Ten Percent Happier with Dan Harris - How to Break Your Anxiety Habit | Judson Brewer (2021)

Episode Date: January 26, 2022

This week, we’re sharing some of the best episodes in our archives about anxiety. Dr. Judson Brewer is a psychiatrist and deep dharma practitioner who argues that anxiety is a habit, and is one that you can unwind. This interview explores: what is anxiety; why Dr. Brewer views anxiety as a habit; how mindfulness can be harnessed to deal with anxiety; and if there is any level of stress or anxiety that is healthy.Dr. Jud Brewer is the Director of Research and Innovation at the Mindfulness Center at Brown University and author of the New York Times Best Seller, Unwinding Anxiety. He has designed a number of apps that use mindfulness to treat addiction and anxiety, including Eat Right Now, Craving to Quit, and Unwinding Anxiety. You can also find Dr. Brewer on the Ten Percent Happier app where he teaches a mindful eating course.  Just a note: This episode is a rerun from March 2021. There are some references that might seem a little out of date, but the content remains relevant.We’re re-launching our ten-day meditation challenge, called the Taming Anxiety Challenge, over on the Ten Percent Happier app. To join the Challenge, just download the Ten Percent Happier app today wherever you get your apps or by visiting tenpercent.com. If you already have the app, just open it up and follow the instructions to join!Full Shownotes: https://www.tenpercent.com/podcast-episode/judson-brewer-repost See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

This is the 10% Happier Podcast. I'm Dan Harris. Hey, hey, some of the best performing episodes we've ever posted on this podcast feed have to do with the subject of anxiety, which tells you a lot about the audience for this show and also more importantly, about the state of the world right now. Today, we're going to talk about what is anxiety really? And should we be thinking about it as a kind of mental habit? Also how much can mindfulness really help?

All this week, we're sharing some of the best episodes in our archives on the subject of anxiety. We originally ran this interview with Dr. Judson Brewer last March near the one year anniversary of the pandemic hitting America. I was hoping that the references to COVID that you're going to hear here, here might be outdated, but Omacron has made this interview more evergreen than any of us would have liked. To help with any anxiety, you may be feeling. We're also relaunching our companion 10-day meditation challenge called the Taming Anxiety Challenge over on the 10% happier app. When you sign up, you'll get videos and meditations specifically designed to help you tame your

anxiety as well as daily meditation reminders to keep you on track. To join the challenge, just download the 10% happier app today wherever you get your apps or by visiting 10% dot com. All one word spelled out. If you already have the app, just open it up and follow the instructions to join. Okay, let me get back to today's interview. Dr. Judd Brewer is a psychiatrist and a deep Dharma practitioner who argues that anxiety, as I mentioned earlier, is a habit and one that you can unwind. I should also say, Judd,

he's a friend. Some of you may know Judd from the 10% happier app where he teaches a mindful eating course. He's also been on the show several times. He's the director of research and innovation at the mindfulness center at Brown University. He's got a number of apps of his own that use mindfulness to treat all sorts of addiction, including one called Eat Right Now, another called Craving to Quit, and another called Unwinding Anxiety. He also has a reasonably new book called Unwinding Anxiety. In this interview, we're going to talk about how exactly mindfulness can be harnessed to deal with anxiety, what is anxiety anyway, Question I posed earlier. Why does he view it as a habit?

And we publicly debate something we've been privately discussing for a while now. Is there any level of stress or anxiety that is healthy? We'll get started with Dr. Judson Brewer right after this. Before we jump into today's show, many of us want to live healthier lives, but keep bumping our heads up against the same obstacles over and over again.

But what if there was a different way to relate to this gap between what you want to do and what you actually do? What if you could find intrinsic motivation for habit change that will make you happier instead of sending you into a shame spiral? Learn how to form healthy habits without kicking your own ass unnecessarily

by taking our healthy habits course over on the 10% happier app. It's taught by the Stanford psychologist Kelli McGonical and the great meditation teacher Alexis Santos to access the course. Just download the 10% happier app wherever you get your apps or by visiting 10% calm. All one word spelled out. Okay. On with the show. Hey y'all, it's your girl, Kiki Palmer. I'm an actress, singer, and entrepreneur. I'm a new podcast, Baby This is Kiki Palmer. I'm asking friends, family, and experts the questions that are in my head.

Like, it's only fans only bad. Where did memes come from? And where's Tom from, MySpace? Listen to Baby This is Kiki Palmer on Amazon Music or wherever you get your podcast. Dr. Judd Brewer, great to see you, my friend. So I think it makes a little sense to start with a foundational question. This might be a little obvious, but I think it's worth asking nonetheless. How do you define anxiety? The dictionary definition of feeling of nervousness or worry or unease, you know, about something

in the future or something with an uncertain outcome is what the dictionary puts together. And I think that works generally well. But I think it also kind of ties two pieces together that are worth teasing apart, which is this feeling, the physical feeling that we have, but also the worry itself. So worry can actually be a noun and a verb. And I think those two importantly are separable, and we can dive into the details of why that's important at some point. It has to do with how habit loops even get set up around anxiety and worry. But I think it's important to differentiate that worry can be both a feeling, but it can

also be a mental behavior. So there's my thinking process, oh man, I don't know if I'm gonna be able to pay rent next month or I'm behind on my work, and then there's the physical manifestations of those thoughts. Absolutely. And the disambiguation is important, why?

Well, the feelings of anxiety are just feelings, right? So they're physical sensations that are often associated with thoughts. But the worry itself is something that can actually drive more worry. So just to give a little background on how I came to understand this, when I was struggling with helping my clinic patients with anxiety. So for example, medications, the gold standard medications for anxiety treatments, there's this term called number needed to treat, meaning how many people you have to treat before one person shows a significant benefit or a significant reduction in symptoms.

For medications, that number is 5.15, meaning you have to treat five people before one person shows significant reduction in symptoms. So imagine me as a psychiatrist playing the lottery, you know, 20% of my patients showing significant improvement. So the medication paradigm has been around for a long time, and that's how I learned psychiatry is to treat them with a medication. And I was really struggling with helping my patients with anxiety because if you look at the best cognitive therapy, it's like CBT, the hit rate there is about 50%.

And that's just in who will respond to treatment. So I started approaching this through different lens where Sanandipidously somebody asked somebody that was using our eat right now app, this eating mindfulness program was saying, hey, I'm noticing that anxiety's triggering eating from me. Can you make an anxiety app?" and said, well, I'm a psychiatrist, but I, you know, I mostly just use medications, but as a researcher, I started looking back at the literature. And it turns out back in the 1980s, when folks were heralding the pro-Zach miracle, or whatever, you know, in the SSRRs were developed. This guy, Thomas

Borkiewicz, was studying anxiety, and in particular, he zoomed in on worry. And what he found was that worry could be negatively reinforced, meaning that worry could actually drive anxiety habit loops. And I'd never thought about that before to look at anxiety and worry in particular those two together as a habit as compared to just a feeling that I need to give people medications for and just to articulate that a little bit You know and we've talked about habit loops before on your show So I'll just do this really quickly Habits are formed with just three elements of trigger behavior and a result It's this evolutionary process that helps us remember

where food is and avoid danger. So if you think of anxiety or some other negative emotion as being a trigger, worry can be that mental behavior that results in two things. So Borkavec and others have talked about how worry either distracts us from the more unpleasant feeling of fear

or anxiety, or, and it could be both, that it gives us a feeling of control. Because even if worrying doesn't fix something, at least we feel like we're doing something by worrying. I'm sure you have no idea what I'm talking about. This is so interesting because you're describing everybody else in the planet, but me. So let me just see if I can play this out and how this would work. It's just in my own mind, I'm about to move. And the thought of moving strikes fear into, you know, I can get a tightness in my chest.

