The Rest Is History - 690. A Murderous Affair: Death at Mayerling (Part 2)

Episode Date: July 22, 2026

What really happened at the Habsburgian hunting lodge, Mayerling? Did Crown Prince Rudolf and his mistress, Baroness Mary Vetsera, really commit a romantic murder suicide, or did the heir cold-heartedly murder the 17 year old girl? And, why did the Austrian royal family try to erase all traces of this tragic incident? Join Dominic and Tom as they solve the mysterious tale of the Mayerling Incident. _______ Lloyds. 250 years on and still backing the nation's aspirations. *The Rest Is History LIVE: The Ultimate Victorian Adventure* The maddest expedition in history and it’s NEVER been heard before on the show: join Tom Holland & Dominic Sandbrook LIVE at the Southbank as they tell the bonkers story of Queen Victoria ordering one of history’s most daring assignments ever. ⁠⁠Tickets available for Friday 4th September⁠⁠, the Saturday show is SOLD OUT. Join The Rest Is History Club: Unlock the full experience of the show – with exclusive bonus episodes, ad-free listening, early access to every series and live show tickets, a members-only newsletter, discounted books from the show, and access to our private Discord chatroom. Sign up directly at the⁠⁠restishistory.com⁠ To read our new newsletter, sign up at: ⁠therestishistory.com/newsletters⁠ Advertise with us: ⁠[e-mail] _______ Twitter: @TheRestHistory @holland_tom @dcsandbrook Video Editors: Jack Meek, Harry Swan + Adam Thornton Social Producer: Harry Balden Producers: Tabby Syrett & Aaliyah Akude Senior Producer: Callum Hill Executive Producer: Dom Johnson Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

This episode is brought to you by the Lloyd's 5K House Deposit, and this is something that was last seen in 1996. Yeah, so the 1990s looks now like a lost golden age of prosperity and positivity, doesn't it? Think of the sort of the advent of the Blair administration in 1997, all the enthusiasm and excitement that surrounded that, the economic growth at the time, the technological developments, the sort of sense of an endless golden summer where everybody is listening to Blair and Oasis and looking forward to to buying their first houses, and that of course takes us to mortgages. Now, the good news is that in a nod to the 1990s, Lloyds are offering 5K deposit mortgages to first-time buyers. So search 5K first-time buyer. Ninety-six, average first-time buyer deposits are based on ONS data. Subject to status, your home may be repossessed if you don't keep up repayments and conditions

apply. An old servant was waiting for us by a small iron door. He led us through a number of dark stairs and rooms until he asked us to enter a certain door as I crossed the threshold. A black bird, some kind of raven, flew at my head. A voice called from the next room. Please come in.

Marie, I should. me in. We talked a while about Vienna. Then he said to me, Pardon me, but I would like to talk to the countess privately for a few minutes. And then he went with Marie to another room. I looked around me. On his desk was a revolver and a skull. It picked up the skull, took it between my hands, and looked at it From all sides, suddenly Rodolf came in and took it from me with deep apprehension. But when I said that I wasn't afraid, he smiled. So that is an amazing scene like something, and we said it before, from a kind of gothic

melodrama, Egerlin Poe or something like that. But in fact, that is a letter that was written by the 17-year-old Baroness Mary Vetsera to her old governess in the autumn of 1888. In fact, it's like something out of Dracula, isn't it? A letter written to a governess by a 17-year-old girl who has invited herself into the room of an exceedingly sinister man. And she is describing there a secret meeting with the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Crown Prince Rudolph. And this has happened a few days earlier on the 5th of November. And Dominic, if listeners, which I hope they will have done, have heard our first episode, then they will know where this is

heading. And it is nowhere good for Baroness Mary, because she is heading to a hunting lodge at Marling in the Vienna woods. And what happens there is going to be one of the greatest scandals in the entire history, not just of Austro-Hungarian, but of European royalty, it is going to be a murder-suicide pact that will shake the Habsburg dynasty to its very foundations. So Dominic, it's an amazing story. Yeah, it is an amazing, amazing tale. And today we'll be telling the story of that secret affair between Rudolph and Mary. We will get deep into what exactly happened and myeling, and we'll talk about the implications

for the Habsburg dynasty and for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. But just to remind ourselves exactly when and where we are. We're in Vienna in 1888, the world of Klimt and Freud and Marla and these titanic cultural figures. Also the world of Crown Prince Rudolph, the sinister man and the Gothic melodrama that you described so chillingly, I have to say, in your introductory reading. Thank you. So Crown Prince Rudolf is 30 years old. He is, to remind people, he is the son of Emperor Franz Joseph and his very glamorous kind of melancholy wife, Cici. Very thin, very long hair.

And Rudolph, who takes after his mother, I think it's reasonable to surmise. He is a very troubled, unhappy, kind of morbid young man. He's almost certainly suffering from incurable gonorrhea. He's probably off his face on morphine. And he is suffocated by the kind of expectations of his role, crown prince. And also, I think he is being eaten away by a sense of uselessness and futility as he waits for his father to die and to vacate the throne. And into Rudolph's orbit, as we described last time, has come the teenage Baroness Mary Betzara. She is precocious.

She's a social butterfly. She's a social climber. She's ambitious, but she's also incredibly romantic in a very 17-year-old sort of teenage girl way. Well, you could see, couldn't you, from that extract that she wrote? Is it actually like a Gothic melodrama or is she putting that spin on it? Of course. A bit of both, probably. Was there really a blackbird, you know? Yeah, I mean, it's improbable.

And she had gone to that meeting with her older friend, Countess Marie Larish, who is Rudolph's cousin. And basically the Countess, Larish, has acted as the sort of intermediary and put the two of them together. The board. She is the board. Yeah. You could say she is the...

procurer, as it were. So the events that you described, Monday the 5th of November 1888, we ended the last episode with this scene. Countess Larrish has offered to take Mary's shopping with their mother's permission. They went to the Graben, the Great Shopping Street in Vienna. They went to a society photographer to have Mary's picture taken, but then they went to the back entrance to the Grand Hotel, to a carriage, which was waiting for them, driven by Rudolph's coachman, Yosef Bratfish.

Bradfish. Yeah. It's a great name. That is worthy of an American. Totally. It is. Yeah. And Dominic, this whole thing about women being taken to the, you know, to hotels,

the back rooms of hotels and things and being driven off in carriages, faint echo of Diana about this, isn't there? We've kind of mentioned it in the context of Cici. Yeah, definitely there is. I mean, it's very much a kind of Diana in the 1990s vibe to this, I think. Yeah. The Diana's story doesn't quite have that Gothic element. to it there, does it? It's rather more Hello magazine. This is much more Hello magazine meets

Bram Stoker, as you said. Yeah. So from there, she was taken to the Hofberg, the Imperial Palace, to Rudolph's private apartments, and then we get the scene with the Raven and the skull. And so begins their relationship, their affair. Now, this is not unusual for Rudolph. Rudolph has had a lot of affairs, and all the time, he's still seeing his chief, his regular mistress, who is the former courtizan Mitzi Kaspar. And Mary herself, actually, this is not her first rodeo. So she, for an aristocratic girl of 17, is probably quite experienced. She'd been on a trip to Egypt a year earlier.

And it was generally thought that she'd been carrying on with a British brigadier. Oh, my goodness. Not General Gordon. Yeah. That would be improbable. Wow, that's a twist. General Gordon, who is still alive in this version of history. Okay, fine.

Well, anyway, she's had loads of admirers, not just Crown Prince Rudolph. So what makes this particular liaison so special? Well, you described how Mary Vetsera's account owes something to Gothic melodrama. But it pales by comparison with this, which is from Rudolph's military aide Victor von Fristier. And he tells this absolutely extraordinary story. He said later, you know, when we were young men, we were stationed in Prague when we were younger. And we went, me and Karen Prince Rudolf, to the ghetto cemetery.

You know the old town cemetery in Prague? Very evocative, moving. With the grave of the rabbi who created the golem. The golem, exactly. The kind of prototype for Frankenstein. So this really kind of haunting, spooky kind of landscape. And they went there and the cantor was singing prayers during a funeral. and Rudolph was very taken by this according to his aid

and particularly by the Cantor's raven-haired daughter and she became obsessed with Crown Prince Rudolph too so obsessed that her father had to send her to a provincial town to get her away from him but she came back to Prague she stood every night under his castle window through the winter Rudolph eventually found out that she was standing underneath his window but when he sent people to look for her they reported that she had just caught pneumonia and died. And Rudolph went secretly to her grave and left roses by her tombstone.

