Stuff You Should Know - Selects: How the Flu Works

Episode Date: March 15, 2025

Every year the flu virus makes the rounds, laying up young and old alike for days before moving on to another hapless victim. But flu viruses can mutate and once in awhile they turn into something much deadlier, a pandemic that can kill millions. Learn all about it with Josh and Chuck in this classic episode.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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Howie turning Big Macs into big moves. Catch Eating While Broke every Thursday on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, wherever you get your favorite shows. Come hungry for season four. Dressing. Dressing. Oh, French dressing. Exactly. I'm AJ Jacobs and my current obsession is puzzles. And that has given birth to my podcast, The Puzzler. Something about Mary Poppins? Exactly. This is puzzles. And that has given birth to my podcast, The Puzzler. Something about Mary Poppins? Exactly.

This is fun. You can get your daily puzzle nuggets delivered straight to your ears. Listen to The Puzzler every day on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Oh, God. Hi, everybody. It's Chuck here. Oh boy. My selection this week is hell the flu works and I'll give you one reason why. This is from November 14th, 2017. I hope you like it. I'm going back to bed. Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.

Hey and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant. There's Jerry. This is Stuff You Should Know about the flu which I have. I'm Josh Clark, there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, there's Jerry, this is stuff you should know about the flu which I have. You know the flu, do you? I don't know, man, I can't, I can't,

I've been on the planet for 41 years. Okay. I still can't really tell the difference between a flu and a cold. I think the difference that I can tell, and I don't get the flu much, you know, I always get the stomach bug, which, as it turns out, is not a flu I just learned.

But I don't get the flu flu much, but I can always tell though when I'm super achy, like the flu just makes me feel like dog doo doo. Right. Whereas the cold is just a big inconvenience. Yeah, I've had, no, I've definitely had like lots of aches and I woke up like shivering one night. I don't see you had a fever for sure. I guess so.

I guess it must have just been one night and in the middle of the night. So that's the flu, right? Probably. So I guess I do have the flu. No joke, everybody. Well, I'm erecting the clear glass in between us. Yeah, I think that I've had it long enough now,

based on the research from this article, that I'm not contagious or else I would have called this off. So did you get it in New York, I wonder? I think so. Dirty, dirty New Yorkers. Right, yeah. Which I was like, I was just walking around like with my hands inside of a couple of like

plastic Dwayne Reed bags. And it still didn't work. Well that was your problem probably right there. Right. Dwayne Reed. Because I didn't take him off when I ate. Gross. Yeah.

So yes, we were in New York for some Bell House shows, right? Those went pretty well. Yeah. Thought they were great. Alright, so the flu, Chuck. We won't reminisce about past victories. We'll just talk about the flu instead. Yeah, how about a stat right off the get-go here?

The flu, the CDC. And also sorry everybody for the sniffling that's going to inevitably happen. I'm trying hard not to do it. You're a method podcaster. Which is also what I said in my very first episode. That's right. Remember that? Yep.

It's not any funnier now. So the CDC right here in Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, not the CDCP. No, they just stuck with the original. Yeah. Yeah They reckon that about five to twenty between five percent and twenty percent of United States peoples Mm-hmm get the flu each year compared to about ten percent to twenty five percent in Dirty cold Canada, right? I know and

Normally when you get the flu It's just You're laid up for a couple of days, right? Yeah. Like you said, you feel like dog dew or something like that. Yeah. That's the seasonal flu. But even with the seasonal flu, which usually here in the United States or in North America runs from October to March. Yeah, roughly.

And then, I didn't really think about this before, but in the southern hemisphere, it runs the opposite and actually peaks in August. Right. Yeah. Most of the time, it's just an inconvenience for you. But it actually kills people sometimes. Yeah, it can be dangerous for sure. So in 2011 and 12, that was a pretty low year for deaths from the flu in the US. There were 12,000 people who died from the flu or complications from the flu. 2012-13 flu season, 56,000 people died that year. And I think the average is something around 36,000 people in the US die from the flu every year.S. die from the flu every year. Yeah, and apparently the World Health Organization says around the world,

as many as a quarter of a million people to a half a million people can die every year from the flu. Right. There's a lot of folks. It is. So, I mean, and the idea of dying from the flu, that's awful because, I mean, if you feel bad enough as it is from a flu that you recover from in a few days, imagine dying from that. That would just be a terrible way to die. Yeah. And the whole thing, Chuck, comes down to this little tiny virus, the influenza virus, and there's different types.

Influenza, I found, is actually a shout out to the Italian name for it originally. Did you know this? Uh, did not. So, I'm going to say it normally, but then you have to say it in your famous Italian accent. Influenza de Fredo. Are you talking about the influenza de Fredo?

Yeah. Which means influenza of the cold. Oh, all right. A lot of, for many, many, many, many years, because the flu is most predominant in the colder months, everybody just assumed that it was the actual cold that was getting you sick. Right. That turns out not to be true.

It's an actual virus that does seem to favor the cold, drier conditions of the winter months. But this little tiny virus gets into your body and it starts this chain reaction that is just fascinating. Yeah, so it is a respiratory illness. So like I said before, when you hear people say the stomach flu, which I've said a lot in my life, because I get it once a year with the poopy butt and the vomitus mouth and the ill belly. At the same time though, I can't, I think I've asked you this before, but I don't really need to.

