The Bridge with Peter Mansbridge - Moore Butts Encore - Is Ottawa Ready For A Possible Two Front Referendum Battle?

Episode Date: January 2, 2026

Encore Episode. James Moore and Gerald Butts are back with another one of their highly anticipated "Conversations". This time it centres around the possibility that the near future could see two referendums, one in Quebec and one in Alberta. Is Ottawa ready to handle that fight?  Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

And hello there, Peter Mansbridge here, and welcome to our holiday season, encore episodes of the bridge. All of us here at the bridge send you the best for the holidays. So enjoy now one of our episodes a second time from the fall of 2025. Can Canada handle a two-front referendum battle? That possibility is the question for more butts coming right up. And hello there, and welcome to Tuesdays. It's a more buts Tuesday. Notice we don't say the number anymore.

Because one of the audience quite rightly wrote in, say, man, sweet, you can't keep track of which number it is anyway. What difference does it make? Just say it's a more buts conversation and we'll be listening. So that's what we're doing, starting to. today. James Moore, the former cabinet minister for Stephen Harper, and Gerald Butz, the former principal secretary to Justin Trudeau after the 2015 election, are both with us again for another one of their riveting conversations.

And this one is, this is an important one. It's an interesting one. I mean, think about it this way. If the Parti, Quebec won the next election in Quebec, which is due in the next year, their promise includes a promise to hold a referendum there hasn't been one of course since 1995 and it looked like the federal government wasn't really ready for that one they almost blew it so that possibility exists

that there could be a Quebec referendum but there also could be an Alberta referendum both of these on separation secession call it whatever you want So could Ottawa handle a two-front referendum battle? As unlikely as that seems, it's a possibility. So we decided, let's ask the boys the question. Is Ottawa ready for something they weren't ready for in 1995?

I think you're going to find the answer is quite interesting. And we'll get to them in just a moment, but first of all, we have to remind you of the question of the week for your turn on Thursday, along with the random ranter. But the question this week is, well, it's a nice, kind of classically Canadian one. You know, we've had some heavy-duty questions this fall, so this one's a little easier to handle. The question is simple. Are you looking forward to winter? Are you ready for winter?

Do you want winter? Are you excited about winter? Any of those could be the possible question, but it's basically about winter and how you feel about it. So here are the rules. As always, for the question of the week, 75 words or fewer. And where that's a hard condition,

you've got to meet that. Anything under 75 words. You write to the Mansbridge podcast, to gmail.com. You include your name and the location you're writing from and that's your full name and where you're writing from.

And you have your answers in before 6 p.m. tomorrow. 6 p.m. Wednesday is the deadline. That's Eastern Time. 6 p.m. Eastern time tomorrow. Look forward to reading your answers. Read them all every week and look forward to it as well.

So you can start writing now As you're listening to the Moorbutts conversation Let's get at it right now So it was a little over a year ago That a piece ended up in the Walrus magazine And the title was The Quebec Secession Crisis is coming And Canada isn't ready

Who wrote it? Well, one of our panelists today wrote it it. Jerry Butts wrote it for the Walrus. And it was an interesting time because back then, nobody was really talking about a new era of secession coming in Canada in terms of the possibility coming out of Quebec. Well, here we go a year later. And it seems much more likely that we could be ending up in a referendum situation in Quebec,

but also perhaps in Alberta as well. so in a year it's gone from nobody talking about it to people talking about the possibility in two different places is that a kind of accurate reflection Jerry if we start with you well I think there there was a bit of conversation about it at the time I think that there were it was everybody was sort of afraid to talk about it publicly for obvious reasons because it you get accused of bringing up ghosts and I sure did when

I wrote that piece, but I'm one who believes that forewarned is forearmed, and hopefully that contributed to making people aware of something that I think is inevitable if we get a PQ government in Quebec. It's certainly a much greater prospect than it ever has been in Alberta, although it's certainly hardening to see federally minded, not federalist-minded, Albertans starting aggressive grassroots movement of their own to counterbalance what they see is a fringe movement. But look, you know, maybe it's the fact that I was a terrified grad student at McGill the last time this happened. And everybody in Ottawa assured us that there was no chance the no side was

going to lose. We started the campaign with a 12 or a 15 point bleed. And then there we were on that horrible October night hanging onto the country by our fingernails. I guess one of the things about the article is that it's not really saying that Canadians at large didn't weren't thinking about it. It's saying that those who should have been thinking about it, especially in the federal bureaucracy in Ottawa, weren't thinking about it. That's right. That's right. And I think, again, there's a lot of PTSD, depending on the generation of the federal bureaucracy you're talking about. I think that if you were a young bureaucrat in the mid-90s, you're probably a day.