So do you think there's a possibility that that raven was the reincarnation of this girl who died of, and I imagine, it wasn't pneumonia, I imagine it was a consumption. Well, I think Victor von Fritch has a very lively imagination. Because Victor von Fritch, Rudolph's aide, said, the Crown Prince clearly believed that this Mary Vatsera was the reincarnation of this Jewish girl from Prague. Oh God, there is a reincarnation. And this is why he was so obsessed with her. This is his interpretation. Whether listeners believe this, I'll leave to them.

I mean, I don't think she probably, I don't think she was the reincarnation of this girl, but who knows? But I suppose the question is whether Rudolph might have thought that. He might have done. He might have done because he has that kind of sensibility, doesn't he? He absolutely does. And the way their relationship has carried out is all like they're sort of cosplaying in a gothic melodrama. So they would always meet kind of a dusk in the shadows or they'd meet in his very gloomy kind of palace apartment with the skull on the table. I mean, they would so be into black eye shadow in that if they live now, wouldn't they?

They completely would. They're total goths, aren't they? Or emo or whatever. Yeah. So they would be, they're going on these sort of ride, carriage rides in the dusk through the abandoned deserted Prata Park and all of this. After a few days, Rudolph gave her an iron wedding ring. It was inscribed with the letters, I-L-V-B-I-D-T, in Lieberaint-B-E-E-T-T, through love united unto death.

And she wore it on a kind of chain under her bodice. And she is clearly absolutely infatuated with him in a very recognizable kind of teenage way. So she wrote to her old governess, if I could give my life to make him happy, I would gladly do it because I do not value my own life. And in one of these letters, she says to her governess, we've discussed what would happen if people found out about us. We have made a pact covering such an eventuality.

After a few happy hours at a place nobody knows, we will enter death forever. Now, at one level, this is not unusual. This is the kind of slightly madly overwrought thing that teenage girls who are going out with married older men, right. He hates his wife. He will abandon me and we will go into the shadows, all of this. Especially in fantasy ecla, Vienna. Exactly. That kind of mood of lush morbidity.

Yeah, completely. On the other hand, there are hints that Rudolph, you know, sees this as something more than just a sort of love lord joke or something. So on All Souls Day, on the 2nd of November, he met his mother's lady in waiting, Countess Festertich in a palace corridor. And he said, are you off to the cemetery, countess? And she said, yes, your Imperial Highness, to pray for my dead. when I'm gone, will you pray for me? Will you include me among your dead? And she said, your Imperial Highness is smiling.

It is a joke. A smile doesn't always mean a joke. Your Imperial Highness, I'm much older than you. I pray God, I shall never have a chance to do what you ask. I mean, he's clearly a man who's just walking around the palace talking to people unnecessarily about death and about his own death. Yeah. Anyway, the weeks pass.

In early December, I mean, don't forget, they haven't been going out very long. They've been going about four weeks. In early December, Countess Lepard. has to go back to her husband's estate in Bohemia, and they need a new way of hooking up Rudolph and Mary. And the way they find is through the unlikely romantic lubricant that is Richard Wagner. He's very romantic. I mean, literally, you know, the song is death. I suppose, yeah, but I mean, if you said to somebody, why don't we use Wagner as an excuse to go on dates, I mean, that's a very particular vibe, is it not? When I entirely approve of all. I mean, the thing is,

if she doesn't like Wagner, then perhaps she'd be better off going out with the Kaiser. Yes, exactly. Who had laughed and chatted all the way through for Barkner in the previous episode. Yeah. And also, the Kaiser's, not a man who's ever going to top himself, right? The Kaiser is a better investment. I think so. Yes, I think so.

He's also not riddle with gonorrhea. Well, quite. So, anyway, the court opera is doing this big new production of the ring cycle, starting with Das Reingold and the Vets eras have a box at the opera but Mary says to her mother oh hey Wagner this would have been a red flag for you Tom

if you and Mary had matched on hinge you'd have been like what no interest in Wagner unbelievable I'm out so she tells her mother I'm not going to Vargna she keeps coming out of the excuses not to go and then when her mother and sister

went off to the opera she would slip out of the house Bratfish the coachman would be waiting at the corner I can't believe he's called Brat fish. And he would drive her to Shunbrun Palace, the Austrian Versailles, and she and Rudolph would kind of walk in the darkness of the park. And then she'd always be back in time for her mother and sister's return at 10 o'clock. So it's brilliant, isn't it? The Barclos operas are so long. Amazing. But there's still no sort of

physical side to this relationship, it seems. Frederick Morton in his book, Inervis Spendor, says the reason is that Rudolph is postponing this because Rudolph believed that climax meant end, meaning death. It's sad, isn't he, that Freud never got the chance to psychoanalyze him. I know. He just feels an ideal patient. Completely with his mother, his distant father, all of this. The yearning for death. I mean, it's, yeah.

Anyway, we get to Christmas. So the imperial family for once are actually reunited at the palace. Cece's birthday is on Christmas Eve, it's a Rudolf's mother's birthday. And that in Austria is when the Christkind brings your presence, the Christchild. He's just got back from Corfu, which she loves. You've seen her palace in Corfu, have you not?

Yeah, the Killian. And she's come back from Corfu with an anchor tattooed on her shoulder. Yeah. Which is punchy. I always thought this was unusual behaviour. But a whole host of members of royal families throughout the late 19th century were doing it. Yeah. So it had obviously become a kind of royal craze.

It was, exactly. George V and his brother went off to Japan, I think, who got dragons tattooed on their arms or something. Incredible. Anyway, they gathered in Cece's apartment that night, and Rudolf very thoughtfully had laid the table with presents. He got her a book of letters by Heine, who was her favourite German writer, and a packet of 11 original Heiner letters that he had sent to a relative in Paris. That is thoughtful, Dominic, because there's nothing more thoughtful than giving someone a letter written by someone they particularly admire. Can you think of an example of this, Tom? Anyone who does that, I think, is beneath the show of cynical cruelty or whatever it is.

Yeah. A cherubic lovable. Is there anything you want to share with the listeners? Yeah, because you bought me a letter written by Nelson. There you go. Thank you. One of my most treasured possessions. That comparison with Crown Prince Rudolph that has dogged me all my life, yet more ammunition to the people who say,

Is he the reincarnation of Crown Prince Rudolph? Because the parallels are uncanny. Yeah, they are. I would work on an encyclopedia if my father ordered me to. And he's been working on his Austro-Hungarian encyclopedia. So he's got copies of that wrapped up. I mean, you write history books that are like encyclopedias. Correct.

Yeah, thank you. I was fishing for that. And there are the presents all around. So Franz Joseph and Cece have got presents for Rudolph and Stefan, his daughter, or Elizabeth. I mean, it's often forgotten in this story that he has a daughter. I think she's about five or six. And they've got her kind of toy garden furniture made in Corfu. Can I just ask?

He's got a lovely present for his mother. Yeah. Has he got anything for his father? No mention. No mention of that. It's not his father's birthday, though, to be fair. That's true. Also, what do you give the man who owns Central Europe?

A uniform? Yeah. You give him Venice back. That's something. That's what he'd like. Yeah. So this sounds lovely, but Rudolph spends the festive season brooding darkly. His hatred of the Kaiser has now reached absolute fever.

Basically, since the Kaiser went back to Berlin, Berlin newspapers have just been mercilessly mocking the Austrian army. And this has driven Rudolph mad. And Rudolph has written to his mate Morris Sepps, the kind of newspaper editor. And he says, I can give you information about that when we went hunting in Styria with Kaiser Wilhelm, a prostitute stole Wilhelm's cufflinks. Do you know who this unexpectedly reminds me of? Is Harold Wilson in 1974? Really?

releasing mad stories to the press. Yes, I can see that, actually. Clearly made up. Yeah. Well, do you think this is made up, or do you think a prostitue? I think the Kaiser is precisely the kind of man who might have his cufflinks stolen by a lady of the night. No? Yeah, I suppose.