Has it literally ever happened at the same time? I think once in my life. Man, that's rough. I was on the John with a bucket. It's so rough. Well the worst time I ever had it, and I may have told the story before, I was sick at a friend's house which is the worst, when I was not living in Atlanta but I was in Atlanta. And I was like, I just got to get to my mom's house.

Yeah, I was like, I was much more comfortably being sick there. And he was working, it was just one of those things. And so I got in my brother's car that I was borrowing while I was in town. I don't like where this story's going. And I drove, no lie, probably about a hundred miles an hour to Snellville from Atlanta. Thinking, and I pooped in my pants in the car. And I remember thinking, if a cop pulls me over he would have to be a cold heartless individual to give me a ticket because I would just say, sir, don't take

me to prison, take me to a hospital because I'm dying. So I drove 100 miles an hour. It was kind of fun. So you made it home. You showed up with poopy pants and your mom took care of you? Yep. Showed up to Diane's house and I lived. But anyway, that was a long way of setting up this,

which is that is actually not a flu. The stomach flu is not, because the flu is 100% a respiratory illness. Right. And it's not something that happens in your stomach or in your butt. Right. And let's talk first before we talk about the actual effect of the flu. Let's talk about the virus a little bit for a second, OK? So back in 1931, there was this Iowa farm physician,

which is to say he was a human physician of humans, but he probably lived on a farm because it was Iowa in 1931. His name was Richard Shope. And he was trying to figure out what this bug that was getting people was. And he investigated with pigs first, because there are plenty of other animals that can come down with the flu, not just humans, right?

Right. And he finally isolated, he isolated the flu virus in swine, and it led to this discovery of the isolation of the flu virus in humans too. So right after that they started classifying the flu by strains. You got A, B, and C, right? So A is the most common and most severe. That's the bad news. B is a little milder, a little less prevalent, and then we go all the way down to C, which is, I get the feeling C doesn't happen a lot, and it definitely isn't the one that you're going to have like a big epidemic of the flu from a C. Yeah, I couldn't find much on C influenza either. Poor C.

Yeah, it'll make a comeback one day and it'll shock the heck out of all of us, right? Probably so. So type A infects all sorts of different species, right? Humans, birds of all kinds, pigs, bats, horses even. Yeah, I mean, remember the avian flu, that was, that scared the world. Oh yeah. And that was A. Right.

That was A strain. B strain is almost exclusively infective of humans. Apparently, the only other species we've ever found a type B influenza virus in is seals. God knows where they got it from. Or if we got it from seals, who knows? Maybe up north? I don't know. And then that C one, it just infects humans and pigs. So you got the three types.

And then one other thing about them, about the classification of flu strains, is that there are also subtypes, right? And so you mentioned like avian flu. And the one that scared everybody was, I think, H5N1. Yeah, that was it. I remember. So the H and the N are the, they refer to the two kinds of, the two main proteins that you find on the outside of a flu virus,

hemagglutinin and neurominiase. Okay? And so depending on those types of H protein or M protein, that's how they subtype flu strains. Yeah. So, I mean, that's a good little factoid. I don't think anyone really understands what those letters mean. That's what they mean.

You know? Yeah. But as far as you're concerned, just pay attention to the news and when they talk about the scary ones, they'll mention those letters and numbers, and then you can impress your friends. Yeah. You can be like, oh, well, they're talking about hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. And they'll say, shut up, nerd.

I hope you get sick. So as far as the standard flu that we're talking about here, the virus, it gets into your body and it kind of makes a beeline to your respiratory tract. the standard flu that we're talking about here, the virus, it gets into your body and it kind of makes a beeline to your respiratory tract and it binds with your cells. Did we do one, a general one on viruses? The one I think we really went in depth on was HIV where we talked about how virus enters the body and takes over. It's just vicious.

It is, but it's also, it's kind of like admirable in a really like deadly efficient way, you know? It is. So they bind to the surface of the cells in that respiratory tract and then they say, hey, I'd like you to meet my little friend RNA. Why don't I inject my genetic information into your nucleus and see how you like it? Right. And when it does that, the cell has been officially hijacked. And the virus uses the cell's own RNA transcription

process to create the proteins that are needed to make new versions of the virus. So the virus is using this host cell in your respiratory tract to make copies of itself. And suddenly, before the cell knows what's going on, it's made millions of copies of these viruses, right? And apparently, when you talk about it step by step, it seems like this takes a little while.

No. In seconds, seconds after that the virus has entered your respiratory cell, millions of copies of it have been made. Yeah. Like this is happening so fast, it moves in there, it says I'm in charge now. Out of the way. Yeah, completely out of the way. I'm running the show here. We're copying each other and we're going to move out to the cell membrane because this cell is going to die very quickly. And then that's just going to poof me out into the body further to infect other cells.

And it's scary how quickly this happens. Right. So, if you think about it, if that first cell produces millions of viruses, viral copies, and then they're released from the cell out into the rest of the other respiratory cells, and each of those infects another cell, and then those cells all make millions. You see how quickly these viruses reproduce in your body. And once that starts to happen, you are infectious. I think once that first cell ruptures, you become infectious.

But this can be like a day before symptoms, right? So this is something people are always saying like, oh, I'm not infectious anymore. Like me, I said it earlier too, right? But supposedly the day before you even know you're sick, the day before the first symptoms start, before you start like sniffling a little bit or whatever, you're infectious, buddy. Yeah.

