The Rest Is History - 568. Hannibal: Rome's Greatest Enemy (Part 1)

Episode Date: May 25, 2025

Who was Hannibal, the flawed but brilliant Carthaginian general? What makes Rome vs Carthage in the third century BC one of the most totemic ancient rivalries of all time? How did Hamilcar, father of Hannibal, restore the fortunes of Carthage following their devastating defeat to the Romans in 264 BC? And, what personal tragedy spurred Hannibal on to seize his destiny by the reins, take command of the Carthaginian army, and at last set out to have his vengeance on Rome? Join Tom and Dominic as they launch into the early life and rise of Hannibal; bane of Rome and master of Carthage, as the famous feud between those two greatest of cities gathers momentum... The Rest Is History Club: Become a member for exclusive bonus content, early access to full series and live show tickets, ad-free listening, our exclusive newsletter, discount book prices on titles mentioned on the pod, and our members’ chatroom on Discord. Just head to therestishistory.com to sign up, or start a free trial today on Apple Podcasts: apple.co/therestishistory. For more Goalhanger Podcasts, head to www.goalhanger.com _______ Twitter: @TheRestHistory @holland_tom @dcsandbrook Producer: Theo Young-Smith Assistant Producer: Tabby Syrett + Aaliyah Akude Executive Producers: Jack Davenport + Tony Pastor Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Thank you for listening to The Rest is History. For weekly bonus episodes, ad-free listening, early access to series and membership of our much-loved chat community, go to therestishistory.com and join the club. That is the restishistory.com. Did you know that our Sunday Times bestselling book, The Rest is History Returns, is now out in paperback. From finding out who British history's biggest lad was, to tracing the admittedly hazy ancient origins of Raiders of the Lost Ark, it's filled cover to cover with more curious historical moments than you can crack a lasso at.

Plus puzzles and a pub quiz, The Rest Is History Return, available now in all good bookshops. My reality, he says, is I wake up and go, I haven't done the Hannibal trilogy. He first started talking about this 18 years ago. His desire to make a trilogy about Hannibal Barca, the Carthaginian general, one of the greatest wartime generals in history, the man who in 218 BC led a troop of elephants over the Alps to invade Italy. I promised myself I would try to make the Hannibal trilogy. Part of creating mythology in Riddick and creating worlds like FAST in some bizarre way

was preparation for the ultimate task. He will do it, he says. So that's a profile of the actor Vin Diesel, one of your favorite actors, Tom, in Men's Health in 2021. So in that article, Vin Diesel is talking about his great ambition to do a trilogy about the life of Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, and four years on, Diesel has not yet delivered. No, he hasn't.

We're still waiting for that Hannibal masterpiece. And why on earth, Tom, when it's such an amazing story, hasn't he done it? Because it's a story that would involve him taking an army, including 37 elephants, over the Alps, winning three of the most celebrated battles of all time, slaughtering enormous numbers of Romans and bringing Rome almost to her knees. And it is so epic that I imagine the costs would be prohibitive. And actually, the person who put me on to Vin Diesel's enthusiasm for Hannibal, Marina Hyde, as I rest his entertainment, very wittily commented on this, that to

make these films would cost only marginally less than an independent nuclear deterrent. Oh, that is witty. I think she's not exaggerating. But Vin is obviously still dreaming. That's good because there's a rifle project I read that Denzel Washington, who has dabbled in Swords and Sandals and Gladiator 2, he's ambitious to do a Hannibal epic as well, isn't he? Although there's actually no sign of that coming to the screen either. I think this one may be kind of more in the works. I think it's for Netflix, so it may be coming soon, but I mean, again, no sign of it as yet. Okay. And the thing is I entirely

understand the obsession because it's one I completely share. And if I were a massive Hollywood star, I would be pushing to do a Hannibal film as well, because basically I would say, we're going to be doing this series on Hannibal. This is what I've been looking forward to doing since we began the podcast. And if you'd asked me when I was eight, what would I want to be doing when I'm 57? This is basically it. Who wouldn't be a podcast at Chatham high street. No Hannibal even more than Chatham High Street, because I think this is one of

the greatest stories, not just ancient history, but history full stop. So for people who don't know, this is the story of the Second Punic War fought at the end of the third century BC. That's right, isn't it? Yeah. 218 to 201. And it's between Carthage, the great sea power of the Mediterranean, North African power, and the emerging superpower Carthage, the great sea power of the Mediterranean, North African power and the emerging superpower of Rome. The Roman historian Livy called it the most memorable war in history. Tom, do you think it does? Well, you obviously do, given your enthusiasm for it.

It's up there with Alexander the Great or with the war between Athens and Sparta or the Persian. I mean, arguably an even greater story because it has this extraordinary protagonist in Hannibal himself. Hannibal is up there with Alexander as one of the great commanders of ancient history of all time, but I think it has a kind of more tragic quality than the story of Alexander because Hannibal's desire to take on Rome is inspired less by a longing for glory and conquest. Carthage is a much less militarist society than Macedon or even more Rome and kind of more for a desire to save his city from a threat that he knows is only

going to be growing, namely Rome. And also undoubtedly he wants revenge because Carthage has already received a very bloody nose from Rome. And the tragic element is that his very attempt to try and defeat Rome and thereby save his city in the long run dooms it. And this is the second series about Carthage. So we will in due course be coming to the story about how Rome triumphs over Carthage and ends up burning it to the ground. But in this series, fans of Carthage, fans of Hannibal can just sit back and enjoy the ride because everything in this is Hannibal at his absolute peak. Everything's going brilliantly for him. So we're going to be covering his invasion of Italy, the Alps, the elephants, all of that. We're going to be looking at his first two great victories

that he wins at the river Trebia and Lake Trasimene. Then he has a cat and mouse game with a Roman dictator who's appointed to save Rome in the teeth of disaster, Fabius the Delayer. And then we will be culminating in our final episode in Rome's bloodiest and most terrible defeat at the Battle of Cannae. So it is non-stop drama. Very exciting and if you're a member of the Restless History Club of course you can hear all those episodes right now. But before we come to Hannibal himself, this character at the centre of the drama, let's have a little bit of a recap for people who didn't listen to our first series about Carthage and Rome or perhaps have forgotten some of the details. So Carthage is a much more long established power than Rome, isn't it?