He'd be an unpopular customer. he wouldn't be a great tipper. And in revenge, his escort would steal items of his personal apparel, hoping to blackmail him later. Anyway, Rudolph sends this in this letter and says, I want you to hold on to this. If the Berlin press continues slagging me off, you can print it. And then a couple of days later, he writes again to this editor and he says, I feel the storm clouds are gathering over Austria. In international politics, there is a temporary quiet, the dangers of the danger of

threatening us from Serbia. Wow, that's a little preview what's coming. I postponed for the moment, but this uncanny stillness gives me the impression of calm before the storm. It can't go on like this. That's my consolation. And this editor writes back and says,

you're not feeling good. That's a shame. I think you're brilliant. The future is yours. You never tire, unlike so many other people. And it's because our crown prince never tires that we still believe in a great, glorious, free and prosperous Austria.

So basically sucking up to Rudolph to try to modify him. The very end of the year, Rudolph and Stephanie, his wife, they go to a place now called Opatia, but at the time called Abatia,

which was on the Adriatic, it's on the Croatian coast. It was the can or the Santeropé of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. So palm trees, hotels, sort of tea lounges, all of this.

Rudolph doesn't like it. He finds it very boring. He comes back early to Vienna. It's not very Gothic, is it? No, it's not very gothic. It's very dull, as far as he's concerned. And he also finds his wife very dull. He comes back to Vienna.

He finds, as usual, there have been meetings of the army command without him, which he's very annoyed by. They didn't invite him because they thought he was on holiday. Then they're into the carnival season. Now, because the Austrian court are still mourning the death of Kaiser's father, the previous summer, court sort of regulations forbid them from going to balls. So what that means is they have to just give a series of dinners

for visiting dignitaries, royalty, aristocracy and so on. Rudolph again finds this very boring, but the one consolation is that he can resume his affair with Mary Vetsera. And the key date here is the 13th of January, and we know this from Mary's letter the next day to her old governess. She said, I must make a confession. I was with him yesterday evening from seven till nine. We both lost our heads.

Now we belong to each other body and soul. On Saturday, I hope to get away from a ball, and then I will rush back to him. So we belong to each other body and soul. We lost our heads. We all know what happened between seven and nine that evening. And that same day, she went to the most expensive jewelry shop in Vienna, and she ordered a gold cigarette case inscribed with the date of their Trist the night before the 13th of January,

and she wants to give it to the crown prince to remember the occasion. And my guess is that it was probably around now that he floated seriously the idea that he had mentioned a few weeks earlier, which she mentioned to her governess, the idea that one day they will be discovered, that we will go to a happy place that nobody knows, and then we will enter death together. And this is not the first time that Rudolph has mentioned this to a woman, because we know that he had mentioned it to his regular mistress, Mitzie Kaspar, before Christmas, and she had laughed at him and thought it was a joke. I thought that there were... In versions I've read of this, she goes to the police and tells them,

and the police refuse to listen to her because she's just a prostitute. Is that not true? Yeah, I don't know how true that is. So I've seen that online, and I've seen that repeated in kind of general histories. But I'm not convinced how true that, I mean, it may be true. Maybe listeners who, particularly Austrian listeners who might have read German language versions of this, may be more familiar with it. But in, for example, Frederick Morton's book, which is kind of day by day,

there's no mention of this, just mentions her laughing at him. There's a slight disconnect actually between laughing at somebody because you think they're joking. Yeah, and then going to the police. And then going to the police. Is it a better story if they go to the police? She goes to the police?

Maybe it is a better story. What we do know for certain is that Mary didn't laugh. Mary is not a joker in that way and she takes her relationship with the Crown Prince incredibly seriously. She sees it in these very overwrought terms. But of course, this is again, And what we don't know, we don't know what they said to each other.

We cannot know how much she was coerced. You know, he's 30. He's the crown prince. She's a massive goth, though, isn't she? I mean, you said. She's a massive goth, of course. But how much she enters into this pact, you know, voluntarily, difficult to say. Anyway, Rudolf's friends and acquaintances suspect absolutely nothing.

That month, he seems calm. He seems untroubled. He seems polite. He goes repeatedly to operettas or to the opera. On the 23rd of January, for example, he goes to see a comedy called the Dandes of Vienna and he's cheered by the audience. He's working on his encyclopedia. He writes an article, one of his many anonymous articles for a monarchist periodical,

in which he basically says, people should stop going on about Germany and how brilliant Germany is. People should put their faith in Austria, ancient united and undivided. And of course, being a Habsburg, he does a lot of hunting. So he's not quite in his cousin Franz Ferdinand's league. So Franz Ferdinand, his kind of younger cousin and protégé, and sort of a world-class butcher of birds. But Rudolph still, you know, he sees an eagle.

He likes to shoot it. So he shot three eagles on the 20th, three more on the 21st and five deer on the 23rd of January. On the 24th of January, so Thursday the 24th, he now has less than a week to live, by the way. Bratfish drove him to meet Mary by the Prater Park. Again, it was very cold, very deserted, no one there. And they fixed a date at this meeting.

They said, let's go to the Myeling Hunting Lodge on Monday, because he said, I'm going there anyway with some friends to do some more hunting. And that evening, the evening of Thursday, the 24th, he went to the court opera and he sat beside his father in the imperial box. They were spotted deep in a very serious conversation, but nobody knows, or we'll ever know what was said. On Friday the 25th, he has five days to live. He goes hunting again on the banks of the Danube.

He shot 26 ducks, seems like a lot, actually. Then he went back to town. He went to Hodex taxidermist shop on the Maria Hilfusrasa, where they'd been stuffing his eagles for him. God. I mean, the whole empty fairgrounds, stuff the taxidermist. It's brilliant. It's got it all.

I was thinking about this. I think this would be a brilliant Alfred Hitchcock film. David Lynch would enjoy it as well. Yeah. There are lots of directors who would do really, really good, different versions of this. Yeah. Christopher Nolan would cast Killian Murphy, surely, as Crown Prince Rudolph. A young Killian Murphy.

Yeah. Michael Cain is his father. Yeah. I was about to say Tom Hard. Tom Hardy is the coachman, surely. Yes. Tom Hardy is Bradfish. Surely everyone wants to see that.

That would be the spin-off series. Bradfish. Yeah. He's solving crimes with Sigma. He's solving crimes with Freud. Fantastic. All right. So he's gone to the taxidermist shop.

Then he goes to a painter's studio. I've put the painter in just so I can say his name. His name is Tadeus Adyukovic. And he is a pole, I think, for giving his name. And he's painting Rudolph on horseback, showing him as an infantry general. And then he goes to the palace. for dinner. Does the painting, the portrait of Rudolph, start to weep tears? Surely. Yeah, definitely. Of blood. So Saturday, they're 26th, he has four days to live, the same routine.

And as if to punish him, the fates are mocking him, because that evening there's a court din that's a celebrate of all things, Kaiserville on the second's birthday. So Rudolph has to dress up in his uniform as an honorary colonel of the second Brandenburg Ulan regiment. And this must be a terrible thing for him because he regards the Kaiser as the worst man in history, a dreadful bounder, but he has to sort of smile and make small talk about how brilliant the Kaiser is. The next day, Sunday 27th, there are now three days to go. Same routine, hunting, taxidervous shop, portrait, and then he rushes back to the Hofberg and he changes into civilian clothes and Bratfish drives him to the back entrance, the tradesman's entrance of the Grand Hotel. And there he goes upstairs, up the

backstess Larrish is sweeter. She's come back from Bohemia. She's the go-between once again with Mary. Then he goes back into the coach. They go off to the Prata, the deserted park. Mary is waiting there in a coach of her own. Again, a hurried meeting with Mary to finalise the plans for tomorrow. And then back to the palace.

Another quick change into another German uniform because he has to go to another reception for the Kaiser's birthday. Oh, God. They want to reshoots himself. Imagine your most hated enemy, having to dress up in uniforms and go to... It's like a nightmare, right? Or a Greek punishment. It's like Sisyphus had it easy.

So he has to go to a reception at the German embassy for the Kaiser's birthday. Now, at this reception is his father and also his wife, Crown Princess Stephanie, who's looking very elegant, and his lover. Mary Vetsera. So they're all there. Is their relationship now common knowledge? Does Stephanie know, do we think? I don't know.

