The Curiosity Shop with Brené Brown and Adam Grant - Brené with Priya Parker: A Meeting Makeover

Episode Date: May 24, 2021

This episode is the second of a two-part series with Priya Parker, master facilitator, strategic adviser, and the author of The Art of Gathering: How We Meet and Why It Matters. We hold a weekly meeti...ng in our organization that doesn’t seem to be serving everyone in a consistent way, so Priya helps me figure out what’s going on and why. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Transcript
Discussion (0)
Starting point is 00:00:08 Hi everyone. I'm Brunay Brown and this is Dare to Lead. Before we jump into part two of my conversation with Priya, I want to share some information about the summer and I want to say, what, congratulations to all of us. The Dare to Lead podcast won the Webby Award for Best Business Podcast. You have no idea how many people touch this thing in our organization. It's a lot. And it is a ton of work. So I want to say thank you to everyone on my team. I want to say thank you to the folks at Spotify. Thank you to the folks at Parkast, to the suffers for taking us to the good times, to Ben and Brian. And a special shout out to Laura and Cookie on our team who just bust their ass every day to get this podcast where it needs to be. And I want to be. And I want to
Starting point is 00:01:08 I want to also say to all of you who are kind of walking and stumbling alongside us on this dare to lead path, there'd be no podcast without you. We put the conversation out into the world and then y'all grab it and bringing in close to your hearts and we talk about it and we disagree and agree in social media. And I'm so grateful. So thank you to the Webby Awards for recognizing the Dare to Lead podcast as the Best Business podcast. Super grateful. Okay. A couple of a I'm taking some time off this summer. I'm going to take a little vacay time with my family, celebrate my daughter graduating from college, and then I'm coming back and finishing up some brand new research and finishing a new book that's going to be coming out late this year.
Starting point is 00:01:54 So Daredelead is going to be taking off from May 31st to July 5th. We're going to return on July 12th with a two-part solo series called The Hardest Feedback I've Ever Received. And it's going to be me talking about the hardest feedback I've ever received. But I may like invite, I'm looking at my sister who's sitting here. I'm, what are you? No, thanks. I may invite people that I work with to share, like, their experiences of getting hard feedback.
Starting point is 00:02:23 Barrett's just like, she's not even pretending like I'm here. Like, if you're not looking at me, I can still see you. Okay. Unlocking us is going to be taking off from June 2nd to June 16th. We're going to return on June 23rd with a five-part summer series that I'll be doing with my sisters. Did you hear that part? Yes. Both Ashley and Barrett on the Gifts of Imperfection.
Starting point is 00:02:45 And I'll tell you the short summer breaks are going to be followed by a long list of incredible conversations we have planned for the rest of 2021. All right. Speaking of Vulnerable, this is part two of a series on returning to gathering that I'm doing with the incredible, amazing, one of our favorite people, Priya Parker, where I talk about a meeting that isn't quite working how we intended. I actually gathered feedback from everyone that attends the meeting in our organization, and it was tough and honest and brave, just like our people are tough and honest and brave here. And we have a big time feedback culture. So we ask and
Starting point is 00:03:25 they tell us and they ask and we tell them. And it's pretty incredible. But Priya's going to do one of, you know, her famous meeting makeovers in real time. I have some very tough learnings that you you will be cringing as they unfold as you're listening. So welcome to Dare to Lead. I'm glad you're here. So before we get started, let me tell you a little bit about Priya Parker. She is, I think she helps the world take a deeper look at how all of us can create collective meaning in modern life, one gathering at a time. You know, if you're a leader, that means one meeting at a time. She is a master facilitator, a strategic advisor, the acclaimed author of The Art of Gathering, How we meet and why it matters. Oh, God, that book is so good. She is executive producer and a host of
Starting point is 00:04:15 the New York Times podcast Together Apart. She has spent 15 years helping leaders in communities have complicated conversations about community and identity and vision at moments of transition. She is trained in the field of conflict resolution, and she has worked on race relations, on American college campuses, on peace processes in the Arab world, Southern Africa, and India. and she lives in Brooklyn with her husband and her two kids. Welcome back, Priya Parker. Okay, Priya, welcome back. I'm here.
Starting point is 00:04:49 I'm ready. How are you feeling? I'm ready for my meeting makeover. Okay. I think I'm ready for my meeting. I don't know. I'm feeling, honestly, no jokes aside, I'm anxious a little bit. I'm anxious and curious.
Starting point is 00:05:01 That would be my two-word check-in. Anxious and curious. What's your two-word check-in? Excited. and interested. Okay, so where do we start? This is the meeting makeover. I've never done one before, but I had to say, if I had the choice between a hair and
Starting point is 00:05:17 makeup makeover or the meeting makeover, I would take the meeting makeover seven days a week. Amazing. Amazing. I mean, me too. And at some level, what I'd love to do is hear which meeting you've chosen for us to discuss today and to rethink and to give it a makeover. And I think what's interesting, why I'm really excited to have this conversation with you is because we're also at this moment all in a meta makeover. We are in this moment as we're reemerging, thinking about remaking how we gather and how we gather is central to most things.
Starting point is 00:05:57 And so we have these three phases in this kind of makeover moment. We have all of the ways we gathered pre-pendemic where we can actually look back. and say, do we still want to do that? Was that working in the first place? What do we want to keep? What do we want to bring back? What do we want to race towards? And we've missed so much. And then we have this last 12 to 14 months, which is a moment of a lot of invention from many of us around gathering. And so what have we learned also in this moment and time of the pandemic that we want to bring and keep and also never do again? And then this new moment of hybrid gatherings and reentry to ask, what do we want to invent? And so I want to just frame my conversation with
Starting point is 00:06:40 you that that's kind of how I'm thinking about this. And then let's just hear the meeting. And I'm just going to ask you a bunch of questions. It's really a conversation between the two of us. And I'm going to poke around, almost like I'm lifting up a car and looking under the hood and see what your pain points are and how you want to think about rethinking this meeting. Okay. I think I'm ready. And how long? would you feel about me inviting Barrett to join us? She runs this meeting that I want to talk about, and I think she'll have some insight that I don't have. I think that's amazing. That's brilliant. And say, hi, Barrett. Hi, Barrett. Hi, Barrett's like, why'd you drag me? No. So just for those of you
Starting point is 00:07:20 listening, Barrett and I've worked together for how long, 11 years? No, 10 years. Kind of the first person to work with me. Her current title is Chief of Staff. I also know her as my little sister. Yeah. But don't worry for those of y'all going, oh my God, that can't ever work. We do lots of therapy. We're set. It's a family business. Yeah. Wow. In many ways, yes. Yes. How cool. Yeah, because Steve works with us sometimes. And then I have another sister who's Barrett's identical twin who is a therapist and she leads our internship program in our Daringway community. So wow. Yeah. How powerful. It's so nice to meet you. Nice to meet you too. Okay. I want to take on this meeting that we call Campfire. Okay. And how long have we been having campfire? I would say we've been having campfire for maybe the last nine months or a year.