It's on the North coast of Africa. It's supposedly founded in 814 BC. So it's been going for about 500 years or so. And it's settled by emigrants from what is now Lebanon, from Tyre. Yeah. And so they call it the new city, which in Punic, the language spoken by the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians is Carthadash. So that becomes Carthage and it has every advantage going for it. So it has magnificent natural harbors.

It has very fertile hinterland so it can be fed very easily. And essentially today the ruins of Carthage are part of the suburbs of the city of Tunis. And so that means that it can command the crucial straits in the Mediterranean between what is now Tunisia and Sicily. And for centuries you mentioned that Carthage is a great naval power. It is by miles the most formidable and the richest naval power in the Western Mediterranean. And in the third century BC, the beginning of the third century BC, it has an empire that includes much of North Africa, a chunk of Sicily, it has Corsica, it has Sardinia, and it's also the mistress of a whole array of Phoenician colonies that dot the kind of southern coast of Iberia, of Spain.

Right. But then when we get to the early third century BC, so the two eighties, seventies, two sixties, there's a growing tension with a new kid on the block, the emerging new land power, military power, which is Rome. And that gives rise to the first Punic war, which we talked about last time, which starts in 264, I think. Is that right? Yeah. And as you said, Rome is the great military power. So it's the elephant against the whale. It's a military power against predominantly a naval power. And partly because

the determination not to yield on both sides is completely implacable. The war just goes on and on and on 23 years in all. So it's the longest continuous war in the whole of antiquity. It bleeds both sides white in terms of manpower and in terms of wealth, but in the end it is the Carthaginians who are forced to sue for terms and in 241 a treaty is signed that ends the war and by its terms Carthage surrenders all its holdings in Sicily where it had been a major power for centuries and centuries, it has to clear out. And Sicily then becomes the first overseas province ruled by Rome.

So for the first time, Rome is no longer merely an Italian power. Carthage is also obliged to pay a massive indemnity. And the combined effect of these terms imposed on the defeated city essentially is to neutralize her as a naval power. So what had traditionally been her strength? So Carthage hasn't been destroyed, but she's definitely been crippled. And so the obvious question for the Carthaginians is how is she going to come back from this? And this is the great challenge that obsesses her leading men. Right.

And her leading men, one in particular, will play a part in the story. And this is not yet Hannibal, but it is a man called Hamilcar. Hamilcar Barca. And Barca means the thunderbolt or the lightning bolt or something, doesn't it? Yeah. So expressive of his speed, his ability to incinerate his opponents. Even the Romans acknowledged that Barca, lightning bolt, was an excellent description of him. So to quote Cornelius Nepos, who was writing a couple of centuries afterwards, looking back at this time, he wrote about

Hamilcar, wherever he had personal command, he would never yield to the enemy nor give them opportunity to inflict damage on his forces. Quite the opposite indeed, for he would often go on the offensive should the opportunity present itself and invariably emerged victorious. And that kind of Roman emphasis on Hamilcar's ability to go on the offensive, firstly, that is a Roman recognizing a Roman quality in a Carthaginian. Most Carthaginians are not aggressive militarily in the way that say a Roman would be, but also I think he is looking ahead to Hamilcar's ability to muster resources in a way that will enable him to prepare for revenge against the Romans for defeating Carthage in the First Punic

War. And Hamilcar himself is a very seasoned Roman fighter. So it's Hamilcar in the dying days of the First Punic War who had led the desperate attempt by the Carthaginians in Sicily to defeat the Romans there. It fails basically because the Carthaginian fleet is defeated and so therefore, Hamilcar can no longer be supplied from Carthage. And when Carthage is thereby forced to surrender in the war, it's Hamilcar who is entrusted by the Carthaginians to negotiate the terms. And people who listen to our episode about this may remember that in the wake of Carthage's defeat, they're so skint that they can't afford to pay the mercenaries who provided them with the bulk of their army. The mercenaries rebel. At one point, it looks

as though Carthage is going to fall to them. And his Hamilcar, who returns from Sicily, leads the campaign against the mercenaries and ends up defeating them and executing them all in very horrible and bloody ways. That was a satisfyingly bloody story was the defeat of the mercenaries. So, I mean, he hates Rome. He has massive, massive unfinished business with Rome, doesn't he? But it's more than just political, it's personal for Hamilcar, is that right? He resents Rome as an opponent in war who has defeated Carthage, so that's understandable.

But in due course, his resentment of that, I think, is definitely spiced by a personal sense of betrayal, because Hamilcar has negotiated these terms with the Romans. And the Romans take advantage of the mercenary war to tighten the screws on Carthage, so essentially exploiting her misfortune. So in 237, that is the year after the defeat of the mercenaries, the Carthaginians want to go and stabilize their position in Sardinia because there have been kind of mercenary uprisings there as well. So they raise an army to go and do that. And the Romans in a display of coarse and brutal cynicism that is entirely typical of their statecraft denounce this army as being in breach of the treaty. They say you're raising this army to come and attack

us and so a Roman embassy arrives in Carthage to demand revisions to the peace treaty because they say that the Carthaginians have broken it. They haven't broken it at all. And the Romans say you've got to surrender Sardinia and Corsica to us. This was never part of the original treaty. And we are going to increase the indemnity that you need to pay us. So essentially it is massively exploiting Carthage's hour of need and weakness. And so they have no choice but to accept these terms and Hamilcar is left incredibly embittered. So to quote a historian of the period, resentful of the injustice, but powerless to prevent it.

So this is not a kind of man who is going to take it lying down. So how can he go about doing this, Tom, because you said earlier that Carthage has been hamstrung. So how can they plausibly hope to go toe to toe with the Romans once again? Well, so they've lost their land empire in Sicily, in Sardinia and Corsica, but there is another obvious place where Hamilcar can start building a power center and this is Spain. So I mentioned that Phoenician colonies have been planted along the southern coast of Spain

and actually beyond the pillars of Hercules, so the straits of Gibraltar, probably the oldest of the lot is a Gardez which will become Cadiz. And these settlements are very strategically positioned. So as with Carthage, very rich agricultural hinterland, so there's opportunity there to expand but even more, it is potentially incredibly rich because there are a lot of precious minerals just waiting to be mined. And also, if these minerals can be kind of turned into gold to pay for mercenaries, to conquer more territory, then that conquered territory can supply further troops because Spain is obviously a massive, massive reserve of manpower.

Carthage has never actually established a land empire in Spain, to repeat, it is not a city that is interested in establishing kind of direct rule over vast swathes of territory in the way that the Romans have shown themselves to be. But Hamilcar, having looked at the way that Rome has risen to power, recognizes, I think, that the only way that Carthage can really survive, let alone defeat the Romans, is to play that game as well. And so his plan essentially is to transform the kind of loose hegemony that Carthage had always exercised over these Phoenician colonies in Spain into a kind of direct rule, and then using these Phoenician ports as bases to expand inland and carve out a

Spanish dominion that will be able to replace the empire lost in Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica and hopefully to provide even greater reserves because of the mineral wealth and the possible reserves of manpower. So on paper, this looks like a brilliant plan, right? You can get the silver and the minerals from Spain, or you can pick up mercenaries and conscripts from the Iberian peoples. You'll be militarily stronger, you'll be financially stronger, and you can basically begin to rebuild your reputation and you can plausibly hope to have another go at

the Romans later on. And it's also good for Hamilcar personally, isn't it? Because if he's able to pull this off, it will entrench his position as the big man in the state. Does he want to create a dynasty? I think almost certainly. Politics in Carthage is pretty carnivorous. The penalty for failure is very serious. Generals who lose battles are often crucified. So I think for Hamilcar, who has had personal experience of people trying to stab him in the back while he's been busy fighting the Romans, I think the chance of establishing a great center of power, not just for Carthage, but for himself

and establishing a dynasty there, you know, win-win, everything is great about it. And it's very clear that Hamilcar is an extremely enthusiastic family man. So we know he has at least three daughters. We don't know their names, but we do know that one of them is married off to Hamilcar's closest political ally in Carthage, who is a guy called Hastrable the Handsome. And people who remember our first series may also remember the fact that basically there are only about three names in Carthage, of which Hasdrubal is probably the most common. So this is Hasdrubal the handsome because he's such a good looking guy. So good news for Hamilcar's daughter.

And in 237, when Hamilcar leaves Carthage for Spain, Hasdrubal is sailing with him. Hamilcar also has three sons. The youngest of these is called Mago. Then inevitably there's a guy called Hasdrubal. So that's Hamilcar's son. And the oldest is a young lad called Hannibal. This is the Hannibal. So in 237, when Hamilcar is preparing to leave for Spain, Hannibal is only nine years old.

And you might think, you know, that's probably too young to be taken to a war zone, but Hamilcar thinks not. And there is a very, very famous anecdote with which we finished our last series on Carthage, but I think it bears repeating because it is very, very revealing about what will motivate Hannibal. And he tells it to various people later in life, so it almost certainly comes from his own lips. And he describes how he joins his father in the great temple of Baal in Carthage, where his father is making sacrifice. And this is supposedly how Hannibal described it. The omens proved favorable. Hamilcar poured a libation to the gods and performed the customary ceremonies, after

which he ordered all those who were present at the sacrifice to stand back a little away from the altar. Then he called Hannibal to him and asked him affectionately whether he wished to accompany the expedition, so that's to Spain. Hannibal was overjoyed to accept and, like a boy, begged to be allowed to go. His father then took him by the hand, led him up to the altar and commanded him to lay his hand upon the victim and swear an oath that he would never become a friend to the Romans. Strong stuff. Strong stuff. And it's a promise that he will keep all his life. And you think this is probably true because Hannibal tells himself. It probably

is. Yeah. Okay. So first of all, he has to go to Spain and actually this is an unbelievable thing. He goes to Spain at the age of nine and he will not return to Carthage until he's 42. Is that right? Yeah. He is raised in this colonial environment, this process of conquest, then of rule in Spain. Yeah. And in due course, he will come conquest, then of rule in Spain. Yeah.

And in due course, he will come to take command of it. But first, of course, he has to serve his apprenticeship. And he does this under two formidable men in succession. And the first, of course, is his father, Hamilcar Barca. And even though Hamilcar is probably the most formidable man in Carthage, there's no guarantee of success. He doesn't have that many men. This is Carthage's whole problem that they don't have a huge citizen body.

So generally they rely on mercenaries, but now they don't have much money. So they can't afford many mercenaries. So the estimation of Dexter Hoyos in his very good book on this Hannibal's dynasty, he reckons probably Hamilcar is sailing to Spain with about 20,000 men. So not that many at all. And it's not surprising that being so, he needs money. He sails to Gades and what he wants is the silver and copper mines along the Rio Tinto that lie about 60 miles inland from Gades and which is rich across the whole of the Mediterranean. So it features in the Bible as Tarshish, a land of fabled wealth. According to tradition,

the tribes who live there are so rich that their cattle troughs are made of silver. So obviously if you're a colonial administrator and desperately need of cash, this is exactly the kind of place that you would go straight for. And he does meet with opposition. Yeah. The good news for him though is that though they're rich, they're not as good at fighting as he is, right? He will sort of encircle them won't he?

That's his strategy. He encircles them and then he completely massacres them. I mean, he's a pretty ferocious man, Hamilcar Barca. Yes. The strategy of surrounding your enemies and then massacring them. And if young Hannibal is at his side when he's pursuing these tactics, I mean, this is something that clearly

Hannibal will bear in mind in due course because it becomes a favorite tactic of Hannibal himself. And Hamilcar is very brutal in the process of conquering and pacifying Spain. So the leaders of tribes who oppose him are tortured and crucified and the Cartaginians are very good at torture, as anyone who's listened to our episode on the war with the mercenaries will know. And the men of the tribes that have been defeated will be enrolled into his own forces and they will be given

incredibly lavish pay. So this is the other side of the conquest that Hamilcar is very brutal to those who oppose him. Those who back him, he will lavish all the gold that he's annexed and conquered. And so this enables him to start spreading Carthaginian rule inland from the coast. And after about a decade of operations in Spain, Hamilcar has a garrison there that's probably around 50,000 men. So he's more than doubled it in the space of a decade. And he's incredibly wealthy.

His coffers are overflowing with silver. And unsurprisingly, the Romans are not really very thrilled about this. So by 231, they're sufficiently alarmed that they send an embassy to Hamilcar basically saying, you know, Hey, what's going on here? Hamilcar, his reply is, well, I'm raising funds to pay off the war indemnity that you illegally raised. And, you know, the Romans have to suck this up, right? Because I mean, it's a good reply. And also, you know,

as Hamilcar can point out, it's none of their business what he's getting up to in Spain. You know, this isn't covered by the treaty. So the Roman ambassadors, you know, as Hamilcar can point out, it's none of their business what he's getting up to in Spain. You know, this isn't covered by the treaty. So the Roman ambassadors, you know, they're forced to bite their tongues and go back and accept the existence of this growing Carthaginian Empire in Spain. But then a bad blow for Hamilcar. What a very bad blow. The worst. He dies in battle against whom?

Against a Spanish tribe in the interior and the stories about how he dies become ever more extravagant as time goes by. So one historian is relatively close in time to the event and tends to be more sober. He reports in very vague terms that Hamilcar ended his career in a manner which formed a fitting climax to his achievements for he lost his life after fighting gallantly and with complete disregard for his personal safety in a battle against one of the strongest and most warlike of the tribes. So it's a good death. It's a heroic death. But accounts of exactly how he dies then start to get inflated. So a later report says that he is betrayed by a local chieftain while undertaking a siege, that Hamilcar's forces are taken

by surprise and they're forced to withdraw, that his two elder sons, so that's Hannibal and Hamilcar, they are sent off by Hamilcar along one road and he then deliberately draws away the mass of the enemy by taking another road. He's about to be overtaken by his pursuers and ahead of him there's a raging river and he plunges into the river on his horse and drowns. So essentially he sacrifices himself for his two sons. I mean, whether true or not, we don't know. But he's like a kind of a lion defending his cubs. I think that's dying rather than seeing his cubs exterminated. That's the theme.

There's an element with him, isn't there, of the Philip of Macedon, Philip II. For sure. Yeah. So he ends up being famous as Hannibal's father, but in both cases, you can argue the son's achievements are completely predicated on the successes of their father. So in both cases, their father leaves them with a lot of silver, a military machine, a load of officers they can rely on, a sense of prestige, all the groundwork has been done basically.

Yeah, and a kind of military education as well. I mean, there is a difference though, that Hannibal, unlike Alexander, doesn't succeed his father immediately because he's still only 18. He's not a king, you know, they don't have kings. So the leader of the Carthaginians in Spain is an elected post, essentially by the army, by the Carthaginians in Spain is an elected post essentially by the army, by the Carthaginians in the army. And I think that people feel well an 18 year old, he's too young. So they opt instead for Hasdrubal the Handsome, who is the young Hannibal's brother-in-law, Hasdrubal's son-in-law, very good looking, Hannibal Carr's close political ally, has

been with him in Spain, knows the ropes and Hamilcar the handsome is very effective. I mean, he's a worthy successor to Hamilcar and like Hamilcar had done, he kind of adopts this carrot and stick approach to the Iberians, to the peoples of Spain. So he marries the daughter of an Iberian king. So you asked about the dynastic quality. I mean, there's a sense that this Carthaginian dynasty is starting to marry into local royalty. He has himself proclaimed not just by the Carthaginians who have voted for him, but by the Iberians as general with unlimited power. So he's rooting his authority in the colonized as well as the colonizers. And even

as he's doing that, he's continuing this policy of absolutely brutal suppression of any hint of rebellion. And his first target obviously is the tribe that had killed Amalcar. They all get wiped out. So he is able to push Carthaginian control ever northwards towards the river Tagus, which is the great river that kind of flows through central Spain. And this empire needs a new capital, Hasdrubal decides. And so this is what he does. He founds a new capital and he calls it stunning originality Carthage, which of course means new city.

But the Romans in due course will call it new Carthage, which effectively would be new new city, but we'll call it new Carthage because otherwise it's very confusing, but the Carthaginians in Spain just called it Carthage. Okay. And this is now in Spain. Yeah. So it's Cartagena. Yes.

Yeah. Which to this day, I gather is still one of the kind of the main centers of the Spanish Navy. So it's clearly as the original Carthage is, a natural port, a great stronghold. And it stands, there are kind of four hills dotted around this great natural harbor. On the largest of these, Hasdrubal builds a great temple to the Carthaginian god of healing. And on the second largest, he builds his own vast palace, which is adorned with all the wealth of of Spain.

And from there, he can sit and look down at the harbor and see growing numbers of ships, some of the military, but lots of the merchant ships swelling his coffers. He's got the silver mines inland, he's got the shipping routes descending on his great capital. He's able to employ the most cutting edge military architects to build him walls around the city. And so it's not surprising that it comes to be hailed by a near contemporary as the chief ornament and the center of the Carthaginian Empire in Spain. So by the end of the 220s, the Carthaginians are back.

I mean, they have an empire now, they have a land colony, they have a lot of money, they have all the silver, they have an empire now, they have a land colony, they have a lot of money, they have all the silver, they have recruits, they have rebuilt a lot of what they'd lost in the first Punic War against the Romans. Why therefore have very few listeners to this bug last heard of Hasdrubal? What happened to him? In 221 BC, he gets assassinated by the slave of a disgruntled Iberian ally. Oh, okay. And so, you know, that's the end of him. Yeah. But as you say, he has absolutely played his part in reconstituting Carthaginian power, possibly on a scale that is even greater than the power that Carthage had

enjoyed before the first war with Rome. I mean, so absolutely Carthage is back. She's a great power. She can go eyeball to eyeball with Rome again, but there is obviously a slight paradox here, which is that all the power is now focused in Spain and Carthage herself back in Africa is slightly pallid in comparison. It lacks the reserves. It lacks the wealth that is now starting to develop in New Carthage.

So that means that whoever is elected by the Carthaginian army to succeed Hasdrubal as the leader of Carthaginian power in Spain, is probably in a position to prosecute almost an independent foreign policy. The fact that it had always been a problem for the Carthaginian ability to project wars that the Senate back in Carthage is full of kind of rival power brokers who all hate each other. Now the barkids, the dynasty of Hamilcar Barker, they don't have to worry about that. They have their wealth, they have their army, they can essentially do what they like. And so obviously the crucial issue now is who will succeed Hasdrubal the Handsome, who will take

command of these incredible military resources. Who indeed, I bet nobody can guess. So we come back after the break to find out if that person is Hannibal. The question of Hasdrubal's successor was quickly decided. The military vote was in favor of the young Hannibal, who was at once escorted to headquarters, where he was unanimously and enthusiastically acclaimed. The old soldiers felt that in the person of this young man, Hamilcar himself was restored to them. In the features and expression of the son's face, the troops saw the father once again, the same dynamism in his look, the same fire in his eyes.

So that was the Roman historian Livy talking about the election of Hannibal as the new leader of the Carthaginians in Spain, the Carthaginian troops. So a real bombshell there. None of us were expecting that. No one saw that coming. So he's been chosen by the troops. He then gets the seal of approval from the Senate and from the citizens assembly back in Carthage. So there's nobody questioning his legitimacy. We do a lot of succession crises on the rest of history, but this is not one of them. He is in prime position. So let's go in to Hannibal, the character, the man that Vin Diesel wishes to play on film. I mean, does he look like Vin Diesel? What's he look like? What's his

personality? What's his temperament? Tell all Tom. Well, the only physical description we have of Hannibal is Livy's and Livy's writing in the age of Augustus, so almost 200 years after. And Livy says that he has a face expressive of dynamism and fire in his eyes. But this, you know, I mean, it's kind of pretty generic, I guess. He doesn't say whether Hannibal is tall or short, whether he's bearded or clean shaven. There are silver coins that are minted and there's a figure of a man on it that some people have suggested might be Hannibal, but it's almost certainly a god. So we don't really know what Hannibal looked like. You asked, does it look like Vin Diesel or indeed Denzel Washington? Absolutely not, because both of those are not as young as they were. Hannibal is very young. He's only in his mid-twenties.

We know on top of that that Hannibal was proud of his descent from one of the original colonists that had settled Carthage way back in the dawn of time when they had sailed from Tyre. So presumably, I mean, he has a kind of look of the Lebanese, maybe a young Nassim Nicholas Taleb, perhaps. Well, when I read this, I had a look, I looked for famous Lebanese celebrities. And you know, the Hollywood star who was born to play him, who was of Lebanese descent himself, Vince Vaughan.

Vince Vaughan? He's not as young as he was, is he? Well, he perhaps just missed the boat. But I think Vince Vaughan playing Hannibal would be a really unexpected. Vin Diesel would be raging at that. He'd be furious. Yeah. Vince Vaughan got in first.

Or my friend George Saab, who is Lebanese, and I can't see him doing it either. Okay, but no one knows who he is, Tom. No, I know. I know. Right. Well, so we don't really know what he looked like, but he kind of probably looked vaguely Lebanese. What about his personality?

Did he have Vin Diesel or Vince Vaughan's personality? Well again, Livy gives a famous description of him and claims that he's a compound of extraordinary qualities and terrible kind of malignant faults. Very much like us. So his qualities, Livy says that he's brave, he's very tough, indefatigable, both physically and mentally he could endure with equal ease extremes of heat or cold. So very like Alexander and indeed you Dominic. He dressed, ate and drank like a common soldier.

He didn't have a special tent, he just rolled himself up in his cloak and no matter how cold it was, very, very smart. So again, like you deep penetrating intelligence. Yeah. And then Dominic, his vices. Yeah, let's get to the vices. So, uh, Libby says he has inhuman cruelty and more than punic perfidy, a total disregard of truth, honor and the gods of the sanctity of an oath and of all

that other men hold sacred. So again, some canny eerie, very eerie. I mean, I think several things to say about that portrait. Obviously, Livy is a Roman and so he's giving a very Roman perspective. We just don't have any Carthaginian records. Isn't it funny how two of the most celebrated characters in all antiquity, Cleopatra and

Hannibal are basically Roman supervillains. All we know of them comes from the Romans and... Of course, to a degree he's a villain. As with Cleopatra, they both admire and dread this character, right? The Romans are always, and Livy being the exemplar, always emphasize and acknowledge his qualities, which are of course self-evident from his record because Hannibal would prove himself one of the greatest generals of all time. But there's also the fact that the more impressive Hannibal is acknowledged to be,

the more impressive the feat of the Romans in defeating him. And Hannibal, of course, as a military commander is in a slightly elevated position to Cleopatra. For the Romans, it's humiliating to be fighting a woman. Whereas Hannibal is a foe who's kind of equal, you know, he's a worthy adversary. What about the Punic perfidy though? Punic, the word that the Romans used to apply to the Carthaginians, this is a stereotype, their sense that all Carthaginians are treacherous and tricky is absolutely standard. And I think in Hannibal's case, it comes from the fact that he is indeed very cunning, that he has an incredible mastery of stratagems and traps. And essentially what Livy is complaining about is Hannibal's consistent ability to

make a succession of Roman commanders look absolute idiots. Right. So you can kind of see where that's coming from. The other accusations that he's an oath breaker that has no respect for the gods. We will see whether that's fair or not in due course. Okay. So what's obviously happening with Hannibal is that his father has taken him to Spain when he was nine and has basically trained him.

Yeah. Ever since then to command a war machine. The end goal being that one day you will take on the Romans. Is it as explicit as that? Well, I already mentioned that the idea of Hamilcar as a lion and his three sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago as his cubs. And there's a famous saying that the Romans attribute to Hamilcar that these are the lion cubs I am rearing for the destruction of Rome. I think that's an exaggeration. As we will see, I don't think Hannibal ever aimed to destroy Rome. Destroying your enemies is something that the Romans do. The Carthaginians, I don't think we're

planning to do that. But indisputably, Hamilcar's ambition in raising his three sons for war is to restore Carthage's status as great power. And if this involves going to war with Rome, as Hamilcar clearly suspects it will, then so be it. It will be the ultimate trial for his dynasty and for his city. And so Hannibal needs to be prepared for that trial. And it has to be said that Hamilcar, you know, prepares his elder son for this great test. Unbelievably well. Right.

And then when Hasdrubal the handsome succeeded Hannibal, he had Hannibal as his cavalry commander, didn't he? There's no feuding there. You might expect there to be tension between the two of them, but not at all. No. And again, there's a comparison with Alexander who as a young man commands Philip's cavalry by the time that Hannibal becomes supremo in Spain, he has established himself as a very formidable cavalry commander, but more than that, I think it's given him a sense of the importance and the potential of cavalry in expediting a sense of mobility.

And this again is something that he will display throughout his career and probably. You know, it's hard to think of a contemporary cavalry commander who could outclass Hannibal by the time he becomes kind of supremo in 221. And this is again significant for Carthage's prospects in any land war with the Romans, because the Roman cavalry is definitely secondary to their infantry, which are heavy, heavily armored, and therefore potentially ponderous. So there is scope there. You know, there are things that Hannibal can make play with. And again, just to reiterate this comparison with Alexander the Great, he's inherited this war machine. He's got this kind of early training as a cavalry commander. He's obviously personally very, very charismatic when he pointed out that Hasdrubal doesn't in any way seem to have been jealous of him. He clearly admires and respects Hannibal, even though he's younger and his obvious successor.

He has all these young officers who've grown up around him, one of whom, Mago, his youngest brother, seems to have been particularly close to him. And he even has a Greek tutor, who's a Spartan called Sossilus, who will accompany Hannibal on his campaigns and write up a biography. Again, that's very Alexander, isn't it? Having your own historian. But do you think it's plausible that he was consciously modeling himself from Alexander or is that overstated? Are we projecting that onto him with hindsight?

Well, Alexander's influence is manifest to the degree that Alexander is an influence on every general in the century that follows his great course of campaigns. Alexander is an influence on every general in the century that follows his great course of campaigns. But I don't think that Hannibal has anything like Alexander's desire to just push eastwards, ever eastwards. Hannibal's goals are much more succinct, much more circumscribed. He essentially wants to reestablish Carthage as the greatest power in the Western Mediterranean that will obviously require Rome to be Humbled to a degree and so Hannibal is prepared to do that, but he doesn't I think want to obliterate Rome. So if

This means war with Rome Then Hannibal is prepared to go to war with Rome But I think his preference would probably be, I'd rather not have war if we can possibly avoid it. He wants his empire in Spain and if he can develop that empire in Spain without war with Rome, then all the better. But that's where the storm clouds of war begin together, isn't it? In Spain. They do, yeah. The Romans by now have woken up to the fact that Spain is very lucrative and Spain is going to be, as it were, the flashpoint, because they are not going to allow the Carthaginians just to occupy the entire peninsula.

Yeah, we say that, but actually the first treaty that establishes the relations between Carthage and Rome in Spain, it's brought about by a Roman position of weakness. So in 225, the Romans are facing an invasion of Gauls. So Gaul, what's now France, and the Gauls had already a century or so before invaded Italy and actually captured Rome. So the Romans are very, very anxious about Gauls. They know that they're a menacing enemy. This invasion in 225 causes them great alarm and they're anxious that if the Gauls do invade Italy then this will provide scope for the Carthaginians to start messing around.

So they sent an embassy to Hasdrubal who's still alive at this point and they sign a formal treaty and by its terms the Carthaginians pledge not to cross the river Ebro which is a great river that joins the Mediterranean south of where Barcelona is today and then it flows from the northwest in a line parallel to the Pyrenees. And it's agreed that the Romans will accept everywhere south of the Ebro as being Carthaginian and in the North, the Carthaginians will not kind of intrude North of the Ebro. Right.

But having signed this treaty, the Romans then can't help hedging their bets. And so shortly after they've signed this treaty with Hasdrubal, pledging that they won't poke their noses into Carthaginian affairs south of the river Ebro, they annihilate the Gallic invasion, which means that that threat is removed and they start slightly regretting this treaty that they've signed. And so it's around the same time, and surely not coincidentally, that they establish friendly relations with an Iberian town called Saguntum, which lies on the coast, so very good communications with Rome by the sea, and the Saguntines become the kind of the Romans' eyes in Spain, kind

of sending the Romans intelligence updates on what the Carthaginians are up to. And they are qualified to do this because they lie just beyond the reach of Carthaginians are up to. And they are qualified to do this because they lie just beyond the reach of Carthaginian control. However, there is no guarantee that this will be permanently the case because Surguntum lies five miles south of the Ebro. Which means that according to the treaty that the Romans have signed with the Carthaginians. Yeah. They are within the Carthaginian sphere of influence. I was about to say, when you look at a map, it's now Sagunto, which is not far from Valencia in the south of Spain.

It clearly is a massive infringement of the treaty. It absolutely is. And it's absolutely kind of classic. This is traditional Roman mischief making. There is massive scope for a bust up. However, the crisis does take time to brew because to begin with Hannibal's focus is not on Surguntum. What he wants to do is secure Carthaginian control deep into central Spain along the line of the river Tagus, this river that flows through the centre of the

peninsula. And he's essentially following Hasdrubal the Handsome's policy. So he too takes a Spanish wife, you know, he wants to make sure of the loyalty of the Iberians as well as of the Carthaginians. Again, he's very happy to take the fight to those Iberians who oppose him. He fights two brilliant campaigns in 222-221. He wins his first major pitched battle. It's against enemies who massively outnumber him. He wipes them out by drawing them in. He tricks them, divides them up, surrounds them, wipes them out with elephants. So again, there's lots of kind of pointers there to the kind of military courses he'll

be adopting. He storms towns, he takes loot, he rewards his troops very, very lavishly. And it becomes apparent that his men really adore him because he gives them victory, he makes them rich, and it's evident that he cares for them kind of very, very deeply. So the more campaigns Hannibal conducts, the more he can be confident that his war machine is really primed and ready to go. And now that he's got almost the whole of central Spain conquered, his eye turns to the last stretch south of the Ebro,

by which according to a treaty with Rome, he's entitled to conquer. And that's the coastal stretch, which of course includes Ser Guntum. And so in the year 220, at the end of the campaigning season, he returns to new Carthage. Everybody knows that Surguntum is ready for the following year and he finds a Roman embassy waiting for him.

Greggy. And so do they give him what? A settlement? An ultimatum? What have they got in their locker? They issue him a form of caution and to quote Livy that he should leave the people of Saguntum in peace as allies of the Roman people and Hannibal treats this with absolute scorn. I mean he clearly finds the tone of the ambassadors very offensive.

You know Carthage and Rome have this treaty. He can do what he likes to Saguntum by the terms of that treaty. And I think more than that it would have reminded him of how the Romans have played this trick before, because essentially the war in Sicily. That kicked off the first Punic war. So the first great conflict between Roman Carthage, the Romans have pulled exactly the same stunt. They had invaded Sicily with the defense that they were defending

friends that they'd recruited in Sicily. Yeah. And that had obviously ended up with the Romans conquering the whole island. And Hannibal knows the Romans have form here. He's determined not to allow the Romans to get a foothold in Spain and to try and play the same trick there. So he plays the Romans at their own game. And he says that he, you know, he has friends in Surguntum and they're being menaced by hostile faction by the Romans. So basically it's his moral duty

to attack and, and capture Saguntum. I mean, he's clearly studied Roman diplomacy as well as military techniques very closely. And he's doing exactly what the Romans do. So we're in two 20. So you can see very clearly how two 19 to 18 to 17. This might lead to war, right? right there's this flashpoint in the irreconcilable positions yeah because I think it's clear that in 219 Hannibal is absolutely set on attacking Surguntham but he didn't have to right so there were even at the time there were ancient historians ancient authors who thought he could have made a different choice and then

history would have unfold folded completely differently. Yeah. So it was said in the wake of the war, Hannibal's war, that he could have asked the Romans to hand back Sardinia, for instance, and to remit the indemnity that had been illegally imposed on them. Were they ever going to do that? That seems so un-Roman, seems so unlikely that they would ever have done that. Right. That's obviously why Hannibal never even thought to adopt that policy because it was never going to happen.

Right. And the Romans would never have agreed to pay to surrender Sardinia because that's not what the Romans do. And anyway, Hannibal is probably thinking, no, suppose I do attack in an exeguntum, you know, what are the Romans going to do about it? Rome is a long way from Spain. Yeah. Are they really going to risk war over this one city?

And even if they do, bring it on. You know, I've got this amazing army. I'm ready to go. It's clear that Hannibal is not alone in thinking this. The Senate back in Carthage think this too, because the Roman embassy that had been to see Hannibal then go to Carthage to complain about Hannibal's behavior. And the Senate there, even though lots of them don't particularly like Hannibal and they're kind of jealous of him, they basically say, you know,

piss off. We're not having this, you know. So essentially there is a Carthaginian united front. And this means that in the early summer of 219, Hannibal embarks on the siege of Surguntum knowing that he has the full backing of everyone in his native city. And yet at first, I mean you've been talking up Hannibal and his war machine, but at first that siege of Saguntum doesn't go terribly well for him. No, it's a disaster actually. He gets wounded in the thigh which isn't very helpful and I think in general Hannibal is better in the field than he is kind

of laying siege to cities. So all through the summer, all through the autumn, into the winter, Saguntum still hasn't fallen and had the Romans intervened, then it could potentially have been a real problem for Hannibal. But the Romans don't intervene. And the reason for that is essentially, it's a bit like Britain in the 30s. You know, there's massive disagreement. There's a kind of war party and they're saying, you know, we've got to do this or else, you know, it's going to lead to disaster. And there are others who say, oh, I'm not sure about that. And so these disagreements in Rome enable Hannibal to prosecute the siege until in

early 218, the city finally falls. The city is stripped of all its treasure, the population are either slaughtered or sold into slavery. It's an absolute triumph for Hannibal. And back in Rome, the news of this prompts intense feelings of anger, but also, I think, of shame. And from this point on, the Romans will never cease to characterize the capture of Surguntum as a terrible war crime of the kind that they themselves would never commit. I mean, this, it seems like such a standard thing, but also the kind of thing the Romans did all the time.

Absolutely is. So the hypocrisy of the Romans in this, I think is quite something. And I think that there are still elements within the Roman Senate who recognize this. So there is a still, it's not exactly a peace party, but it's a faction that says, Oh, are we really sure we want to go to war over this? Yeah. And this faction is led by a very distinguished senatorial figure called Quintus Fabius Maximus Baruchosus. So warty, a bit like a Cromwell, he's got a wart on his nose. Right. And he says, look, before we declare war, let's put out the peace feelers again. Let's send an embassy to Carthage.

You know, let's see if we can open feelers to Hannibal's enemies in Carthage and just try and avoid open war. And I think this is partly because, you know, they think the war might be quite difficult, but also because genuinely the Romans are a very kind of moralistic people and they don't want the guilt of starting the war. They're trying to absolutely pin the blame for any conflict on the Carthaginians. So the Roman embassy goes to Carthage and they arrive there, but despite this kind of, you know, let's go negotiate with the Carthaginians, they're Romans, they're not really there to negotiate. And their starting demand is so

obviously impossible that effectively they're wasting their breath. And the starting demand is that Hannibal should be surrendered to the Romans. And there's no way that the Carthaginians are going to do this. Even Hannibal's bitterest enemies can recognize that if they hand over the guy who's in charge of Carthaginian Spain, that will be the end of Spain. You know, the Romans will move in, no question. Yeah, of course. And so negotiations go nowhere and the leading Roman ambassador who may be Quintus Fabius Maximus or perhaps his cousin, the sources are contradictory, he stands up, a very famous scene and I'll quote a Roman

source that describes it. He pointed to the bosom of his toga and declared to the Carthaginian Senate that in its folds he carried both peace and war and that he would let fall from it whichever they instructed him to leave. The Carthaginian chief magistrate answered that he should bring out whichever he thought best and when the envoy replied that it would be war, many of the senators, so those of the Carthaginians, shouted at once, we accept it. It was on these terms that the Senate and the Roman ambassadors parted. So the storm clouds of war have not merely gathered, Tom. The storm is underway. Yeah, as Chris Morris would say, it's war. It is war and

there's so much to come in this story there's elephants there's crossing the Alps there's tremendous battles the Battle of Trebia the Battle of Lake Trasimene and finally at the end of this mighty series one of the great battles in all ancient history indeed in history full stop the Battle of Cannae so Tom what can people do if they want to hear all this story right away? Well, Dominic, in a stunning innovation, we've set up a private club, which enables you to access all four episodes. And it's very simple.

You go to the rest is history.com and very, very reasonably priced. Isn't it? Dominic very, very giving it away. So that's what you can do. and you can get all four episodes there. And listen, these episodes will be some of the most epic, the most swashbuckling and the most bloody and the most glamorous that we've ever done in the rest of history. Do not miss it. Tom, thank you so much for that and we will see you next time. Bye bye. Bye bye. Hi everybody, you're still here. Right at the end of the episode, I'm very impressed

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