The Severance Podcast with Ben Stiller & Adam Scott - The Science of Severance (with Karen Aldridge, Dr. Kim Hellemans, and Mike Lang)

Episode Date: September 4, 2025

This week, the podcast turns its focus to one of Severance's biggest influences: the science of the brain. First, Ben and Adam talk to one of their favorite fictional scientists, Karen Aldridge, who plays Dr. Asal Reghabi, about working with their science consultant on set and what it's like pretending to perform brain surgery. Then, they are joined by a real scientist, Carleton neuroscience professor and host of the Minding The Brain podcast, Dr. Kim Hellemans. They ask Dr. Hellemans all about the brain, how memories are formed, and what "real life severance" looks like. Finally, Ben and Adam talk to Mike "The Mailman" Lang — a military veteran, mailman, and Severance superfan — about how Severance resonates with him as someone with PTSD. To learn more about listener data and our privacy practices visit: https://www.audacyinc.com/privacy-policy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit https://podcastchoices.com/adchoices

This show is brought to you by BetterHelp. There have been times when I've turned to some questionable places for help. Turns out, not every barista needs to hear about my problems. And I don't know, I probably shouldn't be taking life advice from the guy who sold me that telescope I never ended up using. Group chats, also great place to get recommendations for places to go on hikes with your dog. But when you're looking for help around, I don't know, relationships, anxiety, other clinical issues, your buddies in the group chat might not have all the right answers. So instead, maybe just get some guidance from a credentialed therapist online with BetterHelp.

Therapists are clinically trained, so it's like talking with a friend who went to school just to help you. And you never have to hear about their stuff. I've found therapy to be incredibly helpful, and I'm so glad I can get help from someone qualified and legitimate. Sometimes also they have hiking recommendations, which is an added bonus. BetterHelp has been helping people find their match for over 10 years, and they've got to a 4.9 rating out of 1.7 million client session reviews. It can be tough finding the right therapist, but BetterHelp does the initial matching work for you. So you can just focus on your therapy goals. Plus, it's so convenient. You can join a session with a qualified therapist with the

click of a button, and you can switch therapists at any time. As of the largest online therapy provider in the world, BetterHelp can provide access to mental health professionals with a diverse variety of expertise. Find the one with BetterHelp. Our listeners get 10% off their first month at BetterHelp.com slash severance. That's BetterHelp, H-E-L-P.com slash severance. The Severance podcast with Ben Stiller and Adam Scott is presented by The Farmer's Dog. Try fresh, healthy food at the farmer's dog.com slash severance. Hey, I'm Ben Stiller. I'm Adam Scott. And this is the severance podcast with Ben and Adam, where we're talking all about everything having to do with severance. And this week, we'll be breaking down one of the biggest influences of the show, science.

That's right. I wanted to do a science-themed episode for a long time because I know so little about it. So I thought this would be the time to actually learn. And it's very exciting because we also have our favorite fictional scientist, Dr. Asal Raghavi, Karen Aldridge herself. Karen Rules. And then, will be joined by an actual doctor, Dr. Kim Helmonds. She's a neuroscience professor at Carlton University, and she hosts her own science podcast called Minding Your Brain. We're going to ask her about all sorts of things having to do with the brain and the mind and how memories are formed and, you know, how the severance procedure relates to reality

and all sorts of stuff like that. Yeah. And then finally, we're going to talk to a super fan, a friend of mine, a guy who has a very personal connection to the show. His name is Mike Lang. He's a mailman and a military veteran. We met a few years ago at Comic-Con when we did our panel. And he was telling me when we met there about how much the show resonated with him.

And so we've become friends since, and he's come and visited the set and stuff. And so I'm excited to talk to him, too. Yeah, Mike's a great guy. All right, this is a packed episode, so let's get into it. Yeah. How you doing, Adam? What's going on? Oh, man. Not too much. I'm excited about this episode. My dad is a retired biology professor. So I grew up in a very science household. Yeah. My dad is Jerry Stiller. He was not that.

There was no real interest in science in our house. It never even was like a thing that we talked about. And I'm curious for you having a dad as a science teacher. Was that did he encourage you to learn about science? Did he help you with your homework? What was the relationship? Yeah, I did not do well in the sciences in school. I remember he had to come to my high school at lunch to talk to me and my biology teacher because I was failing biology. And that was a particularly fun afternoon. Yeah. But we would go on these long trips with him with he and his biology class. They would go on these like month long camping trips in the sierras and he would teach while he was out there. So I would go on all those trips with him and just walking down the street with my dad, he can point out every single tree, every fauna, every squirrel that runs

across everything until you why it is the way it is, where it comes from the chemical basis of, I'm sure I'm already saying something wrong, but he knows everything about every surface and object that's that's around us at all time do you think he when he had to go in with you to the uh office to the teacher's office i knew you're gonna no i'm just so no i'm just curious was do you feel like he felt disappointed or did he feel like what you know i'm just curious as a parent was he like wanting you to be more into biology he never pressured any of us my brother sister or i into any of that my brother did become a brilliant computer engineer but no i I think he was probably disappointed just because I was failing a series of classes at the time

and, you know, taking the time out of his day to come talk to my biology professor probably wasn't great. So you were like a problem kid? You were like out in the streets getting into trouble in Santa Cruz? I wish I was. That sounds really cool. I was actually down in the drama department focusing too much on plays to be bothered with biology. When you weren't hanging out on the set of the lost boys.

That's right. That's right. That's right. Well, I was not a good science student at all. I managed to get out of high school without taking chemistry or physics. Oh, really? Yeah, because I went to like a sort of progressive school on the Upper West Side of Manhattan where at that time you could sort of, I took an astronomy class. But ironically, my favorite teacher who still teaches at the Calhoun School where I went to this day was the science teacher, John Rader, and he's still teaching. I mean, this is like, he's been teaching for 50 years. And he was actually the sort of like the most

inspiring teacher to me even though I was awful at science. Yeah, that's amazing. Have you ever played a scientist? I don't think I've, no, I don't think I've ever played a doctor. Oh, really? What? So interesting. Do you know something about me that I don't know?

Disagree vehemently. You played a doctor of some sort in flirting with disaster. Oh, that's right. That's right. Dr. Copeland. Mel Copeland, yeah. I guess he was like a, some sort of like a scientist. I don't think I did a lot of research for the role.

Because it wasn't really like, you know, I didn't have to talk about it that much. Right. I played a scientist once. You probably don't even have to ask which role. As you, I'm sure, know, I was a scientist in Piranha 3D. Oh, my. A marine biologist. A marine biologist.

And you know what? I haven't seen it. I haven't seen it. Wait. What? I know. I feel like I got to go back and revisit a bunch of Adam Scott earlier work. Did you, what kind of research did you do for the marine biologist?

biologist in piranha 3D. You know, all I really did was kind of remember how my dad dressed in the kind of glasses he would wear when he was, because he is a marine biologist. So I kind of modeled my wardrobe and glasses and after. So that's interesting. So yeah, so you kind of like had that template. That's right. And the piranhas, they were ferocious.

So they needed a good biologist there. Is it worth seeing that movie when it's not in 3D? Like just seeing it regular? Parana 2D. We're on a 3-2D. I think there's a lot of fish in it. Cool. All right.

Then check it out. Christopher Lloyd is like the exposition person in the movie. He tells us all about where they come from and stuff. Anyway. Well, that's a good segue to our first guest that's coming on because Karen Aldridge, who's this incredible actress who plays Assal Rigabi. And she's been in great shows like Fargo and she was on Broadway and Matilda, the musical. And she, you know,

know, had to come on to our show with a very, I think, you know, kind of a challenging role. And, man, she just is so great. So please, let's welcome Karen Aldrich. Yes. Hey, Karen. Hi. Hey. How are you?

I'm well. Thanks for having me do this. Thank you for doing it. Oh, thank you for being here. Oh, my God. It's great to see you. Good to see you guys. We're excited to talk to you because I was just.

saying you came on our show with a very challenging role, I think. You had to carry the weight of a lot of exposition and explanation and backstory, you know, late in the season. And then in that same first scene also kill somebody. Yeah, and ground so much of the, you know, science fiction portion of the show. You had to really ground it and explain it. Thanks. It was fun. Can I ask you because working with you was really fun and talking about how different actors approach things and working with different actors as a director. You know, you coming in for that scene, that first scene, you really, I felt like you were a very instinctual actor and watching you do the audition tape and then watching you do takes.

I felt like there was never one take that was similar to the other. Yeah, which I find being so I have been fortunate in the past couple of years to do some on-camera stuff. and I separate it like that I stay on camera, as if it's another. Because I do a lot more theater. That's my background. I like to play, though. I just like to play. And Adam, I don't try risky things if it's not veiled to me.

And you do that. And it's not to say that for the purposes of this podcast. It's just to say, like, oh, he plays. It's like you're playing. Or you'll won't be. mad if I do that, it's more that. Part of the thrill of working with you was watching and not knowing what you were going to do next. That was so instructive to me of Mark and a Saul's relationship too is this unpredictability of this mysterious person who shows up because the

character is mysterious. Yeah, I mean, I have to say that makes me just think of the dynamic between the two of you because it's this mix of serious, you know, jargon and tech No, speak, and whatever your secret kind of mission is that we don't know in terms of your backstory. So you're like a super serious person, like intense. You know, you kill a guy with the baseball bat at the first scene. It's like, that's this level of intensity. But then when you and Adam get together, what developed was this wonderful comedic sort of thing, too, that just naturally evolved, especially in season two. And, you know, we have the scene like when you first show up in season two, we should play that,

because it always makes me laugh. Jesus Christ. Are you trying to burn a message to your N.E. Into your reteness, because your computer told you that was a brilliant idea? Yeah. No, no, no. What?

No, no, no. What? It doesn't work. Oh, shit. The switch briefly dilates the pupils. Clean slate. Okay, thank you. Also, you could blind yourself.

And how was the Indy going to send you a message back? That's his problem. I don't know. Unlock the door. Why? We need to talk. Oh, my God. Mark unlock this.

Oh, my God. Mark. Unlock this fucking door. That was so fun. It's so great. Also, like, what a. weird setup for a scene too that we're like parked down by the river and you know doing your thing at them and then all of a sudden you like open your eyes and she's just standing there yes and yet i totally

believe it to me that was like what a great re-entry for your character and you know just sort of like i don't know just like a natural sort of rhythm that you guys find it was fun and you really kind of let us if i'm remembering correctly karen and ben kind of just let us go there a little bit improvise a bit. Yeah. I don't question anything absurd in life. I don't. I love this show because if absurd is a good word in my world, and immediately I'll say one of the characteristics of it would be that you can find this laughter in such grief or heart or something that's where it doesn't belong. Laughter in an odd. And I really, I tread that in pretty much everything I try to find it in every little part that I do, and I just, I live it.

It's so much fun when you're working with an actor that you don't know quite what you're going to get, but you know that you're in the right ballpark and everybody, you know, like you're, that you're consciously keeping yourself open to what's going to happen. And, you know, you do it so convincingly in the, you know, like when you're doing the scene where you have to put the needle in the back of Adam's head and you're so, you've got like a lot of props and you're doing like such specific stuff, what is that? that like for both of you, Adam, when you've got, you know, Karen there doing this stuff to you and what goes on there? I was so happy that I was on my end of it because all those

dials and gadgets and needles and scalples, that stuff is so hard. I couldn't believe how you were keeping it all straight in your head. No way. I just had to sit there. You had all the hard stuff to do. Well, see, you say that. But see, okay, I'm just going to be real. I'm good with like techy stuff. I am a techie and I can put together stuff and I don't look at manuals. So that's not hard. I didn't want to hurt you. It's the same with Michael during that season one. I really practiced that baseball swing and a distance from him. I just. And that's not easy by the way because you have to make it look like you're hitting him but you have to line up with it. I mean, it's so much technical stuff. Get the bat behind his head so you sell that hit or

make it look like you're putting the needle in Adam's head. But it's not really going in, all of that stuff. But not that makes sense, though, now knowing also that you are very good with, you know, technical specifics and things like that. I just think it's fun. I like buttons. My husband knows I like the elevator pushing. I like to do that, please.

Just I'm warning you. The tactile. Yes, I really dig it. I miss the phones that, you know, I miss all that. Buttons. Phones with buttons. That was fun. Fins with buttons.

Did you have any conversations with our. doctor or kind of science consultant, Vijay. Dr. Vijay was there and he did speak to me. And it was really great because he sort of confirmed a few things that I already did the research of where everything is on your, on the head. But he showed me how to coolly, because Dr. Vijay is really cool, how to hold shit, how to hold your, the props in the proper way. And so we did consult on that so that I could keep some of it if it didn't, you know, maybe you're like how you're going to shoot something or whatever. So, yeah, he was.

So that physical, that, yeah, those things are really important. It's just super important. You know, for me, I would never be able to understand what Dr. Vijay understands. I call him Dr. Vijay, it's Dr. Argoal, but I call him Dr. BJ. He says that, though, he told us. But like, I'm never going to get, you know, in my mind, I'm never going to be smart enough to understand that, but I can try to, like, understand, like you said, like, what is his manner how would you say this how do you hold something that at least can give you a way into it you

obviously understand more than i do with the text well yes like just the scientist part of it i do need to know what the heck i'm talking about but there are people and so like this is the line i can know a lot about what dr vj and then i have to be present as a human being doing a scene as an act you know doing so you have to kind of not because there are a lot of stuff that I over research for the moment or maybe I have it in my journal that's like oh to be used later say do you know what I mean about who you are as a character yeah but I overthought stuff on the first day I promise you I was overthinking yeah but you had a lot to do in the first day because we did this like steady cam walk and talk shot like bringing you into the room and it was just all it was all so much but do you

think regabi it's so funny because it always feels to me like she's sort of like on the edge of total like she's always so afraid of fucking up and you just get the idea that she's sort of she killed she killed two people now so i'm like i'm like and she won't admit that but i mean she's like worried she did not want to kill this one and she can't kill this one for some reason she cannot this one can't this is last wrong is she is she more of a scientist or a doctor because a doctor is like trying to save people but a scientist is trying to do experiments and learn stuff it sounds just the way you said that like She doesn't want to kill somebody because she doesn't want to screw up the experiment as opposed to caring about their life.

She's a scientist. She's a totally scientist. Yeah. Anyway, that was great talking. So great. Thanks for coming on. Thanks for having me. Thank you, Karen.

I'm really good to see you. I look forward to seeing you again soon. Okay. Thank you. Thanks, Karen. Bye. Bye. All right.

It's time for us to take a quick break. And when we come back, we'll be joined by neuroscientist and Carlton professor, Dr. Kim Helmand. Hey, Adam, you got any trips coming up? We do, actually. We're going to go for our first parents' weekend, visiting our son off at school. Oh, wow. That's exciting. Yeah.

Wow, you're already there. That sounds amazing. We're already miss him and just can't wait to get over there. Yeah, that'll be fun. And so what are you doing with your house when you're away? Well, I'm not exactly sure. Sure. Why? What do you mean? Well, I'm just saying that, you know, if you're away, you could actually be hosting an Airbnb. Huh. Yeah. That's, I mean, I've used Airbnb on a few family trips before and loved it, but love Airbnb. Christine is actually doing a movie right now. She's staying in an Airbnb. Yeah, it's the best. It's so much better than a hotel. I guess this whole time, whenever we're out of town, we could have been making a little extra cash while we're gone. See, that's what I'm saying. It makes total sense. Your home might be worth more than you think. Find out how much at Airbnb.com

slash host. I will. Good. Hello, it's Lena Dunham. I host a podcast called The Sea Word with my dearest friend and historian of bad behavior, Alyssa Bennett. What is up? It's a chat show about women whose society is called crazy.

We're going to be rediscovering the stories of women's society dismissed by calling them mad, sad, or just plain bad. Listen to and follow the Sea Word with Lena Dunham and Alyssa. Bennett, available now wherever you get your podcasts. This episode is brought to you by the farmer's dog. So employees on the separate floor of Lumen industry know their work is mysterious and important. The farmer's dog, on the other hand, isn't mysterious at all, which is good because what

you feed your dog shouldn't be a mystery. The farmer's dog makes 100% mysterious free, fresh food for dogs. And they always use real meat. eat real vegetables, which are gently cooked to retain vital nutrients and avoid the risks that come from ultra-processing. Their recipes are developed by their team of board-certified vet nutritionists so they can ensure that your dog's food is always complete and balanced. The farmer's dog food is made to human-grade safety standards, which are the same safety standards as the food that you and I eat, because as far as I know, if you're listening and understanding this podcast,

chances are you're a human being. The farmer's dog also portions the food to your dog's unique needs, making it easy to keep them at a healthy weight. So go try the farmer's dog today and get 50% off your first box of fresh, healthy food at thefarmer's dog.com slash severance. Plus, you get free shipping right to your door. Remember, you can't get it at stores, you can't get it at Lumen, you can only get it at the farmersdog.com slash severance.

This offer is for new customers only. Hey. Hi. Hey, doctor. Call me, Kim. Hey, Kim. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.

We're very excited now to be joined by a real doctor, a neuroscience professor at Carlton University, and the host of the Minding Your Brain podcast, Dr. Kim Helmins. Kim, welcome to the show. Great to be here. You are a person who understands how the brain works. for real. We are people who don't really. Can you tell us how you feel about Severance? You know, what was your first reaction and, you know, the places you think it hits on reality in places it doesn't. But what was your first reaction seeing the show? Well, I think it was like the, you know,

some of the first episodes that I was watching. And I was, I think one of them was when Heli was getting her implant. And so I'm sitting there watching. I'm like, wow, this is actually pretty realistic. She's in the halo, right, to keep the brain still. You don't want to be wiggling around your head because you're going to, you know, one millimeter to the left and you'll hit the wrong area of the brain. And then the other thing that was pretty wild and realistic is in some neurosurgical preparations, the patient is often awake. And that seems pretty eerie to some people. I think it's really played up in the show is watching Ellie sort of go, you know, her eyes are kind of moving around. But it's because there are no pain receptors.

on the surface of the brain. You know, you just have to do a bit of a local anesthesia. You open up the skull. And then once you're in there, the patient can be awake. And often that's what you want. Because if you're trying to do some kind of preparation in the brain, you don't want to, for example, lesion out that person's auditory cortex so they can't hear or the area of the brain that's involved in language. Anyway, so when I was watching that, I was like, oh, this is real. And then even where you guys, where the implant is going is pretty accurate when it comes. comes to the areas of the brain that we know are involved in memory. So obviously the point of the show is you're implanting something that's going to impact memory. And it's definitely

in that sort of middle, lower brain region. As I was watching, I was like, ah, this is pretty spot on. That always blows my mind that there's just like this one area in the brain that I guess if you screwed around with it or took it out or do it, you like lose all your long term memories. lose all your memories. Yeah, which is just, it's fascinating. It's actually like a physical space in your brain. It's right. It's the hippocampus. Because that's so much of what makes a person is your memories. It's everything. And that's what I was going to ask you, Ben, is if you were inspired by any of the work of Marcel Proust. Well, the author, Marcel Proust. I mean, I'll tell you, you know, just really purely as an actor, I learned about it.

Proust when I was in acting class because an acting teacher said you should read, I think it was memories of things past. That's right. It was referenced in an early acting class by an acting because the idea of what the Stanislavski method, method acting that we all hear about, a lot of it is related to sense memory. Yeah. And the idea of being able to, in acting class, the way they teach it is the idea of, you know, a scene where you're very emotional and you have to cry. But if you're trying to cry, that's not going to work or it's going to feel fake. But if you can find a memory that is emotional to you, then you will organically actually start to feel that emotion. And a way of accessing that memory is sometimes through the senses. And that's what

was taught to me. So the idea of if you can remember the smell of a, you know, a doll you had when you were a kid and try to go back into that. And it's what that unlocks for you. So purely, on that level, never really talking with Dan about it, but that's, I've always thought about that in acting. And it's very powerful. Yeah. I had no idea that those that would have been related. But as you know, the whole sort of thesis of that writing is that we are but a collection of our memories. That is who is our identity. And that's the theme of severance is this notion of two minds possibly in one brain, not having access to those memories of themselves. So, That's why I was like, oh, I wonder if there's a bit of Prussian, the memory of him as a boