a tasteless,

hacky stunt that achieved nothing. Yeah, I can see it could be taken that way, I guess. So that is from Chris Downing in Sydney, Australia. PS, I will balance my commendation of that episode. I always love that. PS, I'll balance my commendation above with the observation that evil can evil was not a man worthy of a double episode.

But I forgave you immediately for that. Yeah, that was crazy. I remember like the look on our faces when... We decided to make it too. Yeah, I just couldn't believe it, but we piled ahead. Yeah. I'll always say, Isaac Newton got one. Evil can evil got two.

Says a lot about us. Yeah, that's the way it worked out. We still did one on Isaac Newton though, get off our backs. Yeah, maybe we'll do a part two one day on that. Okay. Even score. If you want to get in touch with us like Chris did,

thanks by the way, Chris. You can tweet to us. I'm at JoshumClark on Twitter, and you can also reach us at S-Y-S-K podcast on Twitter. You can reach Chuck at Charles W. Chuck Bryant on Facebook or Stuff You Should Know on Facebook. You can send us an email to stuffpodcast at howstuffworks.com.

And as always, join us at our home on the web, stuffyoushouldknow.com. For more on this and thousands of other topics, we'll be right back. We lived it, and now we're calling on all of our friends to come back and relive it. Listen to Hey Dude, the 90s called on the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Hey, I'm Lance Bass, host of the new iHeart podcast, Frosted Tips with Lance Bass. Do you ever think to yourself, what advice would Lance Bass and my favorite boy bands give me in this situation? If you do, you've come to the right place because I'm here to help. And a different hot, sexy teen crush boy bander each week to guide you through life, tell everybody,

yeah, everybody, about my new podcast, and make sure to listen so we'll never, ever have to say bye, bye, bye. Listen to Frosted Tips with Lance Bass on the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.