And you're infectious up to seven days after that day you first start showing symptoms with the flu. And if you're a kid, you can be infectious even longer because if kids are anything, they're walking germ factories. They are disgusting monsters. It's hilarious. It's true, man. Like my kid didn't get sick at all for the first 18 months of her life, and I thought, I've got a wonder baby. Yeah, really.

And I don't know what's going on. We put her in daycare a couple of days a week, and she was sick nonstop for the next six months. Man, that is rough. It is rough. And then they get the family sick, and we'll talk a little bit about that and how that happens. But all this is to say, during

flu season, especially if you work in like an office where, you know, when you hear like the flu's going around or whatever, or anywhere you work or in school, if you hear about the flu going around, even if you don't feel sick or your cubmate doesn't feel or look sick, just start washing your hands a lot. Oh yeah, that's like, they say that's the best way to prevent getting the flu or spreading the flu is washing your hands a lot. And it's so simple that you almost might discount it, but it's actually true. Like, that's the best way to do it.

You can wash the flu virus off of your hands with some soap that will bind to it and the water will wash it right off. And wash that flu right out of your hair. Yeah. And if you have the flu, stay home. Yeah. Everybody but me. Stay home. Well, we're up against it. We had to record today. And also, wash your hands just constantly. Like, if I'm about to touch anything, I'll wash my hands first. Right. Just constantly. Like, if I'm about to touch anything, I'll wash my hands first. If I'm going to go somewhere outside of the hot zone, which is whatever room I'm sequestered

in, you know, I will wash my hands. You know? I appreciate that. I mean, trust me, we're in this tiny studio now, the three of us. I know. I'm trying not to breathe. You know, you've done all this in one breath. It's impressive.

Yeah, I know. Well, quickly, before we take a break, so you can breathe again, we're gonna talk about symptoms afterward. Before you get these symptoms though, what's happening is your respiratory system is gonna become inflamed. And this inflammation might stick around for a few weeks, but from there, it moves into your bloodstream,

and then that's when you're gonna get these symptoms, once it sort of moves into your bloodstream, and then that's when you're going to get these symptoms, once it sort of moves into the bloodstream. Right. And we're going to talk about the symptoms, as promised, right after this. Our iHeart Radio Music Awards are coming back Monday March 17th on Fox, starring Bad Bunny, Glowrilla, Kenny Chesney, Money Long, Nellie, your host, iHeart Radio, LL Cool J, are you guys ready to have some fun tonight? Plus iHeart Innovator Award recipient, Lady Gaga, iHeart Icon Award recipient, Mariah Carey, and I Heart Breakthrough Award recipient, Gracie Abrams. Watch live on Fox, Monday, March 17th,

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I-Heart Radio podcast is brought to you by the I symptoms, okay? You know what I need? I need one of those like reeds that Bugs Bunny used to like hide in the water when Elmer Fudd was hunting him. I could just like get a long one and maybe a crazy straw would be even better and just like pipe it out to the air duct right there. That's a great idea. What do you think? We'll get everybody else sick except you and Jerry. So the symptoms sound a lot like a cold because the symptoms are kind of the same.

A cold is usually not as fraught with potential complications and maybe a little less severe, but they're pretty close, which is why you couldn't tell earlier if you had a cold or flu. Right. But that fever, that's the big one apparently. It's a big distinction between the two. Yeah, I think that's kind of the way I just distinguish it, right? Yeah, and the colds are also caused by viruses or caused by coronaviruses, which can, there are types of coronaviruses that are really bad

that cause like MERS and SARS. Yeah. But for the most part, when you catch a cold from a coronaviruses, it's a low-level virus or it's a rhinovirus. That's the other one that you catch a cold from a coronavirus, it's a low-level virus or it's a rhino virus That's the other one that causes the common cold, right? So it's just a different kind of virus producing similar symptoms to a flu. Do you remember when? Peter Sarsgaard was on Saturday Night Live years ago

No, he was you know the actor sure he was on there during the SARS, when there was that SARS scare in the United States. One of their skits was he had developed the SARS guard, SARS guard. Which was just basically a surgical mask, but it was just funny. They said SARS guard, SARS guard like 30 times and I laughed every time. I think his younger brother was Pennywise the Clown

in the IT movie, right? Oh, I don't know. I'm pretty sure that was a Sarsgaard and he is amazing. Yeah? Have you seen it? No. Oh, you gotta see it. You're gonna love it. Now, was he a Sarsgaard or a Skarsgaard?

Oh, God. I didn't know there were two different things. Well, they're the Skarsgaards, which is like, Stellan Skarsgaard is the dad. Okay. And then the son was the dude on True Blood, the vampire show, and then recently on that Pretty Little Liars, I think. I don't know. One with Nicole Kidman. Okay.

That's Alexander Sarsgaard. I think that might be him. Is Sarsgaard the one who's in Fargo? Sarsgaard? No. Who is that? Peter Sarsgaard the one who's in Fargo? Sarsgaard, no. Who is that? Peter Sarsgaard. Yeah, that's another dude.

What is up with all these guys? So are you sure you're not just dropping the K off of Peter Sarsgaard? All right, here's the deal. The guy in Fargo, man, this is such a bad sidetrack already. It's pretty bad. The guy in Fargo was Peter Stormare. Okay.

So he's not even in the equation then. No, but I definitely know that there is Peter Sarsgaard because he either was or is married to Maggie Gyllenhaal. Oh, yeah. I guess I knew that. Peter Sarsgaard. Okay. And then there's still an Alexander Skarsgaard and I don't know who it the clown was.

