The Rich Roll Podcast - How to Change Your Brain With Dr. Andrew Huberman (+ Utkarsh!)

Episode Date: July 20, 2020

You can’t teach an old dog new tricks. Past the ripe age of 25, we are fully cooked; calcified in our ways. So dispense with the idea of learning a new language, skill, or thought pattern—it’s just not happening. But what if that idea is simply false? What if I told you that you actually have the power to change your brain and reprogram your perception, irrespective of age? This is the life’s work of today’s guest, Andrew Huberman, Ph.D. A neuroscientist and tenured professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Stanford University School of Medicine, Andrew specializes in neuroplasticity--the brain's ability to reorganize and repair itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. In addition, his work in the Huberman Lab at Stanford has been featured on the pages of Science, Discover, Scientific American, Time, and the New York Times, not to mention countless peer-reviewed journals. First and foremost, this is a conversation about what it really takes to shift our thought patterns. A master class on all things neuroplasticity, Dr. Huberman walks us through the brain's inherent ability to modify itself based on experience and how we can advantageously leverage this process--through focus, mindfulness and restorative sleep--to not only learn new skills but also improve all essential aspects of well-being. We cover his research in self-motivation, and how we can hijack our dopamine systems and optimize stress to move forward in difficult situations.  We discuss the inner workings of our nervous systems and how we can use our physical bodies—our diaphragms and visual systems—to access and optimize certain states of mind. And we also explore Dr. Huberman’s personal transformation. How he transcended family dysfunction and his days as a punk rock skater truant. And the most unlikely path he blazed to becoming the celebrated scientist he is today. Andrew teaches us that to shift the way that you function, changing your behavior is the first step.  I just see it as the science backing my favorite mantra -- mood follows action. The visually inclined can watch it all go down on YouTube. And as always, the audio version streams wild and free on Apple Podcasts and Spotify. The Appetizer: People seemed to enjoy my previous brief check-in segments with Mishka Shubaly and Nadia Bolz-Weber so I thought I’d do it again. Today’s main course warm-up comes courtesy of my friend Utkarsh Ambudkar, the linguistically dexterous musician, actor and rapper longtime listeners will recall from RRP #373. The occasion is the release of We Are Freestyle Love Supreme--a must see documentary that chronicles a tribe of über-talented artists--including UTK and one Lin-Manuel Miranda--from humble beginnings to Broadway superstardom. I love this film. Check it immediately on Hulu (and no, this is not a sponsored thing). I am super impressed by Andrew, his story and the crucial work he is doing. And grateful for the practical tools graciously shared today. May this exchange serve to expand your perception, capabilities, and worldview. Peace + Plants, Rich

The human animal is amazing at making plans, at modifying its brain if it wants to. But the human brain and the human animal are also dreadfully bad at doing what's best for us. What I think it comes down to is the fact that our reward systems are not designed for things that are just good for us. They're designed for things that optimize the progression of our species. just good for us. They're designed for things that optimize the progression of our species, but they're also, they will grab onto and ratchet into any behavior that makes us feel good. And so the human brain is really not optimized for making best choices. But I think we need to get comfortable as a culture in trying to understand our species and how we work, that the early stages of hard

work and focus are going to feel like agitation, stress, and confusion, because that's the norepinephrine and adrenaline system kicking in. None of us would expect to walk into the gym and do our PR lift or a performer go do something without warming up. The brain also needs to warm up and start to hone in which circuits are going to be active. And it's unreasonable for us to think, oh, I've got an hour. I'm going to plop down and write beautifully for an hour of my best work. We need to accept that there's a period of agitation and stress that accompanies the dropping into these highly concentrated states. Our feelings and our thoughts and our memories and all that is very complicated, but behaviors are very concrete and they are the control panel for the rest of it. I don't want to relegate feelings.

Feelings are extremely important. I don't want to relegate perception. They're extremely important. to get better or to perform better or to show up better or to move away from things like addictive behaviors. It's absolutely foolish for any of us, me included, to think that we can do that by changing our thoughts first. It's behavior first, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions follow. That's Dr. Andrew Huberman, and this is The Rich Roll Podcast.

The Rich Roll Podcast. We're brought to you today by recovery.com. I've been in recovery for a long time. It's not hyperbolic to say that I owe everything good in my life to sobriety. And it all began with treatment and experience that I had that quite literally saved my life. And in the many years since, I've in turn helped many suffering addicts and their loved ones find treatment. I've in turn helped many suffering addicts and their loved ones find treatment. And with that, I know all too well just how confusing and how overwhelming and how challenging it can be to find the right place and the right level of care. Especially because, unfortunately, not all treatment resources adhere to ethical practices. It's a real problem.

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treatment options for you. Life in recovery is wonderful, and recovery.com is your partner in starting that journey. When you or a loved one need help, go to recovery.com and take the first step towards recovery. To find the best treatment option for you or a loved one, again, go to recovery.com. We're brought to you today by recovery.com. I've been in recovery for a long time. It's not hyperbolic to say that I owe everything good in my life to sobriety. And it all began with treatment and experience that I had that quite literally saved my life. And in the many years since, I've in turn helped many suffering addicts and their loved ones find treatment. And with that, I know all too well just how confusing and how overwhelming and how challenging it can be to find the right place and the right level of care, especially because, unfortunately, not all treatment resources adhere to ethical practices.

It's a real problem. at recovery.com, who created an online support portal designed to guide, to support, and empower you to find the ideal level of care tailored to your personal needs. They've partnered with the best global behavioral health providers to cover the full spectrum of behavioral health disorders, including substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, gambling addictions, and more. Navigating their site is simple. Search by insurance coverage, location, treatment type, you name it. Plus, you can read reviews from former patients to help you decide. Whether you're a busy exec, a parent of a struggling teen, or battling addiction yourself,

I feel you. I empathize with you. I really do. And they have treatment options for you. Life in recovery is wonderful, and recovery.com is your partner in starting that journey. When you or a loved one need help, go to recovery.com and take the first step towards recovery. To find the best treatment option for you or a loved one, again, go to recovery.com and take the first step towards recovery. To find the best treatment option for you or a loved one, again, go to recovery.com. So we all know the old saying, you can't teach an old dog new tricks. That past the age of something like 25,

that we're all essentially set in our ways. So throw out the idea of learning anything new, a new language, a skill, a thought pattern, it is not happening. But what if I told you that that's simply not true? What if I told you that you have the power to actually change your brain and reprogram your perception, irrespective of age. Well, this is the life's work of Stanford neuroscientist, Dr. Andrew Huberman, and just one of the many, many fascinating topics explored in today's episode. As an appetizer to the forthcoming meal, we're going to start today by checking in with my friend Utkarsh Amudkar, the ridiculously talented musician, rapper, actor, basically expert of all things linguistically dexterous that you might recall from episode 373 about two years ago.

is the premiere of We Are Freestyle Love Supreme, which is this extraordinary documentary shot over the course of something like 15 years. And it's a really moving portrait of a very talented group of young artists, of which UTK is a member alongside Lin-Manuel Miranda, that began in this bookstore basement. And over time, we kind of see the honing of this incredible talent that would ultimately go on

to create In the Heights and Hamilton and Freestyle Love Supreme, which just ended a run on Broadway. It's an incredible story. It's a beautiful movie. I strongly urge all of you guys to check it out. It's an incredible story. It's a beautiful movie. I strongly urge all of you guys to check it out. It's streaming on Hulu. Utkarsh told some of the story in our original podcast.

And I personally was privileged to see Freestyle Love Supreme on Broadway last November. It's an experience I will never forget. And I really just wanted to help amplify this movie and this incredible story. So I asked UTK to drop in and share a few thoughts. Well, it's good to hear your voice, my friend. I love you, man.

I really miss everybody. It's been a weird time. And even though I haven't seen you in a while, I still feel very connected to you and everything that's going on in your life right now. It's been an unbelievable journey. We were just talking before recording that when you did the podcast, that was almost exactly two years ago, episode 373. And so much has happened in your life. When we sat down, you were getting ready to go to New Zealand to film Mulan, and you couldn't even publicly announce that on the podcast,

but you went there. You were there for how many months? Six months in New Zealand. Six months. Shooting in New Zealand for Mulan, incredible experience and met my now wife. You know, I've gotten married since we last chatted. I have a five-year-old stepdaughter.

I have a three-month-old son who was born in our bedroom during the pandemic, which was a astounding thing to witness. And you and I had spoken. You had come to the Britney Runs a Marathon premiere. But we were talking about parenthood and I was asking you about it. And it's been a trip, man, to have children during this time. Young children has been wild. And, you know, what's crazy is I went to New Zealand. I learned how to ride a horse. I did stunt training. I was, you know, in a lead in the movie. And I ended up I don't know if I told you this. I couldn't tell you that I was in Mulan then,

but now I can tell you, which is so funny, I got cut out of the movie. I'm totally cut out of it. So I got- What is the story behind that? I mean, you're there for six months shooting and then you end up on the cutting room floor. It's unbelievable. Yeah. I mean, I don't know. They just, up on the cutting room floor. It's unbelievable. Yeah. I mean, I don't know. They just, my role was meant to be comic relief. And I think that when they saw the final cut of the movie, they really wanted to lean into a more epic Lord of the Rings type of energy. And I think that the comic relief had to go. Right. It was a tonal thing. And Nicky Caro, the director, and Jason Lee, the producer, they were super loving and gracious. And Disney as well. Sean Bailey over there,

they've taken steps to sort of ensure that at least on the business end of things, we're still taken care of, which they didn't have to do. And which Chum Ahalapala and I greatly appreciate. I mean, it hurt at the time, but I just sort of also told you all the things that I gained from the experience. So when you look at the totality of it, it's like, who am I to really complain? You met your wife, you inherited a stepdaughter, you now have baby boy, Boomy. You've been sober for, you're coming up on six years, right? Yeah. Coming up on six years, right? Yeah, yeah, coming up on six, yep. And then you banged out a ton of movies

and then you're on Broadway all in a span of two years. Like that's a sober arc if I've ever heard one, my friend. And that speaks to like this incredible show. So I had this opportunity to be in New York. I was like, I'm coming to see your show. You made sure that you got a couple seats for me. I was like, I'm coming to see your show. You made sure that you got a couple seats for me. I took Bird, my literary agent. And I have to say, and I've told you this in person before, that is the most entertained I've ever been in a theatrical

production. It was so divine. Like the whole experience of witnessing you, this friend of mine, perform this passion that is inside of you and to do it with this tribe of brothers that you love and to create something out of whole cloth in front of this audience on Broadway. very memorable experience for me. I'd never seen anything like that before. And just the sheer, utter genius and joy of watching all of you guys up there doing what you do, like sharing this incredible gift that's so difficult for me to even comprehend was an unbelievable experience. And then last night, Julie and I watched the movie, which is why we're talking now, Freestyle Love Supreme documentary that just premiered on Hulu yesterday was the first day that it went up, right? Yes.

And it was, I mean, I texted you, it brought me to tears. Like it was such a moving and powerful experience watching the arc of, you know, what you guys have created, dating all the way back to when everybody was just kids. And what I took away from it was that this is really like a love story. It's a story about friendship. It's like this beautiful meditation on creativity and fearlessness and being in the moment

and what it means to be an artist devoted to authenticity and just the purity of the expression in this particular art form. I'm so glad that that's what you got from it. I mean, I can't really expound upon it more. All I can do is say as somebody who looks up to you and who really deeply respects you and what you do, Just thank you. I really appreciate your support and, you know, being able to be here and talk about it with you is, it's a real gift and privilege. So thanks for watching it. I really appreciate it. I mean, it's an incredible movie, you know, to everybody who's listening, like you've got to watch this. I immediately texted like a bunch of friends and I was like, stop what you're doing. You've got to see this movie. Another thing that

was really impactful for me was, you know, we all know who Lynn friends and I was like, stop what you're doing, you gotta see this movie. Another thing that was really impactful for me was, you know, we all know who Lin is and like this incredible, you know, what he has created and all of that. But what I was struck by was just how little has changed. Like he's doing it and all of you guys together are doing this for really just the joy of it. Like the fact that these guys,

when they were doing In the Heights, after the show would go and do Freestyle Love Supreme. And it's like, yeah, we have to keep doing this. We gotta flex this muscle. Like this is what brings us the most joy. And even seeing everybody at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, I think that was like in 2005 or 2007 or something like that. And they're like looking at a bad review. They're reading a bad review. And like nobody cares because it's not about that.

Right. It's about them being authentically who they are and trying to just get to the core of in terms of this group. I mean, it's full of joy and we stayed true to the art. But I guess on the outside, it's like there have been so many obstacles along the way. And I think Hamilton and In the Heights is a huge sort of motivator for why we all got back on broadway together or why we had the opportunity to get on broadway together right but the fact is is like it's grounded in a real sense of like whoa we have banged our head against the wall a lot to get to this point and the fact that nobody fell off nobody quit we all stayed together nobody Nobody got jealous. There was I mean, there were some discrepancies or some disagreements.

The energy shifted. We grew up. We grew old, but we've we've stayed strong and we all still have an FLS tattoo on our body, which is true. So that's pretty amazing. We've all been branded with the love. Right. Yeah. And it's cool. amazing. We've all been branded with the love. Right. Yeah. And it's cool. It's really, it's been interesting, the documentary for me, because, you know, on your podcast two years ago was the first time that I had ever talked about this experience with Hamilton and my sobriety at that time. And that was a huge platform for me and still is. You know, I told you I was in New Zealand and somebody at the tower was like, hey, I know you. I heard you on the Rich Roll podcast last week. And I was like, I'm across literally across the world and people are following you. And as a result, following me and my story. But having sort

of the journey of sobriety be told in the movie has been interesting because a lot of people have reached out with their own stories as I'm sure you're used to this. I'm not really used to it yet, but people being like, it's my first day sober. I've got 13 years, my husband, this, like your journey that, and it's been interesting to navigate it because the journey of sobriety is so subjective. It's never finished. It's not a goal. It's an experience. And I feel uncomfortable celebrating it, if that makes sense.

Well, it's delicate. And it's not for public consumption. And so when you are outwardly facing about it, like you now are, there's this sense that perhaps you're putting it in jeopardy or peril by sharing it. comfort with that because also you don't wanna be looked at as the paragon of sobriety or somebody who has it all figured out because this is a constantly evolving thing that requires tenacious attention in order to maintain. So when that spotlight gets put in your direction and people are looking to you for perhaps answers,

that's not the dynamic that is optimal for you maintaining that sobriety. Right. And that is the fear. The fear is like in sharing about it, it will somehow be lost or the potency or the effectiveness of my daily routines will be diminished. And there's also even a bigger fear, and you probably run into this, will be diminished. And there's also even a bigger fear, and you probably run into this, you use the word paragon, you know, sobriety being seen as a success story when it's really just a survival story. And it's not like we magically become incredible, I don't know, superstar individuals. Like I have a skillset and I have a heart and a spirit and a soul and I have a dedication and commitment to my family, my children, my wife. Those things are very special to me.