deputy minister or assistant deputy minister now and you would have lived through that as a formative moment so i think i do think this has changed by the way i think that the federal bureaucracy is thinking more about this now than it was this time last year but i think most people and positions of leadership in ottawa just did not want to entertain the notion and it's a very real one james what do you think of this yeah i mean i sort of cast ahead you have an obligation as a political leader and as a government to imagine the possibility, then imagine the reaction to the possibility, then imagine the reaction to the reaction.

Like, that's part of your responsibility as government, right, is to think about the unthinkable, not to dwell on it obsessively because you have to deal with the here and now. You have to deal with, you know, the mess that's at your feet. But you have to sort of look on the horizon a little bit and imagine and think about it. And so, you know, one year from right now, we could have a POTS of Quebec government in the province of Quebec, sure.

But a PQ government doesn't necessarily, mean a referendum. We've seen that multiple times, right, in relatively recent history. There's the threat of it, but it didn't happen. Pauline Merwad didn't do it. I mean, there was a majority, minority dynamic there and all that. It's true to say that Quebecers,

I remember somebody once said about the Reform Party, they said, I'm not a right winger, and they may be bastards, but there are bastards, they're from the West, and they're going to stand up and fight for us. And I think there's an element of a lot of Quebecers to just say, they'll go to Or they'll go to, they'll go to Quebec City. They'll make some noise and they'll shake their fist and they'll fight for us.

And, you know, if they threaten, they threaten. But I don't think they'll actually do it. And in the end, it'll be a referendum and I don't really want it to happen. So I think there's a lot of that. But you have to be careful about what you unleash if you unleash the beast and that things could spiral out of control. And so I do imagine a, you know, a scenario, a worst case scenario where you have a government in Quebec that is elected, that is Pelsa Kibigua, who has a portion of its base,

who have an expectation, who are absolutists, that. the goal is to get to that sovereignty moment or some kind of sovereignty association. And then frankly, in terms of federal political leaders, you have an NDP leader who is not bilingual, not Francophone, not Francophile, in either of the two frontrunners who are currently leading the conversation for NDP leader, Pierre Pahliav, who aspires to do well in Quebec, but is not doing well in Quebec, and a liberal prime minister whose French is very, very rough and who relies on others to tell him, what to say in order to be seen to be empathetic and supportive of the province of Quebec. That's not a great combination, just at a high level to say that we have those personalities,

the charisma, the charisma in the sense of appreciation for the frustrations that Quebecers have of staying in Confederation, that creates anxiety for me. Well, and I'd add to that, of course, that by Quebec law, the leader of the no side would be the leader of the opposition right in national assembly and that currently is Pablo Rodriguez and many of your voters voters Peter you if you were running you have lots of voters but your listeners not voters many of your listeners will probably be unaware of the current traviles that the leader of the Liberal Party of Quebec is enduring I'm not sure I would want to have that person as the spokesperson for the country the one and only

legal spokesperson for the country during the campaign. But I will say, Peter, that one of the reasons I wrote that piece, in fact, probably the main reason I wrote that piece was what I was seeing in my day job at Eurasia Group and just how porous

the current communications environment, the information ecosystem, has made everybody's borders. I was worried that what little thinking was happening about the prospect of a referendum was drawing too close of an analogy to what happened in 1995, whereas if it happened now with the chaos that's going on in the United States

and the adversarial nature of the geopolitical environment, remember 95 was just post-Cold War, the biggest problem we all had geopolitically was how we were going to organize ourselves to divide up the spoils of the victory over the Soviet Union in the Cold War. And in this case, we'd have at least one, probably two, maybe three, very severe. sophisticated active participants from outside the country that would love to create chaos on a 9,000 kilometer border with the United States. And I just don't think that we think about that very much in this country. We think of ourselves as kind of a refuge from the geopolitical electrical storm out there

when we'd become center stage if we had a referendum in one of our provinces. And by the, if you're feeling my view that you have an obligation to think about what could be possible and sort of seeing around the corner. What if, you know, like the United States can say that they're going to supply Canadian steel with the U.S. steel. They can't do that with aluminum. There's a lot of capacity, the energy grid that exists in the northeast of the United States that comes from Quebec.