It's Bill Skarsgard. And is he related to the Skarsgards? I guess so. Yeah, I believe he's the youngest of them. Okay. Oh, I'm sorry. I was wrong. It was Tim Curry I was talking about.

No, actually, we never looked stuff up, but I did look that up. Yeah. No, actually, we never looked stuff up, but I did look that up. Because the headline here says Alexander Skarsgard's reaction to his brother Bill's clown costume. Yeah, his acting goes way beyond the costume. They did go with the costume, but it was good. I know there were so many people screaming at their phones, but I think we finally got it right. Yeah, sorry about that, everybody. I also want to apologize for any medical students

who are being forced to listen to this as part of their class. Hopefully your instructor fast forwarded through that part. All right, back, this all got started with SARS-Guard, SARS-Guard. Oh yeah, that's right, because that's from the coronavirus. This is the influenza virus we're talking about that creates this inflammation, which is your immune response, right, in your lungs?

That's correct. And the symptoms, like a cold or coughing, sneezing, the fever, which is different, like we said, with the flu, achy body, which usually comes with that fever, and then Josh's runny nose and congestion that you can hear in your overall lethargy. Yeah, I am a little under the weather, I guess is a good way to put it. I can tell. So those are just standard flu symptoms. You can have secondary hand in hand with the flu, as far as like death from flu complications goes,

is bacterial pneumonia. Yeah, that's no good. And for a very long time, science wasn't quite sure why you were just so susceptible to bacterial infections when you were battling the flu, and they figured it out. It's actually your body's immune response that is responsible for it, right? So when you have the flu and your body starts to battle it off and you get a fever and your lungs become inflamed, that's your immune system's response to the flu virus.

But when your body says, okay, calm down everybody, let's bring the temperature back down, and your body represses its own immune response, it opens the door for bacteria that normally it would be able to fight off to take advantage of this kind of naturally weakened state that your immune system is in, and you're much more susceptible to infections from bacteria. And that's where pneumonia comes from. You can get viral pneumonia, but you usually get bacterial pneumonia. And that's the stuff that people can die from, because that bacteria infects your air sacs in your lungs, which fill with fluid and pus and blood,

and you die from choking on bloody froth that fills up your airway. Yeah, it's a bad jam, man. Severe dehydration is another secondary symptom of the flu. That's why, of course, you always want to drink plenty of water when you have a cold or flu. I looked that one up too, Chuck, because if you think about it, why? Why would you be dehydrated from the flu? It's from sweating? Yeah, sure. Your nose running?

Yeah. It's just leaking fluids. Yeah, you are. And like, they start to add up, and all of a sudden you're dehydrated before you even knew it. That's right. Ear infections, especially if you're a kid. Sinus issues. Emily always gets bad sinus problems along with this stuff. I know. She was starting to get a little sniffly. Is she sick? She did get sick. Oh, that poor lady.

Yeah, New York, man. Yeah. It killed everyone I love. And then if you, like in Emily's case, she's slightly asthmatic, but if you are asthmatic, you have like diabetes, it can make that stuff worse. Yeah. She doesn't have diabetes, right? No. Well, the reason diabetes is comorbid with the flu

is problematic when you have the flu is because type 1 diabetes especially is an autoimmune disease, so your immune system is already repressed, I guess. Yeah. And then heart conditions can be exacerbated by it because you're getting less oxygen from your lungs into your bloodstream, which strains the heart. And if it's already weak, people have heart attacks from the flu if they already have a heart condition.

Isn't that crazy? Yeah. Again, it's a bad jam. Well actually, in the episode coming up about the silly one, about the ten cursed movies, remember the little girl from Poltergeist died at 12 from a heart attack brought on by the flu. Yeah. Right? Yeah. Or she had like a stomach blockage. They initially diagnosed it as the flu.

Oh, okay. But I thought it was never like a virus like that? I don't think so. I think they mistook it. All right. Well, then forget all that. But people do, so your point still remains correct. Okay. So how you get the flu is this.

Like you said, it's generally about November through March, January and February tend to be the worst of it here in the United States. And as we mentioned, offices and schools especially, because children are filthy monsters who just don't wash hands and they breathe on each other and touch each other and they don't cover their mouths when they cough or sneeze. But it's pretty cute when they hug each other. It's very cute, actually.

It's worth all the sickness in the world. It's pretty great. But that's the reason that kids tend to spread it more, because as much as you try and teach them to cover their mouth when they cough and sneeze and wash their hands a lot, it's just not really on their radar like it is for adults. No, not at all. Because they are dirty, dirty, dirty creatures. And then, you know, the kid then in turn brings it home and the family gets infected pretty

quickly because try as you might, there's just a lot of close contact with kids that you can't avoid. And even if you're washing your hands, they will find a way to infect you. Right. And if you go even further back, there's an even earlier origin before kids picking it up at daycare or preschool for the flu. Usually, it comes from other animals we're finding, right? Very frequently birds, like we were saying, right?

And they used to think that for a human to catch a flu from a bird especially, that flu had to show up in a mixing vessel, usually a pig, which was capable of taking it. It could be infected by a bird flu and a human flu. And flu viruses have this amazing talent called reassortment, where a flu strain and another flu strain can get together and be like, oh, hey, you have eight proteins that make up your RNA?

I do too, let's mix and match and see what happens. And they thought for a long time that this really only took place in pigs and then out would come a new super virus that no one had ever seen before that humans could catch. But from Southeast Asia, people being in close contact with infected birds, especially like in the poultry

industry or something, there have been cases that started in the 90s of avian flu coming directly from birds to humans. So that theory went out the window. Yeah. And that's what set off those fears of a bird flu pandemic that we lived with for many years. Yeah, that's right.