Starting point is 00:08:11 Okay. Originally put together, it was born out of a frustration or a concern that all of the context and connective tissue are a lot of it, I hold. So if we have five or six different verticals, I know. what they're all doing. I know why. I know not at the 5,000 or 10,000, but at the 30,000 foot level how they're all connected. I understand how their connection is moving us forward as an organization, but I hold all of that. And so in your head. In my head. Oh, my God, only in my head. Oh, God. Barrett, I'm so sorry. That's, me too.
Starting point is 00:08:59 Apology accepted. That's rough. That's one of the things we work on here, that when we apologize, we mean it. And when we receive it, we accept it. We never say that's okay. But then every time anyone does that, I'm like, damn, that hurt. Calling Harriet Lerner, calling Harriet Lerner. Carrie, calling Harriet Lerner. Dang you, Harriet. Yeah. Just a funny aside, the funniest thing, you'll ever see is my kids. So when my son was like 13, I got really impatient and I came back in his room and said, hey, I just want to circle back. I don't like how I showed up during that
Starting point is 00:09:39 conversation. I got anxious and fearful. I apologize. And he put his head down. He goes, well, I accept your apology and I appreciate you working on that. I was like, what the fuck? I was like, you're grounded. I was like, oh my God, what's happening? I was like, I just laughed with my head bowed. I was like, thank you. That's amazing. That's what we do, right? That's what we do.
Starting point is 00:10:08 That's what we try to do. That's what we try to do. So I do hold all the context in my head. So let me just be totally honest. Let's just, you can just put it all out there? She gave me a silent thumbs up. I hold it all in my head. It's one of my superpowers, not holding it in my head, but seeing connections between the seemingly unconnectable.
Starting point is 00:10:29 I don't have the time or patience to share it and explain it all. And I'm frustrated when people don't get it. And I don't want to be a leader who says, just do it. It'll make sense later. And I don't say that, but I think that. That would be my thought bubble. And just to be really clear, when we are talking about this, this is your company. Yes.
Starting point is 00:10:53 And what is it called? Bridea Brown Education and Research Group. And how many employees are we talking? I think between 25 and 30. Okay. We were laughing earlier like when someone's going to pull over the car and listen to what we're talking about. There's like a third of your listeners that I promise you is breaking out into hives when they hear about you having everything in your head and just wanting to keep it there. I can feel a 30-year listener blowing into a paper bag.
Starting point is 00:11:25 Yeah. No. This is stressing them out. And it's real. And I'll tell you what really hurt me a little bit as the only way I can say it is I was listening to a podcast between Tim Ferriss and Daniel Eck, who is the CEO of Spotify. And he was talking about his job as the CEO of Spotify really at this point in the scaling and the growth of the company being about sharing and helping. helping people understand full context. And I thought that was really powerful and right.
Starting point is 00:12:05 And yet, I don't know what happens. I don't know why it's so hard. I think it's because it's like when my editor says seven books. And my editor still says, look, Bray, in one paragraph, you go from A to Z. I need you to hold my hand and walk me through the. other 24 letters in the alphabet, how did you get here? And I'm always like, and it's not because I think that I know things that other people don't know. It's because it feels so laborious and hard. And I am impatient. I'm an impatient person. I want to hear more about this meeting.
Starting point is 00:12:50 And just to track our conversation, so I define a gathering as any time three or more people, come together for a purpose with a beginning, middle, and end. It ends. It's a moment in time. And part of what we're starting to get into here is it seems like, oh, it's just this meeting. But actually, and as our conversation unfolds, we're going to actually hear some of the core assumptions around how knowledge is transferred, who needs to know what, how do you want to spend your time? What is the epicenter of the DNA of this organization? How do you allocate people's times in ways that are both life-giving and help an organization move? And when there's inefficient trade-offs, how are you grounding them in your values? And I'll talk more about that. But this is
Starting point is 00:13:41 great. So let's keep going. Yikes. I'm scared are you? So tell me about this meeting. It sounds like it was a pandemic invention. It started nine or ten months ago. Is that true? Was it? I was trying to think, too. I don't think we did it before the pandemic. No. And I don't know that we were trying to solve a pandemic-borne problem, but I think just timing-wise, it did happen during the pandemic. And as your team virtual, remote? Yes. I think maybe 60% of us are in Houston and then we're all over. Okay. So sketch out this meeting for me. Why did it start? What was the original purpose? How does it work? And what are you trying to make over? So I'll take a stab at it and you fill in the blanks. Sure. Okay. I think what we were trying to do
Starting point is 00:14:30 is the roundup team is kind of the most senior leadership team and there are people that I've worked with for a very, very long time. Our CFO and I weighted tables together 30 years ago and then he got his MBA and was a CFO and a company in Austin, but has always been a confidant. So I have this very close leadership team. And then we've got a level of directors and senior directors who lead teams. Most of them lead teams, not all, but most of them. And so we thought one way that we could help infuse what we call the five Cs through our culture is to bring these folks together and share what's going on. And so the five Cs are connective tissue, color, context, cost, and consequence. And this emerged from my research on leadership about how when we delegate or make decisions,
Starting point is 00:15:25 we should always be thinking about the five Cs. What is more of the context? What's the connective tissue to other things going on that you may not have optics on? Can you color it in for me a little bit? Give me some more nuance. And then what is the cost of doing it or not doing it? And what's the consequence of doing it or not doing it? And so we really believe in these five Cs.
Starting point is 00:15:44 and I teach them in, ironically, in the leadership work I do. And I'm good at them. I see everything through that. Because ultimately, when it comes down to it, really, I'm a better creator than I am manager. And so that's an important sentence. If we were in a room right now and I was putting a Brne Brown famous post-it up on the wall, I'm a better creator than I am in a manager. That's just good data.
