The Daily - A View of the Beginning of Time

Episode Date: July 15, 2022

Ancient galaxies carpeting the sky like jewels on black velvet. Fledgling stars shining out from deep within cumulus clouds of interstellar dust. Hints of water vapor in the atmosphere of a remote exoplanet.This week, NASA released new images captured from a point in space one million miles from Earth.Today, we discuss the James Webb Space Telescope, the world’s most powerful space observatory, its journey to launch and what it can teach us about the universe.Guest: Kenneth Chang, a science reporter for The New York Times.Want more from The Daily? For one big idea on the news each week from our team, subscribe to our newsletter. Background reading: Here are more scenes of the universe captured by the Webb telescope.For more information on today’s episode, visit nytimes.com/thedaily. Transcripts of each episode will be made available by the next workday. 

From The New York Times, I'm Astead Herndon. This is The Daily. This week, NASA released new groundbreaking pictures taken from a point in space one million miles from Earth. Today, my colleague Ken Chang, on the telescope that took those images, its journey to launch, and what it can teach us about the universe. It's Friday, July 15th. So Ken, there was big news in space this week. Can you tell us about these new pictures from NASA that were revealed? Yeah, we finally got pictures back from the James Webb Space Telescope. This is the biggest, newest telescope that NASA has.

So these first photographs from Webb are so amazing that on Monday... Six and a half months ago, a rocket launched from Earth, carrying the world's newest, most powerful deep space telescope. President Biden had a special event to unveil the very first photograph. These images are going to remind the world that America can do big things. And one of the things they saw was a galaxy where it's so far away that the light took more than 13 billion years to get to us here on Earth. Light where stars were born and from where they die. The universe is 13.8 billion years. So, you know, it's going way back.

So, you know, it's going way back. So now we're going to, let's do it. Okay, we've got the whole world watching. Are you ready to put the first image up? Oh, let's do it, let's do it. And then on Tuesday, NASA had a separate event to show four other photographs. Okay, Amber, so here it is. And they were just gorgeous.

There was an amazing photograph of this stellar nursery. You could see all these ripples of gas where new stars are being born. You can see another picture of a dying star, another one of five galaxies that are in this intricate gravitational dance. Okay, so the first image is a deep field. And it's also a deep field with a... So this is what they call a deep field, which is basically point a telescope at a relatively empty part of the sky and see what's out there. There are galaxies here in which you're seeing individual clusters of stars forming, popping up just like popcorn.

It's amazing that you realize that the universe, you just look in the sky, it looks like it's mostly empty. But once you look at it in these new wavelengths of light, you realize there's exciting structure. There's just a sharpness and a clarity we've never had. Colors. Kind of littered like jewels all over the back of the image are these faint red galaxies. Things going on that you never realize until you put a telescope in space to look at them. This is how the oxygen in our bodies was made, in stars, in galaxies, and we're seeing that process get started. It is really kind of like wondrous. It really does obviously like remind you of our smallness.

What was the scientific reaction to these images? The scientists kept on saying that they were speechless. One person said that she ugly cried when she saw the first data. Someone was joking that all these dromers in the world have changed their background screens on their computers yesterday. So these are basically the very first efforts, pointing the telescope at the very first few targets, and not even trying very hard yet. It's like taking your car for a quick spin, but you know it can do so much more. This is basically just scratching the surface of what we'll be able to do in the coming years. So tell us about the piece of technology that actually took these images. This James Webb telescope sounds like

space's newest, hottest invention. That's exactly what it is. It's the successor to NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, which has been taking photographs of the universe for decades now. James Webb is bigger, so that means it can gather much more light and see dimmer objects much farther away, to almost the Big Bang. It's looking back to when the first stars and the first galaxies formed. And this is probably within a half billion years after the Big Bang, the very story of the universe. You know, I don't want to say the words time travel, but it feels the closest to time travel we have. the words time travel, but it feels the closest to time travel we have. Astronomy really is time travel. Because light takes time to reach us, the farther anything is, the longer it takes light to get to us. So when we look at the farthest things, we are looking back in time. Okay, Ken, so let's

go back in time. Tell us how this telescope came to be and how it became this defining moment for NASA. Back in 1990, NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope, which has produced these amazing pictures of the universe that almost everyone has seen. Yeah, Hubble, that's the name I know. Yeah, it's a resounding success now. But when it launched, it was a huge embarrassment for NASA. In what way? Well, once they started getting the first images back, all the images were blurry. And they started tweaking. Maybe they thought they needed to adjust something.

