The Catechism in a Year (with Fr. Mike Schmitz) - Day 251: Authorities in Society

Episode Date: September 8, 2023

The Catechism shows us that, in order for any good in society to last and flourish, legitimate authority must be instituted and respected by all. Furthermore, it is our duty as those under authority to obey those invested with authority. Fr. Mike acknowledges that most of us resist authority, but he bolsters the Catechism’s claim that legitimate authority in society is good and necessary. “Anarchy doesn’t work.” Today’s readings are Catechism paragraphs 1897-1904. This episode has been found to be in conformity with the Catechism by the Institute on the Catechism, under the Subcommittee on the Catechism, USCCB. For the complete reading plan, visit ascensionpress.com/ciy Please note: The Catechism of the Catholic Church contains adult themes that may not be suitable for children - parental discretion is advised.

Hi, my name is Father Mike Schmitz and you're listening to The Catechism in a Year Podcast, where we encounter God's plan of sheer goodness for us, revealed in Scripture and passed down through the tradition of the Catholic faith. The Catechism in the Year is brought to you by Ascension. In 365 days, we'll read through the Catechism of the Catholic Church discovering our identity in God's family as we journey together to our heavenly home. This is day 251, we are reading paragraphs 1897 to 1904 as always I am using the ascension edition of the Catechism, which includes the foundations of faith approach, but you can follow along with any recent version of the Catechism of the Catholic Church.

You can also download your own Catechism any year reading plan by visiting ascensionpress.com slash C-I-Y and lastly, you can click follow or subscribe in your podcast app for daily updates and daily notifications. Because today is day 251, we're reading, as I said, paragraphs 1897 to 1904. We're in a new article, article two, participation in social life. Remember, we're talking, we talked, I mean, we, maybe this little review is redundant for the third time in a row, maybe even fourth time in a row. But what we talked about is human dignity and the dignity of the individual, the human person,

but now we've been talking about community and the need for community yesterday. We kind of dived deeply into conversion and society that society is essential. Remember, we need to live in community. We need to live in a society, but that society, and conversion, go hand in hand. That while human beings, individuals, live in community, that individual has to, has to, we all have to allow our hearts to be converted because the society can't convert our hearts,

but our converted hearts can change our society. That's kind of a brief way to put it. Maybe I should have said that yesterday, but today we're talking about authority. And so participation participation in social life beginning with this notion and the reality that we belong to an authority now tomorrow We'll talk about the common good. So today we're gonna note a number of times the phrase the common good the authority that Exists in societies because societies have to have some kind of authority. This is just exists in societies because societies have to have some kind of authority. This is just

what it is. And it says here in paragraph 1897, it says, by authority, one means the quality, by virtue of which persons or institutions make laws and give orders to men and expect obedience from them. That's what authority is. And I really appreciate the clarity of that definition, because we're talking today all about authority specifically when it comes to participation and social life and being in a society, being in a community. And so in order to open our hearts, open our minds to this truth about what is authority, what's the role of authority, what are the limits of authority? Because authority does have limits. Let's just ask our father and God in heaven to bless us and to be with us right now. So we pray, Father, you are good and you are God. And we love you. You are the one who has ultimate authority over all of us. You are your truth and you are reason. You are good. You're just, you're merciful. You are all powerful and all knowing and you're

God. And therefore you are the ultimate authority to which every one of us answers. Lord God, we ask that you please help us to acknowledge you as our ultimate authority, but also we ask that you please guide those who are an authority over us. Guide those of us who have authority over others, so that we can always act with justice. We can always act in truth. We can always act in right reason in our judgments and in our decisions. Lord God, every one of us is beholden to authority in every one of us. Weild some kind of authority. Help us to be obedient to right authority and help us to be right authority to those