Starting point is 00:16:09 Would you agree with it? I tell you. Yes, I agree. And so we thought, well, let's bring together this group. of people, because we always want to try to do the fewest number of meetings necessary to achieve our goals. And let's bring these folks in it. They can share what they're doing. Everyone can have optics on what's going on across every shared service, across every vertical. And these are fancy names, the verticals, but they're like global, dare to lead
Starting point is 00:16:33 podcast, unlocking us podcast, dare to lead engagements that I do, speaking and media. Facilitator communities. And then shared services are. diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging, finance, HR, and contracts. Creative and content. Operations. Right. And so everyone that leads one of these things that goes down or goes across would be in it. So that was the goal.
Starting point is 00:16:59 What would you add? Yeah. And I think it was also to make sure that this was the right team to understand, hey, I'm working on this. How will it affect your team? What do you need to be looking for coming in your direction? or ask questions about how is operations going to support something going on in the facilitator community, what they might need.
Starting point is 00:17:21 And so it was really just the five Cs and how we're working together and what to expect from each other. Mm-hmm. And so when you originally set it up, it's roughly 26, 30 people on a Zoom? Well, the Camp Fire meeting is just the directors and senior directors. So there's a 12 of us, 11 or 12. Okay. Plus Roundup is in there also. But I'm not.
Starting point is 00:17:54 Interesting. Yeah. So in the clearest way possible, what would you say that the purpose of, you call it campfire? Mm-hmm. What the purpose of the campfire meeting is. It's a really good question because in preparation for my meeting makeover, I went to everyone who attends campfire. campfire and asked, what would you like to get from the meeting? What are the pain points for you? What's working? Wow, Renee. What homework. I know. Call me a researcher. This is the part I like to do.
Starting point is 00:18:28 Everybody said, every single person, I think, maybe one exception said the pain point was, I'm not clear on what the purpose or intention is of this meeting. Oh, painful. Beautiful. Beautiful. And underneath that, what do you hear them saying? I don't think y'all know why we're in this meeting is what I hear them saying. It's underneath that. I think that they're not sure what to share. They're not sure what to bring, how weedsy things should get, how strategic things should be. Are we somewhere in the middle? And I think that we have people, different groups coming to the meeting with Weezy agenda items and strategy. So I can see why we're all lost. And that's another thing. You know what? This is going to be a sad, sad meeting makeover for Brunei. I'm going to be sad because a couple of the people that attend this who are in those positions have to bring weedsy, weedsy questions that don't have anything to do with anyone else in that meeting because of the lack of time they have with Roundup who are the only people that can remove barriers for them.
Starting point is 00:19:47 Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. And why are you not in it? I've been thinking about that in preparation. So I think something's got to change because there are two meetings. There's one all-hands meeting we call Beberg at the Bar because we have a big kitchen. I always need to explain this because it's not like Beberg at the bar, beer chaser from, you know, like that. But it's called Beberg at the Bar because we have a huge kitchen in our office in Houston.
Starting point is 00:20:16 and it's got this major bar that probably fits 20 bar stools underneath it. And we gather there when we're in person. And so we continue Bidberg at the bar through COVID. And that's twice a week. And Tuesday is kind of every team checks in. How's everyone doing? Friday is more kind of culture focused and less strategy focused. We still do check-ins on Friday, but then we do a fun checkout question every Friday
Starting point is 00:20:42 where we're always laughing or... crying or whatever, but together doing something. Yeah. And this team is incredible. I mean, Ashley came up with this checkout question about a month ago. It was so beautiful. She said, if we were all standing here at the bar talking, what is something that you would share that you haven't shared because you didn't think it was important enough to share in a meeting? That is a brilliant question. Oh, it was so, yes, this is the therapist out of the three of us. She's creating a mechanism to bring in the informal.
Starting point is 00:21:21 Yes. In a digital context that tends to be formal, which is like this shouldn't rise to the level of taking everybody's group attention. So I'm not going to say this. And yet it's actually that interstitching, those quote unquote throwaway comments or the small, oh, I just got a root canal. Yes. I stub my toe or my daughter fell off the monkey bar.
Starting point is 00:21:43 You know, whatever. It's actually all of those tiny, tiny, tiny. interstitial throwaway comments that is what builds intimacy, trust, connection, a sense of multiple identities, and is one of the big losses in the pandemic time because when everybody's on mute, you actually lose all of that interstitching thread, the jokes. And so what a brilliant question. What do people share? I think someone shared that she and her wife had just closed on their first house. Another person shared that they bought their first car. What are the things that people share?
Starting point is 00:22:19 Someone's son was valedictorian, graduating, college, what college they were going to go to. I mean, it's all over the place. And it's funny because that bar means so much to us. Because when we're in person, one person will start going over making their lunch. And then all of a sudden we're all there. Some are standing, some are sitting. So we know a lot about each other's life. And there's an agency when you're in the same room and you can literally drag a chair across a room and you can decide what height to place your body at. And frankly, even to share your food. All of these different ways of having agency, we don't think about this consciously, but all of the ways that when we are together, we can begin to move like an amoeba in and out has basically been stripped. And so part of what I hear you trying to create in some of these meetings is bringing back that psychological bar.
Starting point is 00:23:15 at least in the Friday meeting. That's not the campfire meeting, right? No, B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-Far. Yeah, and then Campfire is on FIRE is on Monday and Tuesday. Those were huge travel days for me. So a lot of times I was on the road. The other thing is that And I really want to dig into this because I know I see people cry texting about this or talking about it in a lot of places. I don't remember who did this, but someone did the difference between a manager's calendar and a maker's calendar. And I am responsible for creating almost all of the content we chair. I write the captions. I mean, I write everything. And I still do all the social. I still do
Starting point is 00:24:11 everything because I want to. And I do all the research and write the books. And so this year we have two books coming out. You are your best thing with Toronto Burke and then I've got a book coming out late this fall. So it takes me an hour, 90 minutes to get in the zone to write. And if I have to pop out for a 30 minute meeting or an hour meeting, that day's gone for me. Completely. Completely. So it's tough. And if you remember I said put this post-it on the wall. I'm a better creator than I am manager. I think part of this meeting, so let's get into the brass tacks of the meeting, but part of this meeting is this deep sacred question for each of us, which is, how do I spend my time? And who decides? And for you, for you at the center of an organization that is so
Starting point is 00:25:09 deeply based on you as an individual, your creation, your research, your persona. There's an epicenter of creation that's coming out of you, who is a human being, creative person, right, that understands what you actually need to have space to create, to make, to be a whole enough person to be able to then show up in the ways that you need to. And then there's this need within the organization as well to have a leader. Yes. And right now it sounds like you are both the creator and the leader. And there's elements of that that threaten each of those identities from being successful.