And as you know, like they're ever evolving, you know, we're like in the documentary, I'm four years sober. And in the year between four and five has been humongous, the amount of change and growth and just new sense of responsibility I have. So like you're way farther along on this path than I am. So it's pretty appropriate that I get to talk about this with you. And I hopped on the Mark Maron podcast and talking about it with him as well was really helpful. But like, but yeah, man, I don't know how you navigate it. because you're like a role model to a soul, like hundreds of thousands of people. And I can imagine sometimes it can be difficult to stay centered in that amongst, even though the noise is all praise, it can still be

quite difficult, I imagine, right? Well, I think you always have to come back to grounding it in just your personal experience. And people are always like, oh, you overcame addiction. Like now you're this other, and it's like, no, I continue to attempt to overcome it. Like this is an ongoing thing. Like I'm always bringing it back to that, to disabuse people of this idea that it's something that lives only in a past timeline,

because it's very much part of my present timeline. Yeah, exactly. It's the idea of like, you climbed Everest, you licked it. It's not like a mountain you climbed to the top of. It's like a desert. It's a flat line and you just got to keep moving towards the horizon. Right. That's just it. There's nothing to overcome, as it were, you know what I mean? Well, that speaks directly to a big theme in the documentary. I mean, the whole movie opens up with Lynn basically articulating that very sentiment by saying, this is a story about friendship and life is not linear. And Orson Welles said it best when he said, you know, if you want a happy ending, it depends on when you decide to end the story. Like this is a constantly evolving thing, whether it's your sobriety or the relationship that you have with these guys

in this particular art form whereby you guys express yourself. Yeah. And it's cool, man. I started talking about the first time I ever rapped about being sober on stage is captured in the documentary. And the reason that I did it, I had always shied away from it because it's very personal and precious to me. But Jelly Donut, Andrew Bancroft, who's a member of the group, his father, who has since passed away, he was sober for 40 years. And I knew that and he came to the show and I saw him like in the sixth row or whatever it was. And I was just sort of inspired by him to be honest and share the truth during the song that we do called True. And if you watch the documentary, you can see the exact moment that I'm talking about right now. And it was amazing because like, he passed away a couple of months ago. And before he did, he got me on the phone and we talked for a little while, which was a kind of difficult for him. And he sent me his 40-year sobriety coin, like sort of a gift to say goodbye. And he told me that, you know, when I hit 40, I should give it away to someone else. And he said this in a letter. And sort of that story

that you don't get in the documentary is sort of, I think, encompasses the love and affection, deep gratitude and connection that our group has that I think is captured in many other ways in the documentary where you addressed this and you talked about your sobriety and how the drinking and using impacted your relationship with these guys and your career trajectory, which is what we explored in depth when you did the podcast two years ago. But I wasn't sure whether that was going to be part of the movie. Like I thought, this is Ukarsh's private thing. You know, maybe this isn't going to make it into this narrative. But I was really glad to see. It's not like you linger on that subject matter, but it is addressed.

Yeah, it's pretty wild to see that. But it's so cool, man. We've stuck together a long time. The Broadway run was a huge gift. And, you know, there's a documentary called Mucho Amor about Walter Mercado. We Are Freestyle Love Supreme. There's, you know, John Lewis, who just passed away. Rest in peace. He's got a documentary on him called Good Trouble. And in a time that's really challenging right now, these little documentaries are sort of popping up that

are not substance-less, but they're full of love and compassion and striving for the truth is sort of at the core of all of them. And people are really responding to them because I think they're sort of speaking to our better angels. And I'm sort of blessed and just really grateful to be a part of it. 100%. I mean, I think that it's impossible to watch the movie and not feel inspired to cultivate your creative voice. And it also speaks to possibility, like what can happen when you just devote yourself to something that you love dearly

and you're resistant from ever abandoning it. Like it's just a, I think, you know, the movie, if there's one sort of blind spot, I'm not sure it really tracks enough of just how difficult all of this was. Like there's a lot of success that's portrayed and you go down a couple tangents to better understand some of the difficulties, was. Like there's a lot of success that's portrayed and you go down a couple tangents to

better understand some of the difficulties, but all of this, you know, evolved over a very long time by a group of people who just were dedicated to their craft and were doing something that they loved. It started very humbly in this bookstore basement. And the fact that, you know, now the art that you guys create is enjoyed by people all over the world and is celebrated so broadly is, you know, it's just, it's incredibly inspiring and motivating. Thanks, Rich, I really appreciate it. And you're right, I feel the same way.

When they asked us for notes, the main note I gave was like, can you please let people know how hard this was? Right, well, Lynn does say, you know, he's like, I, you know, I knew that Hamilton was my best work. And I also knew that it was going to be a really long road. Like it was still very far away from what he wanted it to be. And, you know, I think that process took seven years, right? Yeah. I remember when we started sort of hearing snippets of it and getting a sense of what was going on. And when he was like, I got something,

I got something. And then three years later, it'd be like, where is it? He'd be like, oh yeah, you know, it's coming. But you know, without Freestyle Love Supreme for all of us, like James Monroe doesn't win a Tony for playing the genie in Aladdin. Like Shockwave doesn't end up being an educator of children on the electric company. Like Anthony Veneziale doesn't start Speechless where he goes into Google and goes into corporations and teaches interpersonal relationships using improv. Like Tommy and Lynn, there's no In the Heights. There's no Hamilton. Like I don't get Pitch Perfect because I'm not rapping.

Like I don't get on the Mindy Project because I'm not drawing from the source. So like Bill Sherman doesn't do Sesame Street, which then, you know, has molded the minds musically of a generation of children. Like, you know, we are all indebted to one another for the sort of the source that we've kept pure in order to come back to and refill when we need it. Yeah, and it all goes back to that basement. You know, the purity of that experience was the laboratory from which all of these other gifts emerged. And the fact that all of you continue to appreciate that

and take care to protect that and to continue to express that speaks to this shared value that you guys all have, like this reverence for not just the art form, but the genesis that created the engine that has given all of you, you know, flight and careers and lives that have extended beyond those humble beginnings. Yep, we all have fairly middling to okay credit now, which is great. Well, I love the movie.

I just wanted to have you on. I wanted to hear a little bit more about it. I love it. I think everybody should check it out immediately. We are Freestyle Love Supreme on Hulu right now, streaming into your homes? Yep. Thanks, man.

What else do you, you have stuff that's coming out soon? I think the main thing I would love for people to be able to check out if they have time is my music. You can search Utkarsh and Utkar on iTunes, Spotify, Amazon Music, whatever you use, it's available. And I'm coming out with new music pretty much every month, every two months. All the time? Yeah, it's sort of the thing that I can sort of contribute to both myself artistically and I guess the world creatively.

So if you have the time, a few minutes here and there, feel free to listen while you're doing the dishes or vacuuming or, you know, hopefully staying safe and enjoying life. Thank you, brother. I love you. Thanks, man. I love you, bro. Thank you so much for having me.

I love that, man. UTK is a gift. Okay. Dr. Huberman, a neuroscientist and tenured professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Stanford University School of Medicine, Andrew specializes in something called neuroplasticity, which is basically the brain's ability to reorganize and repair itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. His groundbreaking work in the Huberman Lab at Stanford has been featured in Science Magazine, Discover Magazine, Scientific American, Time, and the New York Times, to name just a few. This is an incredible conversation about many things. Neuroplasticity, of course, the brain's incredible ability to modify itself based on experience and how we can all use it to our advantage to shift our thought patterns, enhance focus, and improve sleep. It's also a conversation

about his research in self-motivation and how we can hijack our dopamine systems and optimize stress to move forward in difficult situations. It's about the inner workings of our nervous systems, and difficult situations. It's about the inner workings of our nervous systems, leveraging our physical bodies, our diaphragms and visual systems to access certain states of mind, which is really fascinating. And it's also about Dr. Huberman's personal transformation

and his very unlikely path to becoming the celebrated scientist he is today. But more than anything, this is really a conversation about simply how to better self-regulate ourselves as animals. And I think this conversation is really important right now because as a society, we have become literally biochemically addicted to many things, including entrenched all or nothing thinking and myopic perceptions of life. Simply put, emotions cloud our judgment.

And it's vital that our society learns to understand the powerful role cognitive bias and dopamine and adrenaline play in affirming our worldviews and ultimately shutting us down to the opinions and experiences of others. Andrew teaches us that to shift the way that you function, changing your behaviors is the first step. I interpret this as simply the science that backs up my favorite mantra, mood follows action. I'm super impressed by Andrew, his story,

the work that he is doing, and very grateful for the practical tools that he provides all of us with today. My hope is that you use them to better your experience of life and expand your worldview. So here we go. This is me and Dr. So here we go. This is me and Dr. Andrew Huberman.

First of all, thanks for doing this. I appreciate you coming out. Yeah, my pleasure. Long time coming. I'm glad we're doing it in person and not remotely. And I think what I wanna do is start with your origin story because your path is very unlikely, your path to becoming a scientist. And I think it actually also kind of contextualizes

some of the things that I wanna talk about with you today. So maybe start there. Sure, so on the one hand, maybe I was fated to become a scientist. I guess the two things that are relevant there are, I always loved animals and I've always been obsessed with animal behavior. I just could watch Cousteau shows growing up, you know, underwater life or animals hunting, animals doing anything.

It's just so fascinating to me because I think even at a really young age, I've always just been intrigued in sort of what drives different animals to behave in the way they do and how body form matches to, I didn't know what it was, but brains and how that all works. So I've always been obsessed with animals. And then my dad's a scientist. So he's a physicist and was really early in chaos theory. And so growing up in our home, you know, we had scientists over for dinner and graduate students would come over for barbecues and things like that. Is he a Stanford professor?

He was at Stanford. He was mostly at Xerox PARC, which is kind of famous. If you read the Steve Jobs book, it's for the development of the GUI interface, the graphical user interface in sort of early days of the computer. So he had a lab there and he had a lab in applied physics at Stanford and something called symbolic systems, which is a Stanford degree in kind of ecology and computation, that kind of thing.

So I grew up in this family where science was very prominent and we had lots of discussions in our home that I would overhear and I didn't understand about physics. And we'd spend summers at the Aspen Center for physics, which was like- Good times. Yeah, so, and we were, and to be clear, you know, you hear the word Aspen, you know, we were a middle-class family,

but they have this Aspen Center for Physics. So the Feynman, you know, Richard Feynman was there, Murray Gilman, like all these luminaries of physics, Peter Kaus. And my dad was really good at telling me the stories about these guys. And then I'd always want to meet them. And it was mostly guys back then.

There weren't many women in physics. So I, you know, I was kind of immersed in science from a young age, but right about age 13, my parents split up and he moved overseas, he moved to Denmark. And my mom was really struggling with the breakup and I wasn't in contact with him anymore. So I had this really unusual childhood where, you know, we didn't talk about sports. We talked about science and I had this close relationship

with science and the people around science. But then all of a sudden the structure around family, like instead of dinners together every night, it was just like me and my mom. And I was an adolescent and I was hitting puberty. So, you know, there was bound to be some shifts in my world landscape and internal landscape anyway. But basically what happened was I stopped really paying attention to school and I got really heavily into skateboarding and kind of punk rock music. And I found my pack or my community through like a pack and community of kids that also just were kind of parentless. So this was like late 80s, early 90s. Yeah.

And so at a pretty young age, I started taking the, I grew up in Palo Alto. I was actually born at Stanford hospital and started taking the seven F bus up to San Francisco and hanging around in Embarcadero for the skateboarders out there. The list is, this is the, the now famous EMB crowd. So this was the birth of a huge movement of skateboarders that became professionals. Like, so you'd see the young Danny way would come through town or you had Rob Dyrdek. I remember when he came through. And so, so all these names that eventually became popular during the kind of X games era and the, but at that time it was really underground. And so it was this pack of maybe a hundred guys and it was run like a little city and it was chaos. It was like, there was fights and there was drinking and there was

lawlessness. There was also a lot of amazing skateboarding and there were a lot of amazing people. And there were some older guys, like one in particular, a very famous skateboarder is this kid, Mike Carroll. His older brother was kind of like the older brother to everybody, kind of kept us all in check. So it had its own unique organization. And it's actually interesting because the same thing was happening at that time in Washington Square Park in New York. And I love park in Philadelphia. There were all these like communities of kids that were basically parentless. And so in that time, I saw some interesting things.

First of all, I learned what it was to be parentless. Growing up in Palo Alto, it was like soccer games and AYSO and, you know, swim club. And all of a sudden I realized, you know, I don't have to be home at any particular time or, you know, none of these kids are going to school. And so we all, it was a kind of big group of truants. And it was interesting because it gave me a perspective that I had never had in Palo Alto, and I was drifting further and further away from any kind of academic rigor. I think I would go to school every once in a while. What's mom doing?

Does she have any idea that you're going up to the city every day? She was totally checked out. I think she was just devastated by a bunch of things that were happening, and she lapsed into a pretty serious depression. And then in that community, what was interesting is I started seeing that, you know, some guys were clearly fated to becoming professional skateboarders.

They were really good at it. I just want to say for full disclosure, I was not particularly good. I kept getting injured. I just, I was not fated to be, you know, exceptional or very good at it, but I love the camaraderie and I love the community. But I also noticed that, you know, some people were drinking all day and other people got into hard drugs and people started to, you know, some of the, the dysfunction really started to show up. Yeah. The fracture. Yeah. The fracture. Yeah, exactly. And so, um, and I started seeing that a lot more violence. People started getting their

girlfriends pregnant. They didn't have money to support those kids. It started becoming apparent to me that there was a lot of dysfunction as well as a lot of incredible people in that community. And so about that time, I got a girlfriend. And the other thing was I got removed from high school. So I went to kind of the famed slash infamous high school in Palo Alto, Gunn High School. Oh, you went to Gunn. I went to Gunn, which is famous because it's one of the most academically rigorous schools in the country, maybe the planet. People move to the area just to send their kids there. But it also has this very complicated reputation as a high suicide rate of any school in the country.

The New York Times has written about this. So, you know, I would come to school every once in a while, but I could tell you far more about the curbs in the front of the gun high school parking lot than I could about anything that I learned at gun. Yeah. So when they say you were removed, I mean, you were expelled.

No, basically they just said, you need to either start coming to school or, you know, you're done. So I got shifted to another high school and that was the same story. It just was, it was a mess. It just fell apart. And so at one point I was brought in,

I have a kind of vague recollection of this, but I was brought in to have a discussion with a school counselor. And I don't think I've ever told this story before. And there was someone sitting in the corner. This guy was sitting in the corner and he didn't introduce himself. And pretty soon I realized, I was like, I think they're going to take me away. Like I started to realize, cause they realized my mom wasn't really able to

control me. It wasn't really in a place to support me at that time. And so, and that's what they did. They took me away. They took me to a place up the peninsula, which was not a jail and it wasn't a hospital. It was just sort of a place where they put kids that were spinning out. Like some kind of juvie warehousing situation? Yeah, a lot of psychologists, a lot of locks on doors, a lot of kids that, there were 12 of us in there at any one time.

It was locked down. And the first night there, I remember I had a roommate who was like really into cutting on himself, that kind of thing. And he told me, he was like, look, if you just do what they say here, you'll be out of here in like a month. And if you don't, you're going to be here a very long time. And I remember being pretty frightened for the first time. And at that point I was like, oh my goodness, like this is bad. You know, like this is bad. I'm a long way. It's so hard for me to imagine. I know, I know. This given, you know, who you are and what you do now. I know. And, you know, and it was literally

like the kind of one phone call a day kind of thing. So actually I called, I was skateboarding for a company in San Francisco. I think they put me on out of sympathy. And I called this guy up and I said, look, they locked me up. I don't know what to do. Can you help me? And I'll never forget. I don't wanna say his name. He goes, you're the most normal guy I know.