What if three months, six months from now, maybe after the midterms, I don't know, something, but Donald Trump does start doing sectoral deals with Canada and the lead up to Kuzma. And what if there's a cargo that is very accretive to the province of Quebec on those core elements. Part of the agreement that I think a lot of Quebecers have, which is I'm comfortable with in Canada so long as there's cultural accommodation. I'm comfortable within Canada so long as the sum is better than the whole of its parts. I'm comfortable and I'm happy to be in Canada so long as I have the passport, the dollar, the trade agreements that are all net benefit to Canada.

But if each of those things one by one is not better, that my cultural accommodation is being threatened because the CBC is going to get blown up or there's not a sensitivity to the uniqueness of the Quebec nation and this North American footprint of all English that, like, and those things aren't being recognized or understood, and we have a prime minister who doesn't speak French very effectively. We have an official opposition leader in Ottawa who wants to blow up cultural institutions that protect my culture. And then on top of that, the Americans are going to give us these trade access dynamics that will protect the, and make Quebec whole in a way that Ottawa is not protecting us, but America is offering it. And if you get my point, that if these

things start wrapping together, then you start thinking, well, maybe there is a dynamic here that'll be better off and maybe we can be better off. And that creates real concern for me as well. Like that really starts to weaponize the not just the emotional dynamic of having been respected by the, you know, lack of respect by Canada because of the failures of Meach and Charlottetown or lack of respect from Ottawa coming out of the 91 recession, which goes into the 95 referendum. But now there are clear sort of tectonic shifts here in the dynamic between the United States and Quebec, that'll be safeguarded, that are we better off actually still being in Confederation?

And who's going to articulate the case in favor of it? You can think about in 1995. You have Cretchen, obviously, he didn't run a particularly strong campaign. However, he was a son of Quebec. He had been fighting for Quebec for one third of Canada's history at that point, right? Comes into federal politics in the 1960s, all through the 1990s. By then, that was about a third of Canada's history. So you have Cretchen, and then you have Charette and you have Céthéant and you have

of others who are passionate believers in Canada, who are pure Lentfancophon, Quebec, in French, in the French language, taking the fight to them. Who is that in Canada now? Who is the Francophone, like, who is that? There are some people whose names will come to mind, but, you know, the A team isn't quite the A team

that was the A team, and even back then, the A team was shaky. These are all reasons to be anxious, I think. Well, this idea of whether or not there's a Captain Canada this time round, if in fact this is the road we end up going down. You know, that is kind of a 30-year-old play. Is that still the kind of play that you would need at a time like this?

Like a kind of a central figure or a couple of central figures. Chantelle and others would be better suited to answer that question. But, you know, I don't know what the answer is, but I see the holes in the game would be what I would say, right? Yeah, and you talk about Captain Canada. I'm a little more worried about Captain America in this case, Peter, because you'll recall that on the eve of the referendum, the then-President Bill Clinton took it upon himself

to do his own press briefing in the White House press office, press room. And all but said, we really hope Canada hangs together. They're great allies, great friends, great partners, et cetera, et cetera. Who knows whether that moved any votes and came back on the eve of the referendum? And we can debate that until the cows come home. But at least we knew that there was a major trading partner, the largest military in the world, was in favor of Canada remaining one country. I don't think we can take that for granted now. I honestly think that if, especially when in light of the foreign policy statement that the government of the United States put out just two days ago where it said one of the biggest problems in the world is civilization.

suicide in Europe. It's kind of insane what's going on there. And it's perfectly foreseeable for me that Trump and MAGA America would be active participants in looking to see Canada be broken up from the inside out. I don't want to focus this all on the potential threat in Quebec, because there is a potential threat in Alberta. We can debate how extensive that threat. threat is, but nevertheless it's there. And so it's kind of a dual threat at the moment in

terms of the future of the country and what could possibly happen in terms of separation or secession. How do you deal with that as a central government? How do you focus not just on one area, but on the fact that you've got

to be looking at two areas right now? I think it's a reminder that you know when prime minister malrini one of the his good deeds that he did before he passed was that a thumping point of his I mean he had a major health scare about five, ten years ago before he passed

