The Daily - The Sunday Read: ‘The Whale Who Went AWOL’

Episode Date: January 28, 2024

On April 26, 2019, a beluga whale appeared near Tufjord, a village in northern Norway, immediately alarming fishermen in the area. Belugas in that part of the world typically inhabit the remote Arctic and are rarely spotted as far south as the Norwegian mainland. Although they occasionally travel solo, they tend to live and move in groups. This particular whale was entirely alone and unusually comfortable around humans, trailing boats and opening his mouth as though expecting to be fed.News of the friendly white whale spread quickly. In early May, a video of the beluga went viral, eventually earning a spot on “The Ellen DeGeneres Show.” By midsummer, he had become an international celebrity, drawing large groups of tourists. All the while, marine experts had been speculating about the whale’s origin. Clearly this animal had spent time in captivity — but where?In the years since the whale, publicly named Hvaldimir, first entered the global spotlight, the very qualities that make him so endearing — his intelligence, curiosity and charisma — have put him in perpetual danger. Hvaldimir is now at the center of a dispute over his welfare. Even as he swims freely through the ocean, he is caught in a tangle of conflicting human ambitions, some noble, others misguided, nearly all distorted by inadequate understanding. Whether to intervene, and how to do so, remain contentious subjects among scientists, activists and government officials.

What is it like for a whale to be taken out of the wild and placed in captivity? I think the closest analogy is alien abduction. Imagine a spaceship tearing you away from your home planet and plopping you down in a completely different world. from your home planet and plopping you down in a completely different world. Captive cetaceans, that's the scientific name for whales, dolphins, and porpoises, they're divorced from their native ecology, but also from their native culture, which we know is passed down from generation to generation, just like in humans. So trying to put a formerly captive whale back in the wild is an extremely difficult process. We've all seen that cinematic leap to freedom and free willy.

All you have to do is let him go, right? But it's not like that at all. Captive cetaceans are often traumatized, uniquely in between creatures, trapped between the worlds of humans and whales, stuck somewhere between instinct and compliance. Even when a captive cetacean manages to escape to the open ocean, they're often not fully free, still clinging to human companionship, unsure of how to be a wild whale. When that happens, who's responsible for their well-being? I'm Ferris Jaber,

and I'm a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine. I'm often drawn to stories about nature and science, especially anything to do with the living world. And like many people, I first learned about this beluga whale named Voldemir through social media. Viral videos showed Voldemir playing fetch with a rugby ball. And retrieving a smartphone someone had dropped in the ocean. And borrowing a kayaker's GoPro.

Wow, thank you. These delightful antics made him something of an international celebrity after he appeared off the coast of northern Norway in 2019, wearing a harness. But I quickly discovered that behind those seemingly adorable videos was a much darker reality. Voldemir was a formerly captive whale. He had most likely escaped from the Russian Navy. There's a well-documented history of a few countries, including the U.S. and Russia, training dolphins, seals, and other marine mammals to assist their militaries. training dolphins, seals, and other marine mammals to assist their militaries. It sounds bonkers, but it's true.

And in fact, despite the documentary Blackfish, which revealed to so many people the cruelty of keeping whales and other cetaceans in captivity, we're still keeping something like 3,600 of them captive around the world. We put them in tanks, force them to serve our navies, and to perform in killer whale shows and interactive dolphin pools. And in the case of Waldemir, who escaped, no one seems to know exactly what to do with him now, if anything. Because he continually returns to harbors, salmon farms, and other populated areas, he is in perpetual danger. He has suffered multiple injuries from fishing lines and boat strikes. I wanted to investigate Valdemir's predicament and try to tell his whole story through this week's Sunday read.

It took several years for me to get access to the people directly involved in Voldemir's welfare, and another year after that to report and write the story. What I uncovered was an ongoing debate between government officials, scientists, and activists that says a lot about our relationship with other large, social, and intelligent animals. How we simultaneously recognize and even admire their extraordinary abilities, yet feel entitled to harness those abilities. To take these animals from the wild and train them to do our bidding without fully considering the repercussions. Humans have long been enchanted by such creatures, but in trying to possess them, to bring them closer to us,

we often end up tormenting them. So here's my article, The Whale Who Went AWOL, read by James Patrick Cronin. Our audio producer today is Adrian Hurst. The original music you'll hear was written and performed by Aaron Esposito. On April 26th, 2019, a beluga whale appeared near Tufjord, a village in northern Norway, immediately alarming fishermen in the area.