Starting point is 00:25:52 Barrett shaking your head, yes, and now looking down. I'm writing down. Yeah, no, you're shaking your head, yes. I saw you, didn't you? I did, yes. Oh, defiantly just by like, yes, I did. And I think it's because she knows what I'm thinking because she knows me really well. I think, no, it's not that hard.
Starting point is 00:26:10 I can do both. But yes, it's true. Yes, it's true. Barrett, double click. Color, color. No, I think it's true. I think we created Campfire to help try to carry some of that. to help the senior directors help carry the five Cs across to the rest of the team.
Starting point is 00:26:40 We've had a really successful example of a really large launch come out of Campfire. And when Bray asked those questions yesterday in Campfire, I think everyone mentioned it. And so it's kind of like my mind has been spending about how do we embed what was so successful there into what we're doing every week. It's rare that you see, just as a researcher, I mean, to your point, it's rare that you see when you ask questions, what would you like to get from Campfire? What's working?
Starting point is 00:27:13 What are the pain points? It's rare that the pain points saturate across all the data, which they did. We don't understand the intention or the purpose of the meeting. And it's rare that what's working, everybody gave the same example, which was our most recent book launch of You Are Your Best Thing. Which was gorgeous. and I have a copy and it is profound as a book. Oh, thank you.
Starting point is 00:27:37 And a ton of work. It was crashed. Toronto and I were both writing other books when she called me to see if we wanted to do it. And we kind of put things aside and we crashed it through Penguin Random House. The contributors just showed up like passionate writers. But within the campfire meeting, the project had leadership. and it was very purpose-driven, right, that you are your best thing launch. Everyone understood what we were rowing toward.
Starting point is 00:28:05 Everyone understood that every single person involved there had a piece. They all said that that was what was working about it. I'm going to ask you a few more questions, and then we'll start digging and making over. Tell me currently how long is this meeting and why have you chosen that length? And broadly, what happens? Just give me a TikTok. If it's 60 minutes, 90 minutes, how are you? currently running it. Right now at 60 minutes once a week, basically we have people submit agenda
Starting point is 00:28:35 items on Monday and then we put together an agenda and we have the meeting late Monday afternoon. We start with reviewing our KDA's key learnings, decisions, and action items from the previous meeting. And then we jump into our agenda items and pass it over to whoever submitted those agenda items to walk us through, ask the questions. And then we weigh in, mostly round up, ways in to help answer questions. We rumble through kind of options. And then other people will ask how it might impact their team or what support can the creative and content team provide. And then we'll go on to the next one. And this is one so week. So the morning of you kind of elicit an agenda from any of these 12 people. And if you get 12
Starting point is 00:29:36 agenda items, how do you decide which one to take? Or do you try to just get through as many as possible and then it goes over to the next week? We've never not gone through everything. So you just kind of take it off like a list. Yes. And do you have any norms around how you want people or how people present the information? Or is it just kind of whoever they just say what they need to say and run it, how they want to run those five minutes? Say what they need to say and run it how they run it. Okay. So a couple of thoughts. First is, I love that you've polled everybody because data is one of the most important things. We're not just wondering what they're thinking. We know what they're thinking. And the fact that everybody is basically saying some version of what is
Starting point is 00:30:23 the purpose of this meeting is a wonderful. Yeah, and it's coming in different ways. Let me give you some explicit about the pain point, some explicit language. So I'm not doing my thematic analysis and taking away people's words because I think it would be helpful. So let me just run through. Campfire meetings, I've enjoyed the most of the ones that are fully collaborative when we're brainstorming an issue altogether, bringing our points of view from our individual
Starting point is 00:30:45 functional expertise in the room. When we come together on issues to get approval of only a few people in the room, the meetings don't feel as productive. I like the cadence. I love knowing what's happening across the organization. Pain point, clarity around what's helpful or not helpful to share with a broader team. Pain points, clear intention for the meeting, especially since we use Bberg at the bar to focus on team updates. Pain points, what's covered in Campfire has a big overlap with what's covered in Bberg at the bar. A pain point is when there's an extended focus around a topic that feels like it should be a one-on-one are a smaller group conversation. Pain point, clear intention for campfire, period.
Starting point is 00:31:26 Pain point, there's no clear intention for me. And without state intention, the content discussion can become both about individual-specific items that could be addressed in a separate meeting with the individuals involved in the specific discretion rather than a venue for connective tissue. Pain points, what is the meeting attention? And it's a hard time of day to bring your best thinking because it's Monday late. Beautiful. Beautiful. Okay. And let me ask you one more question, which is why did you call it Campfire? Because we're from Texas. I don't know. I think I saw it on NCIS one time. Yeah, I don't think there's a specific. No, I think one time I was watching NCIS, like the boss was out of, and he's like, okay, campfire. And then everyone rolled their chairs together and kind of got together. And they were like, okay. There was nothing.
Starting point is 00:32:17 And the leadership team is round us. up. And so campfire was kind of there too. It's bad when you asked the question. We were going to call it the ranch gathering. I don't know. I don't know. I think it's just Texas. I don't know. Jesus. Why did you call it Campfire, Barrett? So, first of all, I think it is so amazing that you're sharing all of these details with all of us and being so vulnerable. It is awesome. You really walk your talk and I am deeply enjoying this. Let me almost give you a bunch of thoughts first and then we'll start redesigning. Great. Okay. So, taking notes. First, names matter. And I ask why are you calling a campfire in part because in any type of meeting or gathering, some names contain within them a social contract. What do I mean
Starting point is 00:33:16 that. In a campfire, my assumption of a campfire is everybody's coming around, grabbing a chair, at some level, it's a more informal time, perhaps there's some singing, perhaps there's, I mean, that may not even be true. Dinner party, you kind of realize, okay, guest and you're supposed to come and perhaps the social contract as a guest is like, be reasonably interesting, right? Right. Hout and Annie has a very specific form and term, brainstorming. All of these words are a form, of signaling a sense of purpose, but specifically good names help guests know what their roles should be in that meeting. And so hold on. Hold on. I got to write that down. Good names help guests
Starting point is 00:34:02 understand what their roles should be. Names within them contain social contracts. If this is a brainstorming or a workshop or a briefing or a focus group, those are words we've chosen. that actually contain a lot of data to help people understand how to show up to be successful. And what I hear in the feedback that you're getting is that people don't know how to show up to be successful because they're not sure what the purpose is. And so it goes from weeds and very specific agenda items that could actually be taken care of by a one-on-one all the way up to something like the book launch that was clearly exciting and kind of worthy of the entire group's talent.
