The Pete Quiñones Show - Reading Solzhenitsyn's '200 Years Together' w/ Dr. Matthew Raphael Johnson - Part 14

Episode Date: February 22, 2025

54 MinutesPG-13Dr. Matthew Raphael Johnson is a researcher, writer, and former professor of history and political science, specializing in Russian history and political ideology.Pete and Dr. Johnson continue a project in which Pete reads Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's '200 Years Together," and Dr' Johnson provides commentary.Dr Johnson's PatreonRusJournal.orgTHE ORTHODOX NATIONALISTDr. Johnson's Radio Albion PageDr. Johnson's Books on AmazonPete and Thomas777 'At the Movies'Support Pete on His WebsitePete's PatreonPete's SubstackPete's SubscribestarPete's GUMROADPete's VenmoPete's Buy Me a CoffeePete on FacebookPete on TwitterBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-pete-quinones-show--6071361/support.

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Great to see you back at Spexavers. Okay, could you read out the letters on the wall for me? Yep. D-E-A-L-S? Yeah, D-E-A-L-S. Deals. Oh, right, yes. Our Black Friday deals are eye-catching,

but the letter charts over here. Oh, sorry. At Speck Savers, we've got all sorts of unmissable Black Friday deals, like up to 70 Euro-I. off one pair of designer glasses. Offer ends on 7th of December 2025. Conditions apply. Ask in store for details. If you want to support the show and get the episodes early and add free, head on over to freeman beyond the wall.com forward slash support. I want to explain something right now. If you support me through Substack or Patreon, you have access to an RSS feed that you can plug into any

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Head on over to freeman beyond the wall.com forward slash support and do it there. Thank you. I want to welcome everyone back to part 14 of our reading of 200 years together by Alexander Solzhenycin. How are you doing today, Dr. Johnson? I'm doing very well. I'm in a pretty good mood. Things are settling down around here. And things are getting even more interesting in this book. Yeah. So I'm going to start reading Chapter 4 and we'll jump in. We'll see how far we get.

Chapter 4 during the period of reforms. At the moment of the ascension of Alexander II to the throne, the peasant question in Russia had been overripe for a century and demanded immediate resolution. Thus suddenly, then suddenly, the Jewish question surfaced and demanded a no less urgent solution as well. In Russia, the Jewish question was not as ancient as a deep-rooted and barbaric institution of serfdom, and up to this time it did not seem to loom so large in the country. Yet henceforth, for the rest of the 19th century, and right to the very year of 1917 in the state Duma, the Jewish and the peasant questions would cross over and over again.

They would contend with each other and thus become intertwined in their competing destiny. Alexander II had taken the throne during the difficult impasse of the Crimean War against the United Europe. This situation demanded a difficult decision whether to hold out or to surrender. Upon his ascension, voices were immediately raised in defense of the Jewish population. After several weeks, His Majesty gave orders to make the Jews equal with the rest of the population in respect to military duty and to end acceptance of underage recruits. Soon after the skill category draft of Jewish Philistines was canceled, this meant that all classes of the Jewish population were made equal with respect to compulsory military service. This decision was confirmed in the Coronation Manifesto of 1856. Jewish recruits of the same age and qualities, which are defined for recruits from their population groups, are to be admitted while acceptance of underage Jewish recruits was to be abolished.

Right then, the institution of military cantonists was also completely abolished. Jewish cantonists, who were younger than 20 years of age, were returned to their parents, even if they already had been turned into soldiers. Well, we're getting into a watershed element, a huge division in Russian history. We're getting into the era when Zionism, even before Theodore Hurtzell, was developing. And the first major work came out before Hurtzell in 1882. The Lovers of Zion was formed near the end of Alexander II. but Fring the Serfs, which was, it was actually Metropolitan St. Philaret, who wrote that decree, Philadelphia canonized not that long ago, was another ginormous division.

And, of course, it empowered the Jewish commune, created an elected county government with an upper a lower house and it's surprising that the Jewish encyclopedia really at least the more recent editions really seems to love Alexander. They don't love Alexander the third who's one of my favorite, czars of all time. But this is also difficult because the Crimean War, now I have a lengthy paper out. It was the cover story, the Barnes Review, five, six years ago, that was not a defeat for Russia. Russia was taking on all of Europe. The European armies were exhausted.

They didn't achieve what they wanted to achieve. And I think that the war currently, the Russo-Ukrainian War of 2022 is a version of not the Cold War, but of Crimea, because they're not facing each other directly through a proxy, but everything else is very much the same.

We also are starting to see around the time the search were freed, violent Jewish terrorists forming. And now, and that group, although I don't believe the people who killed him, he was murdered, 1881,

I don't think, he was Jew as far as I know but the organization according to Ticomito he used to be a member of that organization was very Jewish and generally unpopular within the population so so things are moving very quickly politics is taking on a more modern tone but I also want to make it clear that the impetus for the freeing of the serfs which only effect you know the state service have been freed by Nicholas. The Crownsters have been freed by Nicholas, if not before. So you're talking about

maybe 35% of the peasant population were freed and joined to their commune, which they were a part of anyway, right up until the early 20th century. This is why we can say that peasants owned the land. You did not have huge landlords in Russia like you did elsewhere. whether it be communal or individual by the time of World War I, the overwhelming majority of the land was under peasant ownership.

A lot of action was taken by Alexander III to make sure that an oligarchy didn't form, because it's always been the war in Russia between monarchy in the one hand and oligarchs on the other. But I think it's because Alexander III had turned on the Jews

with some good reason. comparing Alexander the second with Alexander the third is one of the reasons why the former gets such very good press among the Jews. Generally speaking, mainstream Jewish opinion loves Alexander, and we're starting to see a little bit as to why that is. The lower ranks who had served out their full term and their descendants received the right to live anywhere on the territory of the Russian Empire. They usually settled where they terminated their service. they could settle permanently and had often become the founders of the new Jewish communities. In a twist of fate and a historical punishment, Russia and the Romanov dynasty got Yaakov Svredlov

from the descendants of one such Cantonese settler. By the same manifesto, the Jewish population was forgiven all considerable back taxes for previous years. yet already in the course of the next five years, new tax liabilities accumulated amounting to 22% of the total expected tax sum. I'm shocked. Yeah, well. More broadly, Alexander II expressed his intention to resolve the Jewish question and in the most favorable manner.

For this, the approach to the question was changed drastically. If during the reign of Nicholas I, the government saw its task as first reforming the Jewish in our life, gradually clearing it out through productive work and education with consequent removal of administrative restrictions. Then during the reign of Alexander II, the policy was the opposite. To begin with the intention of integrating this population with the native inhabitants of the country, as it stated in the imperial decree of 1856. So the government had begun, began quick removal of external constraints and restrictions,

not looking for possible inner causes of Jewish seclusion and more. morbidity, thereby hope that all the remaining problems would then solve themselves. Yeah, and that's a brilliant way to put it. We talked about Dershavin and that first committee looking into the Jewish question under Zar Paul, and he laid it out in great detail as to why the peasants hated the Jews. And he was a neutral figure. Jewish behavior was absolutely indefensible.

They manipulated them. They treated them like Goyam, which is no huge shock. They manipulated not only peasants, but the elites. They came into ownership of land, maybe not in their own name, through debt methods of competition.

We've been through all of this. Extreme maccabellian competition in the one hand, and equally extreme ethnic exclusiveness and cohesion. On the other hand, meant that any liberation of the Jews meant Jewish domination.

And we'll, by now, if you've been listening and you don't know why that is, and I can't help you, but, but, you know, problems would solve themselves. Keep in mind that this was a very wealthy part of the empire and it's going to continue to be and continue to grow

right up until the war. the Jews that claim that the pogroms were instigated by the state. It's nonsense. They hated any concept of instability. This is why the Dershavin Committee and the committees after were called in the first place. They don't want to upset this apple cart. They're making a tremendous amount of money from. So on the one hand, they have this new commercial source of income.

On the other, they have millions of Jews. and the problem, of course, did not solve itself, and everything that people like Alexander III had said was going to happen, happen. It was a disaster for Russia, but also keep in mind that never was the currency placed under the hands of Jewish bankers, which was one of the many reasons. Rothschilds and Sassoon hated Russia so much. this point early in his reign at the end of the Crimean War this is where you get this vehement Anglo-Judeic hatred for Russia that you still have today rewriting the Bible so

they called him they called the Emperor Zargog trying to connect Russia with Gog and Magog and you have Protestants doing that today it got started during the Crimean War the propaganda and propaganda was still fairly new phenomenon the British press

and French press was going crazy about how savage the Russians are so many of those prejudices started precisely at this era and one of the things that the Anglo-French mentality was elite was pushing was that

well they hate Jews they're savages they're a threat to Western civilization these kind of things and and that never went away and so this was

This was the beginning. This is one of the reasons I say this is a huge watershed moment this period of time in the early reign of Alexander II. Things were going. I mean, Russia was doing extremely well and will continue to do extremely well right up until World War I, growing very quickly, both in terms of industry and everything else and population, which threatened the British to a lesser extent the French. any alliance with the Germans, especially after unification,

was something that terrified the British, and that's the origin of World War I. So Russia was both hated, misunderstood, and also seen as a terrible threat to Western interests, and the Jews were at the center of that. Ready for huge savings? Well, mark your calendars from November 28 to 30th, Because the Liddle Newbridge Warehouse Sale is back.

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Conditions apply. Ask in store for details. To this end, still another committee for arranging the Jewish way of life was established in 1856. This was already the seventh committee on Jewish affairs, but by no means the last. Its chairman, the above mentioned Count Kisley of reported to his majesty that the goal of integrating Jews with the general population is hindered by various temporary restrictions, which, when considered in the context of general laws, contain many contradictions and beget, bewilderment. In response, His Majesty ordered a revision of all existing statutes on Jews to harmonize them with the general strategy directed toward integration of this people with the native inhabitants to the extent afforded by the moral condition of Jews, that is, the fanaticism and economic

harmfulness ascribed to them. Somehow the elite thought and Alexander thought that if we eliminate restrictions, things like the pale of settlement, et cetera, that they're eventually going to become Russian just like us. They may be Jews, but they're still, they're just going to be like any other minority. And after all that we've read it, all that we know, all that we've learned, Russians still, at least certain Russian and Alexander, didn't comprehend that. That was simply not going to happen. No, not for nothing had Harrison struggled with Kolakol or Balinski or Gronovsky or Gogol, for although not having such goals, the latter acted in the same direction as the former three did. Under the shell of the austere reign of Nicholas I, the first, the demand for decisive reforms and the will for them,

and the people to implement them were building up, and astonishingly, new projects were taken by the educated high governmental dignitaries more enthusiastically than by educated public in general. and this immediately impacted the Jewish question. Time after time, the ministers of internal affairs, first Lanskoy and then Valuv, and the governor's general of the Western and Southwestern Kri, administrative divisions of Tsarist Russia, shared their suggestions with His Majesty who was quite interested in them. Partial improvements in the legal situation of the Jews was enacted by the government on its own initiative, yet under direct supervision of by his master's,

Majesty. These changes went along with the general liberating reforms which affected Jews as well as the rest of the population. In 1858, Novoros Sisk, Governor General Struganov suggested immediate, instant, and complete equalization of the Jews in all rights. But the committee, now under the chairmanship of Blutov, stopped short, finding itself unprepared for such a measure. In 1850, it pointed out for comparison that while the Western European Jews began sending their children to public schools at the first invitation of the government, more or less turning themselves to useful occupations, the Russian government had to wrestle with Jewish prejudices and fanaticism. Therefore, making Jews equal in rights with the native inhabitants cannot happen in any other way

than a gradual change. Following the spread of true enlightenment among them, changes in their inner life and turning their activity toward useful occupations. Yeah, good luck. The committee also developed arguments against equal rights. It suggested that the question being considered was not so much a Jewish question as it was a Russian one, that it would be precipitous to grant equal rights to Jews before raising the educational and cultural level of Russian population whose dark masses would not be able to defend themselves in the face of the economic pressure of Jewish solidarity, that Jews hardly aspire

toward integration with the rest of the citizens of the country, that they strive toward achieving all civil rights while retaining their isolation and cohesion which Russians do not possess among themselves. That's an excellent summary of the problem. It's this particular committee argument, because these people were actually there. They went and interviewed people and collected. data just like D'Javan did. And, you know,

Stroganov comes from one of the wealthiest, most powerful families in the Russian Empire. They still, a household name, had tremendous business dealings with them. But you can't have, you know,

a condition of serfdom, which really came down to communal self-rule, the peasants, and a guarantee of land. And, and taxes were paid in kind to the landlord. But that was done community. It was an extremely democratic institution.

Now that landlord connection was gone, and they took over the land. So the commune became more and more sophisticated, as did the peasants. But given the newness of that circumstance, throwing them up against the Jews was very ill-advised. And everything that this committee is saying here is correct in every way.

And there's no doubt in my mind that members of this committee saw how they had taken over in Britain and parts of France and did not want that happening in Russia. However, these voices did not attain influence. One after another, restrictions have been removed. In 1859, the prohibition of 1835 was removed.

It had forbidden the Jews to take a lease or manage populated landowners' lands, and thus the right to rule over the peasants, though that prohibition was in some cases secretly violated, although after 1861, lands remaining in the property of landowners were not formally populated. The new changes were aimed to make it easier for landowners to turn for help to Jews, if necessary, in case of deterioration of in the minorial economy. but also in order to somewhat widen the restricted field of economic activity of the Jews. Now the Jews could lease these lands and settle on them, though they could not buy them.

Meanwhile, in the southwestern cray, capital that could be turned to the purchase of land was concentrated in the hands of some Jews. Yet the Jews refused to credit landowners against security of the estate because estates could not be purchased by Jews. Soon afterwards, Jews were granted the right to buy land from landowners inside the pale of settlement. With development of railroads and steamships, Jewish businesses such as keeping of inns and postal stations had declined. In addition, because of new liberal customs tariffs introduced in 1857 and 1868, which lowered customs duties on goods imported into Russia, profits on contraband trade had immediately and sharply decreased. Well, that's not going to affect them.

excessively. They simply move to other areas. The line that you've read and of course Olsen-Etson is putting this as a quote very much on purpose to make it easier for landowners to turn for help to doves if necessary in ending serfdom

and empowering the peasant commune certain landlords took a loss and that was compensated for by the state but this was still a new situation for landowners too

and again the Jews were very eager to take advantage of that they were even less prepared than the Polish landowners of centuries earlier every landowner ended up in a very short period of time in debt to the Jews

and is one of the main reasons for you know the penitentiary of left this ideas amongst the elite, the Orthodox landowners, which is reflected in Russian literature all over the place shortly after this period of time, and the decline of the nobility in general in Russia.

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Trading as Cooper Financial Services is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland Great to see you back at Spegg Savers Okay, could you read out the letters on the wall for me? Yep D-E-A-L-S Yeah, D-E-A-L-S deals. Oh, right. Yes, our Black Friday deals are eye-catching, but the letter charts over here.

Oh, sorry. At Spec Savers, we've got all sorts of unmissable Black Friday deals, like up to 70 euro off one pair of designer glasses. Offer ends on 7th of December 2025. Conditions apply. Ask in store for details. In 1861, the prohibition on Jews to acquire exclusive rights to some sources of revenue from estates was abolished. In the same year, the systems of tax farming and wine farming were abolished. This was a huge blow to a major Jewish enterprise. Among Jews, tax collector and contractor were synonyms for wealth.

Now Orshansky writes, They could just dream about the time of the Crimean War when contractors made millions, thanks to the flexible conscience and peculiar view of the Treasury in certain circles. Thousands of Jews lived and got rich under the beneficiary. wing of tax farming. Now the interests of the state had begun to be enforced and contracts had become much less profitable, and trading in spirits had become far less profitable than under the tax farming system. However, as the excise was introduced in the wine industry in place of the wine farming industry, no special restrictions were laid on Jews, and so now they could sell and rent distillation

factories on a common basis in the Pala Settlement provinces. And they had so successfully exercise this right to rent and purchase over the next two decades that by the 1880s, between 32% and 76% of all distillation factories in the Jewish Pala settlement belong to Jews, and almost all of them fell under a category of major enterprise. By 1872, 89% of the distillation factories in the Southwestern Krai were rented by Jews. From 1863, Jews were permitted to run distillation in Western and Eastern Siberia for the most remarkable specialists in the desolation industry almost exclusively came from among the Jews. And from 1865, the Jewish distillers were permitted to reside everywhere. Well, it's common to hear that Jews couldn't own land. They could within the pale

of settlement, but they also could outside of the pale of settlement. It's just that they couldn't have it in their name. There's a million different scams they could use to own it. This is what happened when someone defaulted on their debts, which was all the time. This was one positive thing about serfdom is that peasant land couldn't be taken by the Jews for debt. After liberation, the empowerment of the peasant commune, that was also legally connected. to, you know, that that belonged to them in perpetuity until the reforms of Stolipin and Vita later on. But they had protections of keeping peasant land, at least,

away from a Jewish control. But there were still plenty of land owned by landowners. And this, in one way or another, came under the control of Jews all over Russia. I mean, remember, the Palaas settlement, this was a ginormous area, it was a huge area. area. This is where Jews were settling anyway. It's where they had lived for a, for a very long time.

So just because one area isn't profitable anymore, doesn't mean they can't find it. We talked about the sugar beet industry, which was also enormous in Ukraine, which is also, at least partly, if not mostly Jewish. So they were able simply to move into other other areas of exploitation and did very well whether in or out of the pale of settlement. Regarding the spirit's trade in the villages, about one third of the whole Jewish population of the pale lived in the villages at the start of the 1880s

with two or three families in each village as remnants of the Korshemsvostv from tab. Okay. An official government report of 1870 stated that the drinking business in the Western Kray is almost exclusively concentrated in the hands of the Jews, and the abuses encountered in these institutions exceeds any bounds of tolerance. Thus, it was demanded of Jews to carry on the drinking business only from their own homes.

The logic of this demand was explained by G.B. Sliersburg, in the villages of Little Russia, Ukraine, that is, outside of the legal limits of the Polish autonomy, the last, landowners did not have the right to carry on trade in spirits, and this meant that the Jews could not buy spirits from landowners for resale. Yet at the same time, the Jews might not buy even a small plot of peasant land. Therefore, the Jews rented peasant homes and conducted the drinking business from them. When such trade was also permitted, the prohibition was often evaded by using a front business. A dummy patent on a spirits business was issued to a Christian, to which a Jew supposedly only served as an attendant.

This is what I was trying to say before. We've mentioned the problems of enforcement early on, and certainly in the modern era, and that didn't go away. Of course, Soviets had no problem with it, but that was a very, very different system, but they had a thousand different ways to own things, control things,

to exploit things that maybe technically they weren't allowed to do. They were able to manipulate every loophole. And even if they couldn't, they had the money to bribe people. They had the money. They had people like Strong enough who were serving their interests. There were so many weapons that they had at their disposal. And of course, none of it was in the interest of Russians. Also, the punitive clause, as it is worded in the Jewish Encyclopedia,

that is, a punishment accompanying the prohibition against Jews hiring a Christian as a personal servant was repealed in 1865 as incompatible with the general spirit of the official policy of tolerance. And so, from the end of the 1860s, many Jewish families began to hire Christian servants. Unfortunately, it is so typical for many scholars studying the history of Jewry and Russia to disregard hard-won victories. If yesterday all strength and attention were focused on the fight for some civil right and today that right is attained, then very quickly afterwards the victory is considered a trifle. There was so much said about the double tax on the Jews as though it existed for centuries and not for a few very short years, and even then it was never really enforced in practice. The law of 1835, which was at the time greeted by Jews with a sense of relief, was at the threshold of the 20th century, dubbed by S. Dubnoff as a charter of arbitrariness.

To the future revolutionary Leo Deutsch, who in the 1860s was a young and still faithful subject, it looked like the administration did not strictly enforce some essential restrictions on the rights of Jews. they turned a blind eye to violations. In general, the life of Jews in Russia in the 60s was not bad. Among my Jewish peers, I did not see anyone suffering from depression, despondence, or estrangement as a result of oppression by their Jewish mates. But then he suddenly recollects his revolutionary duty and calls everything given to the Jews during the reign of Alexander I as, in essence, insignificant alleviations. and without losing a beat mentions the crimes of Alexander II,

although in his opinion the Tsar shouldn't have been killed. And from the middle of the 20th century, it already looks like for the whole of the 19th century that various committees and commissions were being created for a review of Jewish legal restrictions, and they came to the conclusion that the existing legal restrictions did not achieve their aims and should be abolished, and yet not a single one of the projects worked out.

worked out by the committees was implemented. It's interesting that he brings this up because someone listening may ask of all the people for a mostly Jewish organization to murder, Alexander II seems like a very bad candidate and is precisely because things were getting better. It's precisely because peasants were now in control of the land. the czars right up until Nicholas II were actually delivering what the leftists were only promising. And this is why they turned to

terrorism. Any government of Goyem was illegitimate and can be killed and can be destroyed no matter how well the Jews were treated. Of course, this guy is Deutsch is absolutely correct. I'm not sure why he was a revolutionary, but I like the psychological thing here. We can't praise him too much. That doesn't make any sense.

So now they have to rewrite history and say, well, these were trifling matters. You know, if you are part of an organization that commits terrorist acts, like these Jewish leftists were in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, you have to justify it. You have to paint your opponent in the worst possible colors. And assuming you're in a sociopath, you have to do it. that or else you're going to be in cognitive dissonance, which can be very painful. So even the good things that the monarchs did had to be erased or reinterpreted. But keep in mind, no other minority, not even the ill believers, were given this level of attention, this level of subsidy, this level of indulgence, as the Jews were. You catch them in the corner of your eye.

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purchase agreement from Volkswagen Financial Services Ireland Limited. Subject to lending criteria. Terms and conditions apply. Volkswagen Financial Services Ireland Limited. Trading as Cooper Financial Services is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. Ready for huge savings? We'll mark your calendars from November 28 to 30th because the Liddle Newbridge Warehouse sale is back. We're talking thousands of your favourite Liddle items all reduced to clear.

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Relax in our exquisite accommodations. Step outside and be captivated by the Wild Atlantic Surounds. Your five-star getaway, where every detail is designed with you in mind. Give the gift of a unique experience. experience this Christmas with vouchers from Trump-Dunbeg. Search Trump-Ireland gift vouchers. Trump on Dunbiog, Kosh Farage. The listeners should rewind the last two minutes and listen to that again,

and then do it again and listen to that again. It's rid of forgotten and no toast made. After the first Jewish reforms by Alexander II, the existence of the palest settlement had become the most painful issue. Once a hope about a possibility of future state reforms had emerged, and first harbingers of expected renewal of public life had barely appeared, the Jewish intelligentsia began contemplating the daring step of raising the question of abolishing the Jewish pale of settlement altogether. Yet still fresh in the Jewish memory was the idea of selectivity,

to impose additional obligations on non-permanently settled and unproductive Jews. And so in 1856 an idea to petition His Majesty appeared in the social strata of Jewish merchants, citizens of St. Petersburg, and out of towners, who, by their social standing and by the nature of their activity, more closely interacted with the central authorities. The petition asked his majesty not to give privileges to the whole Jewish population, but only to certain categories, to the young generation raised in the spirit and under the supervision of the government, to the upper merchant class, and to the good craftsmen who earned their bread by the sweat of their brow. so that they would be distinguished by the government with more rights than those who still

exhibited nothing special about their good intentions, usefulness, and industriousness. Our petition is so that the merciful monarch, distinguishing wheat from chaff, would be kindly disposed to grant several, however modest privileges to the worthy and cultivated among us, thus encouraging good and praiseworthy actions. Even in all their excited hopes, they could not even imagine how quickly the changes in the position of the Jews would be implemented in practice. Already in 1862, some of the authors of this petition would ask about extending equal rights to all who graduated from secondary educational institutions. For the grammar school graduates, of course, must be considered people with a European education. This is a bit of a mystery.

This petition doesn't make a whole lot of sense. The distinctions that they're making, we talked about categorization last time and the time before I think deciding who is working by the sweater of their brow and who isn't especially given the difficulty of tracking Jews at the time anywhere it's going to be very difficult there's a scam element in here and you know that there's this sliding scale of rights that somehow the state should should offer that, you know, this is exceptionally complex and probably

impossible, but the last thing any government wants to do, that goes for today too, is to raise expectations beyond what the government can deliver. This is one of the reasons that revolutions tend to occur when things are getting better, not when they're at their lowest point. And so, you know,

this is, there's a mentality here I don't fully understand. But what we're talking about here is your distinctions that the state, and really most people couldn't make, were still in an era, as we talked about last time, where something like 85% of the Jews were, quote, unquote, unproductive, meaning that they lived through rents, through, through usury, through crime in one way or another. I don't know how that percentage changed over time. but it was a small minority of Jews that worked by the sweat of their brow.

And yes, in principle, the Tsar did not mind violations of the laws concerning the Jewish palace settlement in favor of individual groups of the Jewish population. In 1859, Jewish merchants for the first guild were granted the right of residency in all of Russia and the second guild in Kiev from 1861, and also for all three guilds in Nikolaev, Sevastopol, and Yalta, with the right of arranging manufacturing businesses, contracts, and acquiring real estate. Earlier, doctors and holders of master's degrees in science had already enjoyed the right of universal residency, including the right to occupy post and government service. Here we should

note a professor of medicine, GA Zakarian, who in the future would produce the fatal judgment about the illness of Alexander III. From 1861, this right was granted to candidates of universities, that is, simply to university graduates and also to persons of free professions. The pale of settlement restrictions were now lifted even from the persons desiring to obtain higher education, namely to persons entering medical academies, universities, and technical institutes. Then, as a result of petitions from individual ministers, governors, and influential Jewish merchants, from 1865, the whole territory of Russia, including St. Petersburg, was open to Jewish artisans, though only for the period of actual professional activity.

The notion of artisans was then widened to include all kinds of technicians, such as typesetters and typographic workers. The simple idea is that they want to reward Jews who get, you know, basically what we will call a secular or even technical education and end up being useful members of society. That's what this is all about. Here it is worth keeping in mind that merchants relocated with their clerks office workers, various assistants, and Jewish service personnel, craftsmen, and also with

apprentices and pupils. Taken altogether, this already made up a notable stream. Thus, a Jew with a right of residency outside of the pale, was free to move from the pale, and not only with his family. Yet new relaxations were outpaced by new petitions. In 1861, immediately after granting privileges for the candidates of University, the governor general of the Southwestern Cray had asked to allow exit from the pale to those who completed state professional schools for the Jews, that is, incomplete high school level establishments. He had vividly described the condition of such graduates. Young people graduating from such schools find themselves completely cut off from Jewish society.

If they do not find occupations, according to their qualifications with their in their own circles, they get accustomed to idleness, and thus, by being unworthy representatives of the profession, they often discredit the prestige of the education in the eyes of people they live among. In that same year, the ministers of internal affairs and education declared in unison that a paramount cause of the disastrous condition of Jews is hidden in the abnormal share of Jews occupied in commerce and industry versus the rest engaged in agriculture, and because of this, the peasant is unavoidably preyed upon by Jews as if he is obligated to surrender a part of his income to their maintenance.

Yet the internal competition between the Jews creates a nearly impossible situation of providing for themselves by legal means. And therefore, it is necessary to grant the right of universal residence to merchants of the second and third guilds and also to graduates of high or equivalent schools. And this problem was engendered by the abolition of the Kaha'al system. it really I don't know if it existed maybe just in theory but it had been abolished for some time by now

but the phrase abnormal share of Jews occupied in commerce I don't know what he means by industry but he's talking about unproductive versus productive Jews engaging in agriculture were an insignificant minority so he may well be talking about

not just Jews but everyone engaged in agriculture not used this kind of mercenary mindset being taken advantage of by these Jews. In 1862, the Novorosk Governor General again called for complete abolition of the Jewish Palos Settlement by asking to grant the right of universal residency to the entire Jewish people. Targeted permissions for universal residency of certain Jewish groups were being issued at a slower but constant rate. From 1865, acceptance of Jews as military, doctors was permitted, and right after that, 1866 to 1867, Jewish doctors were allowed to work in the

ministries of education and interior. From 1879, they were permitted to serve as pharmacists and veterinarians. Permission was also granted to those preparing for the corresponding type of activity, and also to midwives and Feldshires, and those desiring to study medical assistant arts. finally a decree by the Minister of Internal Affairs Mahaff was issued allowing residents outside the pale to all those Jews who had already illegally settled there here it is appropriate No no it's okay, go ahead

Just maybe smile Here it is appropriate to add that in 1860s Jewish lawyers in the absence of the official bar college During the period were able to get jobs in government service Without any difficulties This just goes to show what I've been saying since we started talking about the pale of settlement. Enforcement really didn't exist. Jews lived and owned things all over the Russian Empire.

That's why they eventually give up and say, okay, yet technically they're illegally settled elsewhere. There's nothing we can do about it. So at least now let's legalize it. Relaxations had also affected the Jews living in border regions. In 1856, when, according to, to the Treaty of Paris, the Russian state boundary retreated close to Kishniff and Ackerman. The Jews were not forced out of this newly formed frontier zone. And in 1858, the decrees of Nicholas I, which directed Jews to abandon the 50-versed

It's an obsolete Russian measure. Yeah, yeah. Boundary zone were conclusively repealed. And from 1868, movement of Jews between the western provinces of Russia and Polish, and Polish kingdom was allowed, where previously it was formally prohibited. Alongside official relaxations to the legal restrictions, there were also exceptions in loopholes and regulations. For example, in the capital city of St. Petersburg, despite prohibitions, the Jews all the same settled in for extended times, and with the ascension of Alexander II,

the number of Jews in St. Petersburg began to grow quickly. Jewish capitalists emerged who began dedicating significant attention to the organization of the Jewish community there. Baron Gorotsi Ginsburg, for example, El Rosenthal, A. Varshovsky, and others. Toward the end of Alexander II's reign, E.A. Peretz, the son of the tax farmer Abram Peretz, became the Russian Secretary of State. In the 1860, St. Petersburg started to attract quite a few members of the commercial, industrial, and intellectual circles of jewelry. That shouldn't surprise anybody. St. Petersburg was always a very unnatural.

It was a Masonic experiment by Peter the Great, who was a Mason. Actually, he was worse than that. The city was literally actually built on the bones of the Kulsak prisoners who were forced to dig it out in this terrible, you know, the marquis. of of of northern Russia it's it's a symbolic the floating city as it was called it was extremely decadent um and it was the site of huge uh disparities in wealth it was extremely european it was meant to be european this is still kind of in in the era where uh russian elites wanted to speak french d'esteyescu used to make fun of that um you know because it was just it was very pretentious

and they couldn't do it right. And one of my favorite novels of Dostoevsky is the gambler, which is not read very much. And gambling began to, you know, and traveling to Paris and everything began to become very important. This is very decadent prostitution was out of control. And it's no shock that the Jews were central to a lot of this as time went on and were attracted to this kind of thing.

But in that kind of decadence, you can't do better than a Jew. So it's not going to take very long at all for them to concentrate power and control banking at the lower levels. According to the data, the commission for arranging the Jewish way of life, in 1880 to 1881,

6,290 Jews were officially registered in St. Petersburg, while according to other official figures, 8,993, and according to a local census from 1881, there were 16,826 Jews in St. Petersburg, around 2% of the total city population. In Moscow, in 1856, the obligation of arriving Jewish merchants to exclusively reside in the Globowski quarter was repealed. The Jews were allowed to stay in any part of the city. During the reign of Alexander II, the Jewish population of Moscow grew quickly. By 1880, it was around 16,000.

It was a similar situation in Kiev. After 1861, it's really interesting that he doesn't, this isn't Keev. He's not writing Kiv, something that I never heard until, what, February of 2022. Oh, you mean with the Y? Yeah. Oh, yeah, that's, I go out of my way to use this spelling in the Ukrainian lexicon. That is how it's spelled, but over time it became a Jewish nationalist, sorry, a Ukrainian nationalist idea to spell it that way. So when he was writing, he wouldn't use that.

Even some Ukrainian writers don't use the why. Of course, given the war, every journalist in the West is using it now. I know professors are forcing their students to use it. all of a sudden it's become very very fashionable but that is you know as Ukrainian language became standardized that's that was the that was the spelling of of Kiev just like you know Vlodomir

a change serratically you know it's pronounced the same but it's they use you know there's wise all over the place um H's replaced G's you know things like that but today of course it's fashionable so but a Russian back then wouldn't be using it that way at all. And this is a proper spelling for normal people.

Yeah, I remember in February 22 going, I don't ever remember in my life eating chicken Keeve. Yeah. All right, onward. It was a similar situation in Kiev. After 1861, a quick growth of the Jewish population of Kiev had begun, from 1,1862 to 81,000. by 1913.

From the 1880s, there was an influx of Jews to Kiev. Despite frequent police roundups, which Kiev was famous for, the number of Jews there considerably exceeded the official figures. By the end of the 19th century, the Jews accounted for 44% of Kiev merchants. And this became the norm in a lot of places, not just in Russia either, but in central Europe as well. The dominance of the Rothschild family by this time in France, in

Austria, Hungary, and in Britain led to them being very visible as people who dominate people who are able to dominate finance. The guild system, part of the reason the guild system existed is to

avoid the methods that the Jews became famous for. Advertising. the concept of underselling, undercutting your competition was unknown. The guild system was completely illegal, trying to manipulate consumers into coming to your place rather than someone else's. The guilds existed to keep that from happening so everyone could have, could make a living. They were a part of the guild system to destroy it, and that's why these numbers were so frightening

at the time. Heson calls the granting of the right of universal residency 1865 to artisans most important, yet Jews apparently did not hurry to move out of the pale. Well, if it was so overcrowded in there, so constraining and so deprived with respect to markets and earnings, why then did they make almost no use of the right to leave the Pailist settlement? By 1881, in 31 of the interior provinces, Jewish artisans numbered 28,000 altogether, and Jews in general numbered 34,000. Heston explains this paradox in the following way.

Prosperous artisans did not need to seek new places, while the destitute did not have the means for the move, and the middle group, which somehow managed from day to day without enduring any particular poverty, feared that after their departure, the elders of their community would refuse to extend an annual passport to them for tax considerations, or even demand that the outgoing parties return

home. But one can strongly doubt all the statistics. We have just, we have just read that in St. Petersburg alone, there were at least twice as many Jews than according to official data. Could the slow Russian state apparatus really account for the mercury, quick, Jewish population within a definite time and in all places? Why don't we stop here? Okay. And I'm just going to say it doesn't take, it doesn't take many. to create the conditions for for taking over um i honestly think it was in jewish interest that they would use intermediaries that they would they would own things in someone else's name for the same reason that they change their names uh you know the revolutionaries change their

names to cover up their their jewish identity but when they have substantial numbers and they're armed and they're extremely cohesive and they're fairly wealthy at least in general it's a completely different story and again pogroms often were started

by revolutionary Jews but there was no distinction between this libertarian style capitalism on the one hand and leftist revolution on the other

essentially was one in the same materialist Darwinian world as far as they're concerned. And they're the ones who introduced it to Russia and and to the rest of the world with disastrous results. The only people that seem to benefit are wealthy Jews themselves. All right. We'll pick up, we'll pick up chapter four in a few days. As I always do, I remind you, please go to the show notes. They're under the videos. I have hot links there. Go support Dr. Johnson's work. I think this is invaluable.

all the feedback we've gotten on this so far is positive. There is nothing but high praise for what's being done here. So I do thank you for doing that, Dr. Johnson. Thank you for doing this. All right. I will talk to you very soon, my friend. All right. Talk to you.

Take care. Bye. Bye. Bye.