Belugas in that part of the world typically inhabit the remote Arctic and are rarely spotted as far south as the Norwegian mainland. Although they occasionally travel solo, they tend to live and move in groups. This particular whale was entirely alone and unusually comfortable around humans, trailing boats and opening his mouth as though expecting to be fed. And he seemed to be tangled in rope. When a commercial fisherman named U.R. Heston got a closer look, he realized that the whale was in fact wearing a harness, one strap girdling his neck and another gripping his torso just behind his flippers. Heston contacted a local scientist and word eventually

reached the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, which dispatched an inspector, Jorgen Rea Vig. After several failed attempts by Vig and a colleague to free the beluga while on board a dinghy, Heston put on an immersion suit and plunged into the water. Though the whale was not quite as hefty as an average adult male of his species, he was still a formidable presence, by best estimates close to 14 feet long and about 2,700 pounds. Swimming beside him, Heston managed to unclasp one of the straps. Together, they used a grappling hook-like device to remove the rest of the stubborn harness. A few days later, the beluga followed a boat to Hammerfest, one of the northernmost towns in the world, where he took up residence, frequently interacting with people in

the harbor. News of the friendly white whale spread quickly. In early May, a video of the beluga went viral, eventually earning a spot on the Ellen DeGeneres Show. In it, several young women stand on a dock in Hammerfest, speaking excitedly with their hands outstretched just above the water. The beluga levitates to the surface in an upright position, as smooth, plump, and silent as a balloon. There is something in his mouth, something rectangular. Oh my god, one woman exclaims as the whale returns a smartphone her friend dropped in the sea. The women cheer and caress the whale, whose mouth continues to hang open. Later viral videos would show him stealing and returning a kayaker's GoPro and playing fetch

with a rugby ball. By midsummer, he had become an international celebrity, drawing large groups of tourists. All the while, marine experts had been speculating about the whale's origin. Clearly, this animal had spent time in captivity, but where? The first major clues came from the harness. One of its plastic buckles was embossed with the words, Equipment St. Petersburg, and it appeared to have a camera mount, hinting at reconnaissance of some kind. The beluga also knew how to closely follow boats and had a habit of wrapping rope around

propellers, which could suggest specialized training. As several experts told media outlets at the time, the whale had most likely escaped from the nearby Russian Navy. Based on a poll of more than 25,000 respondents, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation christened the beluga Valdimir, a portmanteau of val, the Norwegian word for whale, and the Russian name Vladimir. The military conscription of a beluga whale might sound like a conceit plucked from less-than-convincing spy fiction, but it is actually a well-documented practice. Since the 1960s, Russia and the United States have trained dolphins, seals, and other marine

mammals to assist their naval forces by tagging enemy divers, detecting mines, and recovering items from the seafloor. Satellite photos of Russian naval bases near Murmansk, not far from the spot where Norwegian fishermen first found Valdemir, reveal the type of sea pens often used to hold belugas. Uden Rikardsen, a professor of marine biology at the Arctic University of Norway, told me that international contacts have since confirmed that Valdemir belonged to the navy. In the years since Valdemir first entered the global spotlight, the very qualities that make him so endearing, his intelligence, curiosity, and charisma, have put him in perpetual danger.

While traveling along the coasts of Norway and Sweden, he has inadvertently hooked himself on fishing lines and suffered multiple gashes caused by boat strikes. Incessant chewing of ropes and chains has worn his teeth to nubs. Overzealous spectators have swarmed him for photos, prodded him with brooms, and thrown rocks in his vicinity to draw his attention. Some Norwegians have threatened to seek warrants to shoot and kill the beluga because he has damaged salmon farms or other underwater structures. Voldemir is now at the center of a dispute over his welfare. Although he has become more independent since his early residence in Hammerfest, he has not completely

relinquished human companionship. He has retained enough survival skills to feed himself, yet he has also ventured into warmer waters where there are no belugas, insufficient food, and numerous threats. Even as he swims freely through the ocean, he is caught in a tangle of conflicting human ambitions, some noble, others misguided, nearly all distorted by inadequate understanding. Whether to intervene and how to do so remain contentious subjects among scientists, activists, and government officials. Many advocates would like to see Valdemir reunited with wild belugas or at least moved to a nature reserve. But rehabilitating a formerly captive whale