and one of the thumping points that he returned to kind of his his parting reminder to the country was the number one obligation of any prime minister is national unity before you deliver a piece of mail before you build an inch of highway before you do anything the first thing you got to do is be focused on national unity as your as your defensive strategy

as a prime minister. He didn't take the second step, right, which is sort of concede his, the reason why he's arrived at that was because he had his own disappointments and failures as a prime minister, right? Like he didn't say, you know, the way that Meach and Charlottetown were handled

and his obsession about it led to the creation of the Reform Party and the Block Quebec qua. I could say that the, among the, frankly, the failures of Justin Trudeau is that we've now led to the dynamic in Alberta and, you know, possibly in Quebec, maybe an overreach some I think, but I think it's credible, certainly to say

with Alberta. but you know but it speaks to the fragility that exists in the Canadian Union and I think Brian Mulroney's reminder of that I think is an important dynamic and I I worried that as we in minority parliaments especially everything is anxious about how do we get to the next vote how do we get how does the federal budget so so Matt Jennerer abstained and some conservatives were behind the curtain and Elizabeth May did her thing and some NDPers abstained and so we got through the vote but we still have to go through committee and what do we do and how do we like that's like with your nose pressed against the glass trying to avoid an election this month and this quarter.

Okay, can somebody look up a little bit and see the horizon? And minority parliament sort of arrest your ability to do that. And that is anxious, makes me very anxious. So you think about the MOU that was signed between Prime Minister Carney and Premier Smith is you think, well, this is good. But what I think among the things that it exposed is that for a lot of people, and Daniel Smith signs the MOU, goes into a party convention. And there is a quarter, a third, I don't know, 40 percent, maybe more. who booed her, as she said, you know, I hope people in this room think that this is, this shows that the Canada can still work and you have a quarter or a third or whatever of

the room booing their prime, their premier, a live on TV, I think what the MOU exposed is that the fracture between Alberta and certainly regions of Alberta and the rest of the country are certainly Ottawa. Pipelines was was a canary in the mind, but it wasn't, it wasn't really about pipelines. It was about pipelines, but it wasn't really about pipelines. Pipelines is a symbol for a deep distrust between Alberta and the rest of the kind of that that I think is a real cause for concern that there's a there's not just a energy sector crack between Alberta and Ottawa but a cultural political one that is not going away anytime soon okay Jerry so how do you deal with this the dual threat well the most important thing and I think the prime man won't surprise

you do hear me say this Peter but I think the prime minister is doing a fine job of it is to consistently articulate the positive case for the country. And I said this in the piece last year that I thought one of the reasons I was worried about that prospect this time last year was the negativity that our politics seemed to have gotten steeped in that both the then prime minister and the leader of the opposition for their own political reasons found it impossible or political constraints found it impossible to give a full-throated defense of the country, and I don't think Prime Minister Carney is going to let himself get put in that position. So I think most importantly, it's that. I would also say, I mean,

let's not overstate how many Albertans want to leave Canada or how many Quebecers want to leave Canada. My experience throughout my life in politics was that this is kind of, you know, irresponsible politicians like to play this card to get what they want in the short term and beggar the long-term interests of the country. And I am definitely more of a hard-ass on separatism than a lot of people in public life and in the party. I think, of course, the big thing that has changed from a Canadian legal perspective between 1995 and now is the advent of the Clarity Act,

which requires a clear question. I mean, my view is that that's cold comfort because I'm not sure that we would ever end up, if there were a serious threat to secede from the country, I'm not sure they would let the Clarity Act and its parameters guide their question designed. And then we might end up having a referendum about whether or not the question is fair

and that could end up in a lousy place. So I, you know, there's no substitute, I say this in the piece, Peter, there's no substitute for the vast reserve of goodwill that fellow Canadians feel for one another. And ultimately, that's the ballast we have whenever irresponsible politicians of whatever political persuasion

want to pull at the fabric of the country. And I have a lot of faith that people will stand up to any serious attempt to do that wherever it may happen. But I also think it's important for us to realize that once the puck gets dropped, in that hockey game, very strange things can happen. And I use the example and the piece of the Brexit referendum as an illustration of that. When it started, there were no serious people.