Starting point is 00:34:44 And so one thing is just name. I think we should think about the name. And Campfire, the danger of a word like Campfire is it's kind of cute and fun and evokes a feeling that I think is a nice feeling. I just don't know if it's accurate for what your need is. And you can decide. I mean, think about this, Priya. As a grounded theory researcher, my whole career is built on a grounded theory idea that you need to, to name things in ways so people understand. I'm very careful about words. So for example,
Starting point is 00:35:20 rumble. In our organization, if someone says, hey, can we meet at 4 o'clock, we need to rumble about this decision around these contracts. Everyone knows that that is an indicator light. That means bring a point of view, be read up and briefed on what's happening, and it could get uncomfortable. We're going to stick with it until we have a good sense of what's happening. Everybody knows what that means. Circle back. That means I, need to follow up on something that didn't feel right on my part or in your part, I need to circle back with you. So we use words so intentionally and the campfire thing was really unintentional. Would you agree? Yes. And it was like, how'd that one slip through the cracks?
Starting point is 00:36:01 But I think part of the danger of a powerful word is that it can almost subsidize the feeling that we get hearing campfire can subsidize the little niggle in the back of our head being like, well, what is the purpose of this and how do I show up to a campfire? And I don't know if this is the right analogy for what the meeting is. So that's just the first thought, which is let's think about the name. Then number two, what I hear in what the guests are saying and what the team is saying is that they're not sure how to show up and what level of problem or content to bring. And then the third is that the mechanism for you to then decide the agenda is basically crowdsourced, which in some context, we think of that as generous, right?
Starting point is 00:36:52 It's like the equivalent of an unconference. You're spreading out, you're letting the team decide the agenda. But actually, if the purpose of the meeting isn't tightly defined, it's actually just sloppy because you're transferring the weight of decision-making and precision onto everyone else. And so what's happening is they're trying to both get through content quickly while also trying to judge for every single piece of agenda. Is this the right thing to bring to this entire group?
Starting point is 00:37:26 Is this the right thing to bring to the entire group? And so you're actually spreading decision-making to 12 people, and it's exhausting. So every single time anyone shares anything, They're wondering, is this okay? And then as a listener, people are also thinking, why are we talking about this? Or like, this could really be done everyone else. It's like a bleed.
Starting point is 00:37:44 When we aren't clear, Bernay, in our first conversation back in November, you used this beautiful analogy from your social work research around, I think you called it ethic filters. And you talked about ethic filters and how you and Steve use that concept when you were a grad student to apply to your wedding. Do you remember this? And I think you said something like, okay, the filters we're going to use for a wedding is that this is going to be completely about celebrating us as individuals and the union
Starting point is 00:38:09 that is going to come out of the unique spark of the two of us. And that gave you an orientation to understand who should you invite. What should you wear? Short white dress, wildflowers. Where do we host this thing? What's the song? But it wasn't this kind of random hodgepodge. It was through these filters. And it sounds like you have that for Rumble. You have that for some of these teams. This is a practice that you already have. It's a strength within your organization that you can already call on. And I would suggest taking some filters to help actually guide what is this meeting that was formerly known as campfire. What are the filters that rise to the level of being worthy to share as a full agenda? And if there aren't that many, or if it turns out that actually what they need
Starting point is 00:38:56 is just time with the roundup. Yeah. And that's the only time that they can get them, then to structure the meeting differently. So say, for example, part of the problem is you're not sure when to get FaceTime with the senior team and it's super busy. Then you change the structure of the meeting. So say, for example, you come out and you say, actually, the majority of this stuff needs to happen in one-on-ones or two-on-toos. On Zoom, you can make everybody a co-host and you can create on a separate Google Doc. I actually did this for my newsletter community with a facilitated named Masha Globerman last fall. And the way he did it, and I'm going to get a little tech, technical here.
Starting point is 00:39:33 Helpful. Say you have this agenda. You create it in a Google Doc or some kind of shared, whatever tech you use. And then in the first five minutes, you maybe do some kind of check-in or you do a creative check-in or you talk about the purpose of this meeting. And if there's something on the agenda that arises to the occasion of something like the book launch, it's interesting. I'm making this up.
Starting point is 00:39:54 Say there's five things that need to be true for it to rise to the level of that book-launch conversation. It affects the brand. We're excited about it. It's super speed. All people are touching it. If we don't all know what each other's parts are, this could not go well. I don't know what the elements are. But I think you could almost reverse engineer why that was such a good fit for this meeting. Yes. Yes. And then decide, okay, if anything hits that, we'd all do it as a team. And if it doesn't, you create the agenda in a Google Doc. You make everybody a co-host on Zoom if they have the latest version of Zoom. And then people can, can create breakout rooms within Zoom and just have literally office hours. Whoever's interested in this topic, you go and sit and do your one-on-one, and then you go, it's like portals. You just go in and out of rooms in real time, so everyone doesn't have to be part of every conversation. But they know that that's the time to catch up with those people, if the constraint is time. One, can I ask a question? Of course. If we did something like that
Starting point is 00:40:58 where we had the breakout rooms, would, it be helpful to come back together and discuss it so that we all have the five Cs and we're able to then share the five Cs with our own teams? We started this conversation by saying this is a time for beta and for experiments. What I would suggest, this is your homework. What I would suggest is you go into a beta on the meeting formerly known as Camp Fire for, say, four weeks and you try a couple of different structures and you come back and see what is energizing to everybody. How do we actually structure this, try a couple of different formats and a couple of guidelines on both how to use the time and then also how to set up the agenda. I think the first is openings really matter in any
Starting point is 00:41:41 gathering and closings really matter. Openings are the ways, particularly now when everybody's remote. We're all doing completely different things five minutes ago. You could be on a parent teacher conference with your child's teacher or you could be attending somebody's virtual birthday party or you could be, we're slicing between identities so rapidly that particularly in Zoom meetings, the way you open and convene a group really matters. Yeah. Because the first five percent of a meeting or a gathering kind of sets the pathways for the rest of the meeting. And so begin together. And I think, really think about what are the first five minutes of how you want to start that meeting? And I would say, what's the purpose? And how do you connect people quickly to the purpose and to each other? So it's
Starting point is 00:42:29 just like this is, and then whatever the name of the meeting becomes, this is the purpose. Maybe do a quick check-in and check-ins for speed. You could do it on chat instead of everyone verbally checking in. Size really matters. If it was four people, I'd say do a quick verbal check-in. But 12 people, I would ask one question and have everyone just answer it in the chat. And it could be something related to the content that day, if the theme is creativity or the theme is color or the theme is context. You could ask something like, what's an example in the last week, where you ask for more color on something and it changed a decision you made. Just stick it in the chat.
