The Dr. Hyman Show - Are You Nutrient Deficient? The Hidden Factors of Accelerated Aging | Rhonda Patrick

Episode Date: April 2, 2025

We’re overfed, but undernourished. Despite having access to more food than ever, most people are walking around with nutrient deficiencies that could be accelerating aging, increasing disease risk, and depleting energy levels. That’s why I sat down with Dr. Rhonda Patrick, a leading expert in nutritional science and aging, to break down what we’re missing—and why it matters. In this episode of The Dr. Hyman Show, we explore: Why nearly 70% of Americans are deficient in vitamin D and what that means for longevity. The overlooked role of magnesium in metabolism, blood sugar, and brain function. Why our food system leaves us malnourished—even if we eat a “healthy” diet. The best way to assess and correct micronutrient imbalances for optimal health. Your body can’t function properly without the right nutrients. This episode will show you how to fill the gaps and take control of your health. View Show Notes From This Episode Get Free Weekly Health Tips from Dr. Hyman Sign Up for Dr. Hyman’s Weekly Longevity Journal This episode is brought to you by Seed, BON CHARGE, Pique, Perfect Amino, and AirDoctor. Visit seed.com/hyman and use code 25HYMAN for 25% off your first month of Seed's DS-01® Daily Synbiotic. Go to boncharge.com and use code DRMARK to save 15% on your PEMF mat today. Head to piquelife.com/hyman to get 20% off + a free beaker and frother today. Get pure essential amino acids today. Go to bodyhealth.com and use HYMAN20 to get 20% off your first order. Get cleaner air. Right now, you can get up to $300 off at airdoctorpro.com/drhyman.

Coming up on this episode of the Dr. Hyman show what the study found these are randomized controlled trials placebo controlled right It the the multivitamin Actually did improve brain aging so they have they were less people taking the multivitamin mineral supplement were less likely to experience cognitive dysfunction memory loss and in fact they experienced a Improvement in their brain aging that it was equivalent to reversing two years of brain aging Wow function, memory loss. And in fact, they experienced a improvement in their brain aging that was equivalent to reversing two years of brain aging.

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check out my membership community, the Hymen Hive. And if you're looking for curated and trusted supplements and health products for your health journey, visit my website at drhymen.com for a summary of my favorite and thoroughly tested products. So, Rana, so great to have you on the Dr. Hyman show. Welcome, and I've been looking forward to this for a long time. I think you're one of the few scientists out there in the public sphere who's actually

communicating science and data in ways that have a lot of integrity and adhere to kind of some common sense principles that a lot of things out in the blogosphere or the podcast world are often a little bit extreme. And you kind of really take a very science-based approach. So I'm really thrilled to have you on the podcast world are often a little bit extreme, and you kind of really take a very science-based approach. So I'm really thrilled to have you on the podcast. And the topic I want to really dive into is micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, maybe some phytochemicals. But there's so much confusion and controversy.

And the medical profession has historically said, you don, you don't really need multivitamins mineral if you're eating a healthy diet. Well, first of all, most of us don't eat a healthy diet. And second of all, you know, the idea that vitamins and minerals just cause expensive urine doesn't quite make sense. I always say, if you know you, say, why should you drink water? You're just going to pee it out. It's like your body uses what it needs.

And I think there's a lack of understanding of the widespread insufficiency and often deficiencies of nutrients in America. We're overfed and undernourished. And so there's a problem that I think we're facing, which is people don't understand the need to actually obtain the right nutrients in the right amounts for not just preventing a deficiency disease, but for optimizing health, preventing disease of aging. And I want

to sort of dive into that with you. I want to go through sort of the overall framework of like, you know, where we're at in terms of the nutritional status of American population, what things we should be worried about, and, you know, kind of like dive into the science of each of the key nutrients and what they do and how they affect us. And, you know, one of the things that kind of really got me excited when I was sort of, you know, gonna have you on was that you studied with a scientist named Bruce Ames, who is someone I've, you know, really admired, has been someone who inspired me and a lot of my work and thinking has come out of a lot of his work Which was really looking at how do we really understand the nature of aging and micronutrients?

And and how do we get a metabolic tune-up? you know he wrote these incredible papers that were I think landmark papers and You know you you had the privilege of actually working with him studying with him So maybe kind of you can share with us how you sort of got into this with Bruce and what you know what you've learned from him and what the sort of whole idea of the role of micronutrients is in health and wellness. Well first of all Mark I want to thank you for having me on the show. I appreciate what you do as well and I also appreciate the kind words. So, sorry. Did I make you cry?

Bruce Ames passed away a couple months ago, and he was my mentor and a very good friend of mine. Unbelievable guy. And kind of a funny story about how I ended up in his lab. You know, I was, when I was wrapping up my graduate research, my PhD at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, while I was there, I really got into health and for just wanting to be healthy.

And also, I had done some previous research before graduate school in an aging lab at the Salk Institute in La Jolla. And so I was already very interested in aging, even though I was in my 20s when I was working in that lab. There was always- I was saying people thinking about when they're 20s is living to a hundred, but yeah.

I was definitely thinking about it. And specifically I was thinking about things that I can do in my diet and lifestyle because I had done some research on how insulin affects aging and glucose metabolism. And so it was very real to me that there's a very strong connection between our diet and lifestyle and the way we age. And so that led me to reading a lot of Bruce's studies on mitochondrial health, on micronutrients.

And I continued reading him throughout grad school. And I started a blog at that time. I was blogging about vitamin D and omega-3, and I kind of decided I didn't want to be a professor necessarily. I didn't necessarily want to go and write grants and do the sort of classical pathway that a lot of scientists do when they're doing their training. And I had told that to my mentor and my mentors at the time, and they were very distraught about that because they were saying that I was a very good scientist and I was completely

going to destroy my scientific career. They begged me to please at least go interview for some postdoctoral positions. And so I did. I said, okay, well, I'll go ahead and interview. And I went on a few interviews and some very prominent labs. I interviewed for very even aging labs. In fact, one of the guys that I interviewed with at Stanford looked me up and saw that I was blogging and said to me, you can't do this if you're going to come to my lab.

You need to work for me. So then I go to Bruce and I meet Bruce and he is absolutely just, he blew me away with not only his excitement for science, but his excitement for science communication and what I was doing. And he was so enthusiastic about it. And he was basically like, oh, you need to continue doing this is a very important thing you do. I remember Bruce, you know, he kind of switches fields every few years or so. He started out looking at enzymes, and then he developed this test known as the Ames test

that is a very, very simple test for testing for mutagens, things that can damage your DNA, which is the precursor for cancer. It's still widely used today. And he had done a lot of research back in the late 70s and early 80s and he found that chemicals that were in things like women's hair dye, children's pajamas were mutagens and carcinogens. And he published this paper on it and nobody was doing anything about it. And so he was on the phone calling up these companies.

Have you seen my paper? And he was responsible for getting these chemicals out of women's hair dye, out of children's pajamas. I mean, he has had an amazing impact on public health, continues to have an impact on public health. Isn't he one of the most cited scientists of all time? He is. He is. And then, you know, he got into, you wonder, well, he's doing this cancer research, and then he gets into micronutrients. So, you know, these are about 30 or 40 essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids that we need to get from our diet. We need them to survive. But as Bruce would argue, we also need them to age

optimally. And he got into this field quite, I would say, it was an accident. He had a guy in his lab doing a sabbatical, Dr. McGregor, and this guy was a cytobiologist. He was looking at red blood cells and doing a lot of experiments with red blood cells. And it turns out he used a media that didn't have folate. And all of a sudden, he started noticing all these double-stranded breaks in DNA. So the DNA was like being damaged. Being damaged. And so he was like, oh, what's going on? And he finally traced it down to, oh, we have this media that we use that doesn't have folate. So then he decided to do some animal work. Well, let's see what happens if we deprive rodents of folate. And sure enough, widespread DNA damage, just completely.

Double-stranded breaks in DNA are the precursor to basically oncogenic mutations. Cancer. Exactly. Cancer. So Bruce, of course, was like, wow, this is amazing. Not having an important micronutrient can potentially cause cancer. And that's kind of what it was doing in the rodent studies. And then he had found some humans that were low in folate and did some experiments as

well, found a similar thing, gave them back the folate, DNA double-stranded breaks, went away. He worked out the mechanism, which was folate is a precursor for making DNA. And so if you don't have that there, your body will put something there from RNA, a uracil, instead of a thymine. And-

Those are like nucleotides from DNA that's built in it. Right, and so it basically causes these double-stranded breaks. So long story short, that's how Bruce got into micronutrients. And he started to really dive into understanding how these vitamins and minerals are affecting the way we age because cancer is a disease of age for the most part. There are some childhood leukemias and childhood cancers, but those are mostly linked to genetics. Aging in general is a major driver of cancer.

Bruce came up with this theory called the triage theory. Yeah, tell us about that. Yeah, it's a theory that he came up with that posits that vitamins and minerals that we get from our diet, they get triaged to essential functions in our body that are important for preventing basically acute death, right? So if you think about blood coagulation, vitamin K1, very important, Like you need to have your blood clot. Otherwise you could have, you know, a pretty severe injury and you could have a hemorrhage and that would be detrimental, right?

So vitamin K is one example. And there's some other examples like selenium that Bruce has published and showed. There are proteins that have a stronger binding to vitamin K1 that are important for coagulation. So these are proteins in the liver versus, for example, other proteins that stay in circulation and are activating proteins that are important for calcium signaling and trafficking, moving calcium out of the bloodstream, moving it to muscle, moving it to bones, right? So he's published a couple papers showing that, so the idea is that your body will triage them to essential functions to prevent, you know, short-term death at the expense

of these long-term sort of health functions, right? So your body hijacks whatever nutrients we have to deal with the immediate needs we have, but then it kind of misses the boat on what they're doing to protect us long-term from the ravages of aging. Exactly. And so magnesium would be another one. Magnesium is an essential mineral. It's involved in over 300 different enzymatic processes, and ATP production and utilization is one of those.

And ATP is the energetic currency of our cells. We need to make energy to survive. Right. So, one's our cells is energy, everything. Exactly. But it's also essential for DNA repair enzymes. They use it to repair damage to our DNA. Every time we make a new cell, whether that's a skin cell or a liver cell or a blood cell,

there's damage that occurs even with just the process of cell division, right? Let alone the external processes that were exposed to UV radiation, unhealthy diet, things like that. So we need to repair that damage. But magnesium is essential for those DNA repair enzymes. And so if you don't get enough magnesium, it's only going to those essential roles of ATP production and not the DNA repair enzymes. And this is important because about 50% of the US population does not have adequate levels of magnesium. 50%. Close to 50%, yeah.

And magnesium, as Bruce would say, is at the center of a chlorophyll molecule. Chlorophyll give plants their green color. So magnesium is very high in dark leafy greens. You're supposed to eat your greens. You get your magnesium. And so people aren't eating enough of their greens and they're not getting enough magnesium. Greens and beans.

Greens and beans, it's an oats, almonds, exactly nuts. Things that aren't typically staples of American diet, which is 60% ultra processed food, right? Right, exactly. So the magnesium RDA is about 350 to 400 milligrams a day, depending on if you're male or female. Males require a little bit more. And so you're really supposed to be getting the majority of that from your diet. People aren't getting that from their diet. And just in terms of, we talked about triage theory in cancer, there are a variety of studies

that have looked at, these are observational studies, so it's always difficult to establish causation of course from observational data. But nonetheless, there are studies that have found a dose dependent effect of low magnesium. So for every 100 milligram dose, less, 100 milligrams less intake per day was associated with a 24% increase in pancreatic cancer incidence. Wow. Of magnesium. Of magnesium.

So eventually, and that's dose dependent, right? So let's back up a little bit. Because years ago, I 20, God, more than 20 years ago, I wrote an article called Paradigm Shift really about the sort of end of normal science, which is this sort of our current view of how things are in medicine and how the body works and shifting more toward a systems view and understanding the body as a network, as a sort of an integrated organism that requires basic raw materials to function optimally. And what I wrote about in that article was that micronutrients are really kind of miraculous,

because back in the turn of the century, we didn't really know about them of the 1900s, not 2000s, but we still kind of don't know much about them from the consumer and medical point of view, for sure. The amount of serious deficiency diseases like pellagra and beriberi and rickets and you know, xerophthalma, which was like a vitamin A deficiency and causes blindness, just widespread, you know, zinc deficiencies. And these cause really significant, serious diseases that can

literally be cured almost in minutes with infinitesimally small amounts, you know, milligram amounts of nutrients. There's no drug that can do that. And you were talking about magnesium having 300 different enzymatic reactions. When you take a drug, it usually has one target, like one receptor and one action. But nutrients have our pleomorphic, which means they can do many, many, many things and they do many things. And each nutrient literally can have hundreds of different reactions in different systems

of the body that regulate almost everything we can think of. And what's really frightening to me as a physician, and we do testing of this. I co-founded a company called Function Health, and we do a lot of micronutrient testing as part of that, which is not typically done, whether it's methylation testing for homocysteine, methylic acid, you know, the B vitamins we're talking about like folic acid or the vitamin D or omega-3s and zinc, and the selenium, the list goes on. And we see iodine, the tremendous amount of deficiencies that exist in red blood cell magnesium, you know, that exist within the population that are being undiagnosed. I mean, and we're seeing, I don't know, we have 110,000 people in our cohort.

Sixty-seven percent, last time we looked at the data of the cohort, which is I think a more health forward cohort, who would be like proactive about their health, going to function health, getting their jobs done. 67% have a nutrient deficiency, iron, omega-3s, vitamin D, home assistant, whatever, at the level that the lab reference range says, not at what you or I would think would be optimal, right? So like, you know, we probably would think vitamin D should be over 45 or 50, but their level's 30 or ferritin.

I think they're level 16, which is your iron stores. Probably I think it should be a 45 or more for optimal health. So we're talking about 67% being deficient at a level that I think is already pretty low. So what about the general population? And maybe you could talk about the degree of nutrient deficiencies and then talk about like how these things actually do their magic and why they're not just causing expensive urine. And then I want to sort of get into, you know, what should people be taking? Because that's how we're going to get into that at the end.

Because I think it's important to know what are the foundational things that are going to protect you long term, you know, for pennies a day that could actually save your life. Well, I want to start out with the multivitamins and vitamins don't do anything and their expensive urine, which you also mentioned earlier, because this is a pet peeve of mine, I guess. Me too. And I'll tell you... About where I was, it's funny that you...

I'm just going to try for a sec. Sorry. I go to these medical conferences and I'm like, I ask, okay, doctors, how many of you recommend supplements to your patients? And like a few hands will go up, you know. How many of you personally take supplements? I'm like, almost everybody's hand goes up. Oh, really?

Yeah, it's very funny. It's a great question. Yeah. So... There's no evidence, but I take it. But I take it. But I take it. Here's a big flaw with a lot of those studies that are cited by journals. Yeah. Great journals like JAMA, for example.

They're poorly designed. They're poorly designed. They're designed like drugs. Exactly. Exactly, right. Exactly. The problem is when you have a drug trial, randomized controlled trials are the gold standard, right? You have a drug and then you have a drug trial, randomized controlled trials are the gold standard, right?

You have a drug and then you have a placebo. But the thing is, is that with a drug, everybody has zero levels of that drug in the start of the trial, right? So you don't have to measure anything, right? Because there's nothing to measure until you take the drug. There's no like pre-Ozempic level, although actually with Ozempic it's true,

you have a GLP one. Yeah, bad example, but like scattens. So, you know, but when you're doing a- You don't have a normal blood level of Lipitor, right? Right, exactly. When you're doing a study on vitamin D or omega-3 or fill in the blank vitamin mineral, everybody has varying levels of these micronutrients

in their body. And so you have to measure things. You have to measure things at the start of the trial. You might have someone that's already got sufficient levels of vitamin D. They may have 50 nanograms per milliliter level vitamin D. And so you give them a vitamin D supplement and it's not gonna do anything

because they're already sufficient, right? Or the converse is they're so deficient and you give them a supplement that's 400 IUs or 800 IUs, which doesn't raise their blood levels hardly at all, that it doesn't really do anything. And so you won't- Right. The dose is wrong.

You don't measure who's sufficient. Like, yeah, I mean, like if you don't have a headache, an aspirin doesn't do anything, right? So it's like if your levels are great at omega-3s and you add omega-3s, you won't see a change in your health, right? Exactly. So that's the fundamental flaw of clinical trials in nutrition. That right there is that the MDs that are running these trials

are running them like they're drug trials. And they're not. You have to measure things. With that said, there have been some well-done trials. And in fact, I remember. It's just been trapped in. The other flaw is that they will use a single dose of a nutrient that usually works as a team, and that can actually make things worse.

Like the beta-carotene trials of smokers show that it can cause cancer, but oxidative stress is managed by a whole team of nutrients. So like I would say, you could be, you know, uh, you know, Michael Jordan, but if you're playing one against five on a basketball team, you're going to lose every time, right? Even if he's the best player in the world. So you need a team of, of, of these. Nutrients, particularly in terms of oxidative stress cascade to actually modulate free radicals.

And if you give a high dose of one nutrient, you're going to kind of screw up the whole chain. Yeah, that is possible. Not to mention the fact that smokers, I mean, if you give a high dose of one nutrient, you're going to kind of screw up the whole chain. Yeah, that is possible. Not to mention the fact that smokers, I mean, if you give beta-carotene to nonsmokers, it doesn't cause cancer. But smokers are doing so much oxidative damage, and they're getting DNA damage that a high dose of something like beta-carotene, which can be an antioxidant,

may then allow some of that. It's basically, it's allowing some of the cells that would otherwise die from the oxidative stress not to die, right? And so, yeah, it's a very complicated thing when you're doing things like that. But I think, like it was about 10 years ago, there was a huge study in the annals of internal medicine

and it was called enough is enough. Vitamins and mineral supplements not only don't do anything that may be harmful. Yeah. I think that was, do you remember that study? Yeah. It was about 10 years ago. Yeah. And you know, I, I was, I just dug in and it was a meta analysis and I went and

looked at all those studies and I found that all these flaws again, coming into the actual studies that they made their conclusions from. So they do a review and they go, we're going to look at all these studies and we're going to make a summary and that that's called the meta-analysis. And then from that, you didn't just take their conclusions. You actually went and looked at the data itself from the original studies. Exactly. Yeah.

And I put out a video about it like years and years ago. And again, all these flaws that we just talked about were there. And here we are 10 years later, and the COSMOS trials was just published, right? So this is another meta-analysis of a couple of randomized controlled trials where older adults were given a multivitamin. They had about 20 or so essential vitamins, essential minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D,

magnesium, this was all present in this multivitamin and they were given it for two years. What the study found, these are randomized controlled trials, placebo controlled, right? The multivitamin actually did improve brain aging. So they were less, people taking the multivitamin mineral supplement were less likely to experience cognitive dysfunction, memory loss. And in fact, they experienced a improvement in their brain aging that was equivalent to reversing two years of brain aging.

Wow. Wow. Brand mice control trial. Here we are, 10 years later. Yeah. And there's many, many other studies that show the value of nutrients in many, many different conditions, right? Exactly.

Yeah. I think that it comes down to, yes, you should try to get your micronutrients from diet. However, taking a multivitamin supplement, taking vitamin D, taking omega-3s, these are insurance, right? This is insurance to make sure you're getting your optimum levels. So you asked about deficiencies and what are some of the common ones. Well, omega-3, okay, so about 80% of the world's population and 90% of the US population does not meet the requirements for omega-3 fatty acids.

That's a lot. Which is basically what your body's made of. The cell membranes, your brain, the nervous tissue, runs regulatory, inflammation. I mean, it's critical to everything. Exactly. I'm always looking for ways to help my patients optimize recovery, build muscle, and improve their overall health.

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Bill Harris so I'm I'm an associate professor at the fatty acid research Institute with Harris, and so I'm involved in a lot of research on omega-3. And he's published just an array of studies that are quite convincing. So looking at the omega-3 index, so this is the omega-3 levels in red blood cells, which is sort of like a long-term marker for omega-3 because they take about what occurs. What does the index actually measure? It measures the EPA and DHA levels along with a bunch of other fatty acids if you're interested in that. But it's really the EPA and DHA level in the red blood cell membrane, which...

It gives you the index and you want a certain number. Exactly. So he's published studies using like the Framingham cohort. So these are large cohort studies with a lot of people, and he's looked at the omega-3 index and correlated with all cause mortalities, so dying from a variety of different causes, and what he's found is that people that have what is defined as a high omega-3 index, so this would be 8% or more, have a five-year increased life expectancy

compared to people that have a 4% omega-3 index, which is low. And actually, the average omega-3 index of the US population is about 5%, pretty close to that 4%. Yeah, yeah. Well, that's why we actually measure that in the function health labs. Yeah. So it's great to see.

So we see that. Five-year increased life expectancy. If you think about Japan, they eat a lot of seafood in Japan. Their omega-3 index on average is like 10%. So they're above the high, the 8%. Yeah, yeah. The mercury levels are probably also very high. What's funny, it's funny that you say that, Mark.

There's been studies like in pregnant women, you probably remember this, that decades ago women were advised to stop eating fish because of the high mercury. And that actually had a detrimental sort of effect because omega-3 fatty acids, as you mentioned, they're so important for the brain, very important for neurodevelopment. And there have now been a whole host of studies that have come out showing that omega-3 fatty acids actually protect from any potential mercury toxicity in the developing fetus. And in fact, there's been studies looking at children that were born to mothers that had a high level of omega-3

and high mercury. Those children had scored higher on intelligence tests, so IQ scores. Even if so, so high mercury was actually biomarking intelligence, it wasn't actually the mercury, it was high omega-3. That's crazy. But yes, you get the-

Although in Japan, they eat a lot of seaweed, which seaweed is a chelator for heavy metals. Oh, is it? So is green tea, by the way. I think garlic, garlic, the beta mercaptans in garlic as well. But back to the omega-3 and this study I was talking about from Bill Harris is so interesting because he also, this is a huge cohort of people, the Framingham, there's people that have all sorts of lifestyles, including smoking. And so he did a sub analysis looking at smokers and nonsmokers and their omega-3 index. And what Bill and his associates and colleagues found was that smokers with a high

level of omega-3, so they had a high omega-3 index of 8%, they had the same mortality as non-smokers with a low omega-3 index. Okay, everybody, this does not mean you can smoke and take your own fish oil pills. I don't get any ideas. Or if you're not getting enough omega-3, it's like smoking, right? I mean, if you look at the graph of this, I mean, it's incredible. The overlay is perfect. Yeah.

Perfect. Fascinating. So having a low omega-3 index had the same mortality risk as smoking. Okay. So we're talking about 90% of the American population is in that category. Yes. Yes. And, you know, there's also been a whole host of randomized controlled trials looking at

omega-3s being protect cardio protective, right? So they're, they're very important for cardiovascular health triglycerides. Yeah, there's actually prescription omega-3s, which you can pay much, much more than you would go get a basic omega-3 for lowering triglycerides as a therapy. Right. Yeah. And you mentioned inflammation, you know, so this is another thing. They do, they play a major role in lowering inflammation. And so that's a driver of aging in many ways, brain aging, you know, cardiovascular aging. So omega-3s are, I would say, one of the most profound lifestyle factors that can play a role in negating inflammation aside from exercise.

Yeah. They're just, they're so, well, like the word I use is pleomorphic, but it's a big medical word, but essentially it means it does a million things, right? It's not just one thing, it's great for your skin, for your hair, for your nails, for your brain health, for preventing dementia, cardiovascular disease, cancer. I mean, it regulates inflammation. So these are nutrients that do so many things in the body,

then they work differently than drugs. And they're essential, they're called essential, because they are essential. And one of the challenges is that we're looking for that quick fix, and we're trying to diagnose a real disease that's directly connected to that particular problem. So I'm sure you're familiar with Robert Heaney, who was a vitamin D researcher, and he wrote

this beautiful paper years ago called Long Latency Deficiency Diseases. And the basic thesis was that in the short term, if you're a nutrient deficient at a severe level, like we used to see in the 1900s, if your vitamin D is super low, you'll get rickets. Or if you don't have enough vitamin C and you're a sailor, you get scurvy, right? Or if you don't have enough meat, too much white rice and white flour, which they started to do in the third century, you get beriberi and pellagra and all these horrible B vitamin deficiencies. The thesis he had essentially is that you can correct those vitamin deficiencies in the short term to fix those deficiencies.

These are like if you're low in folate in the short term, it'll cause anemia, a form of anemia which is big cells called megaloblastic anemia. But in the long run, it can cause cancer and heart disease and dementia and the same thing with vitamin D. In the short run, you'll get rickets. In the long run, you'll get osteoporosis and cancer and die sooner. And so medicine hasn't really gotten that concept. It's like, yeah, if you're deficient, take a vitamin.

But otherwise, you don't need them, right? That's also very much in line with Bruce's triage theory, right? These micronutrients are running our metabolism, which runs everything from our heart pumping blood to neurotransmitter function to repairing DNA. So there's a lot of, you know, you can look in the mirror and if your vitamin C deficient and your gums start falling apart, you can see, oh, I've got scurvy.

But like when you're magnesium deficient, like you're not going to see DNA damage happening. But you might feel muscle cramps, and you might have anxiety, you might have constipation, you might have muscle twitching, or headaches, or a million other things that are symptoms of magnesium deficiency, sensitivity to loud noises. And so as a functional medicine doctor, I take a deep history to look at microendocrine deficiency

symptoms that are not necessarily pure true deficiency, but more like insufficiency. And I think people don't make that distinction. And I think when you treat people, it's often a miracle. When you get them a plete in the nutrients they're deficient in, so many things get better. I like it is insufficiency, because most people are not deficient.

We do have a lot of fortification, even in our ultra-processed foods, because of, you because of preventing neural tube defects, preventing pellagra, like all these diseases that were sort of cropping up like you mentioned in the early... Fortified, but it's like junk fortified. It is, it is, but it seems to stop some of those deficiencies, right? But it's the insufficiency.

And with vitamin D, it's a really big one because it is converted into a steroid hormone. So this is something that is going into the nucleus of our cell and binding and interacting with DNA. It has a little sequence of DNA called a vitamin D response element. It's so important that it's encoded in our DNA, right? So to not have enough vitamin D, so 70% of the US population doesn't meet the sufficient levels of vitamin D, which is about 30 nanograms per mil, 70%. 30.

And if you add it up to 45 or 50, it's probably like 80 plus, 90%. Right. Yeah. And so that would be...there have been studies looking at all-cause mortality and vitamin D levels. Of course, this is again observational. Lots of meta-analyses out there, even dating back for like 30 years. And it seems as though having at least 40 nanograms per mil seems to be a sweet spot.

40 to 60 is a really good place to be where you're having a good level of vitamin D. But again, it's a steroid hormone. It's regulating over 5% of the protein encoding human genome. That's like thousands of genes. Everything from immune function, it plays an important role in preventing autoimmunity. Brain function, it regulates genes that are important for converting tryptophan into serotonin.

Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter that regulates mood, cognitive function, impulse control. You know, so vitamin D... Maybe I need more of that then. Well, and the problem is that, you know, vitamin D, typically you make it from UVB radiation exposure from the sun. Yeah. But...

We're all told to shield ourselves from the sun and sunblock. And so we live indoors, work indoors. And yeah, it's a problem. I mean, we're all running our half naked hunting and gathering. We got a lot of vitamin D. And we ate, and we're coastal areas, and we ate fish, small fish like herring, and so on. And so they're higher in vitamin D. Or if you're foraging mushrooms, you're high in vitamin D. So there's ways in which our historical population got it, the Paleolithic ancestors, but we don't get that. Right.

Exactly. We don't. And so I do think so people the simple solution is a vitamin D supplement right and so about 4,000 I use a day will generally get someone from a deficient range Which is 20 nanograms per mil up to a sufficient range, but you're just talking about ten times What's normally in a multi vitamin or what doctors will recommend? And I am I am because am. Because you really do.

It's about 1,000 IUs of vitamin D will raise blood levels between 5 to 10 nanograms per mil. But we have genes. We have different variations of our genes that are able to do this. And this, again, comes down to these clinical studies showing that nothing happens. We're all different. We're all different. And so some people actually have to take a much higher dose, right?

Because they have genes that are converting vitamin D3 into 25-hydroxy vitamin D, which is this circulating form of vitamin D, or the steroid hormone, 125-hydroxy vitamin D. Well, let's go down this rabbit hole, because I think there's a paper you just reminded me of that Bruce Ames wrote. It was published in, I think, the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition years ago about how one third of all of our DNA codes for enzymes. And an enzyme is a catalyst that converts one molecule to another molecule. The catalysts or the coenzymes or the helpers are micronutrients.

And so what he said in that paper was that there's a huge variation in the population's need for different nutrients. So some people might need 400 micrograms of folate. Some people might need 4,000 micrograms of folate. And so it's really about personalized nutrition. It's about testing, not guessing. It's about figuring out what your body needs, what your genetics are. And it gets really fascinating that you can actually start to customize your own diet and your own supplement management based on what your own particular genetics and your levels are.

And so I think there's this, it was sort of a wake up call for me, like, holy cow, when you think of our DNA and everything it does, if one third of it is coding for enzymes and all those enzymes require vitamins and minerals, if we don't have enough of those nutrients, it's like It's like a like an assembly line in a factory If you don't have one station the thing can't get made right? So you gum up the whole works of your metabolic machinery if you don't have the right levels of nutrients to optimize the function Of your body and that's that's why we call functional, because it's about how do we optimize function, right? It's true.

These minerals and vitamins, so you're talking about magnesium, zinc, calcium, B vitamins, like these are co-factors for these enzymes to make these enzymes run properly. And if you don't have sufficient levels of those vitamins and minerals, what happens is those enzymes do not work optimally, right? So in the case we talked about DNA repair enzymes,

they're not going to be repairing damage as well. Zinc is also involved in DNA repair as well. So B vitamins are involved in serotonin production. Magnesium is involved in vitamin D production, right? You were talking about nutrients working together. And it's very true. So I think a really great way to think about eating diet is what do I need to run my metabolism, right? And when you say metabolism, like, what do you mean by that? Because it's not like my weight, you're talking about metabolism as sort of a bigger concept in medicine.

Yeah. Yeah, I guess when people hear the word metabolism, they think about weight loss. I got a slow metabolism. Right, right. What I'm talking about is much more a biochemist definition of metabolism, which is all these enzymes. You're talking about one third of the protein encoding genome, that are doing enzymatic reactions that are making proteins function.

So they are producing energy. They are running neurotransmitter synthesis. They are causing your liver to function properly, your heart to function, the lungs, everything. So every chemical reaction all the time. Exactly. I don't know if I heard, I read this somewhere and I can't find the original citation, but that there's 37 billion trillion chemical reactions in the body every second. It's just like an insane amount of activity is going on chemically and biochemically and

converting one molecule to another. And if you don't have enough of these nutrients, that whole 37 billion trillion chemical reactions may not work optimally. Exactly. So getting the micronutrients you need from food, and nature sort of color-coded them in a way, right? I mentioned chlorophyll, so that's magnesium. You have vitamin K, also the... What color is that? What color is vitamin K? I guess it's green too.

I would say green. I agree, I agree. Vitamin K1. And then the orange ones. The orange, right? And then you've got like the phytochemicals, right? So that would be the purples. But you really do need to get a lot of vegetables and fruits.

And then you need your protein, right? And fiber. When you're getting your micronutrients, you're also getting the fiber because a lot of the micronutrients are coming from plants. Which are a great source of both fermentable and non-fermentable fiber, right? So I think it's a really simple way.

There's so many fad diets out there, right? Carnivore, keto, vegetarian, paleo, and although I do think paleo is the closest thing to what I'm talking about, to what I'm talking about. But what I'm talking about is even simpler, because what it really means is that you understand why you need food. What's the purpose of food? The purpose of food is to provide you with these essential vitamins and minerals and fatty acids like omega-3 and protein and fiber to improve gut health. That's the purpose of eating.

And fuel. And fuel. Right. And so that means you don't need ultra-processed foods. That means if you're eating something like just carnivore diet, you're going to be missing out on a lot of micronutrients. It's going to be very hard. Yeah.

I have a theory which is... Like, I have many theories. One theory I have is that we're so depleted in these nutrients and it dysregulates our appetite. And so when you're eating ultra processed food, there's no nutrients in there. And so when a kid is iron deficient, it'll leave dirt. It's called pica. And try to get some iron from the dirt. And I think so many people in this country are so nutrient-efficient that they're just eating more and more of the ultra-processed food. It's like they're looking for love in all the wrong places. Have you heard of the protein leverage hypothesis?

Yes. Yeah. So it's kind of the same thing where, you know, your body needs a certain amount of protein to run optimally. And if you're eating, there's been a couple of randomized controlled trials on this. I think it's like Steven Simpson is one of the proponents of it. It was like 2000s or something. And that essentially if you're eating ultra processed foods, which are high in a lot of

refined carbohydrates, low in protein that you overeat to sort of try to get enough protein. So it does make sense if your body is looking for more of micronutrients, more vitamins, more minerals, more protein that you start to overeat. And are you familiar with Kevin Hall's study that he published a couple of years ago? You mean the ultra-processed food? They had 500 calories more. They had 500. Yeah.

So for people listening... Ultra-processed food. Exactly. They had two diets. They had a whole foods diet, which was essentially mostly they were getting salads and they were getting poultry and lean meats and some fish, oatmeal. And then there was the ultra-processed foods diet. And they were trying to match them for macronutrients. Yeah, so they were matched for calories.

They were matched for total sugar, although the added sugar in the ultra processed foods group it was like a huge difference. I mean, it was like something like 70 or 80% versus 1%. So the sugars in the whole foods diet were coming from fruit, which has a fiber matrix, right? So they were matched for that. Exactly. So the added sugar was not matched, although total sugar was. And then protein was somewhat matched. The whole foods had a little bit more protein. It was something like 15.6% in whole foods diet versus 14% in the ultra processed foods diet.

And they were given, so a lot of things were matched. And they were given these foods in a sort of metabolic ward where they came in and eat. And they had 60 minutes to eat the meal ad libitum, right? So they could eat as much or as little as they wanted. Yeah. So you got a big, as much like giant buffet, eat as much as you want. Like you got 60 minutes. Right. And then they did it. And then they group that eat the ultra processed food, ate 500

calories more a day. And just to do the math on that, 500 calories times 7 is 3,500 calories. That's one pound of weight gain. So you add that up, that's 52 pounds of weight gain in a year. The order of America is overweight. Yeah. I didn't do that math. I know that I just read the results, which was they gained two pounds in two weeks, whereas the whole foods diet lost two pounds in two weeks. Well, I say two pounds, right? Two weeks, 20... It's like, you do the math, it's like... But you add that up over a year, and then you add up year over year, it's like, that's why we're seeing this sort of incredible level of severe obesity and diabetes. And I mean, it's just...

You know, the latest data I saw was sort of shocking was that 38% of teenagers have pre-diabetes. Wow. It's like, what? I mean, it didn't even exist when I graduated. I'm old, but it didn't exist when I graduated from medical school. Like, we didn't have it. We didn't even have a soft kid. There's been studies that have looked at like healthy individuals and they've given them

... and they're actually young men. They gave them a 20 ounce sugar sweetened beverage, sort of akin to like a soda, Coke or something. And they did this for three weeks. And after that three week mark, their C-reactor protein biomarker for inflammation went up 100%. Their small dense LDL, so these are lipoproteins that are transporting... The bad ones that are causing more heart disease.

Exactly, causing more atherosclerosis. They went up as well. This was just after three weeks, you know, and healthy. And eating atherosclerosis. Of a sugar-sweetened beverage, which is the ultimate, right? That's the ultimate... Yeah, ultra processed food. But the reality is... But it's gluten free. It's gluten free, yes. But it's definitely... It's causing inflammation, massive inflammation

at the level of the gut. And so you can take healthy people and dramatically change their profile within a matter of weeks of having this ultra-processed foods, these sugar-sweetened beverages, which again... And they deplete nutrients because I think people don't realize that, one, you're not getting them, but two, you actually need nutrients to actually run your biochemistry. And so you're trying to burn these calories and burn the food, but you're actually depleted in the very nutrients required to run the metabolic pathways to actually metabolize the food.

So you're kind of getting it from both sides. Like a two-hit. Yeah. Yeah. So again, it comes down to, I think, thinking about why you need to eat is so important because then it's like, I need to get micronutrients. I need to get my fiber. I need to eat is so important, because then it's like, I need to get micronutrients. I need to get my fiber. I need to get protein.

When I say fiber, carbohydrates, right? But it needs to be carbohydrates in the form of fruits and vegetables, which have the micronutrients and the fiber, right? And nuts and seeds. Yeah, and oats. And then avoiding ultra-processed foods. I think if people were to do that and think about eating that way, and then you have to move, right? You have to be physically active.

Being sedentary is a disease. Like there's data out there that show people with a low cardiorespiratory fitness, so this is a marker of, you know, I mean, it's a marker of how physically active you are, essentially, that's an oversimplification. But people with a low cardiorespiratory fitness have the same disease risk as people

with diabetes, cardiovascular disease smokers. So how do you measure your cardiovascular fitness? Well, cardiorespiratory fitness is something typically you can measure if you go into a lab that measures them, and they put that light-up mask. It's a VO2 max, so it's measuring your maximal oxygen uptake under maximal exercise. They put a mask on you, and that's really how you max, so it's measuring your maximal oxygen uptake under maximal exercise. They put a mask on you.

And that's really how you empirically quantify it. However, if you have a smartwatch, Apple watches do sort of measure it. It's not really entirely accurate. I like mine Garmin because it says I'm 45, but I don't believe it. Well, you can actually do it. You can do what's called the Cooper test.

And so that's basically you do a 12-minute run on a flat surface like a track. If you have hills, it's harder to run hills. And so you're trying to run as fast as you can maintain for that 12 minutes. So it's a maintainable 12-minute pace. And there's a calculation. You can look it up, the Cooper test, and you can sort of get a good estimate of your VO2 max. But essentially, having- That's assuming you could run for 12 minutes, which most Americans can't. There's an argument to be made for exercise snacks.

So these are short bursts of physical activity where you're getting a heart rate above 70% max heart rate. So you're getting to more into the vigorous exercise range. And there have been some studies. They're called the VILPA studies. Are you familiar with these? These are Vigorous Intermittent Lifestyle Activity Studies. And Martin Gabala, he's an expert on high intensity interval training. I've had him on my podcast. He's involved in a lot of this research. He jumped down into 10 burpees and then go back to work?

Sort of, yeah. People are wearing these wearable devices that they can measure their heart rate. And so scientists can see when they're getting these bursts of high intensity exercise. So this type of exercise is actually not structured. What you're talking about would be structured, right? Where you get up and do burpees or air squats or high knees or jumping jacks. This is where people sort of take advantage of everyday situations. So they sprint up the stairs, right? And run, you know, they're running to some place rather than walking.

So they're really using their everyday lifestyle to kind of get their heart rate up. Well, people that do that do anywhere between three to nine minutes a day have a 40% reduction in cancer mortality, a 50% reduction in cardiovascular related mortality, all cause mortality. So this is beneficial for people. And this is even in people that identify as non-exercisers.

So just getting some sort of exercise does have benefits for people in general. Yeah. I mean, you look at the data on mortality Italian longevity, one of the biomarkers that's the most correlated with longevity is VO2 max, is your level of cardiovascular and respiratory fitness, which is basically how fast your metabolism can run. Because it's basically an indirect measure of how much calories you can burn per minute and how much oxygen you can burn per minute because they're very correlated. And your metabolism, having a slower, fast metabolism,

is really about your VO2 max. Because if you have a high VO2 max, you can burn a lot of oxygen, and then you can burn a lot of calories because you need both to actually combust in your mitochondria, the energy factories, to actually produce ATP, which is the source of energy that runs everything in your body.

So it's like you actually have this incredible system, but we don't really take advantage of it, and we don't maximize our fitness, which is so correlated. And I think the other number that's sort of a little easier to get is your waist to hip ratio, which you need to tape measure. And that, again, is the bigger your waist,

the shorter your life, basically. Is that also for visceral fat, measuring visceral fat? Yeah. I mean, your waist to hip ratio is a crude measure of visceral fat. I mean, but yeah, if you did a DEXA scan or an MRI, you could look at body composition for sure. It's like I said, belly fat. But again, that's all related to insulin resistance and pre-diabetes and inflammation, which,

again, I want to get back to micronutrients. All those things actually accelerate your risk of many of these things. Like for example, magnesium is very involved in blood sugar regulation, right? You're talking about 45% of Americans being deficient or 50% being deficient in magnesium. That affects blood sugar. We have an epidemic of diabetes and pre-diabetes in this country. Are you familiar with some of the, there's some gene variations in the transporter that transports magnesium into cells and people with a gene variation that obscures the transport,

so basically they're not getting as much magnesium into their cells, are much more likely to have type 2 diabetes. So there's really some, I would say, more causal evidence there, right? Because one would argue, well, people that are low in magnesium are also eating a refined sugar diet and they're not exercising and all these other potential unhealthy lifestyle factors that could be contributing. But when you look at the genetics, right, I mean, it doesn't lie. So you're looking at someone that's not getting enough magnesium. They are insufficient and deficient in some cases.

And their risk for type 2 diabetes just skyrockets. Yeah. I mean, I think this is so important that, you know, we are walking around with a population that has got such treatable, cheap solutions for so many issues. And that we're looking for sort of drugs to treat this, and drugs to treat that. I'm not against drugs at all, but it's like, we're missing the boat because, yeah,

somebody doesn't have scurvy or rickets, but they're still insufficient and they're gonna need these nutrients and actually optimize their health. And you kind of start to unpack the degrees of different nutrient deficiencies. And as you're going through the list, you're going through the things that are the most common

deficient in our country. Omega-3s, vitamin D, magnesium, and there's others, right? So there's other there. You need every essential vitamin and mineral, right? You need all of those for sure. But the ones that are really causing havoc are deficiencies in the methylation nutrients, like the B vitamins, fol-A, B6, B12, deficiencies in iron, deficiencies in zinc.lation nutrients, like the B vitamins, folate, B6, B12,

deficiencies in iron, deficiencies in zinc. Potassium. Potassium, these are like, yeah, because we didn't die at this very plant poor, and that's where you get your potassium, which is from plants, and you need to actually not get as much sodium, which is what we're eating on ultra-processed foods.

So not like salt is bad. We need salt. It's just it's all the salt added by corporations to your food to make you palatable because otherwise it tastes like cardboard. They had sugar and salt and fat and it makes you addicted to it. So we leave out all the key nutrients that are needed to regulate everything in our body. And so maybe you can kind of take us down that list a little deeper. So we've got to get omega-3s.

We've got to get vitamin D. We've got to get magnesium. And literally, we could spend a podcast on each nutrient and probably 10 podcasts on each nutrient. But we're just going to go through. So we all understand, like, these are the things that are non-negotiables that you've got to have and that you've got to test, you've got to measure, and figure out

whether your levels are OK. Because the average physician or a practitioner isn't going to do it. And they don't know how to do it, and they don't get taught this in medical school, and I'm working on trying to change that in Washington, but it's kind of a travesty, because it's like staring us in the face that we have this epidemic of micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies, and they're not being addressed, and often worse, for being told not to fix them. Yeah.

So the vitamin D, magnesium, omega-3 we talked about, right? Believe it or not, a lot of people, I don't remember the exact percentage, but quite a bit of people are not getting enough vitamin C, something like 30 or 40%, 40% or something like that, are not getting enough vitamin C. Yeah. I heard that 10% are deficient to the level that would cause scurvy in America. That's unbelievable. Just not eating any vegetables or fruits because vitamin C is also in vegetables, not just

in fruits. Calcium is another one. So, I mean, these are things that can be tested for and measured. Another one is vitamin E. People are not getting enough vitamin E. Again, that's also found in things like avocados, nuts, whole grains. And then potassium is a big one because it's so important for the sodium-potassium pump, which plays a role in blood pressure. And so when you're talking about too much sodium and not enough potassium, it's really

exacerbating that not getting enough potassium aspect, right? Because that ratio is so important. And so not only, or I think it's something like 96% of the US population doesn't meet the adequate intake for potassium. It's essentially everyone. Yeah. And our potassium intake is, as Hunter gathered,

should be 10 to one potassium to sodium. Now it's the other way around. It's the other way around, exactly. And so there's all sorts of problems with blood pressure and, gosh, it's like even like 30% of like individuals age 20 to 39 have hypertension. Yeah. These are young adults with hypertension. And we now know that hypertension isn't just a risk for cardiovascular disease, it's a risk for dementia and Alzheimer's disease, particularly if you start earlier, right?

If you're like a younger person. So like it's cumulative exposure to hypertension. You know, it's important because you have to get blood flowed to your brain. And you know, you've got all these tiny, like 90% of the brain vasculature surrounding the brain is made of these tiny, tiny blood vessels that are like this smaller than the size of a hair in terms of diameter. And they have to get blood flow to them. So exercise helps that.

But hypertension exacerbates the lack of blood flow going to those blood vessels. And what happens is they're so tiny, they start to sort of constrict and sort of fall off. And you can get many strokes. Many strokes, but also neurons don't get the nutrients and the oxygen they need. And so then you start to lose neurons, right? And you get brain atrophy. And so there's this connection between hypertension and dementia. And I'm talking about potassium here because potassium does play an important role in...

Very linear blood pressure. Yeah. So does magnesium, though, too. So does magnesium. So does magnesium. It's a relaxation mineral. And then exercise, of course, is one of the best things that you can do. I mean, as a doctor, when a patient comes in with preeclampsia, which is a problem of

high blood pressure in pregnancy, or has preeclampsic seizures, or anything that seizures, the treatment is intravenous magnesium. Right. Right? Think about it. And so, like, this is something with uncontrollable high blood pressure. What do we do? We give them intravenous magnesium because all the drugs don't work.

I think there's some evidence also I've seen that vitamin D plays a role in preventing that as well. Yeah. And it's funny. Like, when I was pregnant, I asked my OB GYN for a vitamin D test. Do you want to know what his answer was? You don't need it. Why it's gonna be low? Why is it low? Why it's gonna be you're gonna it's gonna be low. I mean, like, just like vitamins, just take it anyway. Are you kidding me? Right. Like, you're telling

me why do I need to test this just going to be low? And you know, and I'm like, well, I want to test and I Yes, I'm going to be low? And I'm like, well, I want to test. And yes, I'm going to be supplementing, but I want to know how much I'm going to be supplementing with. But it was just really astonishing to me that mentality. And actually, just recently, I went in for a... I didn't go to my normal doc. I went into...

It was like a sort of ER kind of urgent care doc. And I wanted to get my vitamin D levels measured. And he goes, you know that's falling out of vogue now. And I just gave him this long lecture. I mean, I was like, I went in deep. I looked at him and he goes, is this your area of expertise? And I was like, yes, it is.

I've done research on it. I've published studies on it. And he kind of was like, okay, all right. I mean, it's not their fault. I mean, I'm a physician and you know, I don't fault them. And my daughter's graduating from medical school this year and like zero nutrition. It is. It is. Like even micronutrients, like I don't even think they covered any of that. And it to

me, it's like, this is the center of our biology. And if we don't understand how our bodies work and how to work with them and how to facilitate normal function, and it's not like the micronutrients are the only thing, but they're a very key foundational part of being healthy. And when you go through the litany of things that we're deficient in, it's a lot of things or insufficient, and it's different degrees of insufficiency in the population for different nutrients. But it was widespread deficient in iron, zinc, selenium. A lot of things that iodine, I mean, I see this all the time in our testing that function health.

And I'm kind of shocked. And I've done testing for a lot of patients who've come to see me over the decades. But this is like 110,000 people. Not like I can see 10,000 people or 20,000 in my lifetime. But this is a huge amount of people. It's not like I can see 10,000 people or 20,000 in my lifetime, but like this is a huge amount of people and it's sort of shocking to me. And yet it's not really being talked about

as a sort of critical step in helping address our chronic disease epidemic. And what you're saying is that, yes, you can get deficiency diseases like scurvy, but what's really the issue is how these contribute to our long latency deficiency diseases like Alzheimer's and cancer and heart disease and diabetes and osteoporosis and all muscle aging and all the things that we don't want, right? Yeah.

So, you know, one of the last papers that Bruce published, his second to last paper, was called Longevity Vitamins. And it was about these vitamins like vitamin D and magnesium and omega-3, tarine or some other like essential amino acids that play a role in the way we age and slowing age related decline. And there was just a recent study that came out on vitamin D, sufficient levels of vitamin D,

people that supplemented with vitamin D were 40% less likely to have dementia. Yeah. So the reality is that- You mean vitamins don't just create expensive urine? They don't. They don't. These micronutrients are running everything in our body.

And when you have insufficient levels of them, you're not going to necessarily see it, although you probably feel it. You might have symptoms, but you don't attach it to that. Right. You don't attach it to that. But it's causing this insidious damage, right? This insidious DNA damage, a little bit of oxidative stress, a little bit of inflammation. Or just I get sick all the time because my vitamin D is low.

Right. Or you're getting sick. Or my muscles ache because my vitamin D is low. Or I have muscle cramps because my magnesium is low, right? Or I have depression because my, you know, methylation vitamins are low. Like, people have symptoms, they just don't correlate it with the nutrient deficiencies. Depression is interesting. There's a pretty classic study that no one ever talks about where healthy individuals were injected with lipopolysaccharide.

So for those listening, this is a component of your bacterial outer cell membranes. It's present in our colon because we have about, I don't know how many trillions of bacteria, like so many bacteria in there, right? A lot of- 40 or 50 trillion. Okay, 40 or 50 trillion. There's about a gram of lipopolysaccharide in our gut because those bacteria do die off. And these are bacterial toxins.

This is what- They are. ... pieces off your immune system to no end. It does. And when we have gut permeability, lots of things that cause that- Leaky gut. Right. Also known as leaky gut.

It leeches the LPS into our bloodstream. Well, this study took healthy individuals and injected them with an amount of LPS that would be equivalent to something that you could get from intestinal permeability. And it caused depressive symptoms in these individuals. Okay, one, that links inflammation to depression, right? Two, if those individuals were given EPA, so this is one of the omega-3 fatty acids, it does play a major role in dampening inflammation through a variety of mechanisms like resolvins

and marisons and the SPMs. These are all molecules that are resolving inflammation very quickly. They did not experience those prescient symptoms if they were injected with the LPS. If they got omega-3s. If they have the omega-3s. So it comes down to like, again, you know... And omega-3s have been it comes down to, like, again, you know... And omega-3s have been shown to actually help with depression. They have.

And ADD. They have, yeah. With depression, specifically EPA seems to be very important for depression, and I think that's because there's a really big that people that don't respond to classical SSRIs, so serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Like Prozac. Exactly. People that don't respond to that typically have very, very high levels of C-reactor protein

inflammation. So there's a subset of people, some people respond and it helps them. But there's a subset, a quite large subset of people that have very high inflammatory biomarkers and do not respond to SSRIs. And so, logically, the next question would be, should we lower their inflammation? How can we lower it? I read some paper that was like hypothesizing that we should use TNF alpha blockers to biologics for depression.

In other words, these are drugs that massively suppress inflammation in the body used for serious autoimmune diseases and they're talking about using it for depression. I'm like, wait a minute, how about we find out why there's inflammation in the first place and get to the root cause of it, which is really what we do in functional medicine. I think what you're kind of hitting on, just sort of proof of it, I want to sort of tie the dots together, is that when you don't have enough of the right nutrients and you don't have a proper functioning metabolism, there's a lot of downstream consequences.

You get inflammation, you get oxidative stress, and you get damaged mitochondria, and you get DNA damage. And when you look at these processes, these are the fundamental things that have to be working for you to be healthy across every organ, across every disease state. And it's where we're now calling hallmarks of aging, including many of these things. And what you're talking about is, and Bruce Ames figured this out even before there was a word hallmarks of aging, he figured out that these nutrients are critical in these pathways that degrade and become problematic as we age, but that we can offset that and

actually take longevity nutrients and get a, quote, metabolic tune-up. And he's even talking about things that I think are, we don't think of typically as essential nutrients that are, we call conditionally essential nutrients, and whether it's carnitine or taurine or things that may not be kind of a typical deficiency disease, vitamin or mineral, but that are still really important for our biological function and we're still low on them. So I have this theory I want to come back to in a minute about that I kind of made up called symbiotic phytoadaptation, which is a big mouthful, but essentially it means that we've co-evolved with plants to borrow their phytochemicals to regulate key pathways in

our bodies so we can stay healthy. And that without them, we don't get a deficiency disease. You don't get like broccoli deficiency. But actually, we kind of do, because the phytochemicals, like sulforaphane or the glucosinolates or isothiolates, these are molecules that regulate key pathways in our body. For example, liver detoxification or removing heavy metals or whatever, controlling oxidative stress. They work to actually facilitate these pathways.

And so I kind of this theory that it's more than just like essential vitamins and minerals. There's a whole bunch of stuff that's essential if you want to be really healthy. I completely, a thousand percent agree. I think- I just made this up. But- So I think that humans, we evolved to eat of plants and meat and things, but plants because of the phytochemicals.

You know, there are, so you mentioned sulforaphane, right? So sulforaphane is present in a variety of cruciferous vegetables like broccoli. It's much more, it's not present, I'm sorry, the precursor to it, glucoraphanin is present in it and it gets converted into sulforaphane when the plant matter is broken, chewed, because it activates an enzyme called myrosinase, which converts glucoraphanate into sulforaphane. Big mouthful of words, but essentially when you chew your broccoli, you get the cool chemicals that help your body. Exactly.

And if you go even further and chew the young plant, the broccoli sprouts, there's about a hundred times more glucoraphanin in it. Damn, I'm trying to grow broccoli sprouts and I keep trying to forget. And then I think I got to get back on that. Yes, broccoli sprouts are really, really high in glucoraphanin. I also take a supplement that's been used

in a lot of clinical studies called Avmikol. I don't have any affiliation with them, but they've got a really great, um, method of, of stabilizing that myrosinase enzyme, which is very unstable. It's also very heat sensitive. Um, but before I get, before I get sidetracked, sulforaphane is the most potent dietary activator of a what's called transcription factor in our body. It's NRF2.

And this is- Nrf2. Yeah. It's a master regulator of, as you mentioned, detoxification enzymes. NRF2. Yeah. And this is... Nrf2. Yeah. It's a master regulator of, as you mentioned, detoxification enzymes. So they're called phase two detoxification enzymes. Also phase one biotransformation enzymes. So those are enzymes that will convert procarcinogens into carcinogens.

So NRF2 activation will blunt that. It'll stop that from happening. So think things like nitrites being converted into nitrosamines. Nitrites are present in a lot of processed meats. So NRF2 activation, typically it gets activated every 80 minutes or so inside of our cells. But if you take sulforaphane, it gets activated every 130 minutes. But if you take sulforaphane, it gets activated like every 80 minutes, something like that, where it's like you're getting like a 60% increase in the activation of this important transcription factor, which is regulating just

hundreds of different genes that are antioxidant, involved in antioxidant function, anti-inflammation. Clinical studies showing that if you give someone broccoli sprout extract or sulforaphane or glucoraphanin plus the enzyme myrosinase, it increases glutathione in plasma and in the brain by FMRI. I mean, this is unbelievable. Glutathione, as you know, it's one of the major, major antioxidants that our body has and it's very important for the brain. Other studies in China where there's a lot of air pollution show that people that take about 40 micromoles of sulforaphane, they start to excrete some of the chemicals that

are in air pollution like benzene, which is a carcinogen. They excrete it by 60% after 24 hours, again, because the activation of the phase two detoxification is- I'm thinking about the people in LA right now. Exactly. It's very... I've been telling all my friends in L.A. to... When toxins get released into the air, or dioxin and all organic compounds and heavy metals and plastics, I mean, it's pretty frightening. So I think people can protect themselves to some degree by upregulating these pathways

and taking the right foods and the right supplements. I think the phytochemicals, again, I'm 100% with you. I think we were supposed to eat these. These are pathways in our body that are activated by a little bit of stress. They're stress response pathways. And the phytochemicals provide that tiny bit of stress that activates them in a way that's powerful enough to not only deal with a little bit of stress, but to deal with the stress of aging and theyanins from blueberries.

I mean, this is another one. We've got so many randomized controlled trials now on giving people blueberry extract powder with actual anthocyanins versus like the, you know, just taste of it. So it's placebo. It improves cognitive function across the lifespan. Kids, adolescents, older adults.

It lowers damage to DNA. It improves blood flow to the brain. You know, this is equivalent to like a cup of blueberries a day. So it's so important to get these phytochemicals. It's not only important to eat the fruits and the vegetables because of the micronutrients, but the phytochemicals as well. And Bruce would argue that. Like, some of these phytochemicals,

they're longevity vitamins. We need them as well. And Bruce would argue that, like, some of these phytochemicals, they're longevity vitamins. We need them. Yeah. And he argues that. I mean, that's sort of striking to me as I started dug into this 25, 30 years ago, is like, wait a minute. Like, how do these molecules know what to do?

And how do they know to bind to this receptor? And what's this from a plant? Like, so why is it working in my body? And how is it regulating all these different enzymes or pathways that regulate, you know, immune function and your microbiome? I mean, it's just, the list goes on and on. And so it occurred to me that, you know,

we grew through evolution consuming over 800 different plant species. And now I think we have three are the main staples, you know, corn, wheat, and soy, and rice, depending where you live. And then another 12 make up the total amount of vegetables and plants. We typically like onions and cabbage or whatever, carrots and tomatoes. But like when you look at the full array of plants out there, we ate all these plants

and those molecules are not there for us. Those plants didn't say, oh, gee, I'm going to make this like cell chlorophyne so I can help my little human friend over there. They're the plants' defense mechanisms. They're actually there to help the plants protect themselves against damage, predators, UV radiation from the sun. Pretty much they're their immune system. They are a little, can be a little toxic, right?

But that's what you're saying. It's a little kind of tiny stress, the xenohormesis kind of concept where you're taking some form thing and stressing your body with like a sauna or a cold plunge or being up at altitude or being, you know, under the sea level, hyperbaric acid. These are all stresses on the body that activate our body's own innate healing response. And so that's kind of how I see these phytochemicals. Exactly, exactly. The antioxidant response element, you were talking about DNA having, there's a sequence

in our DNA, in genes in our DNA called antioxidant response elements that respond to this NRF2 activation, right? So it is, it's evolved into our DNA and there's ways to do it. Xenohormesis, you're talking about plants and phytochemicals, exercise, all these different like, you know, ways that we're meant to basically stress ourselves a little bit, right?

And not just sit and be sedentary and have all the calories we want and, you know, consume all the ultra processed foods. I mean, it's the- Instacart, holy cow, terrible. I mean, it's crazy. You don't actually have to leave your house with Amazon, Instacart, like Uber Eats or whatever.

You don't need to go anywhere. Yeah, and we really do need to move. I mean, it's not an add-on. It has to be something that's part of your hygiene that you do every day, like brushing your teeth. You have to do it. Like, it's not, like, even if it's just 10 minutes of exercise, like, you have to do it.

It makes a difference. And our bodies need it. Like, you're depriving your body of it if you don't. Okay, so let's kind of back up a little bit. We were talking about all these incredible things, and yes, exercise, 100%. But that's another podcast. This one is about micronutrients, this widespread deficiency we have in the population that's

undiagnosed, that's not tested for, that people walk around with, that's fixable for pennies a day at levels that are relatively influentestially small. Like when you, for example, eat a piece of chicken breast, it's four ounces, that's 30 grams. We're talking about milligrams or sometimes microgram doses, like tiny little bits of stuff in micronutrients can have profound effects on our well-being and our health and our mental health, our risk for chronic diseases.

And yet most of us are walking around in this invisible cloud of insufficiency or deficiency and have no clue. And then you're not a doctor and a practitioner, but you're like a PhD doctor, not like an MD doctor. What do you recommend? And does it have to be difficult and onerous and expensive? How do you sort of stack the deck so you're like getting the basic things you need and not running into this trouble?

Yeah, I do have some of the basic things that I think, well, that I take but also I think that would help a majority of people that are insufficient in a lot of these micronutrients. And first and foremost, vitamin D supplement. And again, I think generally speaking, vitamin D, 4,000 IUs a day, pretty, pretty, for the most part, gets people to a sufficient-ish level. You have to do a blood test to really know for certain. You may have to take a little more, you know, but starting at 4,000 IUs a day, which is the upper top of the safe is safe. And it's this is a business actually by the National Academy of Sciences saying

this is a safe level. Exactly. Number two, omega three fatty acids. And, you know, this is something where Bill Harris has published studies, published studies looking at how do you get someone who is low omega-3 index, so 4% omega-3 index up to an 8%. It turns out it takes close to about two grams a day. Two grams of... Of EPA and DHA. So when you get... Just for clarification purposes, if you get a pill and it says a

gram of fish oil, it might not have a gram of EPA and DHA. It might be like 300 or 200 milligrams. So you have to look at the concentration of EPA and DHA in the milligram amounts on the label. Otherwise, it might take one pill or it could take five pills. Exactly. So that, I think, is a pretty simple solution. So 1 to 2 grams?

1.5 to 2 grams. Get most people that are in a 4% low range to an 8% high range. And the balance of EPA and DHA, does it matter? Not really. Is it 50-50? Usually it's like a 2 to 1 ratio. EPA to DHA. EPA to DHA.

Yeah. For the most part, something close to that. Okay. But I wouldn't sweat the small stuff. Number three and number four kind of tie, but I think a multivitamin is a really good insurance because there's selenium. Boron. Yeah, there's the B vitamins.

Vitamin A, there's so many different micronutrients and that really covers a lot of the bases. So I think a pretty high quality multivitamin is good along with magnesium. So magnesium, because such a large percentage of people are not getting enough magnesium, it is so important for a variety of processes, DNA damage, brain function, muscle function. People that are physically active, they sweat out magnesium, so you might need anywhere between 10% to 20% more than the RDA. And stress and coffee also comes through, and alcohol. Exactly.

So you're like, what is the American life? Stress, coffee, and alcohol. Exactly. That's exactly right. That's why we're all deficient. We're literally peeing out. Yes. And so you want to make sure you're getting an organic salt.

So that would be something like magnesium citrate, magnesium malate, magnesium glycinate. Citrate if you're constipated. Right. So those are the organic salts which are more bioavailable. A funny story. I just decided I was in the hospital recently for a back surgery and I wanted to get magnesium and I talked to the hospitalist and he gave me magnesium oxide and I'm like, that's not bioavailable and I

sort of went through this with him and like you did, yeah, it wasn't as confrontational as that but he's like, oh, you're right, I looked it up and actually no, true. I'm like, yep. But that's the main nutrient form of magnesium that you get in a lot of the supplements that you buy over the counter because it's the cheapest form. So magnesium oxide, if you see that on the label, just skip over it. Right. So that would be another one. And then I add to my essentials the sulforaphane. I use to sprout and I no longer do that because-

Life is busy. ... my excuses. Yeah, I'm... You're telling the world how to eat better and be healthy. It's like the worst thing you can do for your health. But I trust the science that I've read looking at the supplement that I take, which again, it's a really good supplement, Avmikol, and they have about... The advanced formula is what I take. I take about two to four a day depending on...

And we'll put the link in the show notes for that. They're great. And they're like publish studies on them, improving autism. So it's affecting the brain. So it's approved autism spectrum disorder in kids with autism, adolescents with autism. But it's a very strong activator of glutathione, right? So NRF2 pathway. So that's my phytochemical. I actually wrote a blog about glutathione years ago. If anybody wants to sort of find out more about glutathione, go to Hymen and glutathione and you'll find it.

And it's kind of the master detoxifier, the master antioxidant, the master immune regulator. It's so critical and you get it through some of these plant foods. You get it by sulfur containing amino acids, which are found often in animal foods or whey proteins, great source. It is, yeah. It's a major, major antioxidant in the body. So I think those are really some of the... So vitamin D, fish oil, vitamin D4000, fish oil, one or two grams of the actual EPDHA, a multivitamin.

High quality. High quality, meaning it shouldn't be blue or purple or green or yellow. It's not from silver. It has teletranium and dyes and should be just the right...and the bioavailability, the formula, the nutrient matters. I mean, I think you and I both done a lot of work on this and people can dig around, but it's not just like go to get your Walgreens or CVS multivitamins. A little more judicious.

And then magnesium. And how much magnesium? You know, it depends. So some people get a laxativeicious. And then magnesium. And how much magnesium? You know, it depends. So some people get a laxative effect and they want that. That's what's so great. Even with higher doses of other forms, they can. But yeah, so I mean, I think it depends on your diet. Like if you're not eating a lot of plants, shame on you, you need to increase that.

But you know, about 250, 300 milligrams, you know, is a good range. Now, if you're trying to treat like migraines and stuff, you might have to go higher, like some studies show like 600 milligrams. And then there's the form of magnesium, magnesium threonate that's thought to cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively for brain health because magnesium doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier very well. But magnesium 3-N8 isn't essentially...it's not necessarily gonna do the DNA damage repair aspect of magnesium. So make sure you're getting both if you're doing that.

Yeah. So like for me, I take like about 250 milligrams, maybe 300 milligrams. Yeah. And it depends on you. I remember I had a big magnesium aha when I had a patient decades ago who was a radiology resident, a radiation oncology resident at Mayo Clinic, and she had debilitating migraines. She saw the best doctors at Mayo Clinic. She assisted everybody.

She tried every drug. She'd done everything. And she came to see me and we took a history. Amazing thing to do in medicine these days is to take an in-depth medical history, but it's like critical. I'm being facetious, but like they don't, doctors don't... It's a root cause. Yeah.

I mean, I have a 32 page questionnaire. So I was like, oh, you're constipated. Oh, you have muscle twitches and muscle cramps and you have headaches and you have anxiety and you have insomnia and you have palpitations. Hmm, this sounds like pretty severe magnesium deficiency. So why don't we load you up? And so we gave her like 1200 milligrams of magnesium, like migraines just went away and she was fine and everything else kind of corrected.

And so she had all these quote different problems, right? Everything constipation to insomnia to palpitations, which you don't think are related, but they're all connected as the body's one system. And that's what I'm talking about. These nutrients have so many different functions and they're so critical. So anybody listening to you, you know, you can't really get away from the fact that we live in a nutritionally depleted world no matter how hard you try. Even the foods, if you're eating organic, may not have the nutrients that they did 50 years ago. And most of us should test. And that's why I created Functional Health with my co-founders to allow people access

to this data because they weren't getting it. Like you said, doctors are like, oh, you don't need vitamin D. Why bother testing? That's what people are facing. And then just take a multivitamin, fish oil, vitamin D, magnesium, and then maybe a broccoli pill. Yeah. Then there's a bunch of other things you could add to that list as you're going. That's a dollar to a day, and that's not an insignificant amount of money. But given the benefits, the risk-benefit, cost-benefit ratio is pretty good on this.

It is. It's amazing. I mean, I think it's, as Bruce would say, it's really, it's affordable, it's easily correctable for pretty cheap, and it will have a huge difference in the way you age. Yeah, this is amazing. So we're going to link to a lot of these studies from Bruce Ames, from your work. I want people to follow you, to learn about what you're doing, to listen to your great podcast, Found My Fitness.

You've got a great website. Tell us all the places that we can find you and learn more about your work and keep up with your science. Okay, great. Thank you. So I have a podcast. It's called Found My Fitness. I'm on YouTube.

Which I hope to be on someday. Yeah, that's great. That's one of my aspirations. Let me know when you're in San Diego. Okay, all right. So Found My Fitness, it be on someday. Yeah. That's great. One of my aspirations. Let me know when you're in San Diego. Okay. All right. So, Found My Fitness, it's on YouTube, it's on Apple Podcasts, Spotify. I have a website, foundmyfitness.com.

And I also am on social media, Instagram, X as foundmyfitness, or you can look up Rhonda Patrick. I have some free guides out there. I have one on omega-3. We talked a lot about it. So, choose a good Omega 3 supplement. I have a guide on that. I talk about some of the science of Omega 3. You can find that at omega3guide.com. Free guides on how to do this and go into more detail and have the scientific papers. Yeah.

Then I have another free guide on improving brain health through brain-derived neurotrophic factor and a variety of exercise protocols and polyphenol protocols that have been published to improve brain health. And that's bdnfprotocols.com. You can find that there. And then I have a new guide out, How to Train, from all the exports that I've had on the podcast. Oh, I want to see that one. It's a good one.

It's How to Train. So it's like to improve VO2 max. We talked about that, how to train to improve muscle mass, strength, function. And it's according to all the incredible experts that I've had on my podcast. And that is the howtotrainguide.com. So those are all just free information that people can get by going and downloading the guide. So thank you so much, Mark, for having me on the podcast. Very interesting discussion. We share a lot of common passions with nutrition and micronutrients. Totally. We didn't cover a thousand topics from protein to exercise to hermesis.

So I think I can see three or four more podcasts. I'd love to have you back to talk about these things. Because there's so many people out there who are, quote, health influencers who don't have a degree, who may be maybe educated some better than others and some not seeing a degree to be smarter to have an opinion but There's a lot of noise out there and people want the signal and they want that kind of juicy truth Go to Rhonda Appreciate it. Thank you mark. If you love this podcast, please share it with someone else

You think would also enjoy it. You can find me on all social media channels at Dr. Mark Hyman. Please reach out. I'd love to hear your comments and questions. Don't forget to rate, review, and subscribe to The Dr. Hyman Show wherever you get your podcasts. And don't forget to check out my YouTube channel at Dr. Mark Hyman for video versions of this

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