As far as, and you know, a lot of that was just spread from bird poop. Yeah, and it scared people because those bird flus are no joke. Like they have like a 60% mortality rate. 60%, six out of 10 people who come down with H5N1 bird flu die. Right? Luckily it's really, really difficult to catch it

even when you are around sick birds. It doesn't very frequently make the jump to humans, but it can, is what they found. Yeah, as far as the regular flu, the garden variety flu that we're talking about mainly here, it spreads from, well like we said, from touching stuff, from coughing and sneezing, when you cough and sneeze, even if you think you're covering your mouth pretty well, there may be little fluids squirting out between your fingers up to a few feet. Like a fire hose.

It's in the air around you. That stuff can travel, you know. So if that lands on a doorknob or if someone covers their mouth like a normal and then opens a door or borrows a stapler or whatever, it's going to be on that doorknob and then you touch it and that's why like hand washing by the sick and by the non-sick is so crucial. Yeah. And if you're like having an anxious day at work and you're doing your normal thing of chewing on your stapler to relieve anxiety and the guy who borrowed it was sick, you're toast.

You are toast. And as you mentioned earlier, it bears repeating, you can be sick a day before symptoms and you can, or you can be contagious a day before symptoms and still remain contagious up to seven days after the symptoms start. Right. So even if you feel better after day four, you could still be spreading that junk around for a few more days. Right. And they say that even after you feel better, you should stay in bed an extra day,

because again, your immune system is compromised, and you are, like, you can catch other stuff. So you want to be careful. That extra day really pays off. And that's when you just lay in bed and watch Stranger Things 2. Right. I haven't seen it yet. Is it good? Yeah, we just finished it last night. Cool. Did you see the first season?

Yeah, oh yeah. That was great. Season 2 is just as great, if not better. I'm happy to say. I'm glad to say that too. I was a little nervous, you know, because it was something I loved and it's like, oh man. Season two, a lot of pressure. Well, yeah, that's how it happens.

The sophomore season is very frequently like a... Everyone's aware of the success of the show and what people are saying about it. And they try to adapt to the expectations rather than continuing on doing what they were doing before. But good for you guys, Stranger Things. Yeah, so great. I want to get those Duffer Brothers on Movie Crush. Oh yeah, that'd be cool. Those guys would be great.

Should we take a break? Yeah, I think so. All right, we'll come back and talk a little bit about pandemics. Our iHeart Radio Music Awards are coming back Monday March 17th on Fox, starring Bad Bunny, Glowrilla, Kenny Chesney, Money Long, Nelly, your host, iHeart Radio, LL Cool J, are you guys ready to have some fun tonight? Plus iHeart Innovator Award recipient, Lady Gaga. iHeart Icon Award recipient, Moriah Carey. And iHeart Breakthrough Award recipient, Gracie Abrams.

Watch live on Fox, Monday, March 17th. At 8, 7 Central. Hey y'all, it's your girl, Cheekies, and I'm back with a brand new season of your favorite podcast, Cheekies and Chill. I'll be sharing even more personal stories with you guys. And I know a lot of people are going to attack me. Why are you going to go visit your dad? Your mom wouldn't be okay with it. I'm going to tell you guys right now, I know my mother

and I know my mom had a very forgiving heart. That is my story on plastic surgery. This is my truth. I think the last time I cried like that was when I lost my mom. Like that, like yelling. I was like, no. I was like, oh, and I thought, what did I do wrong? And as always, you'll get my exclusive take on topics like love, personal growth,

health, family ties, and more. And don't forget, I'll also be dishing out my best advice to you on episodes of Dear Cheekies. So my fiance and I have been together for 10 years and the first two years of being together I find out he is cheating on me not only with women but also with men. What should I do? Okay, where do I start? That's not love. He doesn't love you enough because if he loved you, he'd be faithful. It's going to be an exciting year, and I hope that you can join me.

Listen to Cheeky's and Chill, season four, as part of the My Kultura podcast network, available on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Love at first swipe? I highly doubt it. What's your biggest red flag? No, no, no.

What's your ultimate green flag? These days, reality TV and social media have us thinking love is instant. We're marrying strangers at first sight, we're finding love through walls, or we're even judging people by balloon pops. But what really makes a relationship last? On this episode of Dope Labs, poet, author, and relationship expert, Young Pueblo, breaks down the psychology and biology of loving better. And he provides eye-opening insights and advice that we all need.

It's a big realization moment that you should not be postponing your happiness. Like your greatest happiness is not necessarily going to like come from a relationship. Your partner, they should add to your happiness, but your happiness is really coming from within you. Listen to Dope Labs on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Welcome to Pod of Rebellion, our new Star Wars Rebels Rewatch podcast. I'm Vanessa Marshall. Hi, I'mbels rewatch podcast. I'm Vanessa Marshall.

Hi, I'm Tia Sircar. I'm Taylor Gray. And I'm John Lee Brody. But you may also know us as Harrison Dula, Spectre 2. Tabin Wren, Spectre 5. And Ezra Bridger, Spectre 6 from Star Wars Rebels. Wait, I wasn't on Star Wars Rebels. Am I in the right place?