But no matter what they did, the images were still blurry. And after enough investigation, they've discovered that the mirror had been ground to the wrong shape. And it's only by a tiny little bit. The mirror is eight feet wide and the edges were two microns too shallow. Wish I knew what a micron meant to fully understand that sentence. Sure. A piece of paper is 100 microns thick. Okay, this is even crazier than I expected. So a piece of paper is 100 microns thick. And you said this mirror was two microns

too shallow. Yes, over something that's eight feet wide. Wow. And that made such a huge impact in Hubble. Yes, it looked like the billions of dollars they spent on Hubble was a complete failure. And that was very embarrassing for NASA at the time. And it took several years for NASA to come up with a fix. It was basically a set of eyeglasses that sort of corrected the vision of Hubble the same way that eyeglasses fix the eyesight of someone like me who's very nearsighted. And so in 1993, the space shuttle went up to Hubble in orbit around Earth, and the astronauts could actually install this new equipment. And after that, all the images from Hubble were clear again, and everything that people were hoping for from Hubble then succeeded. Okay. And with Hubble, NASA could send astronauts with a space shuttle to fix the problems.

There was no such luxury with Webb. Because Webb was bigger and because of its design, it had to be at super cold temperatures, which meant they had to put it at this point in space that's a million miles from Earth. So once it was out there, there was no way to fix it. So everything that was on Webb had to work the first time. There was not going to be a chance to try it again. NASA knew in developing Webb that they could not do the same thing they did with Hubble and that all the measurements had to be exactly correct. Otherwise, this mission couldn't be saved.

Right. If Webb had the same problem with the mirrors, we wouldn't be having these amazing photographs and there would never be amazing photographs from Webb. All these things from the mirror and all the things that had to go right for Webb to work had to work the first time. And that means you have to check everything and check again. And testing to make sure everything works one time correctly takes a lot of time and takes a lot of money. And that's where the Webb project kept on running into problems over the years. So when NASA gave the green light to the space telescope in the mid-1990s, they thought it would cost $1.5 billion, maybe a little bit more than that.

And they thought it would be ready for launch by 2007. They underestimated just how hard it was and just how many things they had to invent along the way. Like what? There were some major design challenges they had to solve. The first is that this mirror is huge. Hubble's telescope was eight feet. You could probably lean that against your wall of your apartment. Webb's telescope is 21 feet. It's as big as a two-story building. That is as big as my apartment.

In New York, I guess so. Probably bigger than your apartment. So the other problem that they had was that everything had to be really cold because even just the slightest bit of heat would blur the images. And why is that? So the James Webb Telescope is designed to look as far into the universe, and the best possible way to do that is look at infrared light. Because the universe is expanding, the furthest objects, their light gets shifted to the longer wavelengths. And in order to see them, you have to look in the infrared, the part of the spectrum that is redder than red.

And more importantly, infrared light is easily distorted if there's any sources of heat around it. And that's what led to the decision to put the telescope a million miles from Earth. So now the heat from the Earth's atmosphere can affect the Webb telescope because it's so far away. The other thing they had to do is make sure that it stayed cold. It had to be about minus 380 degrees Fahrenheit. Wow. And to get it that cold, they had to build a sunshield, which is this big piece of fabric that's the size of a tennis court that's blocking sunlight and keeping anything from warming up the telescope. So how do you fit something that's a two-story high mirror, a tennis court-sized sunshield, and pack it in a rocket? Because there's no rockets that big. And so they had to do something that was almost like origami. They broke the mirror part into little smaller hexagons that

stacked on each other. They had to fold up the sun shield and pack that all into a rocket and design it so that once it's in space, that it would unfold and move into place perfectly the first time. So you can kind of see why it turned out to be a little bit harder than NASA thought at first. I mean, yeah, yeah. So originally when they thought they could get this done by 2007 and every time that you would look at the project, they were like, oh, the launch date is now pushed back 2010.