Starting point is 00:43:04 We don't need to all talk about it. Just stick it into the chat. It's data. And it helps them orient, okay, what is this meeting about? How do I process information through this? Literally five minutes. And then, depending on if something has risen to the occasion of being full group worthy, then I would give some time to that portion.
Starting point is 00:43:25 And then otherwise, I would experiment with having 40 minutes or so in this, Google Doc kind of co-host breakout room. You name the breakout rooms what the topic is. Again, Brayne did the earlier conversation, naming matters. So the agenda should actually be on the room and the Google Doc so people understand what's going in. And if 11 out of 12 people join one of those rooms, then you laugh and you pull the other chair around the bar and you're like, oops, this is interesting. I guess this is the full team meeting. It's just a way to experiment in real time, the way we used to be able to do with our bodies, to actually understand where interest is, where energy is, where data is, and then always come back to close together.
Starting point is 00:44:03 So it's like a book. You talk about reentry. You want to end in a way that helps people share some data, but the data matters less than actually just coming back and closing out the group together. If this is a group whose identity you want to build around this meeting, and that's a big if. I don't know if this is a group that really matters, quote unquote. Say that again? Yep, absolutely. So one of the things that is. happens when organizations grow and when groups grow. And this is true in religious communities. This is true in nonprofits, but particularly when companies start scaling is that inadvertently meetings become groups, meetings become group identities. And so, oh, no, we just thought it'd be
Starting point is 00:44:52 interesting to come together. And on a Tuesday, you just kind of like touch base between these 12 people. And then all of a sudden, those 12 people are meeting every Tuesday for this kind of meeting and the rest of the organization is kind of like, oh, is that the new blah, blah, blah group? Or like, oh, they're the campfires. And you didn't even realize like, oh, no, no, no, this is not a thing. It's just a meeting. And it's like, well, when a group of people meet repeatedly over time and particularly if it goes well, a sense of group identity is going to form. And so the last thing I'll just say in that I'm going to pause is there's also ways that you can turn up the desire. If you want an identity to be shaped around a specific group, there's things you can do in that meeting to reify that identity.
Starting point is 00:45:40 And there's also things you can do to turn it down. And what I was just saying is at the end, meaning making disproportionately happens at the last 5% of an experience. What transpired here? What did we learn here? How have I been changed by what somebody said in this room? And then how do I also exit? What can we share with everybody else? What are my follow-up steps?
Starting point is 00:46:03 How do I move forward, no, having this time with these people? And so those last 5% is a time not just to share data, but begin to also help people feel connected to each other around this purpose. And having an exit chat question, what is one thing that you most learned in the last 50 minutes that's going to change the way you make a decision? It's going to help make a better decision. and then just put into the chat. We overuse conversation and we underuse chat. Yeah, the chat data is really helpful always when I'm facilitating. We print out all the chats and I read through them like with a magnifying glass and try to understand and what got stepped on and stepped over as a facilitator.
Starting point is 00:46:43 I can't read the chats while I'm facilitating a lot of times. So sometimes I'll have someone doing nothing but reading chats when I'm facilitating. So I think the chats are great. I'm in stress mode. So one is name. We're going to think about the name, and we're going to not think of a cute name or a fun name or an inspire name. We're going to think of a name that properly reflects the purpose of the meeting and how you want people to show up. Number two, and I wouldn't say this for everybody, part of what I'm listening for is what do you already know how to do.
Starting point is 00:47:14 And you already think in kind of ethic filters. So to take that idea and to think about what are the filters for this meeting. what rises to the level and then to share that with people so that, I mean, no one wants to be the person who's taking too much time with a one-on-one. It's not good for anybody. And so it's like, how do we determine what needs to rise to the level of the group? And then third, experiment with the structure and see if you can do kind of like an unconference for part of the meeting. And then I think, finally, think about how you want to open and how you want to close. And if what you realize out of this four-week experiment that actually this is only,
Starting point is 00:47:51 really needed and it's really truly worthy of all our time when there's a big project like the Tarana-Bernay book collaboration and it's an ad hoc meeting. Smoke signal goes up, oh, it's time for a campfire. But you don't do it. It's almost exhausting to do it every week if you're not totally sure what it's for. And then the last thing I would just say is deciding the agenda Monday morning and then being ready for it Monday afternoon to me feels really tight. And I would think about perhaps asking for the agenda or asking what people want to do the Thursday or the Friday before. So you have time to elevate what's going to be the substantive 20 minute in the full group. And then maybe just the ad hoc in the room, people can decide on Monday.
Starting point is 00:48:32 But I would decide much sooner. Is there a bigger team meeting? And then I think the final thing, Renee, is going back to the point of whether or not you're at this meeting and which meetings do you attend is a big question. I'm baited breath. I'm waiting for it. What's the answer? Priya Parker me. Let me ask you this. So what is your purpose in your work? Like what is my personal purpose?
Starting point is 00:48:59 Yes. Oh, my personal purpose is to use research to connect the seemingly unconnectable and then language it in a way that makes people feel less alone and braver. Okay. So just say that to me again, slowly. I've done a lot of purpose work. That's the only reason I have it at the top of my head. You all, listen up. This is a really good purpose, well-structured.