And you can trace this as one of the early examples of polymarket, the betting website that has become really fashionable in politics around the world. You can watch the gap between the expectations that Britain would leave the European Union yes or no and it is like a 10, 15, 20 point gap for a year and then on the day of the vote it closes right and that just shows you that the market

the political market in that case was not taking it very seriously and I for one remember the last week of the referendum campaign in 1995 when it felt like Ottawa was frozen like a deer in the headlights you'll remember the last minute

attempts the pro-Canada rally, Mr. Cretchen's broadcast. All of that stuff felt like a team that was really worried about losing and they were pulling the goalie. And I just hope we don't allow ourselves to sleepwalk into that kind of situation this time because a lot of the things that we depended on externally to be reinforcing positive reinforcements for the country are actually going to pull in the opposite direction this time.

Yeah, you're absolutely right. And especially in terms of what happens. Because you can argue all you want about the question and what the question says and how relevant really the question is. It comes down to yes or no. And everybody knows what that means. Yeah. And they did then. And the no side, scrambling at the last minute, looked like they were scrambling, spent hundreds of millions of dollars, moving people in, buying flags, doing all those kind of stuff, which, you know, didn't necessarily work in their favor at the end.

It alienated a lot of people. Nevertheless, getting back to this point about, you know, how to deal with it, how to fight it, how to try to express the sentiments of the federal side at a time when you've got these kind of two situations in the air at roughly the same time. Now, who knows how it's going to play out, as James said, you know, the person. promises there on the part of the PQ leader that if he wins, it will be a referendum in his first term. Doesn't mean that's exactly the way it's going to play out, even that he could win. If we learned anything in the last year, things can change in a hurry. I want to talk about the role that the new minister, you know, the new minister of, I call it now Canadian identity,

of culture and heritage of Mark Miller who's in is what kind of role that's going to be in the time ahead but I want to take our first break or our only break and we'll come right back and discuss that because James is the perfect person to talk about it because he was in that portfolio at one time we'll be back right after this

And welcome back, Peter Mansbridge here, along with James Moore, Gerald Butts. It's the Moore-Buts conversation for this week. And we're trying to get into the situation in terms of what is Canada, really, as it comes down to. And how is Canada going to play out over these next months and years, given certain threats that are facing the country, both from outside and inside. Mark Miller gets the job, the new job, new title anyway, Minister of Canadian Identity. It's been around since, in modern politics,

it's been around since the mid-90s, sort of after the threat we just talked about on the first half of this program, after the 95 referendum, the whole idea to try and make things culturally better, in terms of the unity of the country. And the focus has been a lot on Quebec.

In fact, when you look at the lineup of ministers in the time that this portfolio has existed, most have been from Quebec. The last five, I think, in a row, including Mark Miller now, have been from Quebec. Before that, the first time somebody came from BC into that portfolio, and I think it might have been the first time since somebody had been from Western Canada

in that portfolio. was James Moore and received a lot of high marks from around the political area and the communications area about his role in that job. So we're going to, we look to you, James, to tell us what Mark Miller's going to be up against. I promise you lots of low marks from a lot of people too, so it's okay. but that's the you live you learn

yeah Minister of Heritage and official languages for about five years from from the from the Harper era I was appointed in 2008 we remember that

Stephen Harper was on we went a minority government in January 2006 going to 2008 against Stefan Dion Stephen Harper we looked like we were on the march to get to earn a majority government to go from 124 to cross the line to get a majority government.

And about halfway through the campaign, two things happened in 2008 that arrested that. One was a fraction between the, a fracture between the Stephen Harper campaign and Quebec over culture. At one point, we were looked that could get 20 to 30 seats and 75 seats of the 75 seats in Quebec. And we lost that over arts and culture. And again,

the sensitivity in the language about being seen to be, not just a protector, but a celebrator and a champion for Quebec within the North American context in Quebec language arts and cultural communities. So we lost that. Then the second, of course, was the falling out of the global economy about halfway through the campaign in 08.

So after that campaign, I was elevated to be the full minister of Canadian heritage and had a lot of conversations with then Prime Minister Harper, but what he learned in the campaign, what we learned from our first two years in government and where to go from there. As you say, the portfolio was created by, and COPS was the first minister going back to 1995.