We just don't know. So there is a moment. Supposed it's a moment. I think this is made up, actually, where Stephanie and Mary came face to face, and there was apparently a little pause before Mary Kurtzid just too, she waited just too long,

like a little gesture of disrespect to Rudolph's wife. Well, that's what people said, afterwards, but I suspect at the time. Yes, it sounds retrospective. It's retrospective, yeah, exactly. Now, Rudolph is very pale and quiet at this reception, partly because he hates the Kaiser, but also maybe for other reasons. At one point he's making small talk with a sculptor called Victor Tilgner,

and later claimed, again, this may be retrospective, that at one point Rudolph gave a kind of shiver or shudder and said to him, this whole uniform is distasteful to me, unbearably heavy, and that that was the only hint of something. But of course that could be just a banal thing. It could be he hates German uniforms. I mean, it really could be heavy.

He could indeed. I imagine there were a lot of medals. Surely. And epaulettes. Yeah, weighing his shoulders down. He doesn't stay long at this reception, though. By midnight he's gone and he doesn't go back to the palace. He goes to the apartment of his mistress, Mitzi Kaspar,

and they drink champagne laced with cognac. Our favorite drink. Our favorite tipple. A favorite drink, exactly. We'll be drinking that at the rest of his history Christmas party. and Rudolph says to Mitzie tomorrow morning I'm leaving to go hunting forever and Mitzie kind of laughs at him

she doesn't go to the police she laughed and she says to herself this is the kind of mad thing that Rudolph says all the time because he's a bit of a goth he's always saying morbid things like this three o'clock in the morning he leaves her apartment to go back to the Imperial Palace of the Halfburg and there's an old little gesture as he leaves He makes the sign of the cross on her forehead,

even though he doesn't believe in God. He is told her he doesn't believe in God. We talked about this yesterday, about whether he would have viewed suicide as a sin, but clearly not. So he goes back to the Imperial Palace. He has a couple of hours sleep, and he's up by 7 o'clock in the morning.

He goes through his paperwork. He has meetings with officials. At 11 o'clock outside his office, the clock of St. Michael's, which is the chapel next door, sounds the hour. And Rudolph calls in his adjutant, and he says, cancel my appointments, please, for the rest of the morning.

I'm going shooting. Now, I'll be back tomorrow. Five o'clock, I'm going to have dinner with the emperor, as agreed. And on his way out of the palace, he stops briefly at his wife's apartment. He says goodbye to Stephanie and to their daughter, Elizabeth, and he repeats this message. I'll be back tomorrow for dinner. So by half-11, he's on his way, and Rudolph has left the palace.

Now, meanwhile, Mary Vetsera and Countess Larrish have already left the Vetsera family mansion, which is on the Silesiana gasser in Vienna. They told Mary's mother they were going shopping, which they've said so many times at 10.30. But once they got into the cab, they changed the address. They went to the Hofberg Palace, back entrance again. Once again, Rudolf's coachman, Mr. Bratfish, played by Tom Hardy, is waiting. And he takes them out of the city. So the carriage rolls out of the city and they go into the Vienna woods and they stop beside

an inn called the Red Barn, the Routers Stardel, which is closed for the winter. Again, a very gothic scene that's abandoned inn. People are always being murdered in red barns, aren't they? Yeah, right. Good spot. So they wait for 20 minutes in the cold by this inn, and then they see a man and a fur-collared coat coming through the woods towards them, and this is Crown Prince Rudolph. It's such a great film.

It is. Isn't it? Be amazing. Of course, he's coming through the mist or whatever. It comes through the trees and he gets into their carriage. His own carriage that brought him out of the city is now going back to the city being tailed, as always, by the police. So the police always followed him. So they've shaken off the police now.

Now he's shaken off the police. So he and Mary and Bratfish drive on together towards his hunting lodge at Myeling, which is about 20 miles southeast of Vienna. And they arrive roundabout sunset. That's about 5 o'clock. Of course they do. Of course. It's the ravens flock around the gatehouse. It's a really cold, dark evening.

The servants have lit the fires in the hunting lodge. Here they will be alone, well alone except for all the servants, until the next day. But back in the city, Countess Larish, who has engineered all this, has this flash of revelation. And we absolutely don't know why. Is it something that Mary said before she left? Is it something that Rudolph said in the last few days that has been, you know, praying on her mind or who knows? But at lunchtime, once she'd seen Mary off, she went back to the Vetsara Mansion and she asked to see Mary's mother and she said, I've lost your daughter.

I don't know where she is. I'm worried about her. And that afternoon, one of Mary's uncles, Alexander Baltazzi, went to see the police commissioner of the and he said, we've lost Mary, we've lost the 17-year-old baroness, can you help us find her? And eventually he said to the police commission, look, we think she's gone off with Crown Prince Rudolph. And the Commissioner said, well, come on, I mean, she's gone off with Crown Prince Rudolph, we're hardly going to launch a massive police investigation.

For one thing, we are constitutionally barred from investigating the Imperial family. But for another, what are you so stressed about? The Crown Prince has loads of affairs. Clearly, Mary Vetsera is one of his mistresses. She's 17 years old. She knows what she's doing. You know, she's quite racy. She's mature beyond her years.

These things happen. What are you worried about? Yeah, what's the worst that could happen? What's the worst that could happen? Well, we will find out the answer to that question after the break. Hey, this is Michael and Hannah from Gollhangers. The Rest is Science. This episode is brought to you by Cancer Research UK.

What if your immune system could learn to recognize cancer cells? That's immunotherapy. One type is car T cell therapy. T cells are your body's watchmen, and doctors can now extract these and reprogram them to spot cancer. Car T cells, they've started showing this real promise in treating cancers of the blood like leukemia, because unlike most cancers,

blood cancer cells, they float around separately, and that makes it easier for car T cells to see. them out and destroy them. And now, Cancer Research UK-funded scientists are designing CAR-T cells that can tackle solid tumors too, making them tougher so they can survive a more crowded and hostile cancer environment. Now, these approaches are experimental, but they do start to show where treatment might go next.

And over the past 50 years, Cancer Research UK's pioneering work has helped to double cancer survival in the UK. I mean, this shows you how far research can take us. For more information about Cancer Research UK, their research. breakthroughs and how you can support them, visit cancer researchuk.org forward slash rest is science. Gregus believes in the art of living in choosing the pleasurable over the practical. It's why we craft our premium vodka in France using pure spring water from Jenzac.

And why you hear the celebratory club of our quirk reminding us to make every martini cocktail count. So go on and make every moment count. Because there's no better time than now. Gregus, make time wait. Cip responsibly. Hello, everybody. We have absolutely sensational, spectacular, stupendous news about a forthcoming Restis History live show.

We do, Dominic. Now, sometimes there are complaints that people in Britain don't know enough about the British Empire that they don't study it in sufficient depth. So we are stepping in to make up for that. We are going to be telling the story of the ultimate Victorian imperial adventure. And that, Dominic, is the Abyssinian expedition of 1868. And it's, well, I don't say it's brilliant, but it's mad, isn't it?

It is mad. To give people a bit of context, it's an amazing story. The emperor of Abyssinia to Wadros II, he was ignored by Queen Victoria, who didn't answer his letters. So he took some British hostages, and then the British sent an expedition to Abyssinia to attack his capital at Magdala, his kind of mountain citadel. It's an amazing, amazing story, a bonkers story and precisely the kind of thing that we enjoy on the rest is history. Yes, and that I think the entire country could profit from hearing about. So that is what we're

going to be doing. It is, I think, a very flashman kind of a story. Totally. So anyone who enjoys Flashman will enjoy this. And we are going to be doing it at the South Bank Centre in London on the 4th of September. We do have a few tickets for that. We're also doing it on the 5th of September and not to base, but that one is already sold out. So if you want to come, book your tickets for the 4th of September, and you can get them at the rest is history.com.

Hello, everyone, and welcome back to The Rest is History, where it is the early morning of Tuesday on the 29th of January 1889. and we're in the Myeling Hunting Lodge, some 20-odd miles outside Vienna, where two friends of Crown Prince Rudolf, Count Joseph Hoyos, and Prince Philip of Coburg, have arrived for a day's sport. They're going to go out and murder birds. And Dominic, what happens as they approach the hunting lodge? Well, a very sort of gothic or fairy tale scene.

They approached the house, and it's completely, still and silent. And they see that the curtains on the bedroom windows of Rudolph's ground floor apartment are closed. But the servants are up. The servants admit them. And in the billiard room, Crown Prince Rudolph is waiting. So alive and well. He's alive and well. And he seems in good form. Or is he well? Well, he's not well. He's got gonorrhea and he's like off his face on morphine and champagne. But apart from that. And he looks really haggard and gaunt and like looks like a man who's conceived as a murder-suicide pact. But apart from that, he looks like he's in brilliant form.

And has he got kind of little snuffle? Possibly, yes. He's got a bit of a cold, he says. He's got a silk scarf tied very tightly around his neck. He says, I've got a cold, and I probably won't come hunting with you, lads, after all. So you go ahead. I'll sit it out. They had a cup of coffee, and then Hoyos and Kobah go out to do some hunting.

And they return at lunchtime, and Rudolph is waiting for them, and he's still in good form. The Prince of Coburg is going back to Vienna straightway the afternoon. And Rudolph says, well, because of this cold, I'm not going to head back when I thought dinner with my father. So please, you know, pass on my message. And he also says to his valet, who's called Loshchek. He says, can you send a telegram to my wife, please, Crown Princess Stephanie? Telegram reads, please tell Papa that I ask his pardon for not appearing at dinner. But because of a heavy cold, I wish to avoid the journey this afternoon.

So the Prince of Coburg goes on. off, the telegram has sent. Count Hoyos goes shooting on his own. So I think that's a slightly joyless thing to do, frankly. Anyway, he goes hunting on his own, he goes and shoots loads of birds, and then he comes back to spend the evening with Rudolph to have dinner with Rudolph. And they have, it's very rested history of Christmas party, actually. They have paté de foie gras, they have venison, they have roast beef, red wine,

and then they have a sort of leisurely smoke. and they talk about the latest army legislation which has been held up in the parliament in Budapest because of wrangling with the Hungarians. And Rudolf is clearly in quite good form. He's coming up with some great banter. He says it's much easier to deal with gondogs than with Hungarian politicians. And Hoyas thinks this is absolutely hilarious. And says afterwards, he turned on me the whole beguiling force of his personality.

So actually, I mean, the mad thing is that Rudolph hates the Kaiser, because this is the kind of banter the Kaiser would very much enjoy. Yeah, it is. They don't think his mother would approve. No. See, she loves Hungarian. Exactly. Anyway, at 9 o'clock, Hoyos says, right, I'm turning in now.

Hoyos is going to spend the night in guest quarters in a converted farm cottage, which is about 500 meters from the main house. And as soon as Hoyos has gone down the path, the door of Rudolph's bedroom opens, and out comes Mary Vetsera. and she has been hiding in Rudolph's bedroom all this time. And because she's been hiding in the bedroom, and they've been afraid to send in food to her because Hoyas would notice. So she's starving.

So Loshchek, the valet, brings her cold venison, and he lights a fire in the billiard room. He brings champagne from the cellar. And he calls for bratfish, the coachman. He's still hanging around. Alia in the chat points out that bratfish means gris. So I think that's a terrible surname, frankly. He's called grilled fish.

That's his name. I think we've established it's a ludicrous name. So Bratfish sits on the stool in the corner of the billiard room, and he sings and whistles songs of old Vienna while they're eating their dinner, Mary and Rudolf. That sounds incredibly annoying. Right. Can't you make him shut up?

Some bloke called Mr. Grilled Fish turns up and whistles, how you? it's the last thing you want especially in your last night spoiler how do you want a special last hours they wonder if they shot themselves right so they sit up very late Loshchek the man's servant

he turns in at two o'clock but he doesn't sleep for very long because at half past six he's woken by footsteps he looks up and this would really freak you out he looks up and standing over him is the sepical figure of Crown Prince Rudolf in a dressing gown and a silk scarf looking very pale.

So Rudolph standing over Loschek says, I want you to call me for breakfast in an hour. And he also says, tell Bratfish to have the horses ready. And then he walks back to his bedroom, a bizarre detail, this whistling one of Bratfish's tunes. So he walks back and he closes the door behind him. Now, Loshchek at this point, he gets dressed. He's about about three hours sleep or something.

get stressed and he goes to tell the kitchen staff, get up, come on, sort yourselves out, start getting breakfast ready. And at 7.30, as instructed, he knocks on the Crown Prince's door. And this is the scene with which we opened the first episode. This tremendous scene. Loshchev knocks and he knocks again. He keeps knocking. He calls your imperial highness.

He runs upstairs and then there's a spiral staircase at the back that goes down to a back door of Rudolph's apartment. and he knocks on the back door again, no reply. Loshchek is becoming quite anxious now because Rudolph is a famously light sleeper. And the dogs started barking. So it's a slightly chaotic scene that hunting dogs are barking because of the knocking. And Loshchek has got into a massive panic. He comes back to the front door.

He gets a log from the fire and starts hammering on the door with this log. Bratfish, the coachman, joins him. Count Hoyos has come up from his cottage to find out what's going on. And then as if that's not enough, the Prince of Coburg had gone back to Vienna, he now turns up as well because he's come back to do some more hunting. They're all completely shocked and confounded by the scene. And they say to Loshcheque, okay, break down the door.

And this is the point, he's now sobbing with worry. And this is the point when he says to them, I have something to tell you. Baroness Mary Vetsara has been staying with the Crown Prince. And then this is the point when Hoyos and Coburg go into the billiard room. and they have the sort of little conference and eventually they come out and they basically say

well even so fine okay we're men of the world break down the door and Loshchek hacks at the door he hacks at the panels as you described in that reading that you did for the first episode the whole becomes this kind of gash

and he's able to look through and he drops the axe in horror inside it's total darkness he can see the air is very heavy with smoke but he can see two people lying on or near, it's really not clear from the descriptions, the bed. One of them is Mary. She's stretched out on the bed.

Her hands are clasping a rose, and there's blood on the sheets around her head. And the other is Crown Prince Rudolph. He is kind of slumped against or leaning on a bedside table in front of a mirror, and there is blood trickling from his mouth. And it is absolutely obvious that they are both dead. And for a moment, the men outside are paralyzed with horror, and nobody dares to go in. And eventually, Hoyos says, okay, Bratfish, I need you to drive me to Barden Station, which is the nearest railway station.

They get to Barden Station, and he has to go into the stationmaster and say, something terrible has happened at Crown Prince Rudolf's Hunting Lodge. I must get to Vienna instantly. And the stationmaster agrees to stop the express train from Trieste, and Hoyos climbs on board. So at 9.50 he is in Vienna and within about 25 minutes he has reached the Hofberg, the Imperial Palace. And here he completely loses his nerve. He doesn't know how he can possibly break this news to the emperor. So he goes to find Cece's Chamberlain, who is called Baron Nopscher, and they say, well, we will tell the empress and then she can tell the emperor. So Cecee, Elizabeth.

She got up early that morning. She got up at 6.30s she always did. Her days always began with this long bath and then a massage. Then her hair famously long. There was a special maid to comb her hair. Yeah, for two or three hours, learning Greek, all of that. Yeah. Then she would have a herbal tea and she would do some exercises in her private gym.

Then she, 10 o'clock had started a Greek lesson with Monsieur Rousseophilos. and they were reading the Iliad together. And at 1045 there was a knock on the door and the lady in waiting said, Baron Nobsther and Count Hoyas wanted to see you urgently. And Elizabeth was furious. You don't interfere with my Greek lessons. But then Baron Nobster came in.

She saw the look on his face and she realised something was terribly wrong. Now her husband, Franz Joseph, had been up even longer. Well, he always gets up early, doesn't he? Because he's got an empire to run. Right. He got up at 4 o'clock in the morning from his iron military bed.

And he'd been washed by his footman. He'd had breakfast at 420. And then he got straight into his paperwork and had his first meetings at 5 o'clock in the morning. And a lot of this had been about the Budapest Parliament and the army bill. As Frederick Morton said, that morning, Franz Joseph did what his ancestors had done before him.

He ruled and overruled with utter confidence, with axiomatic competence, and without the slightest inspiration. Just before 11 o'clock, he went set off to go to see his wife in her apartment. Franz Joseph was looking forward to this because he knew that his wife actually had a prearranged meeting with his confidant, Katerina Schrat, the actress. Katerina Schrat was going to do a drama recital for his wife. And this is brilliant for him because he'll see his two favorite people at once.