He's like- The least likely of that crowd for that to happen. So in any event, I was permitted to go back to school eventually, provided that I went to therapy. And so I started going to weekly therapy, which in the early nineties was kind of a weird thing. You wouldn't admit it to your friends, but so we'd skateboard around Stanford campus. I was doing my thing. And then twice a week, I would go in and see this therapist. He's a remarkable guy because

A, he had deep training in the mind, right? And we started talking about what was going on and he really picked up on the fact that there was essentially no structure, no home life for me, but that I had a strong drive and I was really interested in learning. I mean, I was enthusiastic and motivated enough to skateboard as hard as I could, even though I wasn't going to go anywhere with it. So at that point, and the fact that I had a girlfriend, I started looking for something that I could do. And I started, at one point I thought I joined the fire service because it seemed like the camaraderie was good. At that point, I started strengthening my body a bit because I didn't want to keep getting hurt. So I started running, I started lifting weights,

a football coach at gun actually turned me on to fitness. It's actually an interesting guy. He wrote the script for that movie, Mr. Mom. Do you remember that? Yeah. Because his wife bet him that he couldn't do what she could do, which was stay home with the kids. And he was this big, strong football coach. And so he made her bet and they, and he lost. And so he wrote that script, Michael Keaton played the, you know, so he taught me, he was like, look, you know, you can't even do a pull-up. You need to start doing your pull-ups and you start running, you know,

and he said, the fire service might be good for you. So I was spinning out, but there were people that were willing to kind of, you know, point me in the right direction. So what ended up happening was my high school girlfriend went off to college and I didn't, you know, I didn't know what I was gonna do. So I actually went in and I lived in the parking lot outside I didn't know what I was going to do. So I actually

went in and I lived in the parking lot outside her dormitory. I just want to be near her. She was my family at that, at that point. College locally or? She was at UC Santa Barbara. So you just, you drove down and. I just drove down. I just camped out in the parking lot and people, and, and I was starting to get into some martial arts and Thai boxing then. So I think I was teaching some Thai boxing, self-defense stuff on campus and doing this kind of thing. And by the end of that year, I realized that I should probably apply to college.

So I applied to UCSB and somehow I got in. Lord knows how I got in. Because I did eventually graduate high school, barely. Got in and then after a year, I just completely flailed it. I wasn't going to class. I was getting into fights. A lot of that kind of mischief and kind of wildness was still in me. And what ended up happening was I got into a physical altercation on July 4th, 1994, with like a bunch of guys. And at the end of that, I walked back to the place I was staying. And of course I wasn't paying rent because I had learned in those years, like you can just squat

in an empty house. So, you know, it's Isla Vista, California, you know? So I was really running wild and went back and just, I realized I was like, this picture is really bad. You know, at some point, this isn't going to be like a kid who had some problems. This is gonna be truly- It's not cute anymore. It's not cute anymore. No one's gonna make excuses about your upbringing or the lack of parenting. You just, you're gonna end up being a ward of the state.

I mean, it sounds like you're almost a feral animal. Totally feral, actually. And I have some close friends that that's how they refer to me. Really? They're actually feral. And it's funny, even to this day, I mean, I'll get to where this eventually took me, but even to this day, when I go into a home where it's clearly like a loving home,

where there's kids are happy and there's good food and it's warm and cozy, I always feel this thing like, wow, like amazing. Like I sort of want to be adopted by them immediately, but you know, I'm 45 years old. So that's not appropriate at this age. What's so interesting. I keep thinking about David Epstein's book, Range. Did you read this book?

Which is basically this thesis that some of the most successful people are not, you know, we suspect that, you know, the great talents of the world across all disciplines are the people who discover their passion at an early age and practice it voraciously for many, many, many years. But in fact, it's people more like yourself

who've dabbled in all different kinds of things who end up being ultimately the most proficient at their selected skillset. And when I look at your experience, I see trauma, I see adventure, I see all these obstacles that you've had to face and overcome and manage on your own essentially, right? And all of those really inform perfectly

the things that you're interested in and what you explore today in your lab. Yeah, it really did. I think that I'm so grateful for those years. I wouldn't wish them on any kid because I think having a secure, loving environment at home is so key. And I should say about a third of the kids that I grew up with in that environment, that whole skateboarding punk rock culture, about a third have gone on to found companies or professional skateboarders. About a third just kind of drifted off and about a third are dead or incarcerated, a huge number.

And so there's real value in having a support system. That's clear. But it exposed me to all these things like addiction, schizophrenia, rage, like all these incredible elements. Like I was never really into drinking and drugs. I could drink or not drink. It just wasn't, I wasn't drawn to it.

But other people, they took one sip and it was like, that was their thing. It was like the magic elixir for them. And so, you know, I was observing what was happening. And then after that, you know, that July 4th, 94 incident was, I realized this is it, you know, it's now or never. It really was one of those moments.

You know, you hear about those moments, but it was me realizing I'm living in this squat. I've got a pet ferret. My girlfriend's gone. She broke up with me. She was smart enough to break up with me. You know, I'm getting in fights. I'm working at a bagel shop. I'm barely making ends meet. And at that point, I just made the decision. I just said, okay, look, I'm not going to be a professional athlete. I think I'm pretty good at memorizing things. I think I have an interest in people. I'm going to just decide. I just decided to do school. I decided that was the track. So like some people pick the military because it's like, if you know what to expect,

at least in terms of the passages that you're gonna go through. And for me, that was school. And so I decided to get back in school. I moved into a studio apartment by myself. I quit partying completely. I didn't go to parties. I got really serious about fitness.

So I just started running and lifting weights and I studied. You went like Henry Rollins style. I did, I did. That's a lot of self-awareness. I mean, people go into the military because on some level, I mean, some people do That's a lot of self-awareness. I mean, people go into the military because on some level, I mean, some people do because there's some yearning for having that structure imposed upon their lives.

But you constructed that kind of structure for yourself. Yeah, I think I was really afraid. I think I was like, and these days, cause my lab studies fear and I get into this whole thing around mindsets and people always ask me, is it better to do something from a place of love or fear? Depends.

And at that point, fear was the best motivator for me. And I just basically worked like crazy. It's interesting because I didn't have a mentor or someone to bring me to that, but there was one professor in particular who took note. He was like, oh, you know, you seem really interested in this stuff. And I was like, yeah, because he was teaching me about depression, schizophrenia, neurochemicals. I was totally turned on by the world of neuroscience. It wasn't even called neuroscience back then, but this one guy, Harry Carlyle, he was teaching me about thermal regulation

and how the brain works and how receptors in the skin relate to perceptions in the mind. And he also had a deep sensitivity to mental disease. And I'd seen a lot of that. I'd seen a lot of depression and anxiety in my own family. I'd had a friend commit suicide and anxiety in my own family. I'd had a friend commit suicide. Another friend becomes schizophrenic. I think he's still walking

the mission district of San Francisco now. Seen some friends become addicts. And so here was someone explaining that there's actually an underlying basis for this. And I just poured myself into it. Is that the same guy who would smoke underneath the vacuum hood and stuff like that? Like a bit of an iconoclast? Yeah, he was amazing. So he was a favorite teacher of many students, but if you could get into his lab,

then you were kind of one of the chosen ones, I guess. He's like the perfect mentor at the perfect time for you. Yeah, so he used to drink coffee in lab, which you're not supposed to do. He used to smoke cigarettes in lab and in the fume hood. And they used to come and yell at him and he would do it anyway. And I thought, you know, this guy,

he doesn't even know what it is, but you know, he's punk rocker. He doesn't even know. And so, you know, he gave me an opportunity to work in his lab. And then at some point he told me, if you go to graduate school, they'll actually pay you to do science.

And what ended up happening at that point was I hit a brick wall because I was, I had a lot of resentment toward my dad. I felt, you know, here's my dad. He was a scientist. He had, you know, left us all this kind of thing. And I realized if I didn't do this, if I didn't take this opportunity, it was going to be the most foolish thing ever. You know, what am I going to do? Spite my, you know, my parents, you know, I was 20 years old at that point. So I just made the decision. I'm going to get a PhD. I'm going to become a professor.

I'm going to get tenure. I'm going to be like this guy, this guy who has looked like he had a pretty good life to me. And so that's pretty much how I spent the last 25 years of my life is doing experiments. It worked out. It worked out. I mean, it was a lot of work.

I mean, I didn't have the power of concentration. I hadn't read all the good books that gun high school students read. Growing up, I had to learn how to speak properly. I learned how to think properly and really learn how to commit to something that was very linear and at times was very painful. And I went to some pretty extreme things. I actually used to set a timer and I wouldn't allow myself to get out of the chair until the timer went off. And I would experience extreme agitation. But over time, I got pretty good. And now I can do long stints of work without any breaks. And yeah, it worked out. You developed that neuroplasticity in your favor, ultimately. You were always a reader though, right?

I loved books. So I would hide in the tower books section in the evenings and I would read everything about fitness, psychology, anything I could. I've always devoured information. My favorite book when I was a kid was the encyclopedia or the Guinness Book of World Records. So when I was a little kid, I'dopedia or the Guinness Book of World Records.

So when I was a little kid, I'd walk around the Aspen Center for Physics and I would tell anyone. I didn't even ask them if they wanted to hear about what's the world's smallest Eutherian mammal. It could tell you all these facts that were kind of meaningless at the time. But I've always been fascinated by the inventory of different animals on the planet

and their different behaviors. And so, yeah, voracious reader and still now. I love information. Well, as a neuroscientist, I mean, you're your own patient. I mean, the fact that you were able to, you know, turn your life around in such a dramatic fashion and do it essentially through sheer will and, you know, setting up practices

that would fuel you, you in that right direction. And then being available when those mentors showed up from the, from the, you know, the, the early therapist sounds like that guy almost saved your life. He absolutely saved my life. He gave me the book, um, wherever you go, there you are, the John Cobb at Zen book. And he said, no pressure, but if you can develop a mindfulness practice where you can sit still for like 10 minutes a day, it'll serve you very well. So I started doing that.

Like he could have told me to hang out of a window by my ankles, I would have done it. I think there was a self-preservation thing was kicking in for me. So I got very interested in mindfulness meditation. He also, it was, I think quite smart in saying, look, there's a whole world of psychedelic drugs that are powerful in influencing the mind. He said, if you're going to explore those, wait until your

brain has already developed, which I think is a controversial statement in and of itself. So he actively discouraged me to go down that path, which I think was the right thing, given I was a minor, you know, and nowadays there's all this discussion now about psychedelics and their power. And I think they are very interesting compounds, but he really steered me towards behavioral practices. Like what could I do each day from waking up to going to

sleep that would serve my mental health and my productivity well. Yeah, I owe him a tremendous amount. And especially because he wasn't just in the psychoanalytic theory, he also was like cognitive behavioral. He understood the power of practices, not just discussing issues.

Yeah, to begin a meditation practice at that age in the mid nineties, that's pretty radical. Yeah, I felt it was funny because I thought if I didn't sit in the Lotus position, like I wasn't doing it properly. You know, back then there was all this stuff around and it was very mystical. And in my family, because my dad's very conservative

and my mom's a little bit more of a free spirit, I was taught that anything that related to hippie culture was doomed to fail and cause problems. And that anything that was related to like conservative culture was fated to advance the progress of humanity. It turned out neither one was true, of course. So I, but I needed people to push me in those directions, lift weights, run, meditate, do your schoolwork,

do your homework. And so I think, you know, now I have a good relationship with my parents, but I think I had to go out into the world and find those, you know, sort of paternal and maternal figures because they weren't in my home. I needed to find those. Do you look back on your upbringing with gratitude? Like how do you reflect on that experience and how it informs, you know, how you think about what you do now?

Yeah. I'm immensely grateful for it because, you know, where I'm at today is, today is, my lab works on a number of issues related, sort of hardcore neurobiology of regenerating the brain, trying to fix, basically cure blindness and repair visual systems, but also things related to fear, courage, mindset, stress, anxiety, trauma, et cetera. And the early seed of seeing how science is done definitely gave me an advantage.

I won't lie. You know, seeing how scientists interact and behave and understanding that they are just people, because a lot of what was discussed in my home was about the people, not just the science they do. That really gave me an advantage. And then seeing all that dysfunction and realizing that the human animal is amazing at making plans, at modifying its brain if it wants to.

But the human brain and the human animal are also dreadfully bad at doing what's best for us. Right. Because of this, what I think it comes down to is the fact that our reward systems are not designed for things that are just good for us. They're designed for things that optimize the progression of our species, but they're also, they will grab onto and ratchet into any behavior that makes us feel good. And so the human brain is really not optimized for making best choices.

And so those years of seeing all that dysfunction. I can testify to that. Yeah, and I wouldn't trade those years of seeing all that dysfunction. I can testify to that. Yeah. And I wouldn't trade those years for anything. And I still have great friends in that community. I mean, I think, you know, had I joined a different community, I would have found the right people as well. But to be with, you know, a huge pack of feral kids at that age and to see the function and dysfunction. And also it was wild.

It was a lot of fun. I can imagine. It was a lot of fun. That's a whole set of stories. Did you see that movie, Mid-90s? Mid-90s and the movie Kids, the Larry Clark movie. When I saw that movie, first of all, I had a lot of friends that were in that movie

because he used actual skateboarders. In Kids? Yeah, I actually knew a couple of those kids. And it's a movie, but there were a lot of things about that movie that are very accurate. Yeah, yeah. And when I saw that movie, I was like, yeah, that's like pretty much a day in the life

in Washington Square Park. And, you know, I mean, it was a little extreme on some end, but you didn't know where you were gonna end up each night. That was a unique experience, you know? So yeah, and mid nineties was really good. I think it captured the essence of what it is to be a kid. That's just looking for some, some group of people to, to join.

And skateboarding is a unique sport because you get young kids and grown men. And now women and girls do it as well. It didn't happen so much then, but now there are a lot of great awesome skateboarders that are female, but they're all hanging out together. You wouldn't find that in soccer. You're not going to get little kids playing with grown men. So you get exposed to a lot because everyone's at different developmental stages. But yeah, it was an amazing thing. I wouldn't change it for anything. That's cool. Well, let's segue into talking about the brain

and maybe we could start with how you think about the brain specifically. Like talking about the brain. And maybe we could start with, you know, how you think about the brain specifically. Like what is the brain? What does it do? What does it not do? You know, it helps us survive. It's our portal into trying to make sense of the world. Like what's the starting point

in the discussion around the brain? Yeah, so the brain and nervous system, which, so it's like brain, spinal cord, connections with the body and back again. I don't distinguish between brain and mind. I think that's like an 80s discussion or earlier. And I think it would take us down the wrong track. So brain or mind to me is interchangeable.

Mind body is kind of interchangeable because the brain is connected to the body and the body's connected to the brain, right? If I pinprick my hand and it hurts, my brain registers it where it happens. It's kind of an irrelevant discussion now. I think we really need to just appreciate that the nervous system is designed to orchestrate

all the processes in the body, not just thinking and not just behavior. And really can be divided into five things. So there's sensation. And sensation is really bound or restricted by the receptors in the body. So receptors in the eye that perceive photons, light energy, receptors in the skin that perceive pressure, you know, touch receptors, smell, taste, hearing, et cetera. And the interesting thing about sensation and the fact that the nervous system needs to pay

attention to sensation is it's non-negotiable. The nervous system of humans is designed to extract physical phenomenon from the universe that are non-negotiable. Photons of light. I can't see in the infrared with my eyes and I can't see ultraviolet light with my eyes. And I can't perceive that

because I don't have the receptors for it. So other animals can perceive some of those things, but that leads us to the next thing, which is perception, which is which sensations are you paying attention to? So all the time you're sensing things. Like right now your feet are sensing the contact with your shoes, but you're not thinking about it until I say that. And then you shift your perception.

So perception is like this spotlight. So the brain wants to constantly bring in sensation. It's non-negotiable what's coming in. It's just dependent on your environment. Perception is negotiable. You can control that because I just said shoes and you thought about your feet and there you are. Then there are feelings, which can be a little bit nebulous, but feelings are a link between our emotion and generally invokes the body. Sensations in the body and concepts in the mind of what those sensations are about. That's really what emotions are.

Animals definitely experience them. I'm kind of appalled to think that 10 years ago, people were like, do animals have emotions? Of course they have emotions, right? Because those are bodily sensations merged with some perception. So of course they do. And then there's thoughts.