Absolutely. Each week, we're going to rewatch and discuss an episode from the series. And share some fun behind the scenes stories. Sometimes we'll be visited by special guests like Steve Blum, voices Zabarelio Spectre 4 or Dante Bosco, voice of Jai Kell, and many others. Sometimes we'll even have a live way debate. And we'll have plenty of other fun surprises and trivia too. Oh, and me? Well, I'm the lucky ghost crew Stowaway who gets to help moderate and guide the discussion each week. Kinda like how Kanan guided Ezra in the ways of the Force.

You see what I did there? Nicely done, Jon. Thanks, Tia. So, hang on, because it's gonna be a fun ride. Cue the music! Listen to Potter Rebellion on the iHeart Radioio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. All right, Chuck.

So we were talking about how seasonal flu has seasons. That's why it's called seasonal flu, right? Uh-huh. That's, I guess, one classification of flus. There's also a pandemic flu. And the same kind of flu virus can be a pandemic flu or a seasonal flu. And I think usually the way it happens is a new virus will emerge from, say, like livestock or poultry or something

like that and infect humans. And if it's totally novel where no human has ever encountered a flu of this type before, it can just lay waste to people. It can kill a lot of people. It can infect a lot of people. It can spread the world. And when that happens, it becomes classified as a pandemic flu. After a couple of rounds around the world,

people will have started to develop an immunity to it, but it'll still be passed around. And so for the decade or so, it can be the predominant strain of the flu, but it'll have changed over to a seasonal type of flu. So it's almost like the pandemic versus seasonal type flu describes how contagious it is and how virulent it is. I think that's the big distinction.

Yeah, and I think also in a pandemic, doesn't that mean it has left the country? Yeah, I think that is kind of one of the indicators of it too, yeah. 1918, these numbers are staggering. This is the worst flu pandemic in world history in 1918. For, I don't know what months exactly, but 1918 and 19. And it killed more than 20 million people around the world.

And it killed most of those people actually in four months from September to December. Isn't that crazy? More lives were lost than all 20th century wars combined to the flu. Yeah. You said 20 million? 20 million worldwide, about half a million in the United States. I saw in many reputable places 50 million people died around the world. Man, that is just, it's staggering.

Yeah, and it was like right at the end of World War I, and just came out of nowhere. And one of the other really noteworthy things about it that just baffled people was it was killing like healthy people under the age of like 22, 23, 24. Like just healthy young people killed by the flu. A lot of them died from pneumonia. And they finally figured out that it was because

it had been about 20 something years since a flu resembling that type of strain had made the rounds. So people under say like age 25 had never been exposed to it. So it was a novel flu, which just leveled the people it was exposed to, who had never encountered something like it before. Yeah.

I mean, it's scary to think about. I mean, truly, that couldn't happen today, could it? Or could it? Oh, yeah. Yeah? Sure. Man, you'd think that we could head something like that off these days. Do you know, like, a third of the population of the world was infected with that flu that year?

Wow. Isn't that crazy? I know. That's hard to believe. Yeah, that can totally happen. It's a real concern. All right. So as far as your risk of getting the flu, if you're a kid, like there's different risk groups, like high risk, low risk, whatever, medium or average risk. But if you're under two years old, your little immune system isn't quite smart enough yet to know how to fight things off.

So you're definitely more at risk. And as always, what affects the children also affect the elderly. So if you're over 65 seniors, is elderly wrong to say? I think elderly is technically 81. Oh, really? Yeah. All right. So, we'll go with seniors.

Seniors, active senior adults who have decades left ahead of them. That's right. Who else? Anyone who has any kind of chronic, like I mentioned, asthma or diabetes, any kind of chronic condition, if you're pregnant, if you work in a hospital or a doctor's office or a nursing home. Nursing home, not just the people who work there, but the residents, too, are in a really vulnerable position because they are in the elderly age range. Their immune systems are pretty compromised.

If they're in a nursing home, they're probably ill already, and then they're living in close quarters with other people who are ill. That's a recipe for a disaster. Yeah, sure is. It's also a recipe for tapioca pudding. It is. The best around. Remedy-wise, and we'll talk about vaccinations here in a minute, because I thought that was kind of one of the most interesting parts of this.

But as far as remedies, if you get the flu, it's a virus, so you can't take antibiotics. You can't take a pill that's going to cure you. There are some antiviral drugs, which I've never tried any of these, have you? No. No? No. I tried Zycam last year once. I think that's for colds. Yeah, I thought that was like discredited.

Well, I mean, I had a few people say, oh, you should try Zycam. It helps knock out your cold faster. It killed my sense of taste and smell. Oh, no. For several days to the point where I was scared. I don't remember that. I'll bet you were scared. Yeah, and I looked it up and it's a thing.

Oh, I do remember that actually. Yeah. Yeah, that's just really unnerving, the idea of maybe it's permanent. Yeah, it was pretty freaky. Yeah, I'll bet. And super noticeable. It wasn't like a subtle thing. You'd be like, Chilly!

I miss you. So that was my experience. I'm not making some sweeping statement about that medication. Way to COA, man. But there are antiviral drugs called, there's one called Tamiflu, Relenza, Flumidine, little on the nose if you ask me.

Flu stop. Well, the antiviral drugs, they seem like a good idea, but they seem like a good idea under the premise that seasonal flu strains were used to think, they used to think that they died out at the end of a season, right? Right. Well, they started tracking them. Like, our global monitoring system is really top notch. And they can track flu around the world and they've found that seasonal flu

at the end of the season in North America, it just goes to South America. So since that's the case, when you use antivirals and you're exposing these flus that go on to survive, you're also training them, evolutionarily speaking, to adapt so that those antiviral drugs are useless against them for people who like really need them. So just like with antibiotics, using antivirals just to cure a common flu or to shorten a common flu is probably a bad idea when you're talking about the whole population. Yeah, and that's what they do.

