The Journal. - Student-Loan Debt Is Strangling Gen X

Episode Date: October 2, 2025

Gen X is barreling toward retirement with an excruciating student-loan burden. The generation that came of age in the ’80s and ’90s is now also the generation with the most student debt per borrower. WSJ’s Oyin Adedoyin explains how federal policies around student debt left Gen X with such a big burden. And one Gen Xer talks about the impact student debt has had on his life. Jessica Mendoza hosts.  Further Listening:  - For Millions of Student-Loan Borrowers It's Time to Pay - Biden’s New Plan to Cancel Student Debt  Sign up for WSJ’s free What’s News newsletter.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Generation X, the generation that came of age in the era of hair metal, and the rise of rap music. They grew up on MTV. I want my MTV! Shows like The Fresh Prince of Bel Air. Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. And movies like reality bites. What is your glitch?

Huh? My glitch? These days, Gen X is solidly middle-aged, and they're facing a pretty big financial glitch. They're now the generation with the most student debt per borrower. Yep, even more than millennials. How much student debt do you have today? I checked about a week ago. I had about $306,000 in student debt.

That's Rick Bettenker. He's 55 years old, solidly. Gen X. That generation of people is now between the ages of 45 and 60. I live in New Jersey, and I'm currently chiropractor. I've been doing that for about, who are 26 years now. Rick is one of more than six million Gen Xers still carrying student debt. And as they approach retirement, that debt can be suffocating. Do you have any hope that you'll be able to pay it all? No. No. No. There's no way I'm going to pay it off. Oh, man.

I will die with this loan. Welcome to The Journal, our show about money, business, and power. I'm Jessica Mendoza. It's Thursday, October 2nd. Coming up on the show, how student debt is strangling Gen X. When you're with Amex Platinum, you get access to exclusive dining experiences and an annual travel credit. So the best hapice in town might be in a new town altogether. powerful backing of Amex. Terms and conditions apply. Learn more at amex.ca slash yamex.

The borrowers with the highest average student loan balance of any age group are those aged 50 to 61. They owe an average of just under $50,000 in student debt. I would say that Gen Xers are pretty regretful. about the student loans that they took out to go to college, and they are also starting to feel a little scammed. That's my colleague, Oyan-Edadoyan. She covers personal finance. I want to understand how we got to this point. Where does the story begin? The opening scene is in 1965. Today, then, we embark on a new adventure in learning for me.

1965 was the year President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Higher Education Act. It was also the year the first members of Gen X were born. Proud to have a part in the beginning that this bill provides. The law provided opportunities for the federal government to give financial aid to students directly, to give scholarships, but also to provide student loans. Maybe you come from a lower-income household, but... But you get into a really nice college, you graduate with a degree, and you can qualify for a high-paying job. And so suddenly you have kind of skyrocketed yourself into a totally different financial landscape.

Right. Like, we will help you get the money to finance your education. And through that, we will see all of us sort of like lift up together. Exactly. LBJ's Higher Education Act was essentially a promise. Take out a loan, go to college, and land a better-paying job. job with that degree. And the debt?

No big deal. You can quickly pay it off. Gen Xers were the first generation to really test that theory. The way I see it, Gen X were kind of this experimental generation. Right when they were coming up and graduating from high school, these loans were available. They had been around for about a decade. The generation before them, baby boomers, didn't take out student loans in the same way, in part because fewer of them went to college.

And for those who did try to get a degree, it was a lot more affordable. Between 1975 and 1995, the cost of college roughly quadrupled. Still, Gen Xers were encouraged by their parents to go to college, no matter what. When I talked to Gen Xers, you know, they felt like college wasn't a choice. They felt like in order to be successful, they had to get a degree. That's what their parents told them. That's what Rick Bettenker was told, too. He's the chiropractor we heard from earlier.

Back in his day, he says, college was the only way to climb the socioeconomic ladder. Back then, you had to go to college. Either you go to college or you're, you know, there's nothing for you to do. Maybe trade school, stuff like that. My parents are first generation here from Columbia, and they understood that college was great and it was important,

and everybody knew college was the thing. For a lot of Gen Xers, taking out student loans became the norm. Between 1990 and 2000, when many Gen Xers were in college, the national student debt balance more than doubled. More people wanted to go to college, and the federal government started to expand access to these loans. So more people started taking out more loans and more expensive ones. And they were pretty easy to get. Almost anyone could qualify. Student loans are a really unique. unique financial instrument.

So it's not like a credit card or something, right, where they check your credit score before they give you access to a loan. Teens, 17, 18, can take out a student loan for their college education. But student debt was considered good debt. Like buying a home, it was considered to be debt that was building your wealth.

I'm still sort of surprised, speaking for my generation, the millennials. I'm still quite surprised that Gen X has the highest average student debt compared to millennials because it's such a big talking point today. Millennials are often the ones mentioned first. Why is Gen X doing worse than millennials? Less Gen Xers hold student loans compared to millennials. It's just those who have those loans tend to have a higher balance on average because, you know, the time they've had those loans means that the interest on. those loans has just continued to roll over on itself compared to maybe millennials who have

had the loans for less time. And those loans can follow you all your life. They're hard to get rid of, even in bankruptcy. It kind of makes it this sticky financial device that really stays with you even if you find that you are having a really hard time paying it off. Rick, for instance, he's had student loans for a long time, 26 years. He got his bachelor's degree without needing to take out loans and was the first one in his family to go to college.

After graduating, he worked as a personal trainer for a few years. And I wanted to take it to the next level. Chiropractic just kind of caught my eye. I had some good friends who had good experiences. And, you know, it caught my eye. I wanted to do some hands-on stuff. He toured a chiropractic college in California in the mid-90s. He was drawn by the campus, the curriculum, the students seemed happy.

A tour guide encouraged him to take out loans to finance his degree. Rick eventually borrowed nearly $75,000 in federal student loans. But it's not like they sat down and said, listen, this is what your interest rate is, this is what your loans are going to end up. It was just, don't worry about it. Signed here. When you graduate, you'll worry about it. Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, Gen Xters like Rick were starting families, buying homes,

and expenses were piling up. And so student debt was falling down their list of priorities. In Rick's case, he needed money to start his own chiropractic business, so he put his loans in forbearance. Forbearance is a legal payment pause. The way it generally works is, you don't have to pay down the loans, but they still accrue interest.

Rick wasn't always in forbearance, but when he did pay his loans, his payments weren't enough to beat the interest. It was almost like one step forward, two steps back. So I would be in and out of plans because, you know, in the beginning, the first 10, 15 years, some years were okay, and I could do a year or two of repayment. Some years were low, and I would call and say,

what should I do? And they would say, well, put it in forbearance. Put it in deferment. The company that recommended he go that route was Navient, Rick's loan servicer. Rick says his servicers guided him into forbearance multiple times, and it's a large part of why his student loan balance

continued to grow. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau later claimed that Navient misled borrowers and processed payments incorrectly. Last year, the Bureau banned the company from servicing federal student loans. Navient agreed to pay a $120 million fine but said it didn't agree with the CFPB's findings.

But Rick says, he was following the rules. I never defaulted. I was never late with a payment. You know, I have a perfect history. He says that over the years, he has more than paid down what he initially borrowed. Did you accrue other debt besides student debt?

No, other than my mortgage and my cars, which are almost paid off, I don't have any other debt, just the student loans. I try to be really good with my credit. credit. I try to pay things off as soon as I buy them. Or if I have a balance, I'll, you know, let's pay that off in six months or something like that. So really, the student loans is the only thing that's left. That's the only burden on me. When you think back to those years, you know, those early years when you're going into grad school and they said just sign here, here and here, and you'll be fine. Don't worry about it. It'll all work out. How do you feel about that advice now?

You know, I'm not happy, but at the same time I take responsibility as an adult, and I do put some blame on them for the whole thing being very easy to do and with no guidance. But at the same time, I'm an adult. You know, I was an adult, and I have to take responsibility for that. And recently, there's something else that's made it harder on borrowers like Rick, the shifting policies out of Washington. That whiplash is after the break.

To get a federal student loan, you have to sign something called the Master Promissory Note. The Master Promissory Note basically states, that the federal government can change the rules on you if they see fit. That little bit of fine print means that borrowers are especially vulnerable to sudden changes in policies around student loans, which is exactly what's been happening in the last five years. At the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, President Donald Trump paused repayments for student loans.

Then, President Joe Biden went bigger, promising student loan forgiveness. Folks, I'm happy to have been able to forgive these. loans because when we realize and relieve Americans of their student debt, they're free to chase their dreams. But that didn't work out. Biden's student loan forgiveness plan was ultimately struck down by the courts. Still, during the majority of Biden's term, student debt repayments were on pause. Then, in January, Trump took office for his second term.

So the Trump administration comes singing a very different. tune when it comes to student loans. There is an aggressiveness. And the Trump administration has really launched a campaign to urge borrowers back into repayment by any means necessary. Here's Education Secretary Linda McMahon, speaking on Fox business earlier this year. There isn't going to be any loan forgiveness program. As, you know, the White House press secretary said this afternoon, there's no such thing as loan forgiveness. it just gets transferred to someone else, and that's just not fair.

Borrowers who miss repayments are now at risk of having their wages taken directly from their paychecks, and people's credit scores can drop because of overdue repayments. Like many people, Rick has struggled to keep up with these changes. The federal government encouraged borrowers to consolidate their loans in order to qualify for loan forgiveness. Rick did that, hoping to have his loans forgiven under Biden's proposals. But consolidating loans means that your unpaid income. interest gets added to your principal, and then interest continues to accrue on that new balance.

That was what pushed Rick's debt to over $300,000. And with the policy changes under Trump, Rick is stuck in limbo. How does this make you feel? It makes me feel terrible. You know, I feel like a yo-yo. Every time they change the law, they'll add new payment plans, they'll offer an adjustment, they'll stonewall forgiveness. Rick says his student loans have had other consequences on his life. He says he recently applied for a home equity loan and was rejected

because he owed so much money in student debt. Now, at 55, Rick is approaching retirement age, like many other Gen Xers. I didn't put away anywhere near as much money as I should for retirement. I'm nowhere near what my target should be for my age. So all the money that I should have been putting in, to retirement for 25 years. I was, you know, putting them into my student loans and just chasing that interest, chasing that interest,

even though the principal was already paid off. Today, many Gen Xers are passing down a skepticism toward higher education to younger generations. According to a recent Gallup poll, fewer and fewer Americans see the value of college. In 2013, 70% of Americans said a college education was very important. In 2025, that number plunged to 35%.

Rick has two kids who are 13 and 8. He would like them to go to college, but he's also much more open to his children taking another path. Like if my son says, hey, you know, I want to be a plumber. I think that's great. Get a couple vans. You know, those guys do great and they're sure as hell not cheap. If college is their path, Rick wants his kids to know what they're signing up for.

Well, we're going to work really hard on grants and scholarships for them. That's going to be the number one thing. They're probably going to have to work through college, and I advise them to do two years of a state or a local school first, and then if they want to then transfer to the big name, and, you know, we talk to them about student loans and what they have to be careful of. In a word or in a sentence, how would you describe your journey with student debt?

In a word, I would say calamity. Do you regret it? No, I don't regret it because I love what I do and I've had a good life and I'm very happy and I think I have a lot of happy memories. But I would have definitely done things differently, absolutely. Hindsight is 2020. That's all for today, Thursday, October 2. The Journal is a co-production of Spotify and the Wall Street Journal. If you like our show, follow us on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts.

We're out every weekday afternoon. Thanks for listening. See you tomorrow. Thank you.