And thoughts are interesting because thoughts happen spontaneously. Think about like a web browser that's constantly giving you pop-ups, but thoughts can also be deliberate. So you and I can decide right now that we're going to think about a plan for something, or we're going to think about what's going on in the world. So thoughts happen spontaneously and they can be deliberate. And then the final thing is behaviors and action. So the nervous system is responsible for sensation, perception, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. And what's interesting,

you start to think about that as you're like, okay, that's a lot, but what is the nervous system really trying to accomplish? Like on any given day or at any moment, what's it trying to accomplish? And it's really trying to accomplish one thing, which is to take perceptions of the outside world and merge those with perceptions of the outside world and merge those with

perceptions of the inside world, what we call interoception, and to link those in a way that's operating on an environment in the appropriate way. So what do I mean by that? So if I'm feeling anxious and I'm in a very calm environment, I'm going to perceive that rapid heart rate and kind of feeling of agitation in my body as inappropriate for the moment, right? And my goal then as an organism is to adjust my level of what they call autonomic arousal or alertness down. If I'm at a great party or I'm at a wedding

or it's a celebration or I'm at a protest or, you know, then I might feel that my level of alertness is appropriate for my environment. So the nervous system is in this constant dynamic interaction with the outside world and trying to figure that out. One way that this can be kind of conceptualized is there's an emerging idea that's kind of interesting about impatience.

So we've all had the feeling of being impatient. Some people are far more patient than others. But if you've ever been in line at the store and you feel like something's going very slowly, you know, the person in front of you is taking a long time, they're doing some returns, you're getting kind of impatient, maybe you're breathing in a mask

and you're like, oh, like you're, you know. What's the idea is that if you're getting a certain frequency of pulses from your body, and if those pulses are coming in quickly, like you're perceiving yourself, that interoception quickly, it's like pulse, pulse, pulse, pulse. You're gonna be more geared

towards your internal representation. And then you're seeing what's going on in the outside world and it seems like it's going very slowly. But there are other times when you're in line at the store, someone's getting some returns and you're texting on your phone or you've had a great day, you've had a great run, your family's in great shape and you're fine. Why?, you've had a great day, you've had a great run, your family's in great shape and you're fine.

Why? Well, the frequency of those pulses, that interoception is matched pretty well to your outside environment. And so impatience is really when your internal sort of metronome is not matched well to the external environment. There are other times when you're feeling

like your internal metronome is tick, tick, tick. And you've got a million things coming at you through email or texting. You've got a bunch of things and you're feeling overwhelmed and tired. Well, in either case, there's nothing right or wrong. It's just your body and your brain are trying to say, what's going on in the outside world

and how well matched am I to it? Right. So if you think about some of the sort of core practices of mindfulness and self-regulation of like focusing on breathing or focusing on state of mind, a lot of that is trying to bring more awareness to your internal state. But what our brain is normally doing when our eyes are open and we're interacting in the

world is we're constantly trying to update our internal state to match external demands of the world. And this harkens back to a really early design of all nervous systems, which is how do you take an organism that needs certain things, food, water, mates, reproduction, shelter, how do you move that organism? How do you create a system that will do that in best relation to the environment? And so what mother nature has done is designed a series of systems.

Let's just take agitation and stress for one. If an animal or a human is very thirsty, you feel kind of agitated, you might get up and get a drink of water. If you're very thirsty, it can put you into a state of panic. If you're extremely thirsty and water is a limited resource, you might even result to violence to get it or negotiation of some sort that you wouldn't if you were calmer. So the stress and agitation were designed to actually mobilize the body

to take us in the direction of something that's adaptive. So you can start to see these kind of core elements of what the brain and nervous system do, sensation, perception, feeling, thought, and action. And this constant challenge of trying to match our internal state to the external real estate, the outside world. And you start to see that the sensations that we call stress or impatience or calm

are really the result of those attempts that the nervous system is trying to perform. That's a lot to take in and super interesting. And it's prompting in me this attempt to try to wrap my head around what within the brain is mutable, which is kind of what your work is all about versus what is immutable.

Like you were talking about thoughts, like pop-up windows on a browser. Sometimes our brains are just doing what they do and that there are things that we can do like mindfulness and breath work and the practices that you're talking about, hypnosis, which is another thing that you're involved in to help us like take better,

manage better that process to kind of take the reins and be more in charge rather than be prey or victim to these kinds of things that just occur without our conscious awareness. Well, I think that in terms of value of understanding the nervous system and where it can be steered, it's absolutely clear that the nervous system

can change in response to experience. So this thing we call neuroplasticity is really that. It's the brain's ability to modify itself in response to experience. And I think it's important to understand that from birth till about age 25, the brain is extremely malleable in a kind of almost passive way where kids are exposed to things and the brain is just wiring

up. I mean, the brain is really designed to adjust itself in order to be in concert with its surroundings and to optimize that just the way we described it. Like the way that a child can learn a language very quickly or play the guitar or something like that. Yeah, without an accent, you know, three languages without an accent. It's remarkable. You try and do that after age 25, it's very challenging. And so the brain is basically designed to be customized in the early part of life and then to implement those algorithms and that circuitry for the rest of its life. And so the brain can change in adulthood and it can change provided that there's an emphasis on some perceptual event. So in other words, if you want to change your brain as an adult, let's say you want to be less anxious, you want to learn a new language, you want to be

more functional in some way, presumably. The key thing is to bring focus to some particular perception of something that's happening during the learning process. And the reason for that is that there's a neurochemical system involving acetylcholine. And it comes from these two little nuclei down in the base of the brain called nucleus basalis. All day long, you're doing things in a reflexive way.

But when you do something and you think about it very intensely, acetylcholine is released from basalis at the precise neurons that were involved in that behavior. And it marks those for change during sleep or during deep rest later. So for people that want to change their brain, the power of focus is really the entry point and the ability to access deep rest and sleep. Because most people don't realize this, but neuroplasticity is triggered by intense focus, but neuroplasticity occurs during deep sleep and rest. And we can talk about how to optimize those different brain

functions. One of the things that's really important also to think about how the brain works in terms of plasticity and all this stuff is what the brain really wants to do is also pass as much of what it does off to reflexive behavior as possible. So when we're talking about focus, I think it can get a little bit vague, but it might be useful to think about like, what exactly is focus and what triggers plasticity? So the brain loves to be able to just do things, pick up coffee cups and drink and walk and talk and do things and not put much energy into it. When we decide to focus, what the brain really does is it switches on a set of circuits,

the frontal cortex and nucleus basalis and some others. And it's trying to understand duration, how long something's gonna last, path, what's gonna happen, and outcome, what ultimately is gonna happen. So duration, path, and outcome. You know, the events of early 2020 are a good example of this. One of the reasons why it's so exhausting to be alive in 2020 is because we are now having to pay attention to duration, path,

and outcome. How long is this thing going to last? When are, you know, when are they going to open up all businesses? Did I touch that door handle? Does it matter? Who are the experts? Are there any experts? There are a lot of questions, whereas normally we can just move through life without having to do all that analysis. So if it's a simple example, like trying to learn a new language or a new motor skill or a new way of conceptualizing something, maybe somebody's in a therapeutic process and they're trying to work through a trauma or something like that. Duration path and outcome is built into the networks of the brain. We can do that very easily, but it takes work. And it almost has a feeling of underlying agitation and frustration. And that's because the circuits that turn on before acetylcholine are

of the stress system. So when you or I decide we're gonna learn something and really dig in, norepinephrine, which is adrenaline, is secreted in the brainstem and in the body, and it brings about a state of alertness. Then our attention, which is mostly a diffuse light, is brought to a particular duration path and outcome analysis. This would be thinking about what somebody is saying.

What are they really trying to say? A hard passage of reading, a hard set of math problems, a challenging physical workout. When you do that, these two systems have to work very hard and the adult brain doesn't really wanna change the algorithms it learned in childhood. But if you do those two things, you have alertness and focus.

The acetylcholine and the norepinephrine converge to mark those synapses for change. And so the way to think about neuroplasticity if one wants to change their brain is bring about the most intense concentration you can to something. And then later bring about the least amount of concentration to that thing. So I'll talk about that in a second,

but there were some studies that were done at Stanford by a guy named Eric Knudsen that showed that plasticity in the adult brain, any age can be as robust as it is in childhood, as fast and as dramatic. Wow. Provided the focus is there and it's all contingent on this acetylcholine molecule

coming from nucleus basalis. So you say, well, how do you do that? How do you get it? Exactly. Well, I've got friends that chew Nicorette thinking that's going to get them there because Nicorette is a nicotinic acetylcholine agonist, but that's going to globally increase acetylcholine. So I always tell them that's not the right approach. The right approach is to bring as much focus to a behavior or to a thought or to an action pattern. And there has to be a sense of urgency. So what Knudsen lab showed

and another lab at UCSF, Mike Merzenich's lab showed is that if there's a serious contingency, like in order to get your ration of food each day, you have to learn this thing. The degree of plasticity is remarkable. But if there isn't an incentive, it just isn't gonna happen. So these circuits in the brain that mother nature set up

are designed to be anchored to a real need. And people always say to me, well, should I do something out of love and a real desire to learn, or should it be out of fear? But either one works. The sense of urgency is just acetylcholine. It's norepinephrine. That's all it is.

It doesn't, the brain doesn't have a recognition of whether or not something is pleasurable or not until later. Once you start accomplishing your goal, the reward systems like dopamine start kicking in. But I think if people are interested in modifying their brain for the better, at least some, you know, top contour understanding

of how urgency and focus must converge for that to happen can be useful because I think there's a lot of attention paid to whether or not something feels like flow or whether or not it's the, what I call highly desirable states or whether or not you can eat a plant out of the ground that will magically put your brain into a state of plasticity.

And the answer is yes, such plants exist, but what's missing is the focus component. If that work is not done with a particular end goal in mind, you'll get plasticity, but you'll get plasticity in a kind of across the board. It's like learning a little bit of nine languages all at once is not gonna make you speak coherently in any one of them.

So focus is the key. Right. I mean, this idea of flow is so much in the vernacular now. My sense is that people are trying to measure their level of engagement against some sort of theoretical idea of what it's like to be in that flow state. And if they're not experiencing it, they feel like they're doing it wrong or they feel guilty or they beat themselves up. And for me, a lot of it is just hard work.

Like right now, I'm trying to finish this book. And I should have been working on this book for like the last nine months, right? And I just couldn't get it together. Like it's a collaborative project. So there's a lot of different people that are involved in this. And they've been working diligently sort of daily, putting this thing together. And I've just been focusing on the podcast and been unable to immerse myself in this project because I know from past book projects, when I go in, I go all in, like the addict in me kicks in

and it's like, it just becomes my universe. And I've been completely paralyzed from taking that on. And so I've dithered away most of the quarantine without being productive on this project. And then about 10 days ago, we had a meeting and we established this deadline at, you know, July 10th to turn this thing in. And it was like a switch got flicked and I went all in and it's all I can think about now. And in fact, everything else feels like extraneous and a distraction. I just want to get back so I can focus on this

thing. And 10 days ago, I couldn't get myself into that position. And it's made me think about like what is going on in my brain that, you know, it's such a drastic state change. And what did I do to switch that? Well, a deadline was imposed upon me and whatever happened neurochemically with that set in motion like a chain reaction of events that got me into the chair. And once I began the project, for me, it's all about like momentum, right? It's like the start,

getting to the starting line and beginning is so hard. Like I will just go forever without doing it. And then I'm in, and then I'm all in 110%. And I'm like, why can't I just, why can't I be that person who just worked on it, you know, an hour and a half every day for the last three months? Well, I can offer some potential explanations. I can relate. And none of it involves a flow state. Right. It's all hard. Yeah. And you know, I'm friends with Steven Kotler. I think flow, and I think the Cheeks of Mahai who originated this thing in flow is really interesting. But I say right now, the most we can say about flow mechanistically is backwards, it spells wolf.

We don't really understand flow. People have come up with these theories. It's like, you know, hypo, hyper frontality. I haven't seen the data and I'm not picking on anybody. I'm putting that out there as a prompt for people to discover this. I think that, and to work on it. I think it's a really interesting, highly desirable state, but I think we need to get comfortable as a culture in trying to understand our species and how we work, that the early stages of hard work and focus

are gonna feel like agitation, stress, and confusion, because that's the norepinephrine and adrenaline system kicking in. None of us would expect to walk into the gym and do our PR lift or, you know, a performer go do something without warming up. The brain also needs to warm up and start to hone in which circuits are going to be active. And it's unreasonable for us to think, oh, I've got an hour. I'm going to plop down and write beautifully for an hour of my best work. We need to accept that there's a period of agitation and stress that accompanies the dropping into these highly concentrated states. Now, in terms of the reward that accompanies the feeling that we're funneling

into that groove of being productive in one regime, like for you writing this book, the dopamine system is really important to understand. So we've talked about norepinephrine kind of gets you going. Acetylcholine is the spotlight of attention. The dopamine system is mother nature's hardwired ancient system in all animals, including humans, to put us on the right path.

Now, a lot of people talk about dopamine as this thing that you get when you publish the book or when you get the book deal or when something wonderful happens, like your child's born, and that's true. But dopamine's main role is to be released anytime you achieve a milestone or you think you're on the right path.

And when the dopamine system is tethered to a particular pattern of focus, remember, duration, path, and outcome. So it's like, okay, you sit down, maybe you don't get much text out, but then the next day you get 800 words of really solid text and you feel good. Like I'm into this. What does that dopamine system do? The dopamine system takes the norepinephrine, which is normally rate limiting. Like at some point, there's so much norepinephrine that you quit. And we can talk about that. It's actually the substrate for quitting.

Dopamine can push that noradrenaline back down, that adrenaline back down and give you more room, more space to do duration path and outcome work, highly focused work. And I'm making duration path outcome synonymous with highly focused work. Why would this happen? So let's think about an animal.

Let's think about a deer that wakes up and is thirsty and it's wandering out looking for water. That animal needs water. It doesn't know that it needs water. It experiences agitation the same way that a baby feels agitation when it wants food, but it doesn't know it needs food. It just feels agitation and cries and a caretaker comes, hopefully. That deer is now foraging for something that it needs. And let's say it smells water because deer can actually do that and arrives at a stream and takes a sip of water. There's dopamine release then that puts it on a path

to maybe a larger lake or something of that sort or to be able to go achieve food. So when we are on the right path and we hit a milestone, dopamine is released and it tends to tighten our focus more for that activity. So the dopamine, this is why drugs of abuse and why alcoholism and some process addictions, which are behavioral addictions are so dangerous

because a lot of those drugs of abuse are dopamine. So it becomes this cyclical loop where there's no other behavior that can evoke the same level of release. In fact, I sort of define addiction as a progressive narrowing of the things that bring you pleasure. And I say that because it really is the way that the dopamine system works.

Normally the dopamine system is designed to be generic. It's designed to get me to do lots of things, social quality, social interactions, work, exercise, all those things. Just like the stress system is designed to get me out of bed in the morning, a cortisol pulse is what gets me out of bed in the morning. It's also what leads me to,

or led me to pursue a career in science out of fear, initially and eventually pleasure. So the dopamine system is tethered to those states of focus. And it's what mother nature designed so that the neuroplasticity would occur and you would want to continue those behaviors again in the future. That deer needs to know and remember and create a memory,

not just of where that stream is, but the process of, oh, when I feel that agitation, I'm gonna get up and go down this particular path. And so people think of the dopamine system as this kind of like catch all for reward. Oh, you get likes on Instagram and it makes you feel good. That's not really how it works. And the important thing to understand

is when you start getting a convergence of norepinephrine, so that level of agitation, duration path outcome, acetylcholine, and dopamine, now you're starting to wire in the behaviors that make people really good at certain things. Now, in a functional view of this, so not addiction, what this means is that for any of us, success in any endeavor is very closely related to how much focus we can bring to that endeavor. And the reward system you start to realize is entirely internal.