And, you know, their little menage, atois, he loves all that. But he gets there and he finds Baron Nopster blocking the door to his wife's apartment. Baron Noxcher's face is streaks with tears and through the door Franz Joseph can hear his wife sobbing and sobbing. So in the next few hours, the news that something terrible has happened races around the city. Crown Prince Rudolf's wife, Stephanie is having a singing lesson and that's interrupted and she is told. And soon after that all the operas, the theatres, the cabarets, the musicals are told to cancel their evening programs with their explanation. And by mid-afternoon, there's a crowd outside the Hofberg.

People know something has happened. There are people talking about Grand Prince Rudolph, but no one knows exactly what it is. And it's actually not until the following morning that the news is confirmed. It's broken by the Vina Tagblatt. Our Crown Prince is dead, says this huge headline. It's reproduced. There's an image of it in Frederick Morton's book, A Nervous Splendor. But what there aren't, there are no details.

of how he died. So the assumption that most people make is he has had a stroke or a heart attack, you know, a freak accident or something, who knows? Throttled by the Kaiser. Yeah, exactly. He's died of apoplexy after the Kaiser's been rude about an Austrian army belt or something of that kind, surely. A bit the obvious explanation, wouldn't it? But not, it's the following evening, the Vina Tagblatt prints the headline, the most horrible truth. And it says, Crown Prince Rudolph was killed by a gunshot, and he fired the pistol himself.

I mean, I can't imagine, because it's still a very devoutly Catholic city and country. Yeah. I mean, the impact must be devastating. Exactly. I mean, this is, we said it's the royal scandal to end all royal scandals. I mean, let's try to imagine. I mean, it's not even Prince Harry. It would be implausibly your fellow Aston Villa supporter, Prince William.

Prince William. Yeah. Carrying on with a 17-year-old and having a murder-suicide pact at a hunting lodge in stains. I think it's much worse than that because suicide is no longer framed as a sin. No, it's true. Yeah. You know, it's treated with sympathy and kind of understanding now. But back then, it was a sin. I mean, it endangers your mortal soul in the Habsburgs. it's important to their legitimacy that they are Catholic.

Completely. They're the guardians of Catholicism. Yeah. You know, they are the absolute, his apostolic majesty, Franz Joseph. You know, it's so important for them as kings of Hungary and as emperors of Austria. Absolutely. So let's actually focus on the imperial family for a second. By the way, one small detail, actually, which I forgot to mention.

Mary Vetsara's name has never been mentioned in any of those newspaper reports at all. We'll come back to her role in the story in a second. So Franz Joseph spent the first afternoon trying to console his wife along with Katerina Shratt. And then being Franz Joseph, he went back to work. And he worked late that night and he rang by 10 o'clock that night. On the day he heard the news about his son, he was still ringing the Hungarian prime minister to talk about the army bill. The next day he got up at 4 o'clock as usual to start work. But at dawn he had a visitor, the imperial doctor, Professor Hermann Wiedehofer, who had been to Myer.

and it was the first person who basically went into the room to inspect the bodies. And Professor Vidohofer says, I have some pretty bad news. It is clear that the Crown Prince died by his own hand, a gunshot wound to the head. But what is worse, there is no doubt that he killed Mary of Vetsera with the same gun two hours earlier. So actually, this is so interesting. He had killed Mary Vatsera before he appeared at the manservant's bedside. side to say, get my breakfast ready. To ask for breakfast?

Yeah. So what do you think was going on there? I don't know. Did he ever plan to eat the breakfast, change his mind? Impossible to say. Strange. I mean, everything about this is strange. Let's not deny that.

No. But the worst of it, I think, for Franz Joseph, is what Vida Hova then says. The Crown Prince has left a number of letters. So he's left a letter to his mother, Cece. This is the only letter that was written at the scene of the crime. The other letters were written beforehand. He wrote to his mother, I have no right to go on living. I have killed.

And he asks that he and Mary are buried together at the nearby Abbey of Heiligenkreutz, Holy Cross. He wrote a letter to his sister Valerie beforehand. He said, I advise you, you know, I'm going now. I advise you when our father dies, leave Austria. For what will happen then in Austria is unforeseeable. This is again his kind of existential apocalyptic dread about the Jews. a political outlook for its country. And a shrewd analysis.

Yeah, I guess so. He wrote a letter to Stephanie, his wife. Dear Stephanie, you are now rid of my presence and annoyance. Be happy in your own way. Take care of the poor little one. She is all that is left of me. He wrote a letter to Loshchek, his valet. Thank you for all the years of service.

He also wrote letters to his friend, Baron Moritz-Hursh, and to his mistress, Mitzie Caspar. But the contents of those letters is unknown, has never been released. And for his father, the emperor, there was no letter at all, nothing. Oh, dear. And that is the moment when the doctor says that to Franz Joseph, that's the moment when Franz Joseph loses his composure, and he breaks down in tears and he collapses and falls to the ground.

And you can absolutely understand why. For a father, that would be... Of course, of course. Devastating. That would be almost the worst blow of all, I think. such kind of posthumous cruelty as well, isn't it? Yeah. So eventually he composes himself

and he says, where is my son? And Dr. Vidohofer said, well, we've brought the body back to the palace as you ordered, we've dressed him in uniform, we've bandaged his head and we put him in bed. And French Joseph went to his son's bedroom and he stood by his son's body for 15 minutes and silence, kind of vigil for a brother officer, as per the army

regulations. That's always the way with him. And then he said to his aides, we have two priorities. is now. Number one, my son must have a Catholic burial. The Habsburgs have Catholic burials, Catholic funerals, even though he is both a murderer and a suicide. And then secondly, he said, all mention of this girl must be suppressed. Her presence at the scene, her body, even her name must be deleted from the public record. Now, what made this difficult is that the Habsbergs themselves have told the Vetsera family what happened to Mary.

Cece herself broke the news to Mary's mother. Now, at the time, the Imperial staff said to Mary's mother, Baroness Elen Vetsera, they said, you have to get out of Vienna. You know, the press will be hounding you. There will be crowds, bane for your blood. People will blame your daughter for this, and you have to get out. And she got on a train to Italy,

but then she changed her mind halfway, and she came back to the city, and she found that the city police had cordoned off her, townhouse, her mansion, because of the crowds outside. She was in a terrible state. She wanted to go into the house. And eventually the Austrian Prime Minister, Count Tarfa turned up. He was very, I think we described him in the last episode, he's a very suave kind of top hat cigar. And he sort of said, my dear, my dear lady, what a terrible business this is for you. I really do think you should get out of the city and you should keep a very low profile. It's now clear, by the way,

that this was a genuine suicide pact because Mary's mother is now given a letter. by Mary. Forgive me for what I have done. I could not resist love. In agreement with him, I wish to be buried by his side of the Alland churchyard. It's actually a slightly different place from the Highly Concord's Abbey, but there you go. I'm happier in death than I was in life. I mean, imagine what that must be like for a mother to read from her daughter. Of course, there's a big issue here for the families now. If Mary and Rudolph are suicides, they cannot be buried in consecrated ground. The emperor, however, gets in touch with Heiligenkroyce Abbey and his staff do anyway, and they say basically, we want you to find room for Mary Vetsara's body. No questions asked,

you must find her a plot. And that same day, Thursday the 31st of January, two of her uncles, the Baltazzi brothers, went to Myeling. They identified her body. A doctor washed the blood off her body and they dressed it in coat and hat in their sort of veil, a boa shoes. You know, remember she's very fashionable. And then an absolutely bizarre scene, Mary's uncles propped her up and walked her out of the hunting lodge as if she was alive and put her in the carriage and sat either side of her. So if anybody's seen the film, Weekend at Bernice, that's what this is. And they even stuck a broomstick up the back of her dress so that it would keep her upright. Because there are all kinds of stories for Sherlock Holmes turns up.

Yes. And so it's the case, aren't there? I don't think he'd have been fooled by that. No, he wouldn't. I mean, this is so Sherlock Holmes, isn't it? It's sort of scandal in Bohemia. Yeah. You know, all of that.

So the carriage rolled through the night to High Lig and Croyd's Abbey, which is about three miles away. There are loads of police waiting. And only the next morning, when the rain stopped a little bit, they buried Mary. And then the police sent a coded telegram to Vienna just with the words all finished. And that was the end in every way of Mary Vetsera.

There was one mention of her in an illustrated paper published in Graz, which said, quite erroneously, Mary Vetsara died in Venice and has been buried in Bohemia. But otherwise, to quote Frederick Morton, her name never appeared again in any book, magazine or newspaper published in Austria, Hungary. No printed mention was ever made of her death or even her life. It was as though nobody remembered that she had walked the earth. So that is a contrast with Diana in the 90s. Yeah.

Because nobody was going to leave the details of that alone. And in fact, they came up with all kinds of linked conspiracies to explain it. But I'm wondering, what about the foreign press? Well, come on to that and just a second, but you're absolutely right. Of course the foreign press does print it. and a problem for the Austro-Hungarian monarchy is there's an extremely large country to their north that prints everything in German

so people can read it and it's very easy for people to travel between Germany and Austria-Hungary with German newspapers so they're fooling nobody I mean people, everybody knows about it they don't fool anybody meanwhile what about Crown Prince Rudolf

well they held an autopsy the same day the 31st and the autopsy concluded that on studying Rudolf's brain It was clear he was suffering from abnormal mental conditions and was in a state of mental confusion. And the Catholic Church said, oh, well, in that case, you know, he's not really a suicide, or even a murderer. He was, poor fellow.

What a terrible shame. He can be buried on the cappucc crypt in Vienna alongside his ancestors. And this apparently was quite common. Vienna, you know, coroners or whatever were well known for fudging reports on suicides to allow, people to be buried according to the rights of the church. I think, though, it's very unusual for a case that is this high profile. So the Papal Nuncio in Vienna, and he says it's probably the first time that a papal nuncio had ever been obliged to attend the funeral of a murderer and a suicide.

Yeah, that's right. So he's not happy about it at all. And the Papal Nuncio actually then went to the hunting lodge and asked load of questions, kept kind of looking into it. So he could team up with Bratfish. Exactly. Set up an agency if the papal nunseeing doesn't work out. Brilliant.

So anyway, Rudolph lies in state for three days, various places in the Hofburg. And finally in the Hofburg Chapel, the Hofberg Capella. And there was a huge public crush. All thousands upon thousands of people, especially women, dressed in black.

So many that people were injured or fainted in the crowd. Ambulances had to be called, and it ended thousands of people being turned away. And then the funeral took place on Tuesday, the 5th of February in the Capuchin Church and the Capuchin Cript, which you can visit. I mean, you can see Crown Prince Rudolf's tomb. I went to see it last last summer. Of course, this is not the last, you know, very high profile funeral there's going to be in Vienna. And not for the last time, Franz Joseph specifically asks foreign dignitaries not to come. And in a preview of what will happen in 1914, the worst person, the last person that you would ever want at a somber family occasion, the Kaiser says, no, no, I'm coming anyway.

And Franz Diof has to send him a special message. You may judge how deeply crushed my family is if we have to address this request, even to you. Even to you. Even to you. Even to you. If you'd suffered a terrible tragedy. And then Kaiser Wilhelm I announced that he was going to turn up. I mean, that would be the worst. So the funeral was another incredibly sort of Viennese occasion. The ritual would be that the Chamberlain would knock on the door with the cappaging crypt. And the voice would say, who is it?

And he'd say, his most serene imperial and royal highness, the Archduke Crown, Prince Rudolph of Habsburg. And the voice would say, we know him not. And they'd repeat this. And then eventually, when the voice said, who is there, the Chamberlain would say, your brother, Rudolf, a poor sinner. And then at last, they would open the door and let him in. And then right at the end, very memorable moment, when they carried the body down to the crypt, Franz Joseph the Emperor, that's the one moment in public.

One of the only moments in his entire life, probably the only moment, when he lost control of his public dignity. And he burst out crying and he broke down and he was kissing the casket. sobbing, the one moment when you see the man, you know, the grieving father behind the facade of the sort of the imperial walrus. Yeah. So if we widen the picture out a bit, at one level, it's only a royal scandal. But the great sort of Austrian music critic, the most forbidding critic in Vienna at the day

was a guy called Edwa Hanslich. And he wrote afterwards, he said, I've lived through the saddest catastrophes in Vienna. I've lived through revolutions, the loss of land, murderous. devastations by flood and fire, but nothing of all this is comparable to the horror of January the 30th. The disconsolate, desperate turbulence which ripped through the entire population is indescribable. And we know from, I mean, you mentioned Diana a few times. Yeah. How these sort of personal tragedies can often cut through with the great mass of the population in a way that geopolitical things don't. Yeah. I mean, you said that Diana's world wasn't Gothic. It was Hello

magazine and everything. Yeah. And so it seemed expressive of a kind of age of celebrity that was running out of control. But presumably in the Viennese context, there are all kinds of cultural swells that find echoes in this case. And also there is the sense that the crown prince has gone. The emperor doesn't have another direct male heir. And it must have symbolized for people at the time in the empire.

an anxiety that indeed the storm clouds are gathering, don't you think? Yes, I think exactly both those things. I think, first of all, it's a huge shop for the dynasty because, as you say, he doesn't have another son, so they're going to have to search elsewhere in the family tree for an heir. Of course, the man that they find, turns out to be a great friend of the rest of his history, but a slightly ill-fated figure in his own right, although the bird population of Central Europe might not agree. And I think you're dead right.

the cultural atmosphere of fantasy like in Vienna, the sense of neurosis, the sense of introspection of cultural anxiety, also cultural excitement, of course, this seems reflective of that world. And also of the German-speaking world more generally, because Wagner is, I mean, you know, the Lieberstadt, the idea of love and death. Yeah. And two lovers who are united in death. Yeah, Tristan Rizolda. Yeah, exactly. I mean, it's probably the most celebrated work of music that has been produced in the late 19th century. And we've seen how much a part it is of the kind of cultural furniture of people at this age. It must just be overwhelming. Completely.

And precisely because it's overwhelming, that's why you get the conspiracy theorists. So we talked about this with the Kennedy assassination, with lots of things. what appears to be a freak event, if it's seen by the public as cataclysmic and of seismic importance, people will often refuse to accept. They don't like chance, luck, you know, personal quirks in history. Great events must have great causes. And so people look for conspiracy theories that are related to the political anxieties of the day.

So people say, I mean, first of all, there are the sort of more humdrum conspiracy theories, Mary murdered Rudolph or her relatives murdered Rudolph, perhaps because they found out he'd given her gonorrhea and they wanted to punish him for it. What about Stephanie? Yeah, there are theories that Grand Princess Stephanie did it because she were jealous, of course. The Freemasons, the Jesuits, the Jews, Bismarck did it. Not the Kaiser. The Kaiser, no, there are theories that the Kaiser did it. But the most common, and this obviously reflects the political atmosphere of the day,

that, I mean, this is such a weird theory. He either killed himself or was murdered because he was about to be exposed as having plotted to seize the throne of Hungary from his father and break away from his father and set up a secessionist Hungarian kingdom. Well, I guess that's expressive of what is clearly a deep sense of tension between father and son. But also between the two halves of the empire. Yeah.

And he's, you know, the emperor is obsessing about this even on the day of his son's suicide. Right. Isn't there a theory that was proposed by Emperor Zeta, who was the last empress, that it was the French and that has been organized by Clemoso, which I think is generally not regarded as plausible. Why did Clemoso do it? Remind me why Clemenceau wanted to kill Crown Prince Rudolph? Well, he wasn't even, I think, he wasn't even in Parliament at this time. I think she made it up, but she lived to a kind of ripe old age. I think she kind of died in the 70s or something.

She did, yeah. Maybe even the 80s. And she kept repeating this. I have to admit, I showed Herkulean self-control by not falling down lots of rabbit holes online. Because there's so much stuff online about this by people, because people love Cecee and they love Crown Prince Rudolph. So if you go to the Capuchin crypt, they have tombs of all the Habsburgs. And some of these are like massive figures. I don't know, Maria Teresa or something.