Before the 1995 referendum in Quebec on sovereignty, there was the 1995 federal budget, which created a lot of cuts to culture, including a 40% cut to CBC, the public broadcaster, which, again, if you're, frankly, we really blunt about it. If you're an English-speaking Canadian, certainly outside of the province of Quebec, the CBC's budget goes up, CBC's budget goes down. You might have the same view about that as if, you know, any other public broad TV, TV Ontario's budget goes up or down. You kind of, you might be disappointed, you might be happy, you might be angry, I don't know. But in Quebec, there's a very different lens put on that. The CBC, the public broadcaster, certainly in 1995, maybe less so today, was seen as Canada's commitment to physical infrastructure that would protect the French language on the North American continent. Without the public broadcaster and its physical imprint, not just in Quebec, but across all of Canada, the physical commitment to the CBC is a physical and infrastructural commitment to the French language in North America. You destroy that.

You destroy the sense of safety that the Quebec language has, which is why often, and the Quebec government will counterbalance those cuts with commitments to language and culture in terms of private sector institutions, language laws, sign laws and all that. There's a direct correlation between the two. And so when people just say, defund or get rid of the CBC, there's a knock-on effect of what that means in terms of the sense of cultural sovereignty of the French language in the North American footprint. I didn't know any of this going into the job of Kennedy Minister of Canadian Heritage in 2008. You'll learn this over the fullness of time.

So bridging our two conversations together, there's anxiety that I think that I have, and I think a lot of Canadians have, that if a government is sort of seen to be fumbling in the dark, because they have only a Quebec lens on the culture files, or are only a sort of a soft understanding about the cultural dynamics in Canada relative to the beast of the United States and the beast of the English language and what it means for minority communities in the country, I think we could be fumbling in the dark in terms of what the knock-on effects will be in terms of Canadian unity and so on. It's also, by the way, not just a so- social portfolio in terms of culture.

There's a big economic component to this as well. You know, you think about Canada's film industry, video game industry, intellectual property law, where we're at in terms of film and television, creativity, and all that, it is a massive economic generator of the culture files. And so to be a successful minister, you have to be mindful about the language for two and a half million French-speaking Canadians outside of the province of Quebec. And they're feeling at home within Canada where there's the Quebec dynamic, but also the French language dynamic outside of Quebec and balancing that, understanding that it's an

economic portfolio, understanding that we have an obligation to make sure that we're united as a country, but also respectful of its constituent parts. It's a big portfolio. It's a third largest portfolio in the government of Canada, by the way. Third largest in terms of the numbers of acts of parliament, its footprint, the number of programs they're responsible for. It has a key role in this where Mark Miller will learn has a key role as well in the Canada-U.S. relationship in terms of culture, protecting cultural, intellectual property law and all that. So it's a very big portfolio, and it shouldn't be sort of seen as one where you just kind to give it to somebody who should be in cabinet, but we don't really kind of know what to do with

this person, like I think they did with Stephen Gibo, which is we want to have him in cabinet, we want to fence him off from environment, but he's an important Quebec voice, so we'll make him Minister of Heritage. And for the first year, or for the second bite of the apple that he's had his Heritage Minister, he didn't do anything. And then now he got to do his grand exit, and now you have a, a rift with Quebec. So it's a delicate portfolio that I don't think people think about enough

in terms of what it means for policy and a sense of Canadian unity. Sure. Well, I'm going to let that pitch on Stephen just sort of float right by the plate there and keep the bat on my shoulder, James. But look, I think you articulated what made you a very good heritage minister, that you always have to keep in balance these conflicting views of what Canadian culture consists of and as someone who an Anglophone who grew up in Nova Scotia went school in Montreal as lived in Toronto and Ottawa and spent a lot of time in almost every part of the country because I've been blessed with careers that brought me to pretty much every town over a thousand people in the country from WWF and in politics it's it's always easy in a country. as large and diverse as Canada to find a fault line and pitch your tent there, right?

And I noticed that when Mark Miller was named heritage minister, some of the largest and most famous conservative super PACs, who I will not name because they don't need publicity from me or you, the first thing they did was send a message to Mark Carney that there's more to Canadian culture than Quebec, and we need a heritage minister from outside. of Quebec. And of course, that's going to generate some likes on Facebook. And unfortunately, from a lot of the people I went to high school with, if my Facebook page is any indication,

but I just don't think it's the way to build a country. And I've always been very, you know, I've worked hard to gain a certain proficiency in French myself. It doesn't come naturally to me. I've always been very admiring of the singular fact that here we are in an ocean of very aggressive English media and culture and we have somehow managed to create before going on 400 years longer now depending on where you draw the

beginning we have this vibrant innovative thriving culture of French right in the heart of English North America so I start from the perspective of well we must be doing something right both in Quebec and in the rest of the country. And I think we all benefit from it, obviously, right?