No one's coming along and cramming dopamine in your ear or dripping it in your brain. It's all internal. And this starts to bring us into the kind of like discussion around mindsets. Because so my colleague, Carol Dweck, who popularized this theme, growth mindset, it's again, a very misunderstood concept.

It's the idea that we can change. So that's built into that. But the discovery of growth mindset was of these kids that actually really enjoyed doing problem sets that they knew they couldn't get right. But for them, they would get this like dopamine release from just focusing on the problem. They like doing puzzles they couldn't get right.

It sounds crazy, but inevitably those kids are very good at puzzles and very good at math and these kinds of things. So growth mindset is, I believe it was sort of a neuro neuroscience lens on growth mindset would be that the agitation and stress that you feel at the beginning of something. And when you're trying to lean into it and you can't focus is just a recognized gate. You have to pass that through that gate to get to the focus component. And then if you can reward the effort process, you really start to feel joy and low levels of excitement in the effort process.

That's that buffering of adrenaline. That's that feeling like, yes, I've got a lot of adrenaline in my system, but I'm on the right path. It feels good to walk up this hill, so to speak. And when you start to bring those neural circuits together, you really start to create a whole set of circuits that are designed to be exported to any behavior you want.

So if it's writing a book, great. If it's podcasting, great. If it's building a business, great. If it's building a terrific relationship, great. Then the circuits that mother nature's designed are incredibly generic so that we could adapt to whatever it is that we need to do. And I think the misunderstanding

around how these circuits work has led to this idea that there's some secret entry point, maybe marked flow on the door. And there's a trampoline up to that door and you just open that door and you're gonna be in it. Right. And nothing could be further from the truth. And anyone who's done well in any career or athletic pursuit knows this, but unfortunately there's a kind of obsession with the idea that it's all supposed to feel good and it does feel good, but there's a whole staircase in which it

feels kind of lousy. Yeah. I mean, the feel good aspect of that experience is very subtle. And I think, you know, in a kind of global way, what you're talking about is falling in love with the process. Like you have to push this gate open, which might require, you know, more effort than you're comfortable with. But once you push through, it is about, you know, that daily, the daily rigor and the tiny wins that you get from that. Rather than, it's easy to, you set a goal, but that goal becomes very abstract, right? And it's those tiny little things

that you're getting done every day that bring you that internal satisfaction that are like calibrating that plasticity. Is that what you're saying? Yeah, absolutely. And what's incredible is the extent to which the mind and thoughts, remember earlier we were talking about

how thoughts are spontaneous. You can't control them. Negative thoughts, traumatic thoughts, bad thoughts, trying to suppress those is futile. If there's one message I can send people, it's just don't even work at that, but work at the process of introducing thoughts as almost like you would introduce actions

because we can introduce thoughts. And, you know, Carol Dweck has talked about this, that positive self-talk is not the same thing as growth mindset because positive self-talk is almost always linked to the ultimate outcome. If I'm losing badly in something and I tell myself I'm doing great,

I know that I'm lying. There's no dopamine release from that. And, you know, a lot of the self-help wellness culture of the 80s and 90s was like, it's impossible to be in a bad mood if you're smiling. We wouldn't have any depression on the planet if that's true. There's probably some feedback from the face to the brain,

but it's not that simple. But the idea that you can self-reward the effort process is extremely powerful. Because what it means is that if you can recognize agitation, stress and confusion as an entry point to where you eventually wanna go, I do think that just that, even just mental recognition can allow people to pass through it more easily.

They think they're doing something wrong. And then rewarding yourself when you achieve any milestone, like running to a particular location if you're trying to run a long distance and then registering that as a partial win, what we know is that the dopamine that's released in response to that suppresses the total amount of adrenaline and gives you more room, more time, more energy to run

in the running example. And this is anchored in a real scientific result. So last year there was a paper published that essentially was asking why any human or animal quits at any behavior. Now, certain behaviors like I can't lift a car unless it's a very small car. I can't lift a car. But if we're talking about running or we're talking about long bouts of work, the question is why do we quit? Like, what is that? And it turns out that every time we exert effort, a certain amount of noradrenaline in the brain is released. And there's a sort of a counter in the brainstem. And at some point, enough noradrenaline is released and it shuts down

cognitive control, deliberate control over the motor circuitry, and we quit. That's it. But the thing that can restore those levels or it can sort of reset those levels lower and give us more gas, more mileage is dopamine. And it makes perfect sense because our species had to move against very challenging things in nature and in culture at every stage of our evolution, including now, 2020 is a good example of this.

And when a good example would be, if you're really slogging it out and things are miserable, just think like the worst family vacation, everything's a disaster or a very hard physical event and someone cracks a joke, you're almost immediately feel a sense of relief. You see this in the team that wins the Superbowl. Both teams slogged it out.

You have to believe they were both at max effort the entire game. Look at the team that wins the Super Bowl. Both teams slogged it out. You have to believe they were both at max effort the entire game. Look at the team that wins. They have extra energy. They're jumping all over the place. So it can't be physical energy. It can't be glycogen related. It's not ketone related.

It's nothing in the body in that sense. It's dopamine's ability to take that level of norepinephrine and smack it back down. And so we can learn this, right? I mean, I think this is where there's real power, like in your story or the story that I'm familiar with from your book, like the ability to push through those pain points

is something that we really can export to other aspects of life because it's the same neurochemicals that are involved. So when you get to a particular location or maybe I recall a portion where you're just, get to a particular location or maybe you're, I recall, you know, a portion where you're just, you're feeling lousy, you know, you're injured or you feel like you're hurt and you can reframe it mentally and think, I'm actually still on the ladder. I'm still holding onto a rung. I know at least that much. I'm still breathing. I know that

much. And the lift that we get is not some psychological pump up. It's a neurochemical thing. It's a neurochemical thing. It's dopamine suppressing norepinephrine and saying, you're on the right path. You can keep going. It's a permission to keep going. And we grant that permission to ourselves. No one grants that permission to us.

I think one of the other kind of misconceptions that we wanna dissolve is this idea that external rewards can actually propel us down long paths of success and high performance. They can't. No, that's an internal fuel source. Yeah. Yeah. I have a friend from the SEAL teams and somebody asked us recently, we were given a talk and somebody said, how can I make sure that I continue to self-reward and I'm not driven by these external rewards? How can I continue to have that drive? And his answer was very good.

He said, give away all the external rewards. Now, not everyone can afford to do that. And it's just about you and you. It's just you and you. And the more attached, there's a famous Stanford study done at Bing Nursery School, probably not far from where you were in the dormitory. There's a little nursery school in Escondido Village.

And they did this study where they looked at kids that liked playing during their recess. It's all recess in nursery school, but they're drawing. And they took the kids that really liked to draw and they started giving them little gold stars on their drawings. And then they liked the gold stars for a kid. That's an extrinsic reward. And then they stopped the gold stars for a kid, that's an extrinsic reward.

And then they stop doing that. And the kids stop drawing. They just, they associate the good feeling of doing it with the external rewards. We have to be very cautious about how much of our internal dopamine we attach to external rewards if we wanna continue to grow and pursue

and focus and work hard. If you just wanna get to some place and cash in, then fine. But most people find themselves in a pretty miserable place because their dopamine was so attached to external rewards, they need more and more of that. Well, the why has to be deeper than that. I mean, the thing that I kind of always default to when I hit that breaking point or I'm training

or I'm racing or whatever, and I'm at that stage where it's just like, I can't go any further. The first thing I do is I reflect inward on why I'm doing this to begin with. Like, what is the, you know, what is the value system that I'm trying to tap into? What is it that I'm trying to express? Like what got me to this point?

So it's a reminder. And then I just set, like, I just say, well, I'm just going to get to the next lamppost or I'm going to, you know, get to the next intersection or whatever it is. I break it down into the tiny, I'll quit after that. Like the more I can just root myself in the present moment and distill it down into the tiniest of digestible chunks, that's the only way I can, you know, continue to move forward. And I've learned over time that the more I do that, then, you know, suddenly I'll find myself in a different mental, like it will shift, right? Just because I feel that way in that moment

is not determinative of how I'm going to feel 10 minutes later. Absolutely. There's an interesting process that occurs when people start to realize that rewards are all internal. And what they start to do is they start linking this duration path outcome thing to their internal rewards. And so to put this simply, one of the most powerful things that any person can do is to learn to control this idea of duration, path, and outcome, and attach an internal sense of reward, just that you're doing well. To reward yourself mentally, just say, I'm doing well. I'm actually on the right path. To do that inside of the demands that come from the external world, the more often that we can self-reward some aspect of the process, provided

it's in the right direction of what we're trying to achieve, the more energy we're gonna have for that, the more focus we're gonna have for that. And remember the reason I say energy, I don't throw that around loosely, is that limiting amount of noradrenaline is constantly being kept at bay.

You're literally buffering the quit response. And so when people start realizing that if they set the goals inside of the larger goal and self-reward each one of those, they essentially have an infinite amount of energy to pursue those goals. They have an infinite amount of focus to pursue those goals. You see this most in the special operations community and people that are selected essentially for this process. So one of the things that's been intriguing to me, I have some friends from the SEAL teams

and I don't begin to really understand the real work that they do deployed because I've never done that kind of work, but I've always been intrigued by the selection process, the so-called BUDS process, right? Because carrying logs and getting in cold water and all that, that's not really how the work is. That's really not what the work is about.

So the selection process is interesting because everyone shows up fit, motivated, and convinced that they're not gonna quit. I mean, I think like there might be a couple people that just show up to show up, but everybody is absolutely convinced. And then a very small subset of them make it through. And I'd be willing to bet

that the ones that make it through, of course they're gritty and resilient, but they all are essentially, right? So that's necessary, but not sufficient, obviously. Otherwise, everyone would make it through. The people that make it through somehow are able to tap into a process. Maybe it's a reward process. Maybe it's through self-punishment. Maybe it's through self-reward in the positive sense, but they're able to control something inside an environment that is not controlled by them. It's controlled by the instructors. And I've always been struck by the fact that in order to get through, you just have to not quit. Remember, people aren't being deselected. They're not saying, get out of here.

You're not good enough. People are deciding that for themselves. And so it's interesting because it brings about a real world experiment of people who are quitting. And I believe they're quitting because they can't manage these neurotransmitters. And the people, and when I say manage, I think that the people that get through knowing some of these people quite well had an internal process by which they could reward themselves for doing something that might've just looked trivial to everybody else, but it gave them more gas, more energy. Right. Right. And what's interesting is the process, the kind of unconscious genius of the BUDS process is that they've picked two sensory events that are

across the board challenging for everybody. One is cold water, which is great because most of the time it can't kill you, right? It's not like heat, which can kill you. It's cold water and sleep deprivation. And so the ability to do these, like what I'm calling DPOs, this duration path and outcome steps and procedures is great on when you're rested.

When you have well-fed, well-slept, you can do anything. You can be in any hard conversation. You can work through anything. So what they do is they start taking the autonomic nervous system, which is these deep reserves of the nervous system that when our autonomic nervous system is off, it starts making us pay more attention to how we feel

than the demands of the world around us. Remember that basic challenge in the nervous system. And so sleep deprivation is the best way that you can pull somebody down from their ability to analyze duration, path and outcome and reward themselves. Sleep deprivation is the way in which you essentially pull apart the nervous system and the way that it wants to function. Because it's very easy, again, rested to do all this. But so what they do is they're sleep deprived people. They put them in cold water.

They're trying to get them more in touch with the way that they feel inside than what they need to do in response to the external demands. Everyone I know that's made it through that process did it slightly differently, but I'll tell you how they didn't do it. They didn't do it through sheer grit and determination.

They did it through attaching a sense of meaning. They did it by micro slicing the day or slicing the day into a series of meals that they just needed to get to and then rewarding themselves for getting to that next milestone. So they don't know, I mean, most of them, you know, probably had very low concept of dopamine and norepinephrine,

but that's the process. That's also the process I think that allows someone to finish an ultra. I've never run an ultra, but I think that process of self-reward is grit and resilience in a kind of neurochemical definition. Yeah. And I think it's the thing that anybody can tap into. And I think it's, therefore, I think it's a thing that anybody can tap into. And I think it's,

therefore, I think it's so key because I think people think that it's just so key that people understand, excuse me, that these circuits are not unique to people who run ultras or people that make it through, you know, stringent filter, special operations command. Yeah. It's the same thing that anyone can do. It is interesting, yeah. The ultimate determinant isn't your physical conditioning and yet that's what everybody focuses on. It's what's going on internally, mentally, neurochemically that's making the difference. And the people that are able to best calibrate that

and find these strategies for managing that are the ones that get through, whether it is an ultra or buds and buds is like this perfect, it's almost like its own lab, right. For studying human resilience in a certain respect, but you have actually taken some of these people and tested them in your lab, including David Goggins, right? So what, what, what, what do you do when you, when these people visit you and you're like, I'm going to deconstruct you here, figure out what makes you tick? Yeah. So I had the good fortune of meeting David at a consulting event a few years ago. And I guess I should just say, David, you probably know this

already, but he is every bit as intense as he comes across. Yeah. I mean, what you see online is exactly, yeah, it's exactly what you see on mind is exactly. Yeah, it's exactly the same. What you see is what you get. Really wonderful and obviously extremely impressive human being. So a little David anecdote. So the night before we had this event, he came out to the lab.

My lab, we do, we study fear, we study courage, we study resilience, and we say the underlying neurochemical substrates for those. So we had a bunch of guys there, a couple of team guys, some other folks, and we bring them in this little room and we do virtual reality there. And one of the things that we use to scare people or to generate a sense of autonomic arousal is this experience of diving with great white sharks, which of course you're not in water in the laboratory, but it's very immersive. And for people that are afraid of sharks, it can be quite scary.

Not always, but we also have heights. We have claustrophobia. We got something where you can feel spiders crawling all over your body. If you're an arachnophobe, if you have a pain point, we find it. Do you spend time trying to figure out what that pain point is? We do.

And we do it through some very covert methodology that involves AI and some fun tools. A bunch of weird questions that, right, all right. Let's just say this, from the moment you step into our laboratory, we're studying you. So the- Now I know.

Yeah, exactly. So what was fun was, so I sort of explained what the platform was and what we were gonna do. And David said, he goes, I don't like sharks. And I was like, all right, well. And so then, you know, this was not a typical experimental day in the lab.

So I just kind of, at one point, I finished describing what the tech is and how we're going to wire people in. And then I said, so who wants to go first? And he's like, I'll go. Right, of course. And what was funny to me at that moment, I realized this is interesting

because he was very explicit about the fact he didn't like sharks. He was very explicit about the fact that he was going to be first man in. I mean, it would be inappropriate for me to describe his data, right? And we didn't do a full blown experiment. But what I can say is he's,

whatever it is that David has figured out how to do, it clearly involves taking whatever adrenaline pulse he feels and understanding something fundamental to biology, which is that adrenaline response was designed to move us, not to keep us stationary. He uses behavior as the way to shift sensation, perception, feelings, and thoughts. He understands how to run that program

in the right direction. Whereas most people, when they don't like what they feel, they start negotiating sensation, which will never work. They start trying to control their perception, which is hard, right? They're like, I'm not going to think about that, or I'll think about it differently. Very hard to control the mind with the mind. He knows that's a tough one. Feelings, Lord knows what those are and how to control them. I mean, we'll eventually figure that out as a field, but thoughts are complicated. So he just goes immediately to action. He goes forward.