That can be the trigger. The behavior is I start, you know, I start obsessive mentation around all the logistics of the move, everything that can go wrong, et cetera, et cetera. The reward is, I feel like, all right, this is horrifying, but at least I'm on top of it because my worrying will make sure that nothing goes wrong. Yes, absolutely. You're the one that have thought about the possibility that your moving company could suddenly go bankrupt the day before your move. But are you telling me that my worrying is useless?

Well, let me phrase it this way. I haven't found any evidence to suggest that worrying is actually helpful. So for example, worry can actually drive more anxiety because we know we think about all these things that we hadn't thought about. Like, oh no, what if my movie company goes bankrupt or what if there's a blizzard on the day of my move or whatever. So that can actually just perpetuate anxiety. And what that can also do is it kind of makes the thinking part of our brains go offline. So this is probably

helpful for anybody listening here. So this old part of our brain, the fear-based learning, right? Negative reinforcement is actually that survival mechanism. We see the saber-to-tiger, we run away, we survive, right? That's helpful. So it's not that fear isn't helpful. But then on top of that got layered, this preal cortex, this new or part of the brain, and that's involved in thinking and planning. So of course thinking and planning is helpful for your move, right? You got to plan ahead. Yet what that needs is it needs precedent and it needs accurate information.

So you can say, well, what happened the last time I moved? What can I learn from that? Or when other people moved? Can I extrapolate from that? And what accurate information do I have, with the weather? Is it gonna be a blizzard on that, Darryl? All that.

When there's a lot of uncertainty, fear plus uncertainty leads to anxiety. And that anxiety makes the thinking and planning part of the brain go offline. So we can't actually utilize the thinking and planning. So I would postulate that worrying not only is not helpful, but it actually makes things worse because we can't think and plan. We think that we're doing the right thing because we're gaming everything out, but in

fact, we're driving ourselves into a hole where actually the quality of our thinking is going down because we're activating the reptilian folds of the brain, the migdala, the stress and fear center of the brain, and that actually just shuts down the more advanced parts of the brain, the prefrontal cortex. Yes, basically. So, if fear is not useless, in other words, fear can have its uses. It's when we get into the obsessive thinking that's triggered by the fear that that's where we need to watch out.

Absolutely, and that's all I was saying. It's helpful to differentiate those physical feelings from the thinking piece because the physical sensations, they tend to be just there. A lot of my patients, they wake up in the morning and the first thing they do is they check in with themselves and they're like, yep, I'm anxious, you know, whereas that anxiety can then lead them to start worrying about why they're anxious, which then perpetuates them being anxious and worried all day.

Okay, so that's interesting. Let me just take, I'm hesitating a little bit just because I don't want to be too selfish about this, but here we go. I am writing a book, unlike you, I cannot sneeze out a book very quickly. You have this incredible ability to write very fast and very well at the same time. It takes me five years to write anything that's like decent. And I shouldn't say just decent, I should say having a shot at being decent. And that period for me is quite difficult. And I do find that I actually kind of walk around with a tightness in my chest, quite frequently,

even right now, as I'm talking to you. But there's nothing I'm anxious about. You know, I'm enjoying talking to you. There's nothing I'm acutely concerned about. So I should just be mindful of the feeling and try not to let it throw me into a whole set of useless rumination around why am I the anxious guy, et cetera, et cetera. Well, I think there are two pieces there. So the short answer is yes. And the try not to can be a challenge. So here approaching it from just kind of being able to see these things clearly, being able to see these habit loops to see where there is,

if there is a habitual component there, right? Is there worrying there that's even running in the background? Sometimes that can be so pervasive that it's like constantly in our working memory because it's just what we do. You know, I worry, I worry, I worry, I worry. And that can then just be constantly feeding that feeling of tightness in your chest that you're talking about. So I think being able to see that clearly is very helpful. Maybe I can give a concrete example.

One of my patients and I actually wrote about him in my book because it was a pretty interesting case where this gentleman was referred to me for anxiety and he walks in my door and I, you know, Jackie looks anxious, you know. So I didn't just like throw some meds at him and send him out the door. I asked him to describe what his anxiety was like, but it was very much a black box for him. And he also had panic symptoms. So I said, describe the panic. And he said, when I'm driving on the highway, I feel like I'm in a speeding bullet. It was so bad that I started avoiding driving on the highway. And then that would help alleviate those thoughts because he didn't,

he wasn't driving on the highway anymore. Yet he was so anxious that even driving on the local roads to get to my office made him pretty anxious. So what we did in probably in the first five minutes of his visit, I just pulled out a piece of paper and a pen and I just wrote down trigger behavior result. And I said, okay, let me see if I've got this straight. Your trigger is these thoughts, your behavior is to avoid driving and then the result is that you can avoid those anxious thoughts. And he had this a hallowed look in his eye as if he had never understood this before. It's kind of like if we don't understand how our

minds work, how can we possibly work with them? So that example, going back to your point, I would say the first step is to really, before jumping in and saying, I'm going to do something about this, which can often come in the form of, I'm going to fix this even consciously or subconsciously. I'm not saying that's the case for you, but for a lot of my patients, it's like, oh, here's the anxiety. I need to do something to fix it. And so the first step is really just being able to map these pieces out to see where there's a component that can be fed by worrying. And then to be able to move into aspects of experience where we can start to bring in

basically awareness to see and feel, see our thoughts, feel our emotions on our body sensations. And then that can help pull that fuel from the fire so that we're not constantly stoking the fire of anxiety. Does that make sense? It does, but I want to get way more granular on it. So let's just take your patients who say they wake up in the morning and because they're a patient of yours, they have learned to sort of check in with themselves. And they notice, oh yeah, I've got feelings of anxiety in my body. This is not an uncommon feeling for me. So what's the move then? So the first move for them is to check in to see if those feelings of anxiety are driving them into worry. So for example, people at Generalist Anxiety Disorder,

in this gentleman that I just mentioned, he met all the criteria for both panic disorder and Generalist Anxiety Disorder. Okay, so he's poster child for anxiety. So the first step there is to just see, are these feelings driving his thoughts that are then driving back and feeding the feelings? Can I map this out?