But Crown Prince Rudolf's tomb has more flowers, has a lot of flowers, you know, given that he never wielded power. And actually, in the grand scheme of things, you could argue, it's not a terribly consequential person. But there's clearly something about his story that speaks to people, even today in the 21st century. It's kind of Kurt Cobain of Austria-Hungary. I mean, to talk about the political meaning of it, anyone, any historian writing out the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Habsburgs, you know, gives this a lot of welly, understandably. and they see it as symptomatic of this wider loss of confidence of the Imperial project. It's the Titanic. Yeah.

But as with the Titanic, I think a lot of this is massively overblown. So we know why Mary and Rudolph killed themselves. I mean, he's morbid. He's got gonorrhea. Today he would be diagnosed as having mental health issues of a very serious kind. That does speak of something that is genuine, which is the way in which to be born into the Habsburg dinner. is to feel trapped, is to feel a prisoner. We have all these counts of both men and women almost sewing themselves into their uniforms

and their clothing. So, you know, Franz Ferdinand, when he gets shot, it takes time for them to realize that the blood is welling out. We're going to hear something similar about Cici in due course, I think. That there is, that monarchy is a kind of trap for those who find themselves enclosed within it. Very 21st century theme. Right? And people often say that's about the House of Windsor, don't they?

Yeah, but the difference with the House of Windsor is that they can kind of make radio programs about it and kind of have features in newspapers talking about bad mental health. Whereas Rudolph couldn't. And the idea of any of these people really having a kind of interior emotional life is verboten. Yeah. Interesting that nobody had done this before him, though, no? What does that tell you? Something changed in the second half of the 19th century that made this possible that would not. I mean, it's hard to imagine a 14th century prince. No, and it's changing nowhere more than in Vienna. Yeah, exactly.

Vienna is the, you know, this is where all these ideas of repression and neurosis and psychosis and everything are being defined at this very moment. Maybe a particular kind of introspection and a sense of yourself or I don't know. He's vibe-lauding, I believe it's the phrase. It's vibe-lauding. Is that the phrase? Gen C joins us on the podcast. Brilliant. So what happened next?

Franch Joseph, I mean, this is very Freudian, and Frederick Morton makes this point in his book. He wants to erase every trace, every memory of this incident, and the way he does it is by literally erasing the place. So the Hunting Lodge at Myeling, every trace of it is expunged from the earth. It's completely pulled down,

and it is replaced with a Carmelite convent, which stands to this day, and the nuns of the convent are enjoined to offer daily prayers for the salvation of the late crown prince. He needs all the prayers you can get. He does. So the most likely heir to Franz Joseph now is his younger brother, Karl Ludwig, who is in his late 50s. But Carl Ludwig's not in brilliant health. And in the late 1890s, in 1896, he went on a sort of pilgrimage to Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire.

and he decided to drink some water from the River Jordan. He basically drank dirty water polluted with sewage. So do we get his dysentery returned to the show? Dissentiary returned to the show and carried off Karl Ludwig. And the heir became his son, Rudolf's protege, Franz Ferdinand. So a great friend of the rest of his history, but we know what became of him. And actually, this brings us to the wider issue of tragedy in the Habsburgs. So you've already alluded to this.

In the decade after Rudolf's death, his mother Cece cut an ever more, ever lonelier and more melancholy figure. So she basically, she's dressed always in black and mourning for her son. She drifts around the Mediterranean. She's thinner than ever. She looks very sad, you know, solitary. And in autumn of 1898, she was staying at Lake Geneva. and Franz Joseph, her husband was still writing to her all the time from Vienna,

and he would write these very sweet letters, the end of one letter, he signs off, he says sort of farewell, my most beautiful, my best and sweetest angel. But the sad thing is she never got to read this particular letter, because while it was en route, on the 10th of September 1898, she was boarding the steamer to Montreux on Lake Geneva, which just had one lady in waiting with her, and she was standing amid the crush of people when suddenly, she collapsed and no one could work out why she collapsed at first. As you said, she's very

tightly sewn into her corset. Yeah. And when finally they worked out what happened, they realized that she had been stabbed through the heart with a sharpened stiletto, a kind of improvised stiletto by an Italian anarchist called Luigi Lucani. And he had traveled to Geneva to kill a royal because it was a favorite royal hangout. And he said afterwards he didn't care, which one he killed as long as he killed one. And Cici was the person that he killed. And when the news got back to Vienna, Franz Joseph, apparently, when he heard the news,

he sobbed uncontrollably. And then he said to one of his aides, So I am to be spared nothing in this world. Nobody knows the love we had for each other. Which is a sort of bitterly ironic thing for him to say. Yeah. So this for him was the crowning blow. He still had his actress, Katarina Schrapp, though their relationship had actually cooled by this point.

He's very lonely. He writes to Katerina Shratt at one point. I feel endlessly sad in my hopeless loneliness. His son has killed himself. His wife has been murdered. He's effectively on his own. He lives for another 18 years after his wife's death. It seems incredibly old at this point.

He actually looks older than he is. So he turned 70 in 1900, but at this point he looked about 150. And people talked about him as a relic at this point. They would call him the last night or the old gentleman or something. And he remains enormously popular, Franz Joseph, a great rallying point for his empire. And his suffering actually worked quite well as a political asset because the papers would call him the man of sorrows. Sort of a man who has lost everything, wife, son, you know, all the light has gone from his life. And yet still he dedicates himself every day, gets up at four o'clock in the morning, his red boxes to his, yeah, to the people.

of his empire. But I suppose another way of looking at it is precisely because he is such a relic. He seems like the embodiment of an antiquated institutional conservatism, an empire that seems utterly beleaguered by the modern world, and an empire that feels itself to be so embattled. And of course, that's the context in which his heir, who he doesn't get on with at all now, Franz Ferdinand, goes off to Bosnia to see some army maneuvers in 1914. And Tom, we all know how that story was to end. We do. Well, thank you, Dominic. A Gothic chiller. An amazing story. And we have a bonus out this week on the nephew of one of the characters in this series, and that is Baron Nopshire, Cici's Chamberlain. And his nephew is also Franz Baron Nopshire. And he is one of the most remarkable figures in the entire history of paleontology. I see Dominic's face light up. at the mention of that word.

So Nobscher, Knopshaw, Jr., absolutely titanic figure in the history of the study of dinosaurs, but he also, he hung out with bandits

in Albania, became a spy in the First World War, is in the Guinness Book of Records as the first man to have hijacked a plane, and his end has some striking. And actually, I wonder if they're entirely

coincidental, echoes of the miling incident. So if you're already a member of The Restis History Club, you already have had that. If you're not, then you can sign up at the rest is history.com. That sounds amazing. And the good news doesn't stop there. Because Dominic, we're also doing a live show, aren't we, about the ultimate Victorian adventure, which is the Abyssinian expedition of 1868, all kicked off when the Abyssinian

emperor wrote a letter to Queen Victoria, and she neglected to reply. in a massive strop and chaos ensued. And actually, I think that ends with him, with the Abyssinian Emperor killing himself. So a bit of a theme developing there. Yeah, it's absolutely amazing story. It's one of the most lurid, implausible and entertaining of all 19th century imperial adventures. So I'm really looking forward to the show. It's very flashman, isn't it?

There's a flashman book about it, Flashman on the March. Yeah, it's the ideal Flashman story, if you like Flashman. And even if you don't, it's still brilliant. Anyway, that is at the South Bank in London on Friday the 4th of September. And you can get tickets once again at the rest is history.com. I think you should just bookmark the resthistory.com and buy everything it's got to offer. And Dominic, I have even more exciting news because we are running a summer sale. And so for a limited time, if you want to sign up to the Rest of History Club,

listen about the dinosaurs and a host of other supplementary benefits, then you will get an extra 20% off an annual membership. using the code summer 26. And this is only valid until the 31st of August. So hurry, hurry, hurry, while stocks last. So that is the myling incident. Next week we begin a six-part series on another royal. But this is a royal who lives to a ripe old age and does heroic things, all her reign.

And it is Elizabeth I. and we will be looking at the road that takes Elizabeth First to the fateful decision to execute Mary Queen of Scots and thereby inspire the launching of the Spanish Armada against her. Francis Drake's in it, isn't he? Francis Drake is in it. Sir Philip Sidney. Sir Philip Sidney's in it. Edward Campion, the Jesuit is in it. Lord Cecil is in it.

It's just non-stop Elizabethan action. Brilliant. So if you love a Tudor, you're going to love this series. We will see you then. Bye-bye. Alfie to say.