Immediately to action. So when he says, just for clarity, when he says, I don't like sharks, he's basically saying, put me in the shark tank. Like he's cuing you to say, this is the thing I'm afraid of. And I'm going to be the first one to volunteer. And I know you're going to put me in the shark tank if I tell you that. Exactly. And I think, and I obviously can't speak for him, but one of the things I think is very clear is that he's tapped into this neuroplasticity process through the door, through the portal of agitation and stress. He's figured out, and this is really the holy grail of neuroscience, is how can I modify my brain? Well, you modify it by placing yourself into discomfort and using that

as a propeller to move you into action. And, you know, a couple of years later when David was working on his book and I heard the book was coming out, I think I saw a pre-release announcement, I texted him and I just said, look, I'm really excited to see your book. And he said, oh, great. Thank you. You know, it'd be great if you'd write something about it, like an endorsement. I said, oh, I'd be honored to, I'm happy to. And he said, but I need it tonight. And this was Saturday at, I think it was like 1030 at night when I texted him. So I said, great. Well, I'd be happy to, I won't do it now. He said, I need it by midnight. So I sit down, I start writing this thing. And these are short blurbs, but I kind of realized that, you know, you want to get it right. It's David and, you know, my name's next to it and I want to do it justice.

So I'm sitting down, I'm working on the thing and I text him, look, I'm gonna be a few minutes late. No problem, no problem. Finally, I send him the thing at like 1230 at night. And he's like, oh, bro, thank you, thank you, thank you. I promise I'll send you a copy of this and that. And I was like, grateful, you know, thank you. And then I realized that that time he was living in New York.

And I said, wait a second, where are you? He said, New York. And I said, it's 3.30 in the morning. And he goes, yeah, I'm going running. Of course. And I realized at that point, I was like, okay, you know, it's undisputable. You know, this guy lives the persona

that he projects into the world. And even that day, that consulting gig, you know, there was a four o'clock lag and he was like, no, let's keep going. So he's figured something out. And I think that his enormous popularity is it's earned because he's figured out that it really doesn't matter if you come at something from a place of joy and love, and that would be wonderful. But there's a whole other set of ways to approach this that involve slogging through the discomfort, the doubts, the wish for things to be different

and starting with behavior. And it's incredible, because if you think about sensation, perception, feeling, thought, feeling, thought, and behavior, actually the way to control our nervous system and feel the way we want to feel is to run that backwards. Behavior, thoughts. So if you change your behavior, then generally your thoughts, your feelings, and your perceptions change. And everyone tries to come at it from the other end, but he's figured out through whatever process led him there

and incredible life circumstances, how to run it in this direction of behavior first. And I really think that if neuroscience has anything to offer, it's some understanding of what the underlying chemicals and neural circuits are. But the sooner that the human animal, the human species can start to understand

that our feelings and our thoughts and our memories and all that is very complicated, but that when behaviors are very concrete and they are the control panel for the rest of it, I don't wanna relegate feelings. Feelings are extremely important. I don't wanna relegate perception. They're extremely important.

But when it comes to wanting to shift the way that you function to get better or to perform better or to show up better or to move away from things like addictive behaviors, it's absolutely foolish for any of us, me included, to think that we can do that by changing our thoughts first. It's behavior first, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions follow.

Mood follows action. Mood follows action. Mood follows action. This has been my mantra forever. And I swear by it. And David's example illustrates that, that act first. He's developed so much neuroplasticity that it's reflexive for him to just move towards the hard thing or the challenge

or the discomfort, right? And now the science establishes that this is indeed the case. And yet our programming, our default hardwiring is to put us in this place where we wanna ruminate on all this stuff and wait until we feel like doing something before we do it or check our motivations for it. But anytime I'm in a funk or I wanna change my state,

I have to move forward. I have to do something with my physical body in order to shake things up and rearrange whatever's going on mentally. So, and it works every time. It works every time because the brain circuits, meaning sets of connections and chemicals, they're there from birth, they're there your whole life,

and they were designed for that. So in 2018, a graduate student in my lab published a paper in Nature showing that in the face of a physical threat, there are three options. You can obviously freeze, you can retreat, or you can move forward. And the moving forward response

actually triggers activation of a connection in the brain to the dopamine circuitry of the brain and makes it more likely that you're going to be able to move forward in the future. Now, what was interesting to us was that not only is forward action rewarded at a neurochemical level, which then sets you up for more forward action, but the highest level of agitation and stress was associated with moving forward. We always think, well, if I just calm myself enough, I'll be able to move forward. Right. But it's the exact opposite. And so people who are paralyzed in fear or that have a hard time initiating, sometimes the key is to raise the level of

stress and agitation. This is why deadlines are so effective. This is why fear is so effective. This is why that deer gets up out of its nice little den and starts to move because it feels a certain level of agitation. If that agitation isn't high enough, we will not move forward. And so, especially in the US, we have a culture in which stress has been created. These know, these ideas around stress is that it's terrible for us. When in fact, stress is designed to move us forward towards these action steps that are rewarded, which then move us forward and so on. So what is the process of combating that, you know,

monkey mind that is, you know, running whatever narrative that's keeping you stuck? Like, it's easy to say, like, just move, you gotta take the action. But a lot of people still, despite understanding that, intellectualizing that, are unable to, you know, basically act as if. Yeah, I think we're dealing with two general categories

of people who have problems with motivation and focus. And I think we've failed to decide, excuse me, I think we failed to describe the fact that there are two groups and not one. We think, well, I need to calm myself enough to move forward. I think, and then other people say, well, no, you need to kind of ramp yourself up to move forward. Here's the way I conceptualize it based on the data that I'm aware of. Some people are just hypo aroused. They're just not motivated enough. And those people would benefit greatly from cultivating practices like super oxygenated breathing.

So this is something along the lines of like tummo type breathing. So rapid, and we look at this in the lab, we're actually running a human study on this now. So 25 or 30 deep breaths through the nose and out through the mouth, then exhaling the breath and holding, learning how to self-generate adrenaline. That's what you're doing when you're doing that.

Some version of the Wim Hof technique. That's what that is. Brian McKenzie talks about. Right, an ice bath is doing the exact same thing. Stimulating adrenaline response, it actually improves the immune system. There's a published paper onimulating adrenaline response. It actually improves the immune system. There's a published paper on this, releases adrenaline,

which buffers the immune system against infection. But getting good at taking yourself from low energy to higher energy. And then learning how to compress your focus. And I'll talk about the focus thing in a minute. Some people are so agitated, the monkey mind, they got too many things going on and they're thinking, okay, they're trying to sit down and write. I suffer from this. And I'm

feeling like, wait, I've also got this person I need to connect with. And I'm kind of being drawn off course by not being able to put the blinders on. For people that have that issue, I think learning how to calm the nervous system is very powerful. And the best way that I know how to do that is based on two studies, one published in Nature, one published in Cell Reports recently, showing that physiological sighs, there's actually a thing in the literature called physiological sighs,

are one of the fastest ways to bring our overall levels of autonomic arousal down. And a physiological sigh is two inhales followed by an extended exhale. So it's like, it's not just a deep breath, it's two inhales followed by an exhale, okay? And what that does, and this has been shown several times now in humans and other species as well,

is it dilates the little sacs of the lungs, and that second inhale dilates them a little bit more, and it pulls a little bit of carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream so that when we exhale, we offload the maximum amount of carbon dioxide and it perfectly adjusts the ratio of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the bloodstream and lungs. And sometimes it only takes one of these double inhale exhales.

Sometimes somebody needs to do two or three, but that's the fastest way to bring the autonomic nervous system down. A lot of people need such a tool because I think we talk a lot about meditation and tools for calm. And I can go to Esalen for a weekend and get a massage. I'm gonna feel very good.

But then when I'm thrown back in real life, I need something that's gonna work in real time, what I call a real-time tool. And most people don't know how to control their autonomic nervous system because it's complicated. I can't control my liver function. I can eat, that will calm me, but that has complicated issues with it too, if I'm just eating to calm myself. So the diaphragm is the one skeletal muscle organ that was internally, right? We've got obviously skeletal muscles designed to

move things. It's a skeletal muscle organ, unlike the spleen, the liver, the heart, et cetera. It was designed to be moved voluntarily. And these physiological sighs are actually occurring fairly regularly during sleep to adjust our levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen. And there's a recent study showing that in claustrophobia, this is the breathing pattern that people default to, to try and offload that carbon dioxide.

So, whereas there are a lot of really interesting breathing techniques, Wim Hof, Brian McKenzie does great work, Patrick McEwen, Laird and Gabby, the tons of people doing really interesting things out there. My lab has been focused on what are the neural circuits that are designed to achieve particular states that happen to impinge on and capture diaphragm function.

And so the reason I think breathing is so powerful is that everyone has a diaphragm and it's the immediate link to the body. A lot's been made of the vagus nerve, you know, oh, the vagus is the path between the body and mind, but the vagus is very slow. The vagus nerve calming is what you experience when you

eat a really rich, a carbohydrate rich meal, or you've had a long day and you put your feet up and you're finally relaxing. It takes minutes to hours to kick in. Whereas the diaphragm is real time control over your brain state. So the brain knows what the body is doing by how fast the diaphragm is moving. It knows its overall activation state. So when you breathe quickly, those 25 or 30 breaths, the brain says, oh, I must be alert. I'm gonna start secreting some noradrenaline. And when you breathe slowly,

that level of noradrenaline drops down. So it sounds so simple, but I think it's only in the last two or three years that my lab and Mark Krasnow's lab at Stanford and other labs elsewhere in the world have started to identify the neurons in the brain that are linked to breathing and how those two things relate to one another. And I think everybody should have a kit of tools that they can use to bring themselves down and ramp themselves up. I'll just say one other thing

about focus. So when we're in a high alert state, something very powerful happens that I think partially explains your ability now to drop into this book writing. When there's a certain amount of adrenaline in our system, our pupils dilate. Remember the eyes are not connected to the brain. Our eyes are actually two pieces of central nervous system. They are two pieces of brain outside the skull that were designed to control our overall arousal state. And so we can talk about this as it relates to sleep and sleep quality. But when I bring up the level of adrenaline in my body through breathing, or let's say I see a troubling text, or let's just say I just use a very Goggins type approach and just figure out the most painful, inspiring for

me reason to do it. It sounds vague because obviously, David, I don't know what goes on in your head, but a tremendous respect for your ability to do this. But he just ratchets himself out of that ditch and puts himself in motion. The pupils dilate. And when that happens, our visual system actually enters something that's a little bit more like portrait mode on our phone. There's a process called accommodation and your ability to focus on one thing visually actually becomes better and your ability to see everything else blurs away. And that's the ability to just see that screen of text

or that if you work on, you know, pad and paper to just see that pad and paper. And then as you start writing, what people don't realize is that mental focus follows visual focus. Now in blind people, it's slightly different. It follows auditory focus. But in most people, your visual focus, as you bring that into really sharp relief, that image of your book and you stare at it, you're going to feel some agitation and your mind's going to be jumping all over the place. But if you wait just a couple minutes, the rest of the world will disappear.

I think this is sort of like the flow state people are looking for. But remember the gate of entry is one of, you have to wade through some sewage before you can swim in clear water. That's the way I always think about it. But the visual focus is what brings the rest of the brain into cognitive focus.

And people in the martial arts understand this. You've probably experienced this running when you're feeling exhausted and you can just concentrate on one milestone and get there. You can almost bring that into like, what you're doing is you're linking that to the dopamine circuitry. You're saying that thing is the milestone,

not winning the race, not some other thing outside this immediate're saying that thing is the milestone, not winning the race, not some other thing outside this immediate environment, that thing. And when you're able to start capturing these peripheral circuits, meaning the body, the diaphragm, the visual system, then you start getting past this whole idea of mindsets. And it really becomes about the body setting the mind. And this is where I think when you say action leads the rest, right, that's what you're saying is grounded in real neurobiological data. There's also a shift in your perception of time

when you're in that state. You know, suddenly your relationship with time becomes completely different. So I'm really glad- And I don't know whether, and I'm not like, you know, it's easy to say it slows down or it speeds up. To me, it's neither. You're in this weird liminal state

where it's almost like it doesn't exist. It's not a relevant like vector in your emotional experience. I'm really glad you brought this up because one of my obsessions is time perception. And, you know, having spent the last 20 years or so studying the visual system, what you start to realize is that space, meaning physical space, not outer space, but physical space around you and your time perception are absolutely linked. And when our focus is very narrow,

time starts to feel thin sliced. So you're right. It's not that it's going fast or slow. It's that you're perceiving more events per unit time. So it's like a metronome that's going faster. When our gaze is dilated, so when we're relaxed, there's actually a, what happens is the pupil kind of relaxes a bit. It doesn't always get bigger or smaller, but what happens is when we're relaxed, so if you view a horizon, for instance, or you go into what's called panoramic vision. So even though I'm looking at you right now, I can dilate my gaze without moving my head or eyes. So I can see the corners of the room and the ceiling. I can see myself in the environment. When we do that, our perception of time broadens and we feel like we have more time. And what we're doing when we do that, our perception of time broadens and we feel like we have more time.

And what we're doing when we do that focus versus defocus, as I call it, or focal vision versus panoramic vision is you're toggling on and off the autonomic nervous system for alertness. You're turning on and off that norepinephrine circuit. And so it's conscious control over a brainstem circuit. And this is why I don't like the phrase autonomic because that means automatic. It's a misnomer. I can control my autonomic nervous system. I can breathe. I can control my autonomic nervous system. I can eat

a big meal. I can control my autonomic nervous system. I can focus or defocus. And if you really look at the realm of high performance, what you start to realize is people who are very good at their respective sport or career or in the special operations community, what they do are exceptionally good at turning it on and off these systems. So they're highly functional at achieving their milestones, but they're not spending out extra energy. Because when you go into panoramic vision,

you start to uncouple the space time thing and you get some rest and relaxation. The way to think about this is, so we go back to duration, path, and outcome. That's the most stringent high focus regime for the brain. The way to get better at duration, path, and outcome is to engage in activities that are low duration, path, and outcome, where your brain is not in modes of analyzing duration, path, and outcome, where your brain is not in modes of analyzing duration, path, and outcome. What's the one phase of our life when we're not thinking about duration, path,

and outcome at all? Sleep. And so the reason why you can pull somebody's mind apart, their ability to think rationally and analyze duration, path, and outcome by sleep depriving them is because sleep, despite all its neurochemical complexity, is really when we restore our ability to analyze duration, path, and outcome. Now you think about buds and you go, no wonder they sleep deprive them. They're trying to figure out who has the ability to

control these mechanisms and who doesn't, most people fail. So when I think about how to recover, I actually don't think about recovery as its own thing. I think about recovery as giving buoyancy or improving my ability to focus. So sleep is a turning off of these brain circuits that are thinking about what's happening next. So some people experience challenges in falling asleep, they need to learn how to turn off thinking.

And there's actually a way to do this. We're doing a study on this now. It relates to hypnosis that would be fun to talk about. We can, if you like. The other thing is that just merely going into panoramic vision, say between a meeting, instead of looking at your phone, more focal vision, you're working hard on your book. Maybe you walk to the kitchen, just two seconds of what I call deliberate decompression, where you just kind of let your mind go broader

will allow you to reset your focus much more intensely when you return to that book, as opposed to if you had looked at your phone or engaged even in some other kind of deep duration path outcome type function of the brain. So when you start thinking about meditation, it's also valuable because a lot of meditation involves focusing on your breath. I actually think a lot of people are spending out this ability. They're working too hard in the activities that are designed to reset them. So the two ways to reset yourself in wakefulness. Being just very adamant about my meditation practice.

That's right. Because it's a letting go. It's not, you know, we're so programmed to like force ourselves to do things or to like dive in with intentionality. But so much of this is more elusive than that. I think that we can all do ourselves a great service and perform much better in what we're doing by taking little micro recoveries in the form of dilating our gaze in between meetings, just for a second. Viewing a

horizon is the best way to do it because it naturally brings the eyes into defocus. We're doing this in VR because we can control the visual environment completely. When you go into this defocus mode, you turn off that brainstem circuit, you're conserving norepinephrine for your next bout of focus and activity. Otherwise you're spending it. And the brain doesn't care how you spend it.