is nothing like the triumphant leap to freedom and free willy. It's more like helping a severely traumatized victim of abduction reintegrate with society. For creatures of such size and sentience, confinement to relatively tiny, sparse, and lonely cells exacts a heavy physical and psychological toll. Like Voldemir, many captive cetaceans are in-between creatures, born to whales but raised by humans,

not quite domesticated but no longer wild, suspended somewhere in the middle of instinct and compliance. Voldemir is a living bridge between their circumscribed existence suspended somewhere in the middle of instinct and compliance. Voldemir is a living bridge between their circumscribed existence and the nearly limitless one from which they were barred. What happens to him now, whether he becomes a rare example of successful rewilding, transitions to a more sedate life in a sanctuary, or meets a tragic end like so many of his predecessors,

will influence efforts to liberate the thousands of cetaceans still in confinement today. Wherever Voldemir goes, he is followed by a small but passionate entourage of human defenders and devotees. One individual among them has become especially prominent and controversial, Regina Crosby-Hogg, an American filmmaker whose entanglement with Voldemir is largely a product of circumstance. In 2019, after rekindling a relationship with her high school sweetheart, a Norwegian man who came to her Idaho hometown as an exchange student, Crosby-Hogg started splitting her time between Southern California and Norway.

When she learned of Voldemir, she decided to take advantage of their proximity and visit him in Hammerfest, where she hoped to collect some interesting footage. Their first meeting took place near a salmon farm. He swam up to our boat full of people with a fish he had caught and gave it directly to me, Crosby Hogg recalls. I was blown away. I couldn't believe he could make that kind of connection. I thought to myself, I think I just made a friend. The more Crosby Hogg learned about Voldemir, the more she feared for his future. In addition to the daily dangers he faced in the water, there was little regulation of the crowds that flocked to see him, and some individuals in the

oceanarium industry Crosby Hogg, might have their eyes on him. Over time, what began as a short, upbeat video grew into a feature-length production and a life-consuming mission. In the fall of 2019, Crosby Hogg created an informal advocacy group called Friends of Voldemir to raise awareness of the beluga's plight. The following summer, she officially founded the non-profit One Whale, which is dedicated to protecting Voldemir to raise awareness of the beluga's plight. The following summer, she officially founded the non-profit One Whale, which is dedicated to protecting Voldemir. Several esteemed cetacean scientists, including Ingrid Visser, Diana Rees, and Roger Payne, joined the organization as advisors. Other people in Norway were falling for the whale, too.

In July 2021, Sebastian Strand, a burly, soft-hearted 24-year-old diver and graduate student in marine biology, chanced upon Voldemir swimming circles in a harbor in Vevelstad, not far from his hometown. As he walked along the docks, Voldemir surfaced and approached him. Strand immediately called his friend and canceled their planned fishing trip. Instead, he spent the next eight hours interacting with the inquisitive whale, eventually entering the frigid water in just swim trunks and a shirt. By early 2022, Strand was working for one whale full-time, in tandem with its network of volunteers.

Strand has since devoted nearly every day to watching over Voldemir and assessing his health, following him by car and boat, never knowing exactly where he might have to travel next, and often sleeping in a vehicle, at a hostel, or on a kind local's couch. Depending on the situation, his work has entailed public outreach, crowd control, and first aid. Over the past two years, Voldemir has very likely formed a stronger bond with Strand than with anyone else. Voldemir has opened my eyes to a new level of animal intelligence, Strand told me. Over the time I have spent close to him,

he has gone from a curiosity with a potentially tragic background to an individual I care about deeply. In many ways, I see him as a person. One whale's efforts fill a vacuum created by the ambiguity of Voldemir's situation. Because he is a formerly captive animal living in the wild, it's not clear who, if anyone, should be responsible for him. Russia has never claimed ownership of Voldemir, nor has anyone else. No prominent international animal rights or conservation group has volunteered to oversee his welfare. In May 2019, when Valdemir was noticeably emaciated, a research group called the Norwegian Orca Survey set up a program to feed him frozen herring by hand.

