The Indicator from Planet Money - Why is everyone buying gold?

Episode Date: October 1, 2025

Gold is on fire right now with some gold ETFs outperforming the major stock indexes over the past 12 months. Gold is supposed to be boring, an inflation hedge. But right now, it's responding to something else. Today on the show, we talk to a finance professor about what’s behind the current gold rush and if gold’s hot streak is built to last. Understanding Gold by Claud B. Erb and Campbell R. HarveyRelated episodes: A new-ish gold rush and other indicatorsGold Rush 2.0A secret weapon to fight inflationFor sponsor-free episodes of The Indicator from Planet Money, subscribe to Planet Money+ via Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org. Fact-checking by Sierra Juarez. Music by Drop Electric. Find us: TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, Newsletter.  See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences.NPR Privacy Policy

Hey everyone, it's Adrian Ma here with Darian Woods and Waylon Wong. Before we start, we just wanted to say that this is the first day MPR has gone without federal funding in over 50 years. To me, NPR has always been a jewel in America's crown, like something that I'm proud to keep protecting even after the federal funding has stopped. Here on the indicator, we're going to keep reporting and explaining the economy so all our listeners can better understand the forces making the world go around. Thank you for listening and on with the show. NPR. This is the indicator from planet money. I'm Darren Woods.

And today I'm joined by financial podcaster, former co-host of Motley Fool Money, Ricky Mulvey. Hey, Darren, good to see it. Likewise. And you are here to talk about gold. Yeah, because gold has been a real economic mystery to me. You know, think back to the pandemic, where inflation is really shooting up. And gold moved a little, but not a lot. And that's what's kind of supposed to happen.

It's supposed to be an inflation hedge. But as we've seen over the past 12 months, inflation is cooled and yet gold has been on a tear. It's not what we would expect on the face of it. So it's been beating the major stock indexes. And they represent huge companies that build things and are making money versus a metal that just kind of sits there. Even though it looks nice. Today on the show, what's causing this gold rush, how the war in Ukraine, is playing a role, the surprising new buyers bidding up the price, and what could come next for

this precious yellow metal. That's after the break. So gold is supposed to be this inflation hedge, something you can sock away to protect your ability to buy stuff in the future. It doesn't depreciate like cash does. But right now, the price of gold is going bananas, and yet inflation is not. I reached out to a finance professor who just published a paper on understanding gold. Given the prices have been running up, people are thinking about it. Now, that voice sounds very familiar. Campbell Harvey. Yes, it is.

So Campbell invented one of our show's favorite recession indicators, the yield curve. And we've had him on the show a number of times. He must be pretty excited to be talking about something else for once. Oh, yeah, he was very happy to chat about his new paper, Daryan. Campbell says buyers are responding to a fundamental shift in the world. The most important one he believes is de-dollarization. The world isn't relying on U.S. dollars as much as it used to. And there are a couple of reasons for that. U.S. Treasury bonds aren't as risk-free as they used to be given a ballooning deficit, but also the Russia-Ukraine war. Yes. After Russia invaded Ukraine,

the U.S. and its allies froze Russia's bank accounts where they could. Now, some politicians in the U.S. and amongst its allies want to take those Russian bank accounts sold together and use the money as loans to Ukraine. And so, in short, Campbell says the U.S. and its allies weaponized the dollar. Many countries noticed, in particular China. So if you look at central bank purchases, it's no surprise that the leading buyers of gold are Russia and China. So they're building reserves.

And this is important in terms of the gold market dynamic. So buyer number one causing this modern-day gold rush is central banks. In particular, Campbell says Russia and China are two top central banks doing this. They want something valuable that other countries can't easily take. Okay, so on to reason number two for gold's run, and you may not expect this one. It's insurance companies in China. Insurance companies need to hold safe assets if there are claims they need to pay out. So what's very interesting to me is that China changed the regulations for their insurance companies to allow the insurance companies to hold up to 1% of their reserves in gold.

That represents $27 billion of buying. Okay. To our final reason, and this is something we'll call speculative buyers, speculators often come out for a gold rush, some are diversifying away. from stocks and bonds, looking for safety if the market goes down. But some of those speculators are betting on something tied to the 2008-2009 financial crisis, specifically a rule change that was put in place to sober up commercial banks so they didn't make the same mistakes again.

We're talking about Basil 3. That's a set of rules for banks across the world. Yeah, a bunch of central banks got together and said commercial banks, you've been very bad. You need to change your behavior. And these rules include the types of assets that commercial banks can keep and the risks they can take with other people's money. We have done a show on Basel 3. If you want to learn more, we will link to that in the show notes. These rules are being rolled out very slowly over many years. And one rule that gold advocates are pushing for is to consider the metal is a high-quality liquid asset. And the idea is that banks need to hold a certain amount of silver.

safe assets to cover a stress test. So think of this as a situation where there are significant withdrawals. The banks need to hold assets they can easily sell to cover bank runs. A U.S. Treasury bond, for example. So the talk is that, well, why not add some gold, especially given the U.S. situation with a $37 trillion debt, a structural deficit, the weaponization of the U.S. dollar. So I want to diversify these safe assets and include gold. Right now, it's speculation. But if this potential rule change turns into reality and commercial banks can buy gold to back up their deposits, Campbell thinks it would be a big deal. And if we assume that there is a a 5% allocation to gold, which is not unreasonable to start with, that would cause a demand

shock that would dwarf what happened when the ETFs on gold were introduced. The launch of these gold exchange traded funds in the early 2000s allowed everyday people like you and me to buy gold like stocks. We don't have to visit coin shops or call 1-800 numbers. Even though those commercials on late night TV are pretty fun to watch, That's true. I hope they don't go away. Now, two ETFs hold about $180 billion worth of gold. And these funds actually have to hold on to physical bullion that people trade in their investment accounts. So some investors are hoping for another demand shock coming down the road, though right now that change is just speculation. And we have these three groups of buyers. They're impacting the price a lot because the amount of gold above ground is relatively small.

So this is a fact that just is so memorable. All the gold that's been mined throughout history can fit in about three Olympic-sized swimming pools. Enough for Scrooge McDuck to dive into, but not so much for the rest of the world, Daryan. And these mining companies can't easily find more gold. The supply of gold, which is the new mining supply, is very insensitive to prices. So even though prices have gone up dramatically, the mining production has not gone up. Add those bets to institutional money buying up a desirable, limited asset, and you've got the bull run we're seeing today. The question now is, if this run can last, is this time different?

Because over very long periods of time, not years or even decades, but centuries, the value of gold is actually relatively stable. We obtained data on what Roman centurians were paid 2,000 years ago. And it's remarkable. In gold, they were paid 38 ounces a year. And that translates today to the wage of a U.S. Army major. So that amount of gold they'll get paid is worth around $140,000 today. It's pretty spot on for a 2,000-year currency measurement. And that means that the long-term real return of gold, as in what is worth after stripping away inflation, is roughly zero. So two things are true. The price of gold is relatively stable in the long term, like centuries, but gold can go up and down a lot over shorter periods of time.

So let's recap, what's causing the gold boom? It's a wave of new buyers from foreign central banks to China's insurance industry to speculators betting on a potential rule change for commercial banks. Is it going to last? Who knows? As Campbell believes, this is a significant economic shift. that we're seeing. It all depends on things like whether de-dollarization continues, and I suppose, Basil 3. I think I'm going to make a trip to Costco. You're going to pick up a gold bar?

No, I just need paper towels. Fair. This episode was produced by Corey Bridges with engineering by Maggie Luther. It was backtracked by Sierra Juarez. Cake and Canon edits the show and the indicator is a production of NPR.