And then for them to check throughout the day, to map it out, to see what else it is driving. So for example, with this gentleman, I sent him home, I gave him our unwinding his idea up and said, just go map out your habit loops. And I failed to mention that this gentleman was 180 pounds overweight. So he had hypertension, he had a fatty liver,

he had obstructive sleep apnea, his body was not doing well. He came back two weeks later and the first thing he said to me was he actually looked better already. But the first thing he said to me was, oh doc, I lost 14 pounds. And I looked at him kind of quizzically because we hadn't even talked about weight loss at that point. He said, you know, I was mapping out my anxiety habit loops and I realized that anxiety was driving me to eat. And I thought that that was helpful,

but it didn't actually help me at all, so I stopped doing that. And he went on to lose over 100 pounds. He's described it as effortlessly, because he just became less excited to do that. The reason I mentioned that is that anxiety can drive a whole lot of other things that then feed back, because he was worried about his

health and he could actually start to get a handle on his health, which then decreased his health anxiety, which then decreased his general anxiety. So is the end state here for people who live with anxiety to, it's not that you're never going to feel the throbbing in your chest or whatever physical manifestations there are of fear, it's that you're going to learn not to let it drive you into unconstructive behaviors. Yes, absolutely. And I think there's a way that we can actually tap into our brains to do that.

That's what I wrote a lot of the book about. But that's the end game is to, I think of it as, it's not about not having thoughts or emotions or sensations. It's about changing our relationship to them. And often in the process, if we change our relationship to our emotions, we can see where we're feeding them, we can stop feeding them.

And at the same time, when they do show up, we don't resist them, because that resistance is part of the feeding. You know, what we resist persists. And that's absolutely true. So those are two elements that work complimentary. So I can sit here having this conversation with you. And I may notice, yes, there's residual tightness in my chest because I the last thing I did before I came into this interview was spend a bunch of time working on my book. Or I may even just notice the tightness in my chest while I'm working on my book, but I can be cool with that,

aware of it, not making a big deal out of it, and checking whether it's driving me into sort of obsessive thought, but that doesn't mean I have to let it push me into thinking about, why am I so anxious? I'm never going to get better, et cetera, et cetera. Absolutely. Just to give you an in-the-moment example of that,

that last sentence that I just said, those two can work complimentary. My brain started saying, well, that's not grammatically correct. Bob, Bob, Bob. So in this moment, I could be here sitting thinking, oh, man, I'm totally bombing it on this great podcast. Or I could be like, oh yeah, that was not grammatically correct.

Boop, let it go. And then we move on with a more interesting conversation. So absolutely. I didn't notice it just for the record. You mentioned that in the book, you talk a lot about tapping into the brains natural resources in order to help us with this. And I want to get to that. But just let me ask another sort of 30,000 feet question.

How do we know whether we qualify as having some sort of clinical level of anxiety or whether we have garden variety anxiety? How do you tranche these things you as a professional? There's one of the tools that's used most commonly clinically, and we use this in our research studies as well, is called the GAD7, generalized anxiety disorder seven,

which is surprise, seven questions. And it can give a marker of severity, but it can also help diagnose. It's not perfect for diagnosis, but we can use it to clinically track people's level of anxiety. And there's below five is minimal anxiety, five to 10 is mild, five to ten is mild,

ten to fifteen is moderate, and above fifteen is boy, you're really anxious, I think officially it's severe. So we can use questionnaires, and that tends to be gold standard right now in psychiatry and psychological research around anxiety, because we don't have physical markers of anxiety. Certainly there can be surrogates, but they're not specific enough for anyone individual. I hope everybody here listening, if they feel like they need one, they should get a therapist, a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a social worker, whatever you think is right for you. But if I'm listening to this and I'm not working with a mental health professional, how do I gauge whether my anxiety is just a natural response

to the fact that we're living in a pandemic and any of the other sort of disturbing current events or whether it's disrupting my ability to function fully? Yeah, so here it's pretty subjective and a lot of the psychiatric, the DSM for the psychiatrist Bible, there's often this caveat at the end of you go through these checklists of symptoms, and then it says, and must be causing some disturbance in life, basically. We can have a bunch of these symptoms, and it might not be causing us any problem at all. And so I think that's a critical aspect is to ask ourselves, oh, I met this checklist, blah, blah, blah. But how am I actually dealing with this? Is this causing a disturbance? And I think this really highlights the importance of looking at

the relationship with our thoughts and emotions rather than just looking at them objectively and saying, oh, yeah, that's a problem. So, for example, I know you've played a lot with like not eating sugar, this or that. It's not that sugar is a problem, but it's how we relate to sugar. And that's very individual, right? So it's like, well, sugar is a basic building block. It gives good calories. And in certain ways, when it's delivered through non-processed foods, can be very nutritive in that sense.

So it's really looking at these things and how we relate to them. I think that's really critical. Much more of my conversation with Jed Brewer after this. It's really looking at these things and how we relate to them, I think, that's really critical. Much more of my conversation with Jed Brewer, after this. Raising kids can be one of the greatest rewards of a parent's life. But come on, someday, parenting is unbearable. I love my kid, but is a new parenting podcast from Wondry that shares a refreshingly honest and insightful

take on parenting. Hosted by myself, Megan Galey, Chris Garcia, and Kurt Brown-Oller, we will be your resident not-so-expert-expert. Each week we'll share a parenting story that'll have you laughing, nodding, and thinking. Oh yeah, I have absolutely been there. We'll talk about what went right and wrong. What would we do differently? And the next time you step on yet another stray Lego in the middle of the night, you'll

feel less alone. So if you like to laugh with us as we talk about the hardest job in the world, listen to, I love my kid, but wherever you get your podcasts. You can listen ad free on the Amazon Music or Wondery app. I would love to get you to say more about the methods you lay out in your book on winding anxiety for how we can work with our fear no matter where we are on the spectrum from my term, not yours, Garden Variety to all the way up to the spectrum of generalized anxiety disorder. So the first step we've talked touched on a little bit, which is

just mapping out these habit loops, like I talked, you use the example of my patients. And anybody can do this, they can pull out a piece of paper, they can write down trigger behavior result, or they can even bring a piece of paper with them or take it on their phone or whatever, and just map out any anxiety or worry related habit lips. That's the first step, okay? Pretty straightforward. Something that anybody can learn in five minutes or 30 seconds even as I did with my patients. That's actually the first part of the book is helping people not only see how anxiety and worry can be mental behaviors and how to map out those

habit lips, but also how they can apply those to other habits as well. Because why not? And there are a lot of other habits related to anxiety. It's like, it's the drinking that's gone up tremendously into the last year. It's that Netflix has gone off the charts because everybody's distracting themselves with Netflix. So we can map out all these other related habitats as well. The second step is really my favorite part, but it's favorite from a research perspective because this is so cool how the brain works.

Okay. So, of course, as I mentioned, I've been approaching anxiety from a lens of habits, like how can it be driven habitually through worries and mental behavior? So this goes back to some of the research that my lab has done around the reward value with other behaviors. So for example, there's this formula from the 1970s called the Rescola Wagner model, where we tend to hold a certain reward value of a certain behavior in mind. Okay, it gets stored in our brain so that we don't have to relearn that behavior every day. So for example, cake versus broccoli, let's use cake as an example. So if we have this value stored in our brain, we don't have to relearn it every time we're like, what's broccoli tastes like?