By fall, fecal samples indicated that V Voldemir was learning to catch live fish for himself. Since then, the Directorate of Fisheries has maintained a position of mild indifference, insisting that Voldemir is a wild whale and can fend for himself. When Crosby Hogg founded One Whale, she already suspected that chasing a whale through the ocean and trying to keep him out of trouble would not be a sustainable strategy. In parallel, she began pursuing an alternative solution, recapturing Voldemir is part of a much larger debate concerning the ethics of cetacean captivity. Humans have been wresting whales from the ocean and keeping them in tanks since at least the 1860s, when P.T. Barnum

exhibited live belugas in Boston and New York. At the time, many Westerners perceived whales as monsters that could be hunted, displayed, and discarded without misgivings. Since then, research has established that cetaceans are self-aware, empathic, and highly intelligent beings, many of whom form lifelong relationships and maintain genuine forms of culture. A growing number of countries, including France and Canada, are now banning all future cetacean breeding and captivity. Some aquariums and marine mammal parks have already agreed to retire and rehabilitate their orcas, belugas, and dolphins.

Many of these changes have been spurred by increasing social pressure. In the past three decades, and especially since the harrowing 2013 documentary Blackfish, the public has become much more critical of cetacean captivity, which can result in both deformities and behavioral abnormalities. While there are few verified accounts of wild orcas harming humans, captive orcas have attacked trainers many dozens of times and in several cases have killed them. Yet an estimated 3,600 whales,

dolphins, and porpoises still live in confinement around the globe. Since at least the mid-2000s, scientists, conservationists, and some oceanariums have been trying in earnest to establish what many experts agree are necessary and viable alternatives to standard captivity, open water sanctuaries. Animals who can't transition to life in the wild can live out

their remaining years in a protected semi-wild space that dwarfs any tank, at least in theory. space that dwarfs any tank, at least in theory. An ideal cetacean sanctuary should be sheltered but still part of the ocean. It should be large, remote, and untrafficked, yet still small and accessible enough to staff and manage. In other words, exactly the kind of place that humans like to keep for themselves. This was the predicament the Whale Sanctuary Project, an American non-profit, confronted when it began searching for a site to establish a haven for orcas and belugas. Following years of staunch opposition from local residents and fishermen, the organization finally found one bayside town in Nova Scotia

that welcomed their proposal for a 100-acre sanctuary. They are currently acquiring the necessary permits, a process that has spanned more than two years, and they don't yet have any whales confirmed for rehoming. In 2016, the National Aquarium in Baltimore announced plans to develop a sanctuary for its six Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, but it has also encountered numerous hurdles, including projected storm surges and other dangers that climate change will ultimately impose on captive creatures with such long lifespans. We took a hard look at the Florida Keys, says John Racanelli, president of the National Aquarium.

But the hurricanes of 2017 opened our eyes to the fact that we'll likely be caring for a succession of dolphins across many decades. Our facility still needs to be functional in 2100. Merlin Entertainments, a global operator of theme parks and other attractions, has been developing an eight-acre beluga sanctuary in Iceland since 2012. In 2019, Merlin and its various partners transported two belugas from a Shanghai aquarium to a bay on the remote island Heimai, the same bay that housed Keiko, the orca that starred in Free Willy during his attempted rehabilitation in the late 1990s. As with parallel efforts, the environment has been problematic, especially in winter. Jeff Foster, a cetacean welfare expert who worked with Keiko in Iceland,

recalls wind gusts up to 200 miles per hour and strong waves that displaced nets. Equally challenging has been the complexity of cetacean psychology. One of the belugas is struggling to adjust to life in the sea, perturbed by the unfamiliarity of currents, tides, and even rain. Because of her hesitancy, combined with harsh winter conditions and health troubles, the belugas have spent most of the past four years living in an indoor pool in a landside facility. Within weeks of meeting Voldemir, Crosby Hogg began contacting every cetacean sanctuary she could find, but none were willing or able to house a fugitive beluga. Eventually, she consulted Rick O'Berry, a renowned environmental

activist. In a previous life, O'Berry captured dolphins for the Miami Seaquarium and trained them to perform in the 1960s TV series Flipper. In 1970, one of the show's starring dolphins died in his arms after failing to resurface for air, an incident he interpreted as suicide. Unlike most mammals, cetaceans must consciously choose to breathe. The experience changed him forever. O'Berry and his son Lincoln have since established what are, in some respects, the most successful cetacean sanctuaries in the world. Working with the Indonesian government and a local non-profit, the O'Berrys created two permanent facilities in Bali and Karimunjawa for the retirement, rehabilitation, and release of former dolphin performers. The facilities, situated in sheltered coastal areas,

consist of wooden sea pens in which dolphins unlearn their captive behaviors and develop the skills they need to survive in the wild, like hunting and deep diving. Since 1973, the O'Berrys have rehabilitated and released more than 20 dolphins in various parts of the world, a majority of which they are confident reintegrated with wild pods.