What they try to do is just keep the spread, cellular spread from happening as much as it can. Right. Isn't that sort of the easiest way to say it? Yeah. Yeah, there's one keeps them, well, two, a pair of them keep them from replicating and then another one traps them inside a cell once they enter. Right. It's like, oh, God, I can't get out.

The door is locked and then death. And they're all prescription drugs, if I'm not mistaken. So vaccines are pretty hot. They're like the hot thing to do on a Friday night is to go get a flu vaccine, right? Yeah. I didn't get flu shots for many, many, many, many years until I had a kid. Yeah, and they say, like, if you, especially if you have a baby under six months of age, they can't be vaccinated. And so everyone around them should be vaccinated is the recommendation from the CDC.

Yeah, like our close family, the grand-grands and the abbas, all in the pop-pops and the poppas and the poopas and the meemings and the momos. Hey. That's your dog. All right, yeah. Yeah, Momo got a flu shot. That was nice of her.

She's very kind. So yeah, we all got flu shots. And I just wasn't, you know, I never got the flu much. I didn't have a disbelief in the flu vaccine. I was just like, nah, I don't really need to bother with that. Yeah. That's kind of, I was fine. Do you get them now though?

Is it a habit of yours now? Well, yeah, now just, they just sort of recommend it when you have kids. Up until they're a certain age, you should get vaccinated as a family. Right, and when you have kids, if you get them vaccinated, you, once they're able to be vaccinated, again, under six months, they say, no, no, no, don't do that. When they're young though, and you're getting them vaccinated,

they need to be vaccinated twice, like a month apart. Yes. And so with flu vaccines in general, they recommend that you get it as early in the season as possible, because it takes about two weeks for that to take effect. So with a kid then, I guess you would want to get them, so that six weeks before the flu season? I don't know.

Or is that second one pretty much like, oh, okay, now it's taking effect? So is it four weeks plus two weeks? I don't remember the schedule. Yeah? I don't remember the schedule. Yeah, I don't remember the schedule. Well, ask your doctor, okay? We're not doctors. Stop pressuring us. Well, they'll tell you, like, when you go to get your little kitty checkups, they say, you know, come back in this month and get your flu shot.

Number one, and then flu shot number two. And so for a while there, there were two kinds of flu shots that the CDC recommended. One was an actual shot, the flu vaccine that was in a shot form. Yes. And then there was another one that's called live attenuated influenza virus, which came in the form of a nasal spray.

And that was usually recommended for kids. I don't know if it's because kids don't like needles or what. But the CDC has officially stopped recommending nasal flu vaccines. So they don't do those anymore. Well, and when they were doing it, when we say kids, you had to be over five because it was a, like you said, a live virus. Right. It was a live weakened virus.

Yeah, and that's different. Like if you think, all right, I'm going to get a flu shot, so that means I'm going to get the flu virus shot into me until I might feel like I have the flu. That's not really the case. It's really kind of neat how they do it. These scientists and doctors, like you said, track what's going on in the world of flu, all over the world, and they sort of make a, well, they don't sort of, they very definitely make a prediction and say, here's the flu strain specific to the United States, let's say,

that I think we're going to be faced with this year and they make their best scientific guess possible. And that is the, you get a not live version of that virus injected into your body. Your body sees, hey, foreign invaders here, let me produce antibodies. Then if that virus or if the real flu knocks on your door later that winter, your body says, wait, I've met you before, I'm not going to fight you. But it's pretty cool. And it literally, the effectiveness, I looked up this year, and it's a year to year thing. It's 40 to 60% on this year's strain. And it varies because it really just depends on how well those scientists have predicted, how much they get it right. Right, because if they get all three wrong, well, then you're toast when you encounter the flu that's going around that season. It's really interesting. But even when they do get it right, it's kind of baffling that sometimes the flu vaccine just doesn't bestow any kind of immunity.

Yeah. any kind of immunity. Apparently Australia just came out of a really bad epidemic flu season down there. And it didn't cause a lot of deaths, but everybody was sick with the flu. It was an H3 type flu that went around. And even though that strain showed up in the vaccine that was given out, only like 15% of people who got vaccinated and were exposed to the flu were immune to

it. Like 85% of people who got flu vaccines and then encountered the flu still got sick. That's a pretty bad track record for a flu vaccine and they're just not sure why. One of the theories is so when they make flu vaccines, they grow them in egg protein typically, like eggs. That's the medium they use to actually grow the viruses that they then kill. One researcher pointed out that at least one kind of flu virus mutates in the presence of egg protein so that the virus that you put in to grow in there is different from the one that comes out. It's a mutated version,

and so maybe that would prevent your body from recognizing the original one that you were trying to introduce it to in the vaccine. So interesting. It is pretty interesting. Well, and they say there's a list of people who should not receive the flu shot, and one of those qualifications is,

if you are allergic to chicken eggs, then you shouldn't get a flu shot. Yeah. There's like a couple of other ways that they make flu shots, flu vaccines, but that chicken egg is the most predominant way to do it. Yeah. If you currently have a fever, wait on your flu shot. Under six months, of course, we said you cannot.