It's always easy on any given Tuesday to pick on, well, the CBC gets too much money, or Radcan gets too much money. But at the end of the day, look, the results speak for themselves. We have an incredible, vibrant, unique culture, and there are very few examples of it anywhere in the world where a minority culture and land, language is surrounded by such an aggressive majority more in the United States than in Canada.

And yet, here we are. I think it's one of the most admirable things about Canada and about Quebec. When I think about, frankly, the conservative universe in Pierre Pellev and how close he is to being prime minister, and he still is close to being prime minister, right, is that one of the things that, one of the hurdles he needs to jump over, Canadians are going to trust him to be the prime minister of the country. he needs to be seen as one of the most voracious fighters on behalf of Canada. I'm hopeful that once he gets past his leadership review in the Conservative Party, and he's won his by-election now in Bow River in Alberta,

that he will then pivot and become an aggressive, like as a British Columbian, as a non-Albertan, I want my future prime minister to stare down the threats to Canadian unity. Because of Donald Trump, because of the global dynamics, because the fragility of the Canadian economy and the anxiety that a lot of us feel, I want my prime minister to be the most aggressive pro-Canada person that there could possibly be. And that means you stare down Canada's enemies. You stare down that Donald Trump responsibly.

I don't mean belligerence and being aggressive. But you stare down in terms of your robustness and substance in the way in which you engage the administration and you're thoughtful about public policy. But also you stare down the people who are threats to Canada within our own borders. You know, Peter Lohyd, I'm an Albertan, I'm a proud Albertan, but I'm a Canadian first. I want to hear it. We need to hear Daniel Smith say that. And she said that last week with the MOU. She said that in substance.

And we need to see Pierre Polyev and anybody who aspires to be Prime Minister to be Canada's greatest defender. You don't get the privilege of being Prime Minister unless you are Canada's absolute greatest defender. And that doesn't mean you just champion Canada and wave the flag. But you stare down our enemies and you square

off with them and you take them on in a really responsible way. And the role of Canadian heritage, I mean, I get anxious. I get and about it is in the sense that if it's only seen as the job of the Minister of Canadian Heritage is to fund Canada Day parties, stand up for free speech, quote, quote, and defund the CBC. That is insufficient to the moment. And the Trump effect and its aftershocks will long outlast however long he's president

and whatever happens in 2006 and 28. And Canadians have now set the bar very high that if you're going to be the prime minister to this country, you better have a vision for Canadian unity that goes far beyond just infrastructure bills, lower taxes, and being tough on crime. And the role of Canadian heritage and culture policy is fundamental to that. That you have to have something to say about what does it mean to be a Canadian? And it doesn't just mean that we share low tax rates. It's that we have a sense of identity.

Can you share with us without breaking too many confidences? What Prime Minister Harper said to you when he asked you to be the Minister of Heritage? Yeah. I mean, look, I came in again at the end of the 08 campaign where it was seen to be that we lost the seats that we needed to get a majority because the bottom fell out of the Quebec campaign over arts and culture. And I remember he asked me, he knew the answer, but he wanted to make sure that I knew that he knew the answer. He said, how many Francophones and French-speaking Canadians are there in your riding? And I remember I literally said, I said, I don't know, like five. and because now

Mallardville, which was the largest French settlement west of the Red River, Mallardville is in Coquitlam, and that part of Coquillum was not, wasn't in my writing, but it was adjacent to, but I was in French immersion all the way through school. I'm an Anglophone, but I'm a Francophile, I speak French, but his point was

you're the first heritage minister from outside of the Toronto, Ottawa, I mean, she'll the cops from Hamilton, but let's say Toronto, whatever, but outside of that access of central Canada, of Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, you're the first from outside of there. And because you don't have a large francophone constituency in your riding, there's, there has often been, especially with official language policy, a tension between standing up for French language as Quebecers see it and standing up for the French language

as the two and a half million French-speaking Canadians outside of Quebec see it. And often those, the larger francophone diaspora in Canada, whether it's Acadians or, you know, people of St. Boniface, or people in Edmonton or people in Malarville, they think, well, official language and language and culture policy is just all about Quebec when it's not. It's much more than that. And because you don't have a large francophone footprint in your constituency, Quebecers won't be suspicious of you because you're not in that group of the French universe. And francophone non-Cubecors won't be suspicious of you because you're not a Quebecer.