Crosby Hogg initially asked Rick O'Berry to spearhead the effort to save Voldemir so that she could focus on her documentary, but he declined because he was too busy with his own projects and skeptical that the Norwegian government would offer the necessary permissions and assistance. Instead, he encouraged Crosby Hogg to lead the campaign herself. Shortly thereafter, she approached the mayor of Hammerfest about creating a new reserve to rehabilitate and release Voldemir and other belugas. After all, Voldemir had already enchanted the citizens of Hammerfest,

and the town itself was surrounded by pristine Arctic habitat. The mayor connected her with Katrina Nass, a destination developer for a local tourism company. Regina was really good at selling this as an opportunity that could be a win-win, Nass says. Everyone wants to be the town that saved Voldemir. In August 2022, Nass, Crosby Hogg, and several colleagues founded a non-profit called the Norwegian Whale Reserve, which has been trying to realize their mutual ambitions ever since. The project's proposed location is a 200-acre fjord about 22 miles southwest of Hammerfest. Turning it into a reserve would require stretching thousands of feet of net across its mouth and securing it all to the seafloor.

Such nets need to be flexible enough to accommodate waves and tides, while also remaining taut enough that they don't bunch up and trap the animals. You might think a whale or dolphin would swim or jump over any barrier level with the ocean's surface, but most cetaceans seem to have a mental block that prevents them from doing so. The climactic leap in Free Willy was accomplished by strapping an animatronic whale to a rocket launcher. This is not a sea pen, Noss says. Our ambition is to make a beautiful open sea reserve where there is no civilization, no traffic, ideally just pure nature. We want to set an example for the rest of the world. Norway is a somewhat unlikely choice for a cetacean sanctuary. It is one of only three countries, along with Japan and Iceland, that continue to engage in commercial whaling.

Polling suggests that most Norwegians have consumed whale meat at some point and that less than a quarter of the population supports an immediate end to whaling. There's also a major bureaucratic obstacle. Norwegian law stipulates that a wild whale cannot be held captive unless it is part of a zoo or scientific study, neither of which is particularly compatible with a model sanctuary. Although the Hammerfest Municipal Council has not yet officially sanctioned a reserve, it voted in favor of conducting preliminary environmental tests of the proposed site. So far, the results are encouraging, indicating exceptionally clean water. The largest sanctuaries in development can each hold 10 to 20 cetaceans at most,

a tiny fraction of the world's captive population. I asked Lincoln O'Berry why it was taking so long to do so little. He explained that among all performing animals, whales and dolphins, in particular orcas, are uniquely lucrative. The estimated market value of a single captive orca is between $1 million and $10 million, many times the typical selling price of an elephant, a tiger, or a great ape. I don't see any aquarium giving up that kind of asset, he told me. There have been sanctuaries and releases going on for all kinds of terrestrial species, and the whole oceanarium industry is trying to make it sound like it's not possible. Whales and dolphins are basically the last

animals on earth that have to perform seven days a week until they die while living in a completely barren box without even a rock to hide behind. For cetacean welfare advocates, each passing year without an adequate network of cetacean sanctuaries permits the possibility of further tragedy. Last March, the Miami Seaquarium announced a legally binding agreement to relocate a female orca named Lolita, who had been in captivity since 1970, to a reserve in her native Salish Sea. Five months later, while still occupying an 80-foot-long tank in Florida, Lolita died from kidney failure. Her ashes were packed into a white box, painted with an exact replica of her tail, and topped with cedar boughs, flown to Washington State and given to members of the Lummi Nation, who consider Lolita,

or Scalichactanat, as they call her, to be their relative. In a private ceremony in September at a sacred site, Scalichactanat finally returned to the sea. Belugas were once thought to have a maximum lifespan of about 50 years. The latest research suggests that they can live for close to a century. Voldemir's physical characteristics indicate that he is probably a young adult, between 12 and 20 years of age. Had he remained in the wild from birth, he would have spent his life traveling the seas with his kin in groups of two to ten and herds of more than one thousand, communicating through complex vocalizations that scientists have only begun to decode, and learning how to be a whale from his elders. He would have had a family, a dialect and the beluga equivalent of a name, a signature contact call, rather than another species pun.