What's cake tastes like? What we've done is we've laid down this composite reward value. Every time starting as a kid, we go to birthday parties. All the times we've gone to celebrations where we've eaten cake. All the times we've eaten cake to cheer ourselves up. This gets laid down as a composite reward value. And there's this hierarchy in our brain of reward values. So broccoli generally tends to be lower than cake

for most people. So we can tell ourselves stop eating cake, but if it worked, I would happily find another job and I wouldn't need to help my patients with obesity because our thinking brain doesn't hold a candle to our feeling body. Our body looks at the cake and says, well, that's pretty rewarding. Eat it. What are you doing?

Just staring at it. Eat the cake. So, the only way to actually update that reward value is to bring in something that you might have heard of before. It's called awareness. Okay. And what we're scrolling, when I could talk about was what's called a positive and a negative prediction error.

So if I'm looking at a piece of cake, and I, you know, it looks really good, and I take a bite of that cake, and it is absolutely delicious. It's better than any chocolate cake that I've had before. It's something that happens to call a positive prediction error. It's more rewarding. It's better than any chocolate cake that I've had before. Something that happens to call it positive prediction error. It's more rewarding than I expected. Or if I bite into that cake and the chef accidentally used a bunch of salt instead of sugar, and I spit it out and disguised, I get this negative prediction error. And what that does is it trains my brain to say, hey, you better look out for that bakery

whoever baked that cake might not be doing a good job. So the cake in that specific setting decreases in its reward value. So it's easier for me to go past that storm. You're like, eh, tasted like salt last time, I'm not interested. Okay. Now we've done research with this where we can actually embed mindfulness tools into our apps where we can actually measure reward value on a moment-to-moment basis. And we can have people go through a mindfulness exercise

and really pay attention so they can update that reward value. So if it's overeating, we have people, we say, go ahead and overeat. And we have them do that and then ask themselves, how content do you feel right now? And check in with themselves. Within 10 to 15 times of people doing this exercise,

we can map out that reward value change. That behavior drops below the value of not doing it. And we've seen this both with eating food and we've also seen this with cigarette smoking. Cigarettes are pretty straightforward because they don't taste very good. Okay, it can be a little more subtle. So we can take that principle

and see that mindfulness is a key ingredient. Really awareness is that key ingredient, but that attitude of curiosity like, hmm, what did I really get from this? As compared to saying, oh, I shouldn't eat cake. Those are very different things. When we really see that reward value clearly, that updates in our brain. This goes all the way back to the ancient Buddhist psychology around becoming disenchanted with these old behaviors. So, here's disenchantment in a modern-day formula through math for those folks that like math.

That's awesome. I'm not great at math, but I like that there is a mathematical formula that my postdocs can go and measure and calculate and write papers about. But we can actually apply this to worry as well. And so, that's the next step is to really, map out these habit loops, anxiety and worry, right? And then when we're worrying, we can ask ourselves,

one, what am I getting from this right now, right? Feel into our body. Oh, it's actually making me more anxious, for example. And two, we can ask, is this actually solving the problem that I'm hoping that it'll solve? So for example, you know, common one is parents, when they have teenagers and their kids go out

partying with their friends, they're gonna worry until they hear that door unlock and the kids home safely. My guess is that the worry isn't actually making the kids safe, just a guess, okay? So they can ask themselves, well, what's worrying getting me right now? Well, they're getting an ulcer or they're getting, you know, high blood pressure or trying

to control their kids' lives. None of those are helpful. So that's one aspect that folks can pay attention to. The other is, goes back to this resistance. So if there's just anxiety and somebody's not worrying particularly, they can see, am I trying to fix the anxiety? Am I trying to find the problem? Why is this anxiety happening? And what am I trying to fix the anxiety? Am I trying to find the problem? Why is this anxiety happening? And what am I getting from the resistance or that trying to figure it out and solve it or trying to avoid it? Whatever the behavior is that's not helping them

just simply be with and accept their anxiety, those feelings, and see if they can just welcome them in, which is not easy to do when somebody's first starting. But over time, when they realize that these feelings are simply body sensations, emotions, they can start to experience being with them. Or all these practices that you know from your own experience can help us

at least start to get our foot in the door of not just constantly and quickly trying to get rid of anxiety as quickly as possible. So that's step two. I have a million questions about step two, but I want to let you finish the steps. So I'll keep them in my head. So we'll go quickly into step three and then we can go back to step two because step three is relatively simple.

I think of it as if your brain has found that something is unrewarding, it's going to say, okay, give me something better. So I think of it as the BB out, the bigger better offer. And ideally, we would find something that is intrinsically rewarding, not something external. So you can say, well, if you're anxious, just go look at Q pictures of puppies on Instagram or whatever, or binge on Netflix. But our brains become habituated to those things. There is such a thing as too much of a good thing. And I've heard Joseph Goldstein talking about, yeah, try just having sex for a long, long, long, long, long, long time. It just doesn't work out that well.

You've got to stop at some point. So there is too much of a good thing and our brains become habituated. That's how our brains learn. It's like, well, I get the cute pictures of puppies now, give me something cuter. So we need to look internally if possible. This idea of having superpowers for our brain, I think you first introduced that to me. And I don't know, what did you talk about? Mindfulness is a superpower. What specifically? I think I said that. Sounds like something I would say. Yeah, no, definitely.

So I think it was mindfulness where you're like, mindfulness is like a superpower. I think I said that. Sounds like something I would say. Yeah, no, definitely. So, I think it was mindfulness where you're like, mindfulness is like a superpower. I think of the attitude and equality of mindfulness. So you think of mindfulness being awareness and an attitude, non-judgmentist, what a lot of people say. I think of it as curiosity. You can positively frame it that way. I think of curiosity as a superpower. And my lab's actually done research on this, But basically anybody listening can ask themselves what feels better, being anxious or being curious about that anxiety in this moment, right? Curiosity feels better. We've done studies with hundreds of people looking at the reward value of a bunch of different mental states across the board. People rank

curiosity, kindness, connection, much higher than anxiety and fear and worry and things like that. So it's about finding that bigger, better offer and the nice thing about mindfulness and awareness is that awareness is intrinsic and curiosity is intrinsic. It's just about awakening it. So we don't become habituated to it. And if we think, oh, I'm bored of being curious,

we can go, hmm, what's it feel like to be bored of being curious, you know, and then we're curious again. So that's the third step. You think of it as any, I think of it as any mindfulness practice that can help us step out of the old habit loop. The way this would work in practice is, again, just because I haven't yet broken the habit of self, let me just stick with myself for a second as an easy example. I'm sitting here, still have the throbbing in the chest. The BBO would be, hey, can I just be curious about it? Not curious like, why am I such an anxious person,

but curious about what are the physical sensations right now and what kind of starbursts of thought might the sensations be triggering that I could drop out of and see as they happen? Absolutely. And I think you're touching on an important point that I didn't actually know until two years ago, which is there are two different flavors of curiosity. And you just named both of them. So one is called deprivation curiosity, which is as it sounds, not having information, right, which drives our brain to go get information because information is food for our brain

and food helps us survive. Not knowing the answer to something or not knowing why I'm anxious, for example, is a rabbit hole. Let me ask you, what does it feel like when you're like, oh, why am I anxious? Does it feel more closed down or does it feel more opened up? Definitely closed down.

Yeah, so the other is called interest curiosity, where I think of deprivation curiosity is the destination. Once you get the answer, you've arrived at the end of your journey. Interest curiosity is about just exploring the journey, the joy of discovery. So in the moment, if you just focused on the interest curiosity, does that feel closed down or does that feel opened up? In the moment now, we're example with the whatever tightness I'm feeling in my chest. If I just can be gently curious about what does this feel like without trying

to dive into story? Yeah, it feels much better than trying to do amateur psychotherapy on myself. Yes. And that's actually what my lab has found. So when we mapped out these 14 mental states and looked at the reward value, we also asked people, does one feel more open or more closed?

And uniformly, people reported that the ones that fell open, including curiosity, were more rewarding. So there may even be this intrinsic continuum between contracted and closed down versus opened up that is already different, or a differential in the reward spectrum. One feels better than another, which is goodness for the human race because anger and frustration and divisiveness feel much worse and more closed down than connection and kindness.

If we could just get everybody to wake up to that. Yes, and that's about the waking up part. It's about being aware of the results of being mean versus the results of being kind to each other. Sticking with the habit loop around anxiety, the BBO, again, just to put a fine, fine point on this, step three in terms of unwinding this anxiety is getting to the bigger, better offer.

So you're sitting there feeling your anxiety wherever you feel it in your body and you notice that you might be headed toward the back of Doritos, but then you remember actually, no, I've been aware through the Dorito binge several times and seeing that it just makes me feel terrible about myself and terrible physically. So I'm just going to drop back into like checking out what does it feel like to be with these

feelings right now. And that in and of itself is the reward. That's the BBO. Yes, absolutely, especially when you compare the two, you can feel back into what is like to dive into the bag of Doritos. And then you can compare that to what it's like right now just exploring those sensations. And the results, what do I get from just exploring versus if I were to dive into the bag. I'll give you a clinical example of a patient that I just saw maybe a week or two ago.

She just hit her one year of sobriety and she's in her 50s. She's been drinking a long time, let's say. So we used a lot of mindfulness practices with her, and she actually had a lot of anxiety, so she was using her own wedding anxiety app as well. What she does every morning is she wakes up and she asks herself, what would I get if I drank? When phrase for this is playing the tape forward. So we can think we have to draw on old memory to project into the future. So what that does is it draws back on what she did in the past that led to her drinking and what the results were versus what it's like right now to be sober. And for her, being sober feels great, you know, compared to drinking or being drunk.

Do you ever have people say, I mean, Doc, you're telling me that the reward is mindfulness? I mean, come on, how can that compare to binging on whatever it is I want to binge on to shut down these feelings? I'll be a temporarily of fear, anxiety, etc., etc. Well, I think the difference here is that overindulging on anything is not physiologically adaptive. And so our brains know this and they're going to say, hey, you better cool it on whatever that is. And actually, what feels good is kind of this udymonic state of being where there's just this ease, there's balance, there's, we're not driven.

And when we're over indulging, not only do we get the consequences of over indulging where we have to deal with the headache or the hangover or the full stomach or the guilt or whatever, But at the same time, all those pieces are driving us to crave that thing more. And that craving is very unsettling. It says, do something, do something, do something. So especially when you bring all those pieces together, it feels much worse than simply noticing, oh, there's some chocolate. Am I hungry? Or do I just want a little piece

for a little bit of sweetness? And can I stop there? There's always a pleasure plateau that we're gonna hit. But if we don't pay attention after the awareness comes in, we're just gonna keep doing those things habitually, driving us to really a bunch of different negative outcomes. So yeah, I'm saying awareness helps us see

how unrewarding these other things are. Yet the awareness itself helps us go through life, not constantly pulling at this and pushing at that and pulling at this and pushing at that. So you're not using meditation or mindfulness or awareness as a each of vegetables good for you type thing. You're using it as a way to orient the brain toward what actually feels good right now, always. Yes, and I would argue that eating your vegetables actually feels pretty good. I guess it does. Feeling healthy, feeling energetic, not having a sugar rush and crashing, not being

constipated. All these things that come from eating our vegetables, eating whole foods, for me, it's a no-brainer. I mean, it is so much better. You talk about curiosity being the superpower. Could you substitute or add in a word, this is a big word, not in length, but in its cultural heft? Could you add in something along the lines of love? Absolutely. Yes. And I would say, well, my lab's research types of love, and I think you know about this,

but if we look at the commonality between, say, curiosity and love, they share a quality of experience, which is this opening up, is this expansion, right? So when I'm feeling love from somebody, or when somebody's kind to me, it just feels good. I feel more connected. I feel more open. And when I'm curious about something, I feel more open. I feel more connected with the world.

So I think that you have slightly different flavors, like it's slightly different phenotypes, let's say, but at their core, that opening is the same. And I think I remember Deepa Ma, who is this famous meditation teacher, somebody asked her, what's the difference between loving kindness and awareness or something like that?

And she said, there's no difference. I hope I'm not misquoting her on that. But the idea there is, at the core, it's the same. And at the core of these practices, whether it's kindness practices or love, truly selfless love, not a love year if you love me back, type of thing, which is more transactional,

that core of opening, I would suggest, is really a key aspect of mindfulness itself, is helping us see basically how unruerting it is to be contracted and whatever leads to that. So divisiveness leads to contraction and how great it feels to be open and connected, which both love and curiosity do. So I don't know if that gets it. Your questioner just provokes more questions, but that's how I see it right now.

Both. I've always been confused when you hear meditation teachers say things like love is attention, or attention is love. But I think now I'm starting to understand it that just this open, interested, this is also a loaded word, but caring, but not caring necessarily in the sense that you're like Florence Nightingale But just like you I like the expression just north of neutral, you know You do give a crap on some very basic level Then and to me it feels like those two can be if not interchangeable at least closely closely related

Absolutely, and I would suggest that they can foster each other They can support each other because anything that helps move us in the direction of opening helps us see how rewarding it is and helps us look for other things that will do the same thing. Yeah, mehence, for me, why a fully balanced meditation diet includes both, and I discovered this very late in my meditation career, both straight up mindfulness, you know, feeling the breath, and then when you get distracted to start again, and loving kindness, you know, where you're actively boosting your capacity to care. Part of, for me, where I got confused on this is that love is such a frayed word in our

culture, and we start hearing string music, and seeing, you know, white lights, blah, blah, blah. But actually, if you define it down, it's quite useful to think about it as just our wired, our innate capacity, hardwired capacity to care. Absolutely. And you can direct that towards yourself in moments of anxiety. And for me, can even have a cognitive aspect to it of, okay, I'm noticing that I'm feeling fear, but you know, this is the organism trying to protect itself.