So therefore you might be able to have an opportunity to sort of bridge the gap and come in fresh and say, I will do my best to be empathetic and support the French language within the North American context because I have no bias against you and I'm trying to do my best. and I have no, I'm not coming to the fight with Quebec with a sword because I'm from St. Boniface or I'm from a Francophone community outside of Quebec and I'm trying to defend French against the Quebec obsession about language and culture within Canada, as some people see it. So, so his goal, his view was you have no tethers, you have no bias, go into this with a fresh mindset, try to grasp the whole dynamic that we're dealing and rustle this portfolio to the ground. It's become, it became a burden for our government. it became a stress on our government it became a vote loser for our government

and we need you to wrestle this back to neutral at minimum and try to gain some victories for us in a way that would be not only good for us politically but good for the country because this got unleashed on us and cost us politically and if it continues to spin out of control it'll cost us as a country

and I need you to try to wrestle this to the ground because it's getting out of control and that was my broad mission and I did my best well no one can ask for more than that Jerry I've only got a couple of minutes last but I mean over the last decade you were you had influence on on

the decision on the choice to who would go into that portfolio a number of different times what were you and I guess Justin Trudeau and to a degree Mark Carney what were you looking for well all the same things that James just articulated and just to be clear I'm and I was an advisor in that process and as Dalton McGinty used to say to us all the time to think about you advisors as you get to go on

to other advice we have to we have to live with whatever we take from you and whatever we turn it into so I I've certainly seen this up close and personal with two prime ministers that all of the dynamics that James articulated were certainly not unique to Mr. Harper you want people who are broad-minded in that portfolio who understand that it's, yes, integral to cultural vitality in Quebec, but also that you represent the culture of the country as a whole. And just because you're a francophone from Quebec doesn't mean you can't represent people in Edmonton or Glace Bay or Coquitlam. In fact, I think that Mark Miller is an ideal person for that role because he is a native

English speaker who is probably the most fluently bilingual angle phone I've ever met and he has spent time in Halifax, went school in Montreal and knows the country really well from his previous exposure to indigenous people in his previous portfolio. So I think that we've got a person in that ministry now who speaks French, English, Cree and a little bit of Swedish, which I think is reflective of how and I'm not unbiased. I went to university with Mark. I've known him for 35 years. He's a very

balanced, broad-minded, generous kind person and that's and he's nobody's fool. And I think that that's exactly the kind of temperament you need in that role, not unlike our colleague here, James. Okay. We're going to leave it at that.

It's a good discussion and an important one of which I think we're going to have, we're likely going to have more of over the next year. It's a challenging year coming, coming forward in a number of fronts, and this is just one of them. And by the way, Peter, if you're right, and if Jerry is right about his piece, we will beg for the glory days where we were just talking about pipelines. That's right. I mean that, you know, I mean that half jokingly because the, the viciousness and the cruelty and aggression when it comes to protecting your culture, as opposed to.

fighting for your access to global markets for energy products. When when people are judged about their capacity to speak French, whether or not you're a sellout to your people, whether or not you can be an honest broker and a sincere advocate for your language and culture that goes back hundreds, indeed, thousands of years, now you bring in the indigenous peace as well, we will beg for the peaceful days of talking about pipelines, tax cuts, and U.S. tariffs.

If this gets unleashed, it'll be a very, very tough fight for Canada. You know, I was saying the other day, it was Harold Wilson, I believe, who had the great quote about, you know, a week in politics is a long time. And this last week has really been that in the sense of how things, because pipelines was all we talked about a week ago. And now it's like it doesn't even exist. And it does, of course, and there will be other issues coming up around it, including climate, which, as you pointed out in that article a year ago,

Jerry, if there was going to be another referendum in Quebec, it was probably going to be about climate more than anything else. And that still kind of holds true right now as well. Sure does more so than a year ago. Yeah. Thanks for joining us for this holiday season encore episode of The Bridge. We'll be back with the first of our new shows on January 5th. We'll talk with you then.

Thank you.