It doesn't care if it's on Instagram, doesn't care if it's watching the news, but learning how to defocus and then refocus very quickly can get you through a race that you wouldn't otherwise have been able to get through. It saves you energy and it builds energy. The other thing is we talk a lot about sleep and sleep is extremely important, but there are other modes and brain states that can allow you to recover. One of the ones that I'm a huge proponent of and that my lab has been studying

and other labs are studying is what many people call yoga nidra, where you- I've done yoga nidra a lot. It's a wonderful practice, just lying down and focusing enough of your attention so that you don't fall asleep and enough of your attentions on and moving it around so that you're not really concentrating on any one thing.

I fall asleep every time. I do too. I do too. But what we know, so I fundamentally disagree with respectfully though, with the idea that we can't recover sleep that we've lost. Because what are we really talking about there? For me, it's the ability to perform

these duration path outcome analysis. So in my lab, we have people do a cognitive task and then we place them into these very deep states of relaxation through things that are kind of like yoga nidra. And people can find yoga nidra scripts out there. They're everywhere on YouTube elsewhere. Or we have them do a hypnosis script.

Hypnosis is very similar. Deep relaxation, wandering sort of attention, fairly narrow context, but it brings the brain into these unique states where you're neither asleep nor awake. And for people that have trouble falling asleep or trouble relaxing themselves, these kinds of practices are extremely useful because they're really teaching you how to turn off those modes of focus. So, you know, we live in a stressed society. Some people are stressed because they're overwhelmed, but other people are stressed

because they just don't know how to turn off their brain and fall asleep. And so if you want to learn how to turn off your brain and fall asleep, these practices are immensely useful. How do you practice hypnosis by yourself though? So there's some scripts. I would recommend people go to one of the scripts on YouTube or there's some good ones. I've never met him.

I don't have any relationship to him, but Michael Seeley, S-E-A-L-E-Y, Australian guy, has some really good hypnosis scripts. And they're just audio programs? Yeah, you just listen to them. And he's not gonna make you walk off a cliff or anything. No. So stage hypnosis is very different.

So I have a very close collaboration with a guy named David Spiegel, who's in our psychiatry department at Stanford. We're now looking at how daily breathing exercises can impact people's sleep and levels of stress. He's done a lot of work on addiction and trauma and pain management through hypnosis. And most all of hypnosis that's clinical

involves bringing one's state into one of deeper relaxation, not full sleep, and then thinking about some behavioral change that one wants to make. These are ancient practices really. And I think that they were developed by people that understood that rewiring of the brain requires focus and deep rest. What's interesting about hypnosis is it brings those two things together at the same moment. So normally you'll work really hard on something, work really hard, then you'll sleep

and that's when the plasticity occurs. But hypnosis likely accelerates that whole process by having people enter a state of deep relaxation and focus at the same time and allows those circuits to reshape themselves. And there's some published data from David's lab to support that. That's fascinating. So I think these practices are really useful. And I think that if you want to get better at performing, everyone now knows,

thanks to Matt Walker's book and others like sleep more, sleep better. But what if you have trouble sleeping? Well, or falling asleep? Well, we want to define what that is. Some people have a hard time turning off their thoughts. It's really hard. Remember, you can't do it. What you can do is to learn to control that perceptual window and distribute it so that your sense of time starts to kind of drift off and you end up in sleep more easily.

And it's a practice that most people find if they do it for 10 minutes a day or so, they start sleeping much better within a week or more. And sometimes more, sometimes people need some other help, like not drinking caffeine late in the day, et cetera. But that brain state of no duration path and outcome analysis is gonna be the most restorative. And you can get it in wakefulness too.

So taking a walk where you're just letting your mind go is very powerful. And the other thing that's powerful is optic flow. So self-generated optic flow by walking, running, or cycling shifts the brain into a state of relaxation that's not seen when you're stationary. This is well described in the neuroscience literature. For some reason, it's not well described

in the wellness literature, but it's a real thing. When you move through space and you're active, there's a natural calming of the brain circuits involved in threat and threat detection. This is the basis for EMDR, eye movement desensitization reprocessing. The lateralized eye movements, they have people do in the clinic,

that kind of goofy looking thing while they encounter trauma. Right, I've heard you talk about that, to overcome fear and trauma. That lowers stress. And the rationale is that by coupling a low stress state to the recall of the trauma, it's going to allow people to reshape their relationship to the trauma to tolerate the discomfort. And EMDR, my clinical colleagues tell me works best for fairly well-defined traumas. It's not gonna be like my childhood

or a whole series of events, but for single event traumas or a trauma that's repeated, but of the same sort, it seems to work best. It's not gonna work best to completely reshape all relationships to all traumas, but it does seem to be powerful for a certain people. So basically an example would be

if you got into a car accident and then you're afraid to get in a car or something like that, right? So you take this person and you submit them to this therapy where they move their eyes back and forth laterally, which seems absurd. Seems goofy. Right, and so this is supposed to help them

get over their fear or their blockage? Yeah, so, okay. So my lab studies vision and we study stress and states of mind. And people used to talk to me about EMDR and ask me about EMDR. And I was like, this is crazy. This sounds like a music genre.

This is absurd, right? Or a drug. Makes no sense. Why would moving the eyes from side to side have any impact on states of mind? That's ridiculous. But then what happened was in 2018, 2019, and 2020, five quality manuscripts came out in very good journals from groups that were studying eye movements, not studying stress or

trauma, that found that these lateralized eye movements, not up and down, but lateralized eye movements, quiet the activity of the amygdala, the limbic structure in the brain that's primarily responsible for threat detection and stress. And I was like, oh my goodness, this thing might actually be real. Then I started to dig into the backstory of this. And there was a woman named Francine Shapiro who came up with this idea, actually walking behind Stanford in the Stanford Hills. She was a therapist and she figured, she had this idea based on the fact that she didn't feel as upset about certain things

when she was walking, that this might be useful. And she was smart enough to know that these lateralized eye movements are what reflexively occur anytime we're in optic flow. We don't realize it because they're subconsciously generated and they're very subtle. But she realized she couldn't really take people walking

on their therapy sessions. I suppose she could, but it's not really practical. It's raining, et cetera. So what she decided to do was to bring the eye movement component to the clinic and had them move their eyes from side to side while they would recount these traumas. And people experienced tremendous benefit.

And in fact, now there's a lot of evidence to show that these lateralized eye movements really do quiet the stress of the nervous system and allow people to continue to move forward. This is probably all anchored. I go back to that story of that deer that needs something. And as it's feeling that agitation and gets up and starts moving,

the movement feeds back onto the brain to quiet that stress and anxiety so it can be observant of its environment. And that panoramic mode is what we are in when we are in a position to be very situationally aware. When we're stressed, we're gonna have a soda straw view of the world. Right, one thing.

This relates directly to addiction because I've spent some time at addiction treatment clinics and talking to people in that community. And it's very clear that of course, there are a huge number of factors that play into why people become addicted and relapse, et cetera. But if you can get at people's ability to control their anxiety and their feelings of peak states and happiness, you don't guarantee, but you help reinforce the possibility that they're going to get sober and stay sober. As an addict gets more tethered to the idea that some substance is the thing they need, the progressive narrowing of the things that bring them pleasure and everything else kind of falls away like portrait mode on the phone. They're essentially in a state

of high stress trying to meet that dopamine need all the time. And they don't see other possibilities. The reason I mentioned not just stress and treating stress to get out of addiction, but also pleasure is that we've also seen this. When do people relapse? When they're feeling really good, when they're feeling really lousy and stressed and when they're feeling really good. They've been sober for five years. We hear about this in the news, usually from celebrity examples, people have been doing great.

All of a sudden they're back in treatment. And you're like, what happened? What happened was the dopamine circuit from other things, maybe a great life event or things are going well, or stress, the loss of a job, everything crashing, puts our visual system and the rest of our brain into a myopia. We literally become nearsighted and the dopamine system says, that's the only thing that's going

to get me out of the mode that I'm in. They literally don't see the other possibilities. So some of the work that I'm starting to get involved in now is to try and inform the addiction treatment community, the trauma community, that there are ways to use action in the body to move people out of states of myopia, nearsightedness, and this is kind of a cognitive nearsightedness, and allow them to start parsing their time perception differently. It goes right back to time perception.

When an addict needs something, their sense of time is fixed to the retrieval of that thing or the, you know, reaching that thing. And then when they can dilate their sense of time, they realize they have time for other options. But until you can dilate that, there's really no chance, frankly. You can't find a way. You can't find a way. You can tell somebody you're going to lose your kids and they'll do it anyway. And that just tells us we need another route to it. And so one of the things I think is powerful

is to think about how can we leverage the visual system? How can we leverage the diaphragm system? In the same way that you would tell somebody who has cancer or needs a surgery of a certain sort, like we need to leverage certain technologies. Well, we need to leverage certain inborn technologies of respiration and vision to be able to access states of mind

that will allow us to make better choices. For the addict in that really nearsighted view, fixated, there is no other choice. And I think those early years of skateboarding and being feral, it showed me that the people I knew that became addicts, and frankly, I know some adults who have become addicts, even who have very quote unquote functional lives.

It wasn't just them. Those people, we like to think they're making a bad choice and they're making a bad decision. It's unclear to me whether or not they have a choice in those highly myopic states of mind. And so what we need to do is we need to dilate their perception of the world around them. We need to dilate their perception of time. We need to learn, they need to learn how to relax themselves so they can actually see other options. And it all relates to how the visual system and

the breathing system relate to autonomic function. Addiction is the perfect sort of laboratory to do this. And it's so important, I think, because if it were simply the case that people just needed family support, which they do, and they needed encouragement and they need discouragement about making the wrong behaviors, then we wouldn't even be having this discussion.

It's so much more complicated than that. It's so much more complicated than that. It's so much more complicated. I mean, the thing, I think all of those are really powerful tools and important things to look at with respect to the addict mentality or that disposition, there has to be a level of self-awareness in that addict that the decision to pick up the drink or to use the drug begins so far in advance of the actual behavior. By the time they actually pick up that drink, there's no getting in the way of that. Like that decision has so much momentum behind it that it's almost impossible to reverse. So a breathing technique or any technique at that juncture is unlikely to be successful.

So it's about recognizing, you know, when that state is starting to shift in that direction, whether it's days or hours or weeks before the behavior choice to intervene at a place in time when you can actually have an impact. I agree. I think that it's always an uphill battle with addiction, at least at first, but even, you know, just given that the numbers on relapse, you know, I think every, what was it

that someone once told me, I don't know if this is actually true, but for most people, but he said, a recovered addict told me, you know, that every day he tells himself, no matter how far I drive, I'm always the same distance from the ditch. You know, I mean, the addiction community has- There's so many awesome- There's so many great takeaways from it, yeah. What's interesting is there's some verbiage around the yogic community that is very valuable. I can't recall it off the top of my head,

but they talk about the great support that one can get from learning to access brain states of timelessness, sleep being very restorative, wakeful, deliberate disengagement being very restorative, maybe meditation, maybe through yoga nidra, maybe through simple quick breathing techniques, but being able to dilate and contract one sense of time and not being locked to one

kind of space time regime, the ability to recognize that I'm not seeing clearly, right? I see what I see, but I don't know what I don't see. The ability to introduce that understanding for somebody can be very powerful. And I think we need to give them tools that they can look to very quickly. I don't think we're ever going to have a treatment for addiction that's in the form of a pharmaceutical, like one pill. Because if you start tapping into the dopamine system itself, you start degrading other aspects of life. So I think one of the reasons why addiction treatment is so complicated is that you need many elements, but the elements that come from the person themselves are ultimately the most important ones, of course.

And I think physiology and neuroscience does have some tools that can lend support to that. Yeah, it's interesting. I mean, I think that every couple of years you see new science emerge on addiction and there's some new protocol and 12 steps constantly getting thrown under the bus and 12 steps what got me sober

and I'm very rooted in that community. I remain open to other modalities and protocols and super interested in seeing where all of this is going. But I think it is important to appreciate how complex it is. Like there's a trauma element to it. There's a behavioral modification element to it. There's a emotional, like how do you find a way to anchor this person

to a life path that has meaning and purpose? And all of these things inform this complex soup that's going on in their head that's dictating whether they're gonna pick up a drink or not. Yeah, and I love the neuroscience community with, it's been my family and home for many years now. And the people working on addiction

are motivated from the right place and they are working exceedingly hard. There are a lot of data now that show, for instance, there are complete genetic changes in the cells and the pathways that control dopamine and reward. And that's all wonderful to understand. But meanwhile, I think there are enough tools out there that they need to be aggregated in a way that's structured

and that addiction treatment communities can leverage. One of the things that would be of great use is the idea of a biomarker. So you described that, and it's really a beautiful example of how when some early on you might be able to intervene, but later it gets much harder. We need biomarkers that are going to tell us for some people or their family that somebody is at risk. The same way you have biomarkers. Like some kind of whoop device, right? Well, I think it's going to come from once you know how well somebody is regulating their own autonomic nervous system, you can predict pretty well whether or not they're going to succeed or fail in making good decisions. And so I do think a whoop type device or other sensor device could be tremendously beneficial in detecting and telling people whether or not they are veering off course.

Right. And I think- It's getting very minority report though. It is. I mean, I think machines are gonna help us make a lot of decisions that we're actually pretty poor at making. But the simplest of those that we might see

in the next two or three years is saying, look, you've been working extremely hard on your book. You're doing very well, but you're gonna need an extra hour of sleep. I mean, that's essentially what it's doing for you. Or in 12 hours, you're going to make a bad decision. In 12 hours, you're going to make a bad decision. Or even cuing or insert might in there, right?

You might make a bad decision so that you're more aware and you're going to devote a little more mental energy to the kinds of decisions you're making. I think that as I always pull a lot of all-nighters, I still do, unfortunately, in my career, writing grants and so forth. And I have this rule that I learned, my gosh, about 15 years ago,

which is I don't trust any of my thinking that occurs between 3 a.m. and 7 a.m. if I've been up all night. I just don't trust it because I start to think the world's falling apart. I started thinking the word the is misspelled. I mean, I really know I'm sleep deprived when words like the look misspelled. And mean, I really know I'm sleep deprived when words like the look misspelled

and then I'm like, what's going on? That's that duration path outcome circuitry starting to fall apart. So I think that that's an extreme example, but I think that short of having people buffer their lives with tons of activities and perfect nutrition and perfect social interactions, people learning to control their autonomic nervous system,

I think is really the next step in our species evolution. I really believe that what we are seeing now in the world is a call to arms, if you will, or a request from mother nature to have everybody learn how to control their autonomic nervous system a little bit better or ideally a lot better. Yeah. It's absolutely critical, I think. I mean, right now, you know, irrespective of what's going on with the pandemic and the political climate and the protests and all the upheaval that we're seeing as a culture, we're experiencing an extraordinary poverty of attention and focus.

We're so distracted by our devices. We're more anxious and stressed and depressed than we ever have been before. This is not going in a good direction. And to the extent that we can commandeer a little bit more control over these things and understand that we have some level of agency and we can reverse this sort of automatic pattern that we're on of just scrolling endlessly and, you know, doing what we're doing that we know is not leading us in a good direction is critical if we're going to find our way forward. And to speak a little bit to what's going on right now, I think, you know,

To speak a little bit to what's going on right now, I think, you know, and it's related and I'm interested in your thoughts on, you know, the neuroscience that is, you know, I think relevant to this is that we've lost the ability to have civil discourse. There's a real breakdown in communication right now, culturally and socially, and it's fractured our society.