Instead, he was probably abducted as a calf, severed from cetacean culture and forced to undergo military training in exchange for food. In all likelihood, he either escaped from a damaged sea pen or was accidentally separated from the Navy during a training exercise. damaged sea pen or was accidentally separated from the navy during a training exercise. Last spring, perhaps because of a muddled migratory instinct or the drive to find a mate, Voldemir began an unprecedented journey south. In the past, following his departure from Hammerfest, he primarily lingered around remote salmon farms in northern Norway, where he learned to hunt the wild fish that gathered to eat spilled food pellets. He would often stay in a single location for months,

allowing Strand to mediate relations between Voldemir and local salmon farmers. By April, Voldemir was speeding down the coast of Norway, rarely staying in any one place for more than a few days. On May 19th, he reached Oslo. A few days later, he was spotted off the coast of Sweden, the first time since 2019 that he had crossed another country's borders. All the while, he was swimming farther from food-rich and relatively tranquil waters toward larger and more dangerous harbors. At times, he entered industrial zones and murky canals,

exactly the kinds of places in which solitary cetaceans tend to get stuck. Even before his unexpected voyage, Voldemir's behavior had been changing. Beyond his newfound wanderlust, he became less interested in following boats and hanging around humans compared with previous years. He appeared to be growing wilder all on his own. Because of this evolution, the escalating threat to Voldemir's well-being and the absence of a suitable sanctuary, One Whale revised its strategy. In partnership with the Norwegian animal rights organization, NOAA, One Whale is now petitioning Norway's government to relocate Voldemir directly

to Svalbard, an archipelago about halfway between the Norwegian mainland and the North Pole, with the nearest resident population of wild belugas. One Whale hired Jeff Foster to write a detailed report explaining how to transport Voldemir by ship or plane. The Norwegian fisheries director, Frank Bakkjonsen, told me he is open to the idea if One Whale and its partners can secure the necessary permits and funds. This tactical shift is one of several recent developments that strained the already fraught alliance between Crosby Hogg and her scientific advisors. Moving Voldemir to Svalbard may well be his best chance of reuniting with wild belugas,

but several experts I interviewed expressed serious concerns about the plan. Beluga societies tend to be highly dynamic and accepting, wild belugas have even adopted lone narwhals, but the Svalbard population is small, insular, and non-migratory. Given Voldemir's mysterious origins and how much time he has spent away from his kin, there's no guarantee that the much time he has spent away from his kin, there's no guarantee that the Svalbard belugas will welcome him, especially if he was caught in the distant sea of Okhotsk, where the Russians reportedly acquire many of their military cetaceans.

He might also introduce foreign diseases, pathogens, or unfavorable genetic mutations. Moreover, Svalbard's remoteness and extreme weather make the expedition itself arduous and costly, not to mention stressful and disorienting for a beluga. Even if transport is successful, Voldemir would ideally require a period of acclimation on site before release, which would mean obtaining legal authorization to construct a temporary enclosure and maintaining it in potentially harsh conditions. In order to determine Voldemir's fate, scientists would have to secure tracking devices to his dorsal ridge with steel rods,

a procedure that sometimes causes significant wounds and infections. I'm always in favor of getting animals into a more natural scenario, but you have to do it on a case-by-case basis, says Ingrid Visser, a whale scientist who is known for her studies of orcas and spent several weeks observing Voldemir. It has to be driven by the welfare of the animal first and foremost, and it has to be backed by robust and compassionate science. Last summer, following intense disagreement over Voldemir's future, a majority of One Whale's scientific advisors, including Visser and every other cetacean expert, resigned. By September, Strand had left as well. Several of One Whale's former members claim that the organization's leadership demonstrated a pattern of miscommunication, recklessness, and a disregard for scientific expertise. They say that Crosby Hogg presented

the Svalbard proposal to the Norwegian government without properly consulting them and that she did not clearly convey the regulatory hurdles to one whale's plans, namely the Norwegian laws that would complicate the confinement of a wild whale, even in the context of rehabilitation. Crosby-Hogg and Siri Martinsen, leader of NOAA, dispute this. They further contend that she spent too much time interacting with Voldemir in the water despite lacking the appropriate training, potentially reinforcing his dependency on humans and inadvertently encouraging tourists to do the same. Crosby Hogg denies this as well. The motives behind Crosby Hogg's conduct became another significant point of contention.