If you have had flu shots in the past and you had a bad reaction, because like I said, it's not going to make you sick, but you might feel a little achy or have sore muscles or something, but you can have a bad reaction and if that's the case, then maybe flu shots aren't for you. Right. And if you're an anti-vaxxer, then you probably already decided that flu shots aren't for you. Correct. Which we will never do an episode on that.

On vaccinations? Right. Oh, you don't think so? I don't know, man. So, the idea that a flu vaccine can, you know, check all the boxes, but still just be wrong, wrong, wrong, or not confer immunity, has some people looking for a universal vaccine, check all the boxes but still just be wrong, wrong, wrong, or not confer immunity. Has some people looking for a universal vaccine

or one that lasts way longer than just a year, what they're targeting is, so when you get a normal vaccine, that vaccine is based on that HA protein, the hemagglutin. Yeah. And that's the most quickly evolving part of any flu virus, right? So they're saying, well, let's look at other parts of the flu virus that don't evolve nearly as quickly and target that. And some of those parts are even basically universal among all flu viruses.

So if you can find, if you can create a vaccine based on a stable part of a flu virus that's a part of every flu virus, one vaccine could confer ideally lifelong immunity from all influenza for anybody who takes the vaccine. One vaccine to cure them all? Exactly. Wow. Yeah. So you got anything else? No. I mean, I guess we're not going to cover the Boogie Woogie Flu.

I thought that was Boogie Woogie Fever. No, it's the Rock of Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu. Oh, that's nice. What's that from? Is that an Atlanta Rhythm Section song? No, they're better than that. Oh, okay. Well, since I said Atlanta rhythm section, everybody,

that means it's time for listener mail. Yeah, this is a Simpsons overlooked, overlooked Simpsons bit from us. And this is not one of those, we get plenty of things where people are like, how could you not have mentioned this quote or this episode? But the response was good. Then people weren't necessarily poo-pooing it. No, and also I want to say thank you to everybody who wrote in to just say congratulations or to thank us. That was all, every single one of those emails or tweets or posts were all well received. So thanks for those guys.

Totally. But this is something we failed to mention which definitely deserves its own email. And this is from Rich, our man on Cape Cod, as he says. Hey guys, was listening to The Simpsons two-part or enjoyed it very much. You explained how an episode came to be from conception to animation etc. and you paid respect to each portion. But then you slide it off one of the most important men in the franchise. You just said, and then they slapped Danny Elfman's score on it and it's done.

Well, as any true Simpsons aficionado would know, Danny Elfman has never once written a score to the Simpsons. He wrote, as we know, just the title, or the theme song. So he says, that job fell to the immensely talented and recently terminated via email Alf Klassen. For 27 years every score, every cue, every song was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Klassen and his live orchestra. He's won two Emmys and seven Annie Awards for his work. The reason this is such a painful sight was because this omission has been happening for years.

Claussen has worked insane hours writing music for a live orchestra to accompany an animated show. He's always played second fiddle. Nailed it, he said, to all those who think Elfman is any part of the show after he penned the main title. In fact, the main title theme song we all know and love is actually Claussen's re-orchestration of Elfman's theme that took place mid-season three

with a lusher, more crisp orchestration. Wow. I bet you anything, Rich plays the oboe. Alf Claussen, I'm so sorry. I know, he said, I admire your podcast for bringing light to information that has been stuck lurking in the shadows You always make sure credit is given to those who sometimes went their entire lives without getting the nod they deserve

Well, this guy's really turning the knife in our backs, isn't it? And I feel you Oh Claussen that respect so Alf Claussen for real and then he it was a bit of a longer email He told the story of how he was recently fired by email which is not cool no it's definitely not yeah sir 20s 27 years yeah of dedicated work I know man not cool guys so that is a rich our man on Cape Cod well thanks a lot rich appreciate that that was one of the better emails I've heard in a while agreed if you want to try and top rich let's see what you got you send us an email stuff podcast at howstuffworks.com was one of the better emails I've heard in a while. my heart radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Reality TV and social media have love all wrong.

So what really makes relationships last? On this episode of Dope Labs, poet and relationship expert, Young Pueblo breaks down the psychology of love and provides eye-opening insights and advice we all need. You should not be postponing your happiness. Your greatest happiness is not necessarily going to like come from a relationship. Your partner should add to your happiness, but your happiness is really coming from within you.

Listen to Dope Labs on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Ever wonder what it would be like to be mentored by today's top business leaders? My podcast, This Is Working, can help with that. Here's advice from Google CMO Lorraine Twohill on how to treat AI like a partner. I see AI as an incredible co-pilot.

You may use different tools or toys to get the work done, but AI as an incredible co-pilot. You may use different tools or toys to get the work done, but AI is just the latest flavor of that. You're still the judge of what good looks like. I'm Dan Roth, LinkedIn's editor-in-chief. My podcast, This Is Working, leaders share strategies for success. Listen on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Are you hungry?

Colleen Witt here, and Eating While Broke is back for season four. wherever you get your podcasts. London and Carrie Harper Howie turning Big Macs into big moves. Catch Eating While Broke every Thursday on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, wherever you get your favorite shows. Come hungry for season four. Dressing. Dressing. Oh, French dressing. Exactly. I'm AJ Jacobs and my current obsession is puzzles. And that has given birth to my podcast, The Puzzler.

Something about Mary Poppins. Exactly. This is fun. You can get your daily puzzle nuggets delivered straight to your ears. Listen to The Puzzler every day on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.