I think I'm stealing that line from Jack Cornfield to I love. And then I can be like, all right, yeah, I get it. This is, I don't have to fight against this. I can relax a little bit and feel it. Does that make any sense? It makes a lot of sense. And actually, I'm thinking of one of my patients

who said when we were training her and kind of seeing this for herself, she would use the little mantra. When she would get anxious, she would just say, Oh, that's how my brain works. To remind herself exactly what you're talking about, which is my brain is trying to protect me. It's this old thing. In a modern day, everything is not a survival threat yet my brain proceeds it that way. And so let me give my brain a break. And in the process, it's like putting ourselves in our brain shoes, so to speak. We can then have compassion for our brain

because we understand how it works. And it's like, oh, it's okay, brain. And that also helps it get out of its little rut, too. In terms of understanding, though, and this gets back to the issue of curiosity, does it not make some sense, because I think this happens a lot in therapy, at least in my experience,

to try to get a sense of what's happened in your personal history and maybe even back in your family history, because we know that intergenerational trauma is kind of an interesting thing. Is there no value to that kind of excavation done well? So certainly done well, it probably doesn't hurt anything. Yet I love this, there's this quote, forgiveness is giving up hope of a better past. Have you heard that before? No, I like that. So the idea is if you look at it from a habit perspective,

habits are per pet, so let's say it's self-judgment, okay, for our past or you know or whatever. Giving up hope of a better past means it's not about why this is happening right now. It's about what is happening right now. Because what drove it to happen right now is less relevant than that it is happening right now. And having people devote their energy to the what, as compared to the why, is really helpful in helping them step out of these things.

Now, I could certainly see those patterns, where if somebody's in an abusive relationship, for example, and that it was a result of generational trauma, you know, where their parents were in abusive relationships, where it is just comfortable, and that's what they know. Being able to see that pattern is obviously very helpful because it might actually help them step out of it

a little more easily. And also seeing how that can actually be perpetuated just because it's comfortable, maybe just as helpful as knowing, okay, well, so I've seen that pattern over and over and over, I get why it's happening. We can also get why it's happening from a brain perspective.

And you can think of this as back to our K-person ancestors. The K was our comfort zone, right? We're in safety. We don't have to have our alert systems on. When we go out into the Savannah foraging, we have to go on high alert because we don't know if there's danger out there. Okay. When we go out into some new territory, this could be, let's say, an abusive relationship. Somebody moves out outside of an abusive relationship, it feels very uncomfortable because they had the safety of the relationship, even though it was an abusive one. Right?

So we can move out into this discomfort and we can freak out and go into a panic zone where we're like running back into the safety or finding somebody else as quickly as possible that might repeat the pattern. Or we can then bring curiosity in and say, oh, this is my brain. This is how my brain works. I'm moving out of my comfort zone into the growth zone.

This is new and different. What if I dated different people, for example, or hung out in different environments, and know that that uncertainty is part of our brain's survival mechanism, but it doesn't mean we need to run quickly back into the cave because that could actually be detrimental for us. So they are certainly understanding the past can be helpful, but also just understanding some basic biology of how our brains work, some basic psychology, I would suggest can help us identify those patterns

in the moment that they're happening, and that's what helps change habits. I don't have hard and fast views on this, but I think, going to my head, I would have to say I'm kind of both and on this. So let me kind of gently challenge you. But again, just a personal example, I was talking to my psychiatrist recently about the aforementioned move that has provoked some anxiety, some financial concerns as a matter of fact. And I was kind of laying it out to him and he was challenging me on it.

And you pretty quickly arrived at the fact that there wasn't much evidence to support the financial concerns. We've made responsible decisions financially. Then he pivoted to, what was the attitude around the house when you were a kid around money? And I started remembering, oh yeah, my parents didn't want to run the heat too much, so we wore parkas in the winter. And yeah, like my parents drove like really crappy cars, even though they both were very successful physicians, et cetera, et cetera. They're quite flinty new Englanders.

And he was like, well, he's in a possible that, you know, some of the anxiety you're feeling right now is this sense of maybe you're breaking your parents' rules about, you know, how to comport yourself as a grown-up. And there's just some, it's kind of like a little bit, he didn't use this word, but maybe a little bit infantile or childish. And it was helpful for me to see my anxiety

in that historical perspective. So, it felt helpful. So, what am I missing if anything? So, that certainly can be helpful. And I would say the key is, when you feel anxiety in those moments, how do you work with it? Our thinking brain doesn't hold a candle to our feeling body. And so, if we get really, start to get really worked up, trying to think ourselves out, you're like, well, my parents were like this when I was a kid, that may not actually snuff out the flame of anxiety in that moment. But what is probably more guaranteed is if you bring in your mindfulness practices in those

moments to work with the anxiety. So I think it's a both-and. Certainly seeing it and seeing, oh, that's how it got set up. But how it got set up is in the past. What's happening right now is that it's showing up. And the best way not to feed anxiety is to make sure you're not fueling it. Right. The psychologist Jonathan Height from NYU, Jonathan, if you're listening, you're invited on the show. I was reading a book he wrote recently called The Righteous Mind, where he describes the way the mind works as like an elephant with a rider, a human rider. The elephant is our subconscious, our feelings. The rider is our thinking capacity, and often the rider is just a PR agent for the elephant,

or a lawyer for the elephant. We think we're really running the show, but it's this unseen giant animal. And that kind of jives with what you're talking about here. Yes, it might be helpful to give the writers some historical perspective on the roots of his or her or their anxiety, but learning to work with the elephant through seeing it, through awareness is going to be more powerful over time. Yeah, absolutely. So you can think of it as that seeing the historical origins would be like, oh, this is an elephant as compared to a kitty cat or a puppy, you know, oh, and then learning

how to ride it. Yeah. Much more of my conversation with Jed Brewer after this. Much more of my conversation with Jed Brewer after this. Okay, one technical question, and then I want to get to a long running debate we've been having over email. The technical question is, in order to do the Dr. Judson Brewer unwinding anxiety steps, you've talked about mindfulness and awareness, do you think that meditation, formal meditation practice is required here? How are you defining formal meditation practice? Sitting, eyes closed or open, and following some set of instructions about how to work with the mind for a few minutes at a time.

Okay. So here I'll give historical precedent and research evidence where I would suggest that, no, it's not required. So historically, if you look at Tibetan Buddhist schools, they talk about actually these short moments many times, where a lot of the teachers will talk about a moment of mindfulness will help in a moment of mindfulness.

If you think about habits, if you wanna set the habit of awareness, if you do it throughout the day, short moments many times, then that's gonna help set the habit of awareness, if you do it throughout the day, short moments many times, then that's going to help set that habit throughout life as well as in context. My research, I love when I set up hypothesis and I'm totally wrong, I learn more from that

than when the hypothesis is confirmed. When we did our first studies, this was with our smoking studies long time ago, where we found five times the quid-racial cinder treatment. When we looked at the data to see what was driving that, it was the informal mindfulness practices as compared to the formal ones. My hypothesis, because I had trained in formal meditation practice, was that it would be

the formal ones. It wasn't that they weren't helping. There was certainly a correlation between formal practice and outcomes, but it wasn't nearly as strong as the informal. What I would suggest is, especially for somebody just starting, trying this out short moments, many times throughout the day, and having that being supported by even shorter, I think you do a great job of advocating like just a few minutes. The formal practices can really help deepen things,

but if we just jump right in and we're like, oh, it's all about levitating off my cushion, we're gonna be frustrated right from the get-go and we might be more likely to give up. So I've actually taken the approach following those data that we start with the informal stuff and actually starting by helping people understand why the heck they're meditating in the first place,

mapping out these mental loops, looking at the push and pull, seeing that in their everyday context so that when they then go to sit on a cushion or sit on a chair, do walking meditations or whatever formally, they can be aware of those patterns much more easily, they can be on the lookout for them. And in that respect, it might augment the utility of doing the formal practices.