who are obedient to us. We make this prayer in the mighty name of Jesus Christ, our Lord, amen, in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, amen. It is day 251, we are reading paragraphs 18 and 97 to 1904. Article 2. Participation in social life. Authority. St. John the 23rd stated, human society can be neither well ordered nor prosperous, unless it has some people invested with legitimate authority to preserve its institutions and to devote themselves as far as is necessary to work and care for the good of all. By authority, one means the quality by virtue of which persons or institutions make laws

and give orders to men and expect obedience from them. Every human community needs an authority to govern it. or institutions make laws and give orders to men and expect obedience from them. Every human community needs an authority to govern it. The foundation of such authority lies in human nature. It is necessary for the unity of the state its role is to ensure as far as possible the common good of the society. The authority required by the moral order derives from God. Scripture says, that every person be subject to the governing authorities.

For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore, he who resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. The duty of obedience requires all to give due honor to authority and to treat those who are charged to exercise it with respect, and, insofar as it is deserved, with gratitude and good will.

Pope St. Clement of Rome provides the church's most ancient prayer for political authorities. Grant to them, Lord, health, peace, concord, andability, so that they may exercise without offense the sovereignty that you have given them. Master, Heavenly King of the Ages, you give glory, honor, and power over the things of the earth to the sons of men. Direct Lord their counsel, following what is pleasing and acceptable in your sight so that by exercising with devotion and in peace and gentleness the power that you have given to them, they may find favor with you.

If authority belongs to the order established by God, the choice of the political regime and the appointment of rulers are left to the free decision of the citizens. The diversity of political regimes is morally acceptable provided they serve the legitimate good of the communities that adopt them. Regimes whose nature is contrary to the natural law, to the public order, and to the fundamental rights of persons cannot achieve the common good of the nations on which they have been imposed. Authority does not derive its moral legitimacy from itself. It must not behave in a despotic manner, but must act for the common good as a moral force based on freedom and a sense

of responsibility. The St. Thomas Aquinas stated, A human law has the character of law to the extent that it accords with right reason, and thus derives from the eternal law. Insofar as it falls short of right reason, it is said to be an unjust law, and thus has not so much the nature of law as a kind of violence. Authority is exercised legitimately only when it seeks the common good of the group concerned, and if it employs morally illicit means to attain it. If rulers were to enact unjust

laws or take measures contrary to the moral order, such arrangements would not be binding in conscience. In such a case, authority breaks down completely and results in shameful abuse. It is preferable that each power be balanced by other powers and by other spheres of responsibility which keep it within proper bounds. This is the principle of the rule of law in which the law is sovereign

and not the arbitrary will of men. All right, that's it, paragraphs 1897 to 1904 authority. And I know, I know that in so many ways. We talked about this before when it comes to the role of the church, but here is the role of essentially the state, or here's the role of the society in which we live, that we can kind of have a resistance to authority, which makes sense because we've all experienced authority that has been unjust. We've all experienced authority that has kind of wielded its power over us in an unjust way. Also, also, let's face it, we all, even if we have it just authority, even if we have, but in the wielding their, their authority well, when we have to obey, we don't want to obey. And so I understand that this topic for today can be one in which we just kind of naturally have this resistance. But let's,

let's, let's launch into this. We realize that there is a necessity for authority. Paragraph 1897 lays it out really clearly for us. It says human society can be neither well ordered nor prosperous unless it has some people invested with legitimate authority to preserve its institutions and to devote themselves as far as is necessary to work and care for the good of all. So I mean, that is that is kind of obvious, but at the same time, again,

if I just hear the word authority, I can resist it. I can kind of say, I can bristle at this. And yet, we recognize human society, the way in which we live, and our key doesn't work. That's all we have to say. Human society can be neither well ordered, nor prosperous, unless it has some people invested with legitimate authority to preserve its institutions. Right?

That's part of this. It's a hold it together and not only hold it together, but to enforce the institutions, right? There's laws here and the authority has to not only have the ability to create just laws, but also the ability to enforce just laws. And goes on to say, and to devote themselves as far as is necessary, to work and care for the good of all. Right?