When Crosby Hogg first traveled to Hammerfest, she did not intend to mix artistry with advocacy, or to be a character in her own documentary. As her devotion to Voldemir deepened, however, she decided to explore their relationship on camera in a similar manner as the hit Netflix film My Octopus Teacher. Many of One Whale's scientific consultants worried that Crosby Hogg's attempt to steer Voldemir's future and simultaneously fulfill her cinematic aspirations created a conflict of interest. Over the past year, their latent uneasiness grew into distrust. One Whale unraveled because of one person, says Stephen McCulloch, a longtime marine mammal

welfare specialist and former one whale advisor. From my perspective, the problem was that you had a very controlling individual who had very little integrity or respect for a group of experts that really wanted to help. It became evident that Regina's priority was to make a film with a satisfying ending, belugas swimming off together in the sunset. But you can't film an animal that died because you didn't understand enough about him. Crosby Hogg denies prioritizing her film over Valdemir's welfare and claims that there is a proactive effort to disparage her.

She says that McCulloch and others who left repeatedly proposed interventions that were unacceptable to One Whale. It is appropriate that he and others are no longer associated with us, she says, because there are major differences in philosophy. After leaving One Whale, Strand founded his own organization, Marine Mind, to independently monitor and protect Voldemir. Most of the experts who resigned from One Whale, including Visser, McCulloch, and Reese, are now assisting Marine Mind, as are many of its former volunteers. Following these departures, One Whale hired the marine biologist Ana Victoria Pina Vigna as its new lead of science and research. The choice is controversial because Vigna, who strongly supports the Svalbard proposal, is also involved in a study on cetacean physiology that some conservationists have called

cruel and pointless. The ongoing research entails stretching nets across a known migration route in order to trap young mink whales and using superficial electrodes to test their hearing. Vigna and her collaborators maintain that the study is justified because it may ultimately improve efforts to protect baleen whales from noise pollution. But critics counter that the experiments are unnecessarily stressful to the animals and point out that a loose net has already entangled and drowned a passing whale. This past fall, Waldemir reversed his southward trend and crossed back into Norway, where he is living around salmon farms and steadily regaining weight. Many of the experts I interviewed, while struggling to identify a clear solution to Waldemir's current situation, tentatively favored a kind of detached watchfulness, refraining from social interaction and intervening only in emergencies.

In contrast, Reese, a professor of psychology at Hunter College who has long studied cetacean cognition and communication, thinks that Voldemir is a strong candidate for a sanctuary because he is still too habituated to humans and thus exposed to undue risk. For his part, Strand says he is undertaking a research and development phase to determine the best strategy. In the meantime, tensions between One Whale and Marine Mind are becoming somewhat disruptive. Voldemir has recently interfered with or damaged propellers, sensors, and other equipment at the commercial salmon farms he frequents. In the past, employees on site were willing to deal directly with Strand to minimize Voldemir's mischief.

Now, pressured by rival organizations whose members make conflicting statements, some farmers have instead referred him to their company's public relations departments. To be completely candid, Strand told me, it's a mess. When I began reporting this article, Voldemir had not yet commenced his southward odyssey. By the time I connected with one whale on the ground in late July,

he was already in Sweden. I had told my editors that, although there were no guarantees, the likelihood of meeting Voldemir was high. I was nowhere near prepared for just how challenging the trip would be. Because Voldemir does not have any tracking devices, the task of finding him depends on social media posts and a tip line. We spent more than a week searching for him by car, train, and boat, hindered by strong winds and rough seas, often arriving at his last known location too late to encounter him. Exhausted, over budget, and faced with the prospect of even worse weather in coming

days, I reluctantly accepted that it was time to return home. Just one hour before I planned to head to the airport, while I was still aboard one Wales-rented catamaran, a report came in. Someone had spotted Voldemir in a harbor on a small island about 20 miles northwest of Gothenburg. By a stroke of luck, we were only 30 minutes away. When we arrived at the harbor, Voldemir was gliding just beneath the surface, an indistinct milky shape, noiseless and ghost-like. Close to two dozen spectators wandered the docks, trying to get a better look. Within seconds of our arrival, Valdemir swam toward us. Crosby Hogg stood near

the edge of our boat in a black wetsuit, waving and calling out in that lilting, high-pitched voice reserved for pets and infants. Valdemir, hello, she said as the whale swam directly below us. I'm coming, baby, I'm coming. Stay with us. For the next hour, Valdemir followed our vessel and several others through the sheltered waters within the surrounding cluster of islands. At first, he remained largely underwater, reaching only momentarily to breathe. Gradually, he began to bring his bulbous head above the surface,

turning it from side to side as he inspected us with beady black eyes. His intelligence and curiosity were palpable. Whereas most whales and dolphins have fused neck bones and fixed expressions, belugas can flex their heads and alter the shape of their mouths, making them particularly expressive. By the time Voldemir had returned to the central pier, a substantially larger crowd had gathered. Children and adults alike thronged the docks, dangling feet and hands in the water, hoping to touch the celebrity cetacean or at least get a photo.