So obviously, I like both, but I've actually started with, you know, little informal pieces helping people understand the mind first and then adding in the formal practices after that. You may have said this and if I missed it, I apologize, but what do you mean by the little informal practices of short moments many times? So, going back to the research examples that I said earlier about where we were building mindfulness practices into these apps, where we have people pay attention as they eat food, right?

We'd have people pay attention as they smoke a cigarette. So, imagine if somebody is smoking a pack a day, they have 20 times a day where they can practice being really mindful with a specific activity. So those are the short moments or anytime somebody is walking down the hall and they're feeling anxiety, they can take a moment to simply note what that anxiety feels like in their body. Or they can take a moment to take a mindful breath. Those are the short moments. It's not like, oh, I'm driving on the highway, I'm feeling anxious. I need to pull over and pull up the cushion out of my trunk and meditate on the side of the

highway. It's about in that moment when they're driving on the highway and they're feeling anxious and they notice this worry thought come up to note that, oh, there's this worry thought so that they can be less identified with those thoughts in those moments. That's what I'm talking about. Each of those moments is a moment of mindfulness that will help support the next one. You're talking about the perverse thrill of being wrong. I love the perverse thrill of having something

completely obvious, reassert its prominence in my mind as something that's worthwhile. So like I do find that taking deep breaths, which of course like every parent tells their kid to do this mid-temper tantrum is phenomenally helpful when I'm feeling worried and I know there's a lot of science there. Okay, so let's get to the battle royale here. I've been inquiring with you for quite a while and this goes back to something called the Yerks Dodson law.

Back in 1908 there were these two researchers, aptly named Yerks and Dodson, and they were studying Japanese dancing mice, okay? I don't know what prompted them to do this study, but they started shocking these mice, you know, mild, moderate, and severe shock, and they were testing to see how much each of these shocks would affect their ability to navigate a maze or something, whatever they were doing to test

the cognitive performance of these Japanese dancing mice. And they found that the ma, you know, is like Goldilocks. The moderate shock was enough to get the mouth of their butts and run down the maze, but the too little, they're like, and too much was like, this is my personification of a Japanese dancing mouse getting shocked. So that paper wins largely ignored for half a century. So it was only cited I think four or five times in 50 years.

So in the 1950s, there was a guy, Hanselje, a relatively well-known psychologist who postulated without evidence that maybe this Japanese dancing mouse thing, performance thing, could be applied to anxiety as well. And one of his former graduate students ran with it. So he did a study with rats, held their heads underwater, and found that if he held the rats head underwater,

just the right amount of time they did better, but if he held them underwater too long, they decreased their performance. And he interchangeably used the words anxiety and arousal and all this stuff. So it makes complete sense that we need to be awake and are somewhat have some level of arousal to do things, right? If we're a comatose, we can't check over to do list. But what these guys were suggesting was that there's this sweet spot in terms of where

a little bit of anxiety gets us off our butt to do things, but too much freaks us out and we're paralyzed. So these folks started talking about the York's Dodson experiment as the York's Dodson law, because it was, you know, that's a psychological law. It must be true. If you look at this in this review paper that I found only 4% of studies supported the evidence for this inverted u-shaped curve. Everybody loves the symmetry of an inverted u-shaped curve, right? A little bit, not so much. Just the right amount, gold elocks, everybody wins, and too much the beds too hard, or the poor are just too cold, or too hot. So, 4% of studies supported this, 46% or 10 times that many supported it, complete inverse relationship. The more anxiety there is, the worse people do in performance.

And if you look at the York Stoughts and Law, it went from being cited fewer than 10 times by 1990 to 100 times in like the year 2000 to over a thousand times in the year 2010. So there's this exponential rise in people looking at this heuristic probably with the help of the internet saying, oh, yeah, that makes sense. I'm going to cite this thing and not actually look at the raw data. So goes from Japanese dancing mice to drowning rats to humans improving their performance because they're anxious. And what my PhD mentor, Lumuklia, he's great. He would say, is it true, true and unrelated? Could you be anxious and could you perform well? But it doesn't mean that there's a causal connection

that anxiety is causing better for performance. And when I look at performance, when I'm anxious, I perform worse. That's an end of one. All these studies are backing that up. That there really isn't any evidence for there being that sweet spot of anxiety that improves performance.

So what the data are suggesting is that no amount of anxiety is actually helpful, right? So this goes back to the thinking and planning part of our brain. To think and plan our prefrontal cortex needs to be working optimally, and there's no evidence to suggest that anxiety actually helps our prefrontal cortex perform. So let's use the opposite example no cortex perform. So let's use the opposite example when we perform our best. So I think the example that I can think of the best personifies this or exemplifies this is flow. I've looked into flow a little bit and wrote about it in my last book. But the idea behind flow is when somebody is at peak levels of performance. This is often described in music performance or sports, where somebody's doing such an amazing job

that not only are they just crushing it, but they're actually sucking the crowd in with them because everybody is feeling that energy. So I'm gonna use that as an example of optimal performance. And when you look at flow, me and I check some high coin this term, he's a psychologist

wrote a book flow in the 1970s. He talked about it being effortless, selfless, you know, there's nothing in there about anxiety. There's nothing in there about any of that. It's about actually being completely free of all of these worries so that we are just merging action and outcome. of all of these worries so that we are just merging action and outcome. Right, and I don't dispute any of that except, I think, for many of us, it's a bit utopian. So I think there are times, yes, why I play the drums and there are times when I'm playing the drums and I enter into flow or there are times in meditation when I enter into flow or there are times even when writing. But it's not just like, perennially available to me. And so therefore, a certain amount of like deadlines for writing.

Deadlines are stressful to me, but they actually can focus the mind and get me a little bit up on the useful part of the Yerksdodz and law, which is not obviously a law. So there, I would say, do the parallel experiment. And I would say that I agree with you, it's, if we think a flow is binary, I'm either not in flow or I'm in flow,

then that's going to be a problem. But if we think of it as a continuum, and I think of that contracted quality, or the closed down quality of experience that we talked about before, if that's anti-flow, that's moving in the opposite direction, but anything that helps us open up and open up and open up helps us move along the flow continuum. Okay.