So there's a limit there, too. Again, when it comes to authority, when it comes to society, when it comes to governance, there is legitimate power, but there's also legitimate limit. There's a limit to that power. Goes on to say, we already highlighted this line, but at the very beginning, by authority, one means what? Okay, it's the quality by virtue of which persons or institutions make laws and give orders to men and expect obedience from them. And that's all. That's it. It's not anything more than that. And probably isn't anything less than that because we realize that every human community needs an authority

to govern it. And that just is, I don't want to, I don't want to just say it, topology, right? That's all that's when you define a something by the thing, same thing. If you say, like, love is love, it's not a definition. That's just a topology. So if I say, authority is necessary because authority is necessary, that's also a topology. So I don't, I mean, to just say that. And yet, I would imagine that as we're listening today, we would recognize that, yes, there's a natural hierarchy in just any, any kind of society,

particularly in human societies. Now, we have to make sure that hierarchy is based off of legitimate things, not just based off of power, when hierarchy is based off of mere power, then you don't know it could be good, but it might be accidentally good, right? If a hierarchy though is based off of truth, okay, now we're getting closer. If hierarchy is based off of competence, like, okay, there's a competent in discovering

the truth, competent in working with others, competent in preserving those institutions and helping that society orient oriented towards the common good. Now, that would be healthier kind of authority, right? You have to recognize that authority, paragraph 1899 says this, authority required by the moral order derives from God. And the scripture says this, first Peter, as well as St. Paul's letter to the Romans,

says, let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God. And those that exist have been instituted by God. Now that's, again, not necessarily God's perfect will, that will be along God's permissive will in many cases. And yet at the same time, this is what God has allowed. This is the authority that God has given to us.

And so because of that, the duty of obedience, this is paragraph 1900, the duty of obedience requires all to give due honor to authority and to treat those who are charged to exercise it with respect. And so far as it is deserved with gratitude and goodwill, we recognize that, yes, every human being deserves our respect just because they have human dignity, right? There's a next level where certain human beings will deserve our respect not because of their character, but because of their role in our lives. And so I recognize that there are some parents

that yes, because this is Joe and this is June. This is mom and dad that Joe deserves respect because he's human being in June deserves respect because she's human being. If Joe and June are mom and dad or dad and mom, then also their role to deserve some kind of degree of respect. Now Joe and June can be horrible people, and so I don't need to respect them in their character. But in so far as they are exercising legitimately exercising their role as father and mother, then they deserve my obedience.

The same thing is true for my mayor, The same thing is true for our governor, depending where you live, your prime minister or your president, that every human being as an individual deserves our respect just to human dignity. And those roles that they have over us and that authority they have over us because of the virtue of the roles, the roles deserve that respect. Now, they might be horrible people. And so I don't necessarily need to respect their character. And I don't necessarily need to respect all of their decisions, because as the Catechism goes on to say, paragraph 1902, authority

does not derive its moral legitimacy from itself. It doesn't mean that just because someone's in authority over another, that they're always right. So someone's parents, just because someone could say, just because someone gets say, well, I'm the father or I'm the mother, doesn't mean that every one of their decisions is legitimate. Goes on to say 1902, it must not behave in a despotic manner, but must act for the common good as a moral force

based on freedom and a sense of responsibility. I think what's really, really well balanced, the catacombs gives us this picture of saying, yes, there are roles that are necessary. Those roles of authority over us in family life, those roles in authority over us in civil life or community life, they deserve our respect. And we owe them obedience at the same time. Those who are exercising authority, they must act for the common good. They must not behave in a despotic manner. In fact, St. Thomas Aquinas, I love this extended quote here in paragraph 1902 where he says, a human law has the character of law to the extent that it accords with right reason, and

thus derives from the eternal law. Okay, so keep that in mind that if a human law goes against right reason, then it's no law at all. In fact, it goes on to say, insofar as it falls short of right reason, it is said to be an unjust law, and thus has not so much the nature of law as a kind of violence.