Starting point is 00:49:22 Is to use research to make connections between the seemingly unconnectable in our lives and language those connections in a way that helps people feel less alone, more connected, and braver. Beautiful. And in order to achieve that purpose, why have you built this organization? in this way. How does this organization help you achieve that purpose? I couldn't do it without them. I could not do it without them. I couldn't do it without any of them. Yeah. And who would want to do it by themselves? I think that's awful. But I just couldn't do it without them because if there's no website, no operations team, then how do people find it? If there's
Starting point is 00:50:08 no design team and art team, how do we put together powerful words and images to help convey what I'm learning. If there's no speaking in media team, how am I out there talking about the work? And if there's not a global team, if there's not, I mean, there's just a diversity team, the facilitators trained to do the work on the ground. So this is how we do it. So when I listen to your purpose, I think the strongest verb that you use is to use research. You are a researcher at the core of kind of how you verb in the world, how you engage. with the world, what I think also lights you up, what gives you working in a way that keeps energizing you so that you're not getting completely depleted. It's a self-fulfilling cycle
Starting point is 00:50:54 because you enjoy research, you're good at it, you're in the actual data. You're not becoming like an x-ray of an x-ray of this former researcher that's now running this organization, right? You are close to your source work. Yes, I'm a researcher and teacher at my heart. Strip everything away. That's what I have always been. That's what I'll be in the end. And to me, protecting that source work, different organizations are created around all sorts of different sources. But the organization in the current form doesn't work without you connecting deeply to your source work. And there's different types of crafts like, I'm a facilitator. There's a reason why 50% of my time, I'm still facilitating real groups, real sweaty groups that's
Starting point is 00:51:42 me. I'm still taking on problems that I'm at the edge of my learning for so that I am continuing to develop my mastery and my craft and then I can write about it and read about it and talk to others about it. But if I'm not close to my source work, I'm going to shrivel up and I'm going to become pretty boring. Oh yeah, I feel like I would die. Yeah. Yeah. And so I think the last thing that I would say is when you start, and this is for all of us, And we start thinking about a gathering or a meeting you want to make over at the center of the question is, well, what is the purpose of this meeting? And then at the center of that question is, what is my individual purpose?
Starting point is 00:52:22 What is our collective purpose? And how does the way we spend our time serve that? And so for you, Brune, I think this is like a time mapping equation. But I think the most important thing to protect for the organization and also for you is your access to your source work. And what I mean by that is you doing your research, you writing, you reading. And there may be certain things that you can begin to step back on. And I don't know, like these are controversial questions. Do you do your own social media? Or do you have ways that if it's not you, it says someone else's
Starting point is 00:52:57 name. So it's very clear when it's not you. There's ways to step back. But the thing to pretend, she's making a wonderful, scary, third face. And I think part of your authenticity is you are close to your source work and everybody can feel that and it gives you life. And so the thing to protect is when I say source work for you, it's a researcher. It's actually looking at data. It's talking to people. It's reading. It's writing. It's thinking. And then beginning to make connections for people in ways that are really helpful to them. But a comedian, I mean, somebody I get a lot of inspiration from in terms of craft is Jerry Seinfeld. He does not rest on his laurels. He still writes jokes every day. Pre-pandemic, I read that he still goes to random,
Starting point is 00:53:39 clubs, comedy clubs, unannounced to try bits. He is committed to craft and he's been committed to craft for 40 years. Esther Perel, the relationship therapist, she still sees clients. Her source work, she knows what her source work is. And I think when we have a craft and then there's a business built on that and you still want the craft. So I hear in you, you want to stay to this research. If it started getting boring to you, I'd give you different advice. But protecting the craft and protecting your research and your interaction is incredibly important to protect that glowing orb inside of you. And then to also listen to your team and your siblings in this case to really understand what it is that they need to in some ways get you out of the way. And there may be a
Starting point is 00:54:28 painful three to six months where they start getting everything out of your head and putting it into CRM tools or, you know, all of that. And it may be a temporary time that you don't like to kind of get some of that context out. And then the controversial question, and in a good way, is to say, what do I absolutely need to do myself? This is not an efficiency problem. This is what I do. This is who I am. This is why I do. And I need to protect that at all costs. And then you start figuring out, okay, given that, how do I allocate my time? This is what we do in meetings when we are celebrating goodness. We do like, I guess jazz hands.
Starting point is 00:55:05 Is that what that's called? I see a lot of jazz hands. I wish not. Yeah. No, I think this was really hard. What are you thinking? I'm feeling. Peret?
Starting point is 00:55:17 Yeah, I think it is hard. And I think the hardest for me is we're so intentional about everything we do and feel like this is a little half-assed and that doesn't feel good. Half-assed might be too strong. but we're so intentional and thoughtful about so many things. Is this true or not true, Barrett? Was Campfire born out of desperation? Because we set up the ecological fallacy that happens in there,
Starting point is 00:55:48 the weedsy versus the strategic. We set it up to be like that. We told some folks, look, Bernad doesn't have time to meet with you and Roundup doesn't have time, so bring it here. And then we told other folks bring strategic things. did we build it out of we know we need to do something for the five Cs and was there some desperation attached to it? We're not good when we're desperate usually. That's why I'm asking. I would say yes. What can you tell us, Priya, about gatherings not in the bounce and not in
Starting point is 00:56:18 beta, but gatherings that are put together out of scarcity? I think that most gatherings are put together out of scarcity. I think, and I would reframe scarcity, which is you felt a need. What is scarcity? Scarcity is we don't have what we need. And so there's a way of thinking of it's like in that moment in time, you felt a need and you kind of threw a container at it. And it hobbled along. And some beauty came out of that. The book launch and we're learning, we're experimenting. And now we're at a moment, which is this great reset where you're going to start thinking, when do we gather again at that bar all physically. When and how do we do these meetings? What should we make over? What's the relationship?
Starting point is 00:57:03 We didn't even get into this. What's the relationship between the meeting formerly known as Campfire and the Friday meeting? And so I think this is a moment for so many organizations and teams to actually pause and not judge ourselves, but to say that was what we needed 10 months ago. And now let's actually look up, see what we learned, and think again, what is the need now, and how do we set up the right containers so that we are setting ourselves all up for success and respecting our time. And knowing, at some of it's also a relief. It's those handrails again. Guests want to know what to bring and how to be successful.
Starting point is 00:57:38 And the art of the host and the art of the artful gatherer is setting up enough context so that the group can do its work. God, I just feel so much deep gratitude for you right now, really, Priya. Well, thank you for trusting me. You're so good at what you do. Oh, you are too. And so you have your homework. You can come back and tell me how it goes in four weeks.