So here, it's not that we have to try to get into flow because trying is going to get in the way. This is the Yoda quote to Luke. Luke says, I'm trying. And Yoda says, do or do not. There is no try. This is about just doing, getting out of our own way and just doing these things. So anything that can help us see where we're getting in our own way, and anything that can

help us kind of open up a bit helps us move in the direction, whereas you can think of flow as the extreme end of that spectrum. So here with the deadline, if we can clone Dan Harris and do the parallel experiment and say, okay, at the beginning of the week, anxious Dan is gonna compete with Calm Dan Dan who is just a little more open. Let's just do a little nudge toward open versus closed Right is the open Dan gonna still meet that deadline? Is he gonna meet that in a way that doesn't feel like oh,, it's another deadline, but like, oh, here's a deadline, right? So it could be the oh versus oh, if we meet that with curiosity, does the curiosity help us motivate to meet that deadline in a way that even helps us perform better

than if it's the oh, you know, so though, oh versus oh, I sometimes worry that if I write in a, and we haven't invoked this term thus far, but I'll put it into the conversation, if I write and what might be described as a sort of self-compassionate way, where I'm listening to my body, not pushing myself too hard,

I'm very interested in that, and I do find that I do better when I do that. Part of my brain is telling me, yeah, actually you do need like hair on fire deadlines to actually get your stuff done. But that's just a habit. Yeah, it could just be habit, right? That's what you've done in the past. That's what helped you associated with getting it done. Yet you can now do the parallel experiment and just feel into what it feels like to really be, you know, riding, feel into what it feels like to be thinking about these things, feel into all the rewarding aspects of your experience versus kind of the stick, you know, it's the carrot versus the stick mentality. I want to make sure I'm not confusing fear, which you've

said has some redeeming qualities and anxiety. Some fear in the face of the headlines we're seeing on the news seems to make sense and to be evolutionarily adaptive, but that is different from anxiety, which is uncontrolled worry in the face of that fear. Do I have that right? Absolutely. So think of it as we have a huge amount of uncertainty right now.

If you think of it from a health perspective huge amount of uncertainty right now. If you think of it from a health perspective, unprecedented in our lifetimes, I can't think of a time globally where the world's population has been less certain about its health, right? But what we do with that uncertainty is critical for the survival piece where if we're worrying about when are we going to get a vaccine or as my vaccine going to work for this variant or blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, we're actually given ourselves that slow burn of anxiety of killing us chronically versus acknowledging the uncertainty, seeing that we don't know all the answers, maybe looking at some trusted sources for information, and then importantly, letting go when we don't have the answer, like

being okay with being uncertain, right? Can we be comfortable with the discomfort? So, when we're in that action mode, though, researching, thinking, planning, hopefully not infused with anxiety, what would you call that? Would you call that a rousal? Given that fear may be present, is it appropriate for there to be some level of stress? I guess I don't want us to get hung up on not having the right words. Yes, so if you look at, I think time scales can be helpful here. So if you look at the time scale of fear, it tends to be pretty short, you know, peaks and then it goes

away. We can't just be like super afraid, super afraid, super afraid, super afraid the whole day. Our physiology is not set up that way. And actually, if you look at it, we're going to have very, very fast reactions of things. So let's say I step out into the street. I'm looking at my phone, my weapon of mass distraction, right? And I forget to look both ways before crossing the street.

So I step out into the street. I look up, I see this bus barreling down at me. Before I can think, before I can even be afraid, I'm jumping back on the sidewalk, right? I don't have time to be afraid. I need to survive. So there's that level, which happens like a millisecond level, you know, reflexively. Then we have this fear response. This is, wow, you should probably put your phone away when you're crossing the street. So there's where the learning comes in, right? That can happen pretty quickly, but what we do with that piece is where the anxiety comes in, where, you know, it's like, oh, I can't believe that.

Or do I have it? I should go see my psychiatrist because I might have a death wish or, you know, whatever. That piece is the chronic piece that is completely optional, where we can be like, oh, yeah, that, I should put my phone away. We'd learn from it. We'd let go of that. We move on.

If you look at animals, I think it's dogs will shake when they've had something stressful, they literally shake it off, and then they move on. I think zebra's or wild animals like that will jump and kick after they've been chased by the lion so that they don't get chronic stress. So I think that's the difference here. And you can tell generally in a straightforward way based on time scale. So I've been giving this speech for the last seven years since I wrote 10% happier where

I talk about how my dad told me that the price of security is insecurity. And that I use that as my little mantra and my pre-mindfulness days, workaholic days, and that it had a negative outcome, many negative outcomes, one of which was getting depressed, self-medicating with recreational drugs and then having a panic attack. I then come back to the price of security, is insecurity at the end of the speech and say, you know, I still kind of believe that. I still believe that if you're going to do anything great

in your personal, professional, volunteer life, whatever, certain amount of thinking and plotting and planning does make sense. It's just that we tend to carry it too far and it's useful. Mindfulness is like a wheat thresher that can separate wheat from chaff and help you see. Oh, yeah.

When am I in useless rumination as opposed to sort of what I jokingly call constructive anguish? Do I need to revise that, you think? No, I think that fits pretty well. And I write in my book about moving out of our comfort zone into panic zone versus growth zone. So I would say that insecurity that your dad was talking about the price of securities insecurity,

that is moving out of our comfort zone into some new territory, into the growth zone. And it's moving from the oh no, which can be paralyzing to the oh, this is different, which helps us, we're a new territory. That's an indicator that we can grow. And that's where breakthroughs happen. It's not in their comfort zones.

It's in the growth zone. So it's not like doing great things is going to mean like willing yourself into a constant state of flow. You are going to be uncomfortable. But how do you want to be with that discomfort? Do you want to be locked down around it? And anxious, uncontrolled worrying, or do you want to be open and curious around whatever challenges you're facing right now and monitoring when you

lapse over into uncontrolled worrying? Yeah. Can we be comfortable with the discomfort, basically, totally agree? Before I let you go, can you just remind us of the book, remind us of the apps that are out there, and where we can go, is there one stop shopping if we want all things? So the book is called Unwinding Anxiety. The apps, so we have an Unwinding Anxiety app that I

read about a lot of the research that we've done in the book. And I'll just actually bookmark this with, I think I mentioned medications that number needed to treat 5.15. We've done several clinical studies with this Unwinding Anxiety app now, and the number needed to treat 5.15. We've done several clinical studies with this on running anxiety app now, and the number needed to treat for that is 1.6. The efficacy there, if I'm playing that lottery, I'd want a lower number.

And then we have a eating app called Eat Right Now, one for smoking, call, craving, and equate. But folks can find all things, Jud Brewer, on the totally self-referential, drjud.com website, drjud.com, and then they can find the book, you know, Anywhere Books are Salt, but there's also a link to the booksellers on my website. Brilliant. Excellent job, Judd, and really appreciate it. Thank you. Oh, thank you. Thanks again to Judd. Thanks as well to everybody who works incredibly hard to make this show. A 2.5 times a week reality. Samuel Johns, Gabrielle Zuckerman, DJ Kashmir,

adjusting Davey Kim Baikama, Maria Wartell, and Jen Poyant. I would be remiss if I did not shout out our compatriots over at ultraviolet audio who do our engineering. We'll see you all on Friday for a bonus episode and it's actually the third part in our week-long taming anxiety series. Our guest is the great Dharma teacher Leslie Booker. We're going to talk about some Buddhist approaches to anxiety. So I'll see you on Friday for that. Hey, hey, prime members. You can listen to 10% happier early and ad-free on Amazon Music. Download the Amazon Music app today, or you can listen early and ad-free with 1-3-plus

in Apple Podcasts. Before you go, do us a solid and tell us all about yourself by completing a short survey at Wondery.com slash Survey. Do us a solid and tell us all about yourself by completing a short survey at Wondery.com-survey.