And that's so important for us. Okay, here on one hand, the church is acknowledging the rule in the legitimate authority of authority over us. And that we, again, as we said, owe legitimate authority, obedience at the same time. It is the duty of those in legitimate authority to make legitimate laws. And if they don't, this is not a law, but it's a kind of violence. If it doesn't occur with the right reason,

it is an unjust law. And I think this is so wise. The church has the paradox, right? The both end of Catholic church is, we owe our authority obedience at the same time, only as in so much as it is legitimate authority. Paragraph 1903 goes on to say, authority is exercised legitimately, only when it seeks the common good of the group concerned, and if it employs morally, this means to attain it. This is, if you were like,

what's the criteria for whether an authority is legitimate or not? Well, A, only it's exercised legitimately when it seeks the common good of the group concerned. So if this is the despot, right, this is the tyrant, or this is even the oligarchy who just serves themself, or they serve, when it doesn't serve the common good, and if it employs morally illicit means to

attain this, then that is no longer authority exercised legitimately. It was on to say, if rulers were to enact unjust laws or take measures contrary to the moral order, such arrangements would not be binding in conscience. And so that would mean that if this is unjust law, and remember, an unjust law is no law at all. An unjust law does not need to be followed. Even if this is issued by legitimate authority, it would be legitimate authority acting illegitimately. So keep that in mind. An unjust law would go against right reason.

An unjust law could go against the common good. An unjust law could employ morally illicit means to attain this. In such a case, authority breaks down completely and results in shameful abuse. That's all it is. So, therefore, what we need is paragraph 1904. This is the conclusion. It is preferable that each power be balanced by other powers, by other spheres of responsibility which keep it within proper bounds. You know, the Catechism wasn't written by a bunch of Americans. And yet, I am grateful that I get to live in the United States of America because we have these three branches of government which are meant to do what they're meant to provide checks

and balances on each other. And so here's what paragraph 19O forces. It's preferable that each power be balanced by other powers. And by other spheres of responsibility which keep it in the proper bounds. So we have the legislative branch, you have the judicial branch, you have the executive branch, and all three of those are meant to keep each other in checks and balances.

Because if it's true, what Lord Acton said, the power corrupts, an absolute power corrupts, absolutely, maybe that's true. If it is true, then we recognize, okay, maybe no one should be given absolute power. Goes on to say 1904, this is the principle of the rule of law, in which law is sovereign and not the arbitrary will of men. So important.

What do I mean by that? What does the Catechism mean by that? What it means is truly just laws are in accord with right reason and not simply the dictates of the person in power. Have that, does that makes sense? So, if there's a person who has authority, the authority extends over others in as much as the laws that they enact

are in accordance with right reason, with a common good, and have legitimate and illicit means to that end. They are not based on their own will to power. Something is not good or true simply because the person with power declares it so. Those laws are not true or good because the person in power declares it so. Those laws are true or good to the degree that they accord with right reason are oriented towards the common good and there's morally illicit means to achieve those ends.

So that makes sense. Hopefully it makes sense because it's just, we have to be wise Catholics, right? We have to, this is not a policy thing. And this is really important, I think, as we continue to talk about community and in a couple of days, we'll talk about salvation, which is a whole other issue.

But when we talk about community, there's something really, really powerful that the church is setting before us, principles, not policies. And so when it comes to being Catholics, yeah, we can, we can disagree on policy, but we all agree on principle. So we can disagree on policy. The absolutely we can be this political party or that political party. We can think that this is the best way to move forward economically or this is the best way to move forward socially or whatever the thing is. But we must be united on principles.

And that's what we're talking about here. We're not talking policy. We're simply talking principle. Now tomorrow, we're talking more and more about the common good. So what is the common good? If we said that authority is exercised legitimately, as long as it provides for the common good, what is the common good? Well, camper.

Stick around tomorrow and you will find out. I am praying for you. Please pray for me. And I saw the mic. I cannot wait to see you tomorrow. God bless.