The price tag is now $3 billion. And things were so bad that in 2011, they had a basically hard reset. And at that point, they said, we are now aiming for 2018. And we're going to say, this is going to cost no more than $8 billion, which is huge because again,

they thought it was $1 billion, which is huge because, again, they thought it was $1 billion and change when they started. It's hard to overstate how important this was for NASA. On the human spaceflight side of NASA, they've already stopped flying the space shuttles. They're sort of losing the spotlight to companies like SpaceX. And so on the science side, this was the signature program that was going to find NASA for decades to come. And now NASA had to go back to Congress saying, oops, we can't get this done on time. And we're going to have to ask for another few billion dollars from you. Well, with Hubble, two microns changed the entire mission. I mean, I can see why

they would want to ensure that this level investment would pan out. Well, not surprisingly, Congress was happy every time that the budget kept on going up from a billion dollars, five billion dollars, eight billion dollars. I mean, you know, when my children keep on asking me for more money, I'm not too happy about it either. So with all these problems and the rising price tag, there was grumblings in Congress that maybe we should just cut our losses and cancel Webb. But in the end, Congress decided not to cancel Webb. It gave NASA additional money. The project started moving forward again.

And that brings us to launch on Christmas Day 2021. You're looking at live footage of an Ariane 5 rocket in Kourou, French Guiana. At the very top of that extraordinary machine, we find the most ambitious space observatory ever built. Webb is on this Ariane 5 rocket. It's a European rocket. The launch pad is in French Guiana in South America. It's actually a good place to launch because it's closer to the equator.

So when you're trying to get to space, if you're close to the equator, you can take advantage of the rotation of the Earth to add velocity to your rocket. I will remember that next time I'm going to space. This is live coverage of the historic launch of the James Webb Space Telescope. So,

first thing in the morning, there are literally astronomers around the world watching the live stream of this rocket, and they're all completely nervous. What I'm thinking about is really looking at the universe in new light. We have never seen the universe how Webb will show it to us. It boggles your mind, even as a professional astrophysicist, kind of just

think about all the new things we're going to learn about our most beautiful universe. This is something that they've been thinking about, dreaming about since the 90s. So here to talk now is Greg Robinson from NASA. Greg, thank you very much for coming. I wonder how you must be feeling, Greg. I mean, it's got to be a very, very emotional time knowing that your telescope is sitting there on top of the rocket getting closer to launch. It's certainly amazing.

I often talk about the butterflies and people keep asking me, have they started? Have they started? And yes, they're starting. And they're worried that there might have been some oversight, like the Hubble mirror not being quite right,

that something would go wrong that they could not fix because this was a million miles away. Out on the launch pad, everything is in great shape. Don't let those clouds fool you. We are go for launch. And then... 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, stop. And then... And we have engine start. And liftoff.

The launch was perfect. Décollage, liftoff from a tropical rainforest to the edge of time itself. James Webb begins a voyage back to the birth of the universe. This is it. We have witnessed and the confirmation that Ariane 5 has safely delivered Webb into space. All I can say is good luck, Webb, and bring us incredible data from the deep universe. universe. And for most space missions, once a spacecraft reaches orbit, you usually get this big sigh of release because you feel like everything else is not going to be as complex. But this wasn't true for Webb. It was only the first step. It had to travel to this destination. And then the hard part was its mirror had to

undack itself and snap into its final configuration. The sun shield had to unfold and deploy. And NASA identified 344 what they called single-point failures. So if something didn't snap into place, there was no backup

system. And all 344 things, they all worked. It got to its final destination at the end of January. The instruments turned on. Almost everything worked as well as NASA could have possibly hoped. And all this preparation, all this calibration, all this testing, it all paid off. And by June, they were ready to start taking their first scientific measurements

that produced these amazing images that we saw this week. And so far, Webb seems to be working better than promised. The microns were on. Yeah, I'm sure whoever was in charge of the mirrors made sure they checked every measurement 20 times. We'll be right back. So Ken, as you told us, the James Webb is already starting to show us things that we've never seen before. What else do we expect for it to show us? Space-plain to me.

So again, what makes Webb special is that its mirror is so much bigger than Hubble's. And it's looking at this new part of the spectrum of light, the infrared, to look at the universe. Because it's looking at the infrared, they can see details that they couldn't see before. That's why this image is so much more colorful, so much more detailed than what Hubble could do. And another major thing that they were planning to do with Webb, and this wasn't even part of the plan when people were thinking about Webb in the 90s, is to start looking and examining planets around other stars, what we call exoplanets. Okay, exoplanets, planets around other stars, got it. So back in the early 90s, we had yet to see a single planet around another star.

Everyone assumed like there's billions of stars. There must be planets around many, if not most of them. But no one had actually identified any. And it wasn't until 1994 where people started discovering them. And now we now know thousands of them. What Webb can do, Webb is great, but it actually can't see individual planets. But it can do this amazing analysis of a planet.

And this is kind of a trick because for certain planets, they occasionally pass in front of a star. So basically you just have a little black dot. What happens is that the atmosphere of the planet blocks certain colors of the starlight. So you can actually compare the colors of the starlight by itself versus what colors you see when there's a tiny planet in front of it. And it's going to be slight differences because different molecules, they will block slightly different colors

from the starlight. And from that, you can actually identify what the atmosphere of that planet can be. So a planet that's about the size of Earth, it passes in front of stars, we can start seeing, is there oxygen in there? Is there water? Is there things that perhaps are evidence of life on that planet?

Okay, so test my knowledge here. So basically, the telescope performs multiple functions. One of them is getting greater detail into things we may have already known about, seeing images clearer, more colors, more light, etc. But you're talking about how it can actually help us with things that we didn't know that much about, these exoplanets that only became known in the last kind of 20, 30 years. And that what this telescope does is not look at the exoplanets directly, this telescope does is not look at the exoplanets directly, but analyze the atmosphere around the planets, which can then basically see if there's things that could point to potential signs of life. Yeah. So we now know there are these star systems, and some of them are pretty close, where there's planets. In fact, there's one called TRAppist-1. It's about 40 light years away, so not far at all.

And it has seven Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. It's a pretty small star, so the planets are actually pretty close to the star. And three of them are in what is known as the habitable zone. That's where it's not too cold or not too hot. And if it's not too hot, not too cold, maybe there's liquid water on it. If there's liquid water... Using process of elimination. Okay.

We don't know any of this information now. We just know it looks like it's about the size of Earth, but we don't know anything about the property of the atmosphere or what's on the planet. And with Webb, we can actually start exploring not just Trappist-1, but start looking across all these many stars and all the planets around these stars and start getting a sense of what is the range of planets that exist in our galaxy? How different are they from Earth?

How common is something like Earth? These are sort of things that we now can really start to study in detail. Wow. So it is not far-fetched to say that this telescope is the furthest we have gotten in terms of having a tool that can understand whether there is potential life on another planet. I mean, we would love if one of the other planets, one of the other aliens sent us a radio message. That would just make it much easier. But in terms of something like

microbes living on a planet, this is the tool that will start giving us hints about that question. This is the start of even being possibly able to answer that question. Yeah. So how long do we expect the James Webb to be doing this kind of work, showing us all

these cool things you've already laid out? The original lifetime was, they were aiming for 10 years. Because the launch went so perfectly, they didn't have to use very much propellant for getting the trajectory corrected as it went out to its final destination. They now say they have enough propellant to last at least 20 years. So the launch went so well, it actually maybe doubled the amount of time that this telescope can be in space. Yeah, that's pretty amazing. That's how well everything's been going since launch. Wow. Now, of course, things in space, you never know what's out there. There's, you know, rocks

just whizzing back and forth in the solar system, and if one of them hits the telescope in the wrong spot, it could just knock it out of operation tomorrow. I mean, it actually has already been hit by one micrometeorite that damaged one of the mirrors already. Already?

Yeah, it happened a couple months ago. They sort of anticipated it. It was a little bit bigger than what they were expecting, but they have ways to adjust for that. And they said it's still operating, meeting all of its specifications. Actually, they're actually hoping, by measuring how many times it gets hit by different things,

a better understanding of how much stuff there is in the solar system. So even by being damaged... Even learn things when it gets hit by different things, a better understanding of how much stuff there is in the solar system. So even by being damaged... We even learn things when it gets hit. Yeah, so by being damaged, NASA learns more about the solar system. If only I learned from damage, too. So can we now see this extraordinary scientific success from NASA? This telescope that is unique, launching to universal acclaim and excitement. But as you said on the show before, it comes at a time in which it's been private companies, and specifically billionaires, who have been making the most hay in terms of space travel in recent years, not NASA. I'm thinking about SpaceX and Elon Musk's

travel. I'm thinking about Jeff Bezos and his brief space flight. How do we see James Webb and NASA's latest initiative in relationship with how these billionaires and how these private corporations have frankly changed our understanding of space travel? So the billionaires are changing NASA. And I would say in many ways that's a good thing, in that it's more people going to space than have ever gone to space before. And NASA being able to buy rockets instead of having to do everything itself, which tends to be more expensive. That's the human spaceflight part of NASA. So that's the International Space Station.

That's sending astronauts back to the moon. With Webb, this is the other side of NASA, the space part. These are the things that NASA does that Elon Musk is never going to do. This is science. This is space science. This is space science. These are asking the fundamental questions that we all think about when we're up late at night and can't sleep. Are we alone? Why is there a universe at all? These are questions that, you know, you can argue

that this has no practical effect on your everyday life, but those are the things that make people special, that we are curious. We wonder what's beyond the next hill. We want to see what's beyond the next star. We want to see what's at the next star. And these are missions that really only NASA, with the European Space Agency, with the Canadians, are ever going to try because it's not a business proposition for any of the billionaires. And that's something that's, I think,

worth spending some of our time thinking about. And it's just like centuries ago, people were exploring the oceans, exploring the new continents. NASA's exploring the solar system and the universe in ways that is very much in the adventure vein that people have always done. Well, I, for one, am deeply excited. Thank you, Ken, for teaching me and spicing up my week. I'm ready to find aliens.

Me too. It's good talking with you. We'll be right back. Here's what else you need to know today. President Biden issued a stern warning to the government of Iran Thursday, saying the United States would not allow the nation to acquire a nuclear weapon. He made the remarks during a visit to Jerusalem, where he was warmly received by the Israeli prime minister. The trip is Biden's first to the Middle East since taking office and will continue with the summit in Saudi Arabia this weekend. And Ivana Trump, the ex-wife of former President Donald Trump, who helped build his business empire, died Thursday at her home in Manhattan.

She was 73. Throughout their marriage, Ivana Trump commanded almost as much media attention as her husband, which helped turn the couple into icons among 1980s New York. A police official told the Times there was no sign of forced entry at the home and that the death appeared to be accidental. Today's episode was produced by Sydney Harper, Michael Simon Johnson, Nina Feldman, Asta Chaturvedi,

and Ricky Nowetzki. It was edited by Mike Benoit and Patricia Willans with help from Liz Balin. Contains original music by Marion Lozano and Alicia Baitube. It was engineered by Chris Wood. Our theme music is by Jim Brumberg and Ben Landsberg of Wonderly. That's it for The Daily. I'm Ested Herndon.

See y'all on Monday.