Voldemir was docile and playful, swimming right up against people's shins, allowing them to pet his head and back, and repeatedly offering the underside of his flipper for a high five, one of many tricks he presumably learned in captivity. Crosby Hogg pulled her blonde curls into a ponytail and entered the water, swimming alongside Voldemir and explaining how to interact with him safely. It's okay to touch him, she said at one point, just not his eyes or his blowhole. When other people tried to get in the water, she cautioned them. We're with his science team, she said, and it's not recommended to swim with him.

I'm just letting you know that. Today we're seeing how much fat he has. You see this shallow part underneath his blowhole? That means he is losing too much weight. There's not enough fish in the water down here, so we're trying to get him back up to Norway. A little while later, Crosby Hogg enticed Voldemir to stay near the catamaran, away from the crowd. She played with him for about an hour,

throwing small white buoys for him to fetch and allowing him to nudge her around. Eventually, she decided it was time to leave the harbor and encourage Voldemir to follow the catamaran north. We loosened the ropes, tying the boat to the docks, and motored away. Voldemir swam alongside us, undulating tirelessly just beneath the surface, the hum of the engines punctuated by his powerful exhalations.

The farther we traveled, however, the more difficult it became to keep Voldemir at our side. He was easily distracted, veering away to inspect other vessels. Frustrated by repeated interruptions, Crosby Hogg started to yell

at passing boats, waving her arms and warning them to stay away. Like many celebrities, Valdemir has lived a life defined by other people's desires. Almost everyone he has met wants something from him. A snapshot, a story, a lifetime of submission. One of the most tragic aspects of his predicament is the discrepancy between how much he is adored and how little has been accomplished to secure his long-term welfare. Voldemir

ostensibly offers our species a chance at redemption, a formerly captive whale already moving freely through the ocean requiring only some redirection to reunite with his kind. But the enormity of what we have done to him and so many other sentient beings like him severely complicates and in some cases prohibits such a reversal. Voldemir is so far displaced from his origins, geographically, ecologically, culturally, that it's not clear whether a homecoming is still achievable. From ochre bison painted on cave walls to the elephants in Europe's medieval menageries to ongoing killer whale shows and interactive dolphin pools, humans have long

been enamored with other large, social, and intelligent animals. We love them because they are simultaneously familiar and exotic, because they both mirror us and represent ways of being beyond our ken. We have often expressed our passion for such creatures by trying to possess them, by fitting them with collars, roping them into circuses, and placing them behind glass. Even the military conscription of marine mammals is a kind of admiration, or at least recognition, of their extraordinary abilities. kind of admiration, or at least recognition, of their extraordinary abilities. Yet the closer we have pulled such animals toward us, the more difficult it has become to deny the torment that

our proximity inflicts. Perhaps the purest act of love is to leave them alone in the first place. After traveling about eight miles northwest of the harbor where we first found Voldemir, he began to slow down and trail off more frequently, possibly losing interest, After traveling about eight miles northwest of the harbor where we first found Voldemir, he began to slow down and trail off more frequently, possibly losing interest, stamina, or both. As we approached a town called Sherhaman, he vanished amid choppy water. Studying the ocean surface in the quickly fading light, you could easily mistake the white crest of a wave or a patch of foam for a dorsal ridge or fluke. mistake the white crest of a wave or a patch of foam for a dorsal ridge or fluke. On a hunch, we searched a nearby harbor, where we glimpsed Voldemir tugging a ship's ropes. Seconds later, he slipped beneath the slate blue sea. With little recourse in the dark,

we found a place to dock, hoping, rather helplessly, that the world's most famous beluga, the half-wild whale we had chased for more than a week and who half-heartedly chased us back for all of an hour, might decide to stay with us through the night. The next morning, he was nowhere to be seen. © transcript Emily Beynon