Starting point is 00:58:03 I'm giving you a four week challenge. Test it out, listen, practice different ways. You can even spend the last five minutes debriefing the meeting each time. Make it an experiment. And in this moment, part of what I'm really trying to offer is as society, we are collectively having a gathering makeover. We are collectively deciding how do we do this now. And individually, we are asking, how do I do this now? And it's a beautiful moment to actually pause and keep that question open and think about how do we want to actually make over our gatherings. How do you make over the same way you might make over as you said, your hair or your makeup? This is an extraordinarily important moment in time. How do we think about what we want to build next? Any final words for Priya Barrett?
Starting point is 00:58:56 Thank you so much. Yeah, I'm grateful. And we will follow up with all of you. And for everyone listening, thank you for being a part of this. I know in my bones, and one thing I'm good at knowing are these kind of things. I know that what we're Priya poked and prodded and lifted the hood and asked hard questions. This is all of us. This is all of us.
Starting point is 00:59:18 I just feel like time and energy are the too much. most precious kind of unrenewable resources. And there are no words for me to explain how I feel about my team. When you said, why do you have these people? I couldn't do it without them, but I wouldn't want to do it without them, not without one of them. Yeah. So to be respectful of their time. And it's like getting invited to something, you know, Barrett, that feeling when you get invited to something social and then you get there, freaking every woman there's wearing white jeans, but no one told you. And together, I could have just said, hey, it's a white jeans thing. And then you're like the asshole that's like, I don't know. I didn't get the white jeans thing.
Starting point is 00:59:55 I did not get the memo. It is the responsibility of the convener. Yes. Yes. And I think it's a sacred duty. How you ask other people to spend their time is the most important power that you have. Okay. So, Priya, in addition to thank you, I have to say there's a little bit of uncomfortable learning in what just happened.
Starting point is 01:00:18 Yes. Yep. I agree. How do people who don't get to have this conversation with you? I mean, I've read the art of gathering how we meet and why it matters. I've read your book three times. As we start to come back and put up handrails and ask ourselves these tough questions that you've been asking us, where can people find support from you if they would like to learn more? Thank you so much for asking that. It's such a generous question. You know, so much. of as I'm watching us reemerge in the U.S., my focus for the next many months is helping people, all of us institutionally and individually, make over our gatherings. And we are going to be doing that with lots of people around the country and in conversations with real people's, real gatherings. And I'm curious to see how you want to rethink the gatherings in your work and your life.
Starting point is 01:01:16 This is an opportunity to really reimagine together. And so you can go to gathering makeover.com and join us there. Sign up for this adventure. You can follow me on Instagram at Priya Parker for this continued conversation and sign up for our newsletter. And I'm really interested in helping have these conversations around how do we really take this moment in time and reimagine the way we spend our time together? We are in a moment where we can either just keep going on. autopilot or we can really pause and ask ourselves these questions. I mean, the other thing I would say is just listen back to the last hour of conversation and ask yourselves these questions. Why are we
Starting point is 01:01:58 meeting? What is in a name? Should we still call it this thing? How should we spend our time? How do we decide this agenda? And what is it that we are all here for? And are these meetings and the ways that we're coming together serving that purpose? Priya, thank you so much. You know, it's not just what you do. It's not just your expertise and your training and your power source. It's also the way you do it. There's just something, I don't know, I'm looking at Barrett right now. There's just something both elegant and kick-ass about the way you approach these things. It sounds paradoxical, but you hold all of that in one space. So thank you again. Thank you. Thank you so much. Thank you, Priya. Thank you, Barrett. I hope that was helpful. It was so helpful. Thank you.
Starting point is 01:02:46 Thank you very much. Good. And, Bernay, so much of what you do. And I'm just so grateful for you to, you continually are curious and research. And you really use your interests and power and platform to highlight so many different types of people's work. And I'm just so grateful that you are paying attention and helping us all pay attention to how do we actually intentionally spend our time together. So thank you. Woo!
Starting point is 01:03:19 What an incredible, vulnerable conversation that was. and helpful and real, and it's making a difference in how I think about my role. It's making a difference in how I think about our work. And we are sending a lot of surveys to our folks right now asking what is meaningful about coming back for them? What's not so meaningful? And what do they want work to look like right now? And I have to say that, you know, we're clear that 30 people will have 30 different ideas and we can't meet everyone's expectations, but we can include everyone in the decision making. And I'm telling people, just like we talked about in the bottom of the survey, literally writing, we're staying in beta, we'll continue to collect data, we'll continue to
Starting point is 01:04:01 ask, we'll continue to center how your experiences are, because I can't do this work without this amazing team. So, wow, I love her frame that this is a possibly once in a generation opportunity to be deeply creative about how we come together. We will put links to her book, The Art of Gathering How We Meet and Why It Matters on the episode page on braybrown.com. You can learn about Priya and her work at Priya Parker.com. And you got to check out this new awesome thing that lives there, the new rules of gathering guide. It's meant to help all of us who are planning casual get-togethers, parties, work events, meetings. It's just a series of thoughtful inquiry about how do we identify the purpose for coming together? How do we craft
Starting point is 01:04:50 better invitations. How do we nail a closing? She's just so generous sharing her wisdom. Find it, pria Parker.com. You can also find Priya online at Priya Parker on Instagram. Priya has built a container for the makeover idea and the process at gathering makeover.com. So if you want to get together with folks in your life, on your team, in your community, at your church, temple, mosque, and say, okay, how are we going to rethink things? Go to gathering makeover.com. All right. Don't forget every episode of Dare to Lead and Unlockiness has a page on Braybrenne
Starting point is 01:05:30 Brown.com where you can find links and information, also transcripts, which are available, usually three to five business days after the podcast drops. Again, have I mentioned, we won the Webby Award, we won the Webby Award, we won the Webby Award, we won the Webby Award. Thank you, Parkast. Thanks, y'all. Stay awkward, brave and kind. Deer to Lead is produced by Brunei Brown, Education and Research Group.
Starting point is 01:05:56 Music is by The Sufferers. Get new episodes as soon as they're published by following Darede Lead on your favorite podcast app. We are part of the Vox Media Podcast Network. Discover more award-winning shows at podcast.com.

There aren't comments yet for this episode. Click on any sentence in the transcript to leave a comment.