And it's not good, right? So what is going on neurologically with human beings that are attaching themselves and so self-identifying with certain narratives that it's polarizing our population and preventing us from being able to just be together or united or agree upon what is true and what is not true and share a value system so that we can see our way through the challenges that we're facing right now, which many of which are an existential threat to the future of humanity and the planet. It's a huge problem. You articulated it beautifully. And I think neuroscience can offer a couple insights into why it's happening and perhaps what we might do about it. So one of the scientific results that I'm very intrigued by is

in the 1960s, a guy named Robert Heath recorded from the human brain. These are people, you couldn't do this experiment nowadays, but skull popped off. My neurosurgery friends tell me that's no big deal. Electrodes lowered deep into the brain, all over the brain, and people can stimulate wherever they want. And they just report what they're feeling. So they press one lever, they feel drunk.

They press another lever, they feel happy. They press another lever, they feel sexually aroused. And they're reporting all this. When was this done? In the 1960s, early 1960s. Several times actually. they feel happy. They press another lever, they feel sexually aroused. And they're reporting all this. When was this done? In the 1960s, early 1960s. Several times actually and published twice, essentially the same data,

different populations in the journal science, which is sort of our Superbowl science and nature cell. Those are the big ones, journals that is. So the number one brain area that people want to stimulate, they finally hit this lever where they go, oh, I like that. And they just keep hitting that thing and hitting that thing and hitting that thing.

Frustration and mild anger. And I saw that result. That's the choice. I could be drunk. I could be happy. I could be, I'm gonna choose frustration and anger. Exactly. What that told us is it's clearly tapped

into the dopamine reward system. It feels like a hit of dopamine to them more than anything else. So we need to put that on the shelf and keep it visible as we kind of march into this sort of answer to your question. The other thing is an understanding that, and there's some recent data on this

that are really impressive, not from my lab, but from another lab, which is that beliefs and information that supports our prior beliefs also increases the activity of these reward systems. So the more I see stuff that verifies what I already think or feel, that they are bad and they are good, or that we are good and they are bad,

the more dopamine and adrenaline is released into my system, which we now know from our discussion a few minutes ago, changes the way I view the world. It actually changes the way I view the world. It means that I'm gonna see certain things and not see others. And this also relates to the auditory system. I'm gonna hear certain things and not hear others.

The things that verify my beliefs I'm gonna feel rewarded for. The things that are counter to my beliefs, I'm not gonna be as rewarded for. So we have all these barricades to empathy and to really listening and to really hearing what the other side is trying to say. And we have all these support networks

in our body and our brain, which are building a bigger and bigger divide. Now that's all very depressing. So the question is, what's the boat that's going to get us across that divide? And I believe, and I'm not just defaulting to this because it's what my lab works on, but I fundamentally believe that the boat that's going to get us to the other side is our ability to control our internal state, to be able to ratchet down our level of autonomic arousal just enough so that I can dilate not just my vision

of what's happening in my immediate environment, but I can dilate my cognition, my thinking to the possibility that there may be a kernel of value in what somebody else is saying, even if it's about me and I don't like what I'm hearing. Now, as somebody who spent time in the addiction treatment community, you probably know this is a lot of what you get good at as you learn to move through something that to you feels very good. And you know all the reasons why it would probably be good to change it. But you know what? You don't

want to because it feels so good. So we're talking about an addiction to entrenched thinking. We're talking about an addiction and neurochemical systems that support lack of change, my refusal to change and stubbornness. And I actually think just like in, for the treatment of addiction and trauma, the key is to get people to learn to tolerate progressively higher levels of stress

and maintain dilation of sensory experience, of thought experience. We've got to create some small little portals through which information can come in. A lot's been made of mirror neurons. I hate to break it to the crowd, but the data in support of mirror neurons in humans is not that impressive.

And now the mirror neuron people are gonna come after me, but fine. There are circuits in the brain that control emotional contagion. And those are what's powerful. My ability to recruit you into stress is much more powerful than my ability to recruit you into empathy for something good.

That's a well-established neurobiological fact. Or empathy for someone's perspective that I'm fundamentally going to disagree with. Right, so I think there are three gates to getting there. And by there, I think we're, I'm referring vaguely to the idea that we need to increase our level of understanding, at least our level of discourse, so that we need to increase our level of understanding, at least our level of

discourse, so that we can really hear other people's ideas, even though we don't like the way it feels and we love the way that we feel. This is what that result said. We love the way we feel. We don't like the way other people's feel. The first thing is to bring the level of urgency that we feel internally down. We need to learn to calm ourselves in order to really have the information start to come in. Now, the system right now and people out there, everyone's in a frenzy. And you can see it, the collective consciousness is kind of losing its mind.

It's kind of out of its mind. We need to learn how to turn off those amygdala circuits. So are we all gonna get together and do EMDR? Probably not. Are we all gonna get together and do breathing exercises? Probably not. Are we all gonna get together and do breathing exercises? Probably not, not at scale. What we need to do is start to figure out how we can, I think, especially for the next generation of kids,

how to teach them to regulate their nervous system so that they recognize that pulse of adrenaline as placing them in a compromised position. Like we have to leverage the idea that being able to hear and listen hinges on the ability to be calm. So therefore the ability to be calm is crucial to hearing and listening

and hearing and listening is crucial to our advancement as individuals and as groups. The problem is everyone's been trying to do this backwards. They've said, we all have to get along. We have to cancel, cancel culture. We all have to listen to one another. And I think, again, we have to start from the inside. We have to teach it physiologically. Now, I don't have a master plan on how to do that, but one of the reasons I'm here and one of the reasons I'm, you know, teaching neuroscience on

Instagram and not just in my laboratory is until we can learn to regulate the self, I don't think we're going to get where we want to go as a culture. I think it really does start with our own individual ability to do that. And so, you know, David's a really good example, for instance, of somebody who learned how to deal with his own internal mess and build something beautiful out of that. And he continues to do that. And everyone's got to find that process for themselves. And whether or not you have a perfect family or whether or not you consider yourself the most inclusive and accepting person in the world or not, everyone needs to learn how

to do that for themselves. And everyone thinks we do it pretty well, but I think it's clear that none of us do it well enough. So autonomic arousal, autonomic arousal, autonomic control, I think those are the entry points for addiction, for trauma and for really empathic hearing and listening. And until we do that, I think our species is gonna continue to go around this merry-go-round. Where every 50 or 100 years, we crash right up against the same general set of issues,

only now social media has made it slightly more or a lot more complicated. It's a little bit similar to what you were talking about in terms of the seeking external validation versus finding it within yourself. Like essentially the protocol, the prescription that you just gave has a strain of Buddhism in it in the sense that the world's gonna change

when we change ourselves. Like the best, most impactful way that you can make a difference for the world is to focus on being the best version of yourself. How can you comport yourself in a way that allows you to be more receptive and objective and empathetic and able to listen and hear? And I think that's true. It's 100% true. And then I think about the person losing their shit in Target or whatever over the masks or whatever insane video clip of the day

I happen to see on social media. And I think we're doomed. Like, is this person gonna do that? No, I can't control that. I can only control myself. And I worry that when the onus is on the individual to solve the problem, that we're not going to find our way through it, right? Like we obviously need organizational, institutional, and systemic

changes. We need to change the way these social media platforms work, the way in which we're delivered information and the way in which we're siloed. But I don't have any control over any of those things. The only thing I have control over is my own internal mechanism. So what other choice do we have? Well, I think we need people in positions of power and leadership who are very good at internal control. You know, I think emotions are great. I experience them often intensely, but- Congratulations. Thank you. They're not always wonderful to experience, but I think it's clear that the level of autonomic arousal that's associated with emotions, either very high or very low, very happy or very sad, very anxious or very angry.

Clouds are judgment. It's very clear. And I think the sooner that we- We give them too much credence too. They're just feelings, man. We don't have to allow them to overtake us and monopolize everything that we do. They were designed to push us along certain behavioral paths, but they've grown in importance in the

last few years. And we could get into a discussion about how social media marketing are designed to capture these very deep limbic aspects of ourselves. And they are. But what's amazing is, and important is that everybody has a forebrain. Some people, it seems it's more developed than others, but everybody has one. And we have this capacity for what we call top-down control, which is the ability to intervene in our own feeling states and our own action states and to set some rigor and some real clear marks that we're out to achieve.

And I think it's gonna start with the generation that's very plastic right now. Most parents are afraid of stressing their kids because they don't wanna, again, I went to a high school where kids, literally at Gunn High School in the last 10 years, kids have, there've been over a dozen train track suicides. So those are kids that are committing suicide

for different reasons, but a lot of them is because they just feel too much pressure. So obviously we can't pressure kids beyond their capacity to regulate. But the idea that all of our internal states should be driven by external things, that's a foolish misstep also. So I think we need to operationalize what we're gonna teach the next generation. Maybe our generation isn't really rescuable, but maybe the next generation is. And if they understand that there's some concepts

that sound a little mushy, like gratitude or mindfulness or these kinds of things, but as long as they understand that, for instance, gratitude, which we didn't really touch on, involves a whole other neurotransmitter reward system in the brain, the serotonin system, which buffers us against injury. It can improve wound repair.

It can allow us to lean back into these high stress regimes. Learning and kids learning how to toggle their nervous system back and forth between highly duration path outcome, focused states of trying to improve and learn, and then learning how to really relax and chill out and enjoy and be socially connected

because it will allow them to ratchet back in and focus with extreme depth. I think in doing that, we might not get every child to learn how to do that. But if we can distribute that information widely enough, and there's so many brilliant examples and beautiful examples, yours, David's, many others of people that have been able to tap

into those systems intuitively. If we can get that information out there, I really believe that at least a subset of those kids will grow up to be the leaders that our species really needs in order to get through this next filter. And right now we're feeling the stringency of that filter. And I think our level of autonomic dysregulation as a species, the fact that we're here right now says, okay, here's the task.

Are you guys going to figure yourselves out? You got this forebrain. My dog doesn't have the forebrain I've got. He can't figure it out, but we can work this out. And it'll involve technologies like devices to measure how we're doing, maybe some machines to guide that. That's a different discussion, but I think it's entirely possible. And I think that's the evolutionary pressure

that we're in right now. And I think that the next generation, if they can hear about it and learn about it, is gonna meet that demand. Our species has done it for every other demand. I toggle back and forth between extreme optimism and dystopian despair, because on the one hand,

you described the experience of going to therapy and how that was kind of novel at that time, but we're not in that place anymore. And everybody's got a smartphone and there's Headspace and Calm and Waking Up and all these incredible apps. And mindfulness is part of the mainstream modern vernacular. Like these kids are growing up,

not only aware of these practices, but amenable. And it's being done in the households in which they're being raised, which I find to be, that's an amazing thing. I think there is a consciousness that is emerging out of these young people that hopefully we can rely on to solve some of these problems.

And then I just think about the endless scrolling and the social, I'm just like, oh yeah, we're fucked. Well, I think it's clear that most people, young or old, are content to be passive consumers and spend out their dopamine doing essentially meaningless activities and consuming food and consuming air and light that is basically damaging to themselves.

And I don't think they care. I think our species, let's be fair, our species is- Non-essential. Well, no, no, I didn't say that. Our species, although sometimes I think it'd be interesting if some other species ran the earth, but we're the curators of the planet.

So I think that our species is probably divided into those that are really going to try and maximize on this gift of neuroplasticity, right? We're the only species that has neuroplasticity throughout the lifespan and that neuroplasticity in childhood lasts as long as it does as a function of our total lifespan. It's incredible. So we were gifted this. And I think some people leverage it and take advantage of it and other people don't. And I think we need to accept that we're not going to get everybody. But what we need to do is attach the reward systems of society, financial, socioeconomic, et cetera, to the kinds of behaviors that is going to give rise to people that can lead us into the next 100 years and 200 years. systems or actually the opposite. I think that once people start to realize that you're high performing military, elite military, you're high performing athlete, you're high performing

academics, you're high performing business people, they actually have practices that they use to regulate themselves in order to not just perform better, but sleep better. And not just to sleep better, but to listen better. Not just listen better, but incorporate ideas that allow them into states of creativity and states of mind that really lead to new and exciting ways that humans can interact. And many people will just be consumers of everything they produce.

Well, what's great about new media is that we've democratized access to this information. And we're able to realize that these people are not just freaks of nature, but that they have a methodology and they've created this canon, this toolkit. And these practices are available to everybody. And you have people like David who are explaining this in very plain terms that it is within your power to take advantage of these things to take better control of your life. And we've never seen anything like that before in the history of humanity.

And I think that that, you know, that bodes well for the empowerment of the next generation as well. I do too. As you can probably tell, I'm optimistic. I have to be because otherwise I can't justify the work that we're doing. But I think that there's so much interest now

in psychology and the brain and the self in physical fitness, which, you know, I think it's fair to say is inextricably linked to mental fitness. And the fact that people are so curious about what other people are doing and what are the paths to success and, you know, what are the resources for trauma and addiction? I think there's been a kind of

swarm of information. It's been hard to sort through, but I think 2020 is our, you know, is our sort of call. I keep calling it a call to arms and I, cause I guess I do feel that way. It's very serious. This is serious business. And this is the time for us and the next generation to step up and to lead people toward a place where we can function better and where the next generation will reflexively function better.

That's that beauty of early childhood is that if some of this stuff is taught and passed off, it's not gonna be perfect, but there'll be a generation of people coming up that will naturally understand stress and agitation as taking them off their game and leading to bad decisions and will make the appropriate adjustments. And there are people that will read David's book

and your book and will see the possibility of doing something differently with a terrible childhood or a brutal addiction. And I think we need more stories of success. I think it's easy to look out there and see all the things that are going wrong. And we need to keep paying attention to those, but we need these beacons that draw people forward. And I say that from a place of experience. I mean, I used to have to find it in books in the bookshelf. There was no online back then or in mentors. And you have to forage. I think kids, they have to have that foraging capacity.

They can't just sit there and wait for it to rain on them or for a parent to dump it on them. But I trust that they're out there and that they're gonna figure it out. Just like you're doing on Instagram, you're dropping these videos basically every day, right? Like little lessons on neuroscience. I'm trying, I'm trying to show people

that I have a kind of no acronym rule. So I don't like embedding things in a lot of complex language. Sometimes I have to use an acronym, but yeah, teach people a little bit about how their brain works, how it interfaces with psychology. Everyone's got different goals and purposes in the world,

but you know, that scientists are normal people and that hopefully science has something, I think really science has something to offer, but it's not gonna happen if I'm vaulted in my lab or my papers are read by the 12 people that care enough to read the paper start to finish. So I'm doing it. There are others out there, of course,

David Sinclair is doing it, Sachin Panda is doing it. I'm trying to recruit more people from the scientific community to do this. I think it's our responsibility. You paid for it. It's your tax dollars. There's a tremendous cost to doing science that is not often discussed, but I don't really consider it an option. I consider it my obligation and I'm going to keep going. Well, keep doing it, man. I appreciate the work that you're doing. I think it's really important work. We need it now more than ever. And it's cool that you're getting out there and sharing your wisdom with everybody.

It's super empowering. So thanks, man. Thank you. Really appreciate the chance to be here. If you're digging on Andrew, best way to find him is on Instagram. Huberman Lab. Huberman Lab, cool.

All right, man, coming back. I made all these notes, all this stuff I wanted to talk to you about. We got through like 10% of it. So come back and talk to me again. I tend to run, I realize I'm pretty verbose. Yeah, I just was getting out of the way, man, to listen to what you have to say.

I appreciate it. Thanks, man. Thank you. Peace. Well, I think it's fair to say that that should give you a few things to ponder. I appreciate Dr. Huberman's brilliance. Hope you guys took some notes and do me a favor, let Andrew know what you thought of today's exchange. You can find him at Huberman Lab on Twitter and Instagram, where he also shares lots of really cool videos on neuroscience. So give him a follow.

We also have another role on AMA coming up this week and we set up a voicemail for you guys to leave your questions. So if you'd like your question considered and potentially even aired during the podcast, leave me a message at 424-235-4626. That's 424-235-4626. That's 424-235-4626.

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develop that plasticity. Peace, plants. Namaste. Thank you.