The NPR Politics Podcast - How Trump's Tariffs Plan Might Work

Episode Date: January 1, 2025

From The Indicator from Planet Money:President-elect Donald Trump made a lot of economic promises on the campaign trail, but none as sweeping as his plan to enact tariffs. Trump believes taxing imports from other countries will help reduce the U.S. trade deficit and raise money for things like tax cuts. Today on the show, how might these tariffs work and will they work? Or is everything about to get more expensive?Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoicesNPR Privacy Policy

Do you make resolutions in January? We do. Specifically, we make pop culture resolutions. We also check in on what we resolved to do this last year. Did we catch up on all those classic movies or finally write that novel? Find out on the Pop Culture Happy Hour podcast from NPR. Hey there, it's the NPR Politics Podcast. I'm Sarah McCammon, I cover politics. And today we want to bring you some reporting from our friends at The Indicator from Planet Money.

As President-elect Trump plans to take office, how will his economic policy take shape? And is what he campaigned on even possible? Here's Darianne Woods. Two big campaign promises from President-elect Trump were tax cuts and tariffs, and specifically the idea that the money generated from the tariffs will pay for the tax cuts. Joining me to discuss all this is Kyla Scanlon, economic commentator and author of In This Economy. Kyla, welcome to the show. Thank you, Darien. So today you're joining us to talk about tariffs and tax cuts.

And cookies. That would explain these cookies, which I was told to bring into the studio. So I thought you were just being really generous. No, those cookies are meant to explain trade policy because those cookies have ingredients from all over the world. They might have cocoa beans, spices like cinnamon or vanilla. And right now, all those ingredients come in tax free. But under these new proposals from President-elect Trump, nearly everything coming into America would face big import fees.

Now, Trump says that other countries will pay these fees and not Americans, and that we can make enough money from tariffs to cover all the tax cuts he's promising. So how is the American consumer responding to all this? Well, we surveyed some folks at a park in downtown Denver. Yeah, I think that's a really bad idea. I think maybe people haven't read enough about tariffs and who actually pays for those tariffs in the long run.

And I'm thinking if we want to make any major purchases, we should do that now before January 20th. I mean, I see pluses for it and I see negatives for it both. So no resounding endorsement from this Vox populi in downtown Denver. For what it's worth, those comments clock in from what I've heard from a lot of people over the last few weeks. Either they're not sure how this would work, or they see it as a bad idea, or even inflationary.

So today on the show, we pull apart these cookies and we see if they'll get more expensive under the potential new tariffs. Or if, like Trump claims, these cookies might actually benefit the American consumer. Let's start with what we've got right now. Darien, I ordered these chocolate chip cookies from a bakery in New York City and about half of the ingredients, vanilla extract, cocoa beans, and spices like cinnamon are imported from outside the United States. The other half, wheat, whole milk, butter, brown sugar, eggs, and salt, are all USA produced. Those cookies in front of you, Dar sugar, eggs, and salt are all USA produced. Those cookies in front of you, Darian, are global cookies.

I can see a world in these baked goods. So under President-elect Trump's proposal, those imported ingredients will be taxed, and that means some very nice cookies might be about to get a bit more expensive. That's a general consensus among economists. A tariff is just a tax on goods from overseas. And the conventional economic wisdom is when you tax goods coming into the country, consumers end up paying more in the store.

And most of the things we use are like these cookies. iPhones, our coffee makers, our shoes, our clothes. They're made up of parts and materials from all over the world. So there's a worry that Trump's tariffs could make all of those things more expensive and raise inflation. Still, Trump claims the cookies will get cheaper because other countries will potentially eat the extra cost because they really want to be competitive in the US market.

He also says some companies could move their operations to the US to avoid tariffs and potentially create cookie-related jobs. He didn't say that specifically around cookies, but you get the drift. Right. It's worth mentioning these cookies. As you know, Darien, already have some tariff exposure baked in. In 2018, the Trump administration imposed tariffs on roughly 15% worth of imported goods. Yeah, we had Trump tariffs before on things like industrial machinery and steel.

But those were targeted tariffs that Trump introduced during his first administration, not the broad sweeping ones he's proposing now. It's also worth mentioning the Biden administration kept most of those targeted tariffs in place. In fact, it even raised some of those tariffs. But what Trump is proposing now is a whole different tier. He's talked about taxing vanilla extract, cocoa beans, spices like cinnamon, and more at a rate of 10 to 20% and 60% if they're from China. And he's floated even higher numbers recently.

25% on goods from Mexico and Canada and another 10% on China. Yeah, and we bring a lot of stuff into the US. 5% on goods from Mexico and Canada and another 10% on China. Yeah, and we bring a lot of stuff into the US. These tariffs would hit all $3 trillion worth of what we import. Trump said we will raise so much money from these tariffs that we can cut all kinds of taxes. Many parts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is expiring soon, and according to some estimates, extending it for another decade could cost as much as $5 trillion.

Trump says these new tariffs will pay for that. And he wants to go even further than just extending those tax cuts. He wants to end taxes on TIFFs, end taxes on overtime pay, end taxes on social security benefits, or even ending federal income tax entirely. And to help pay for this, you guessed it, it's those sweeping tariffs. We would be putting tariffs on pretty much everything that comes into the United States. But here's the thing, even with these massive tariffs, we still couldn't raise enough money to replace income taxes. Yeah, so income taxes bring in two trillion dollars a year and all

those tariffs would bring in a minuscule amount by comparison. Yeah, I spoke to Erica York. She is a senior economist and research director at the Tax Foundation. You just can't squeeze three trillion dollars of imports hard enough to get more than two trillion dollars of tax revenue out of them. Like at most that you could raise, like the revenue maximizing level would be somewhere around $500 billion. The upside of tariffs, even at the extreme,

is going to be pretty limited, but the downside could be pretty significant. So back to the cookie again, remember half of its ingredients are from the US and half are foreign made ingredients. Yeah, half of its ingredients are from the US, and half are foreign-made ingredients. Yeah, the blended heritage cookie. And this is where it gets complicated. Erica says tariffs are going to increase production

costs here in the US due to the parts and ingredients we import to produce things here for that cookie. For example, we make the butter here in the United States. But what about the feed that comes from Brazil for the US cows who produce that US butter? So like materials that US companies use in their own production processes or their capital goods and equipment, that directly increases the cost of doing business here in the US. And those increased costs of doing business, they end up hitting American consumers and businesses in three ways. Higher prices, lower wages, or reduced business operations because the bakery is trying to cut costs anywhere it can.

Sometimes all three. Now, the other side of this is Trump claiming these tariffs will bring back US jobs. Here's what he said on his recent interview with Joe Rogan. You tariff it so high that they will come and build their chip companies for nothing. In other words, Joe, you put a big tariff on the chips coming in. I say you don't have to pay the tariff. All you have to do is build your plant in the United States. We didn't have to give them the money to build a plant. Erica doesn't think a domestic manufacturing boom will happen and says, bottom line, these

broad tariffs are a recipe for disaster for US businesses. When they see this tariff will be like, how do I deal with this increased cost of doing business? Am I able to pass that on to my own consumers? Can I raise my prices? Do I have to eat that cost?" She says that will put U.S. businesses at a competitive disadvantage on the global stage, not to mention other countries could do retaliatory tariffs, meaning they charge U.S. companies a tax to import into their countries. Or they could just choose to not

send their vanilla or cocoa into the U.S. at all. Basically, the average family could end up paying thousands more per year in higher prices. Some estimates place it as high as $4,000. You'd have to cut taxes a lot to get back that $4,000. But Trump and his team must have run these numbers too. Yeah, that's what I thought. A lot of people are just hoping

this is campaign smack talk, right? Like maybe it's a negotiation tactic. Erica doesn't think so. We look at the first Trump administration and all the tariffs that were imposed there and some of Trump's other advisors and their very serious support of this universal baseline tariff idea. I think that's where things are headed. There are already reports of businesses and regular Americans stockpiling products from China and beyond. They're trying to prepare for these potential tariffs, Darian. Well, for now, we have cookies.

We do have cookies, and that's a good thing. That was the Indicators' Darian Woods in conversation with Kyla Scanlon. We'll be back in your feeds tomorrow. I'm Sarah McCammon. I cover politics. Thank you for listening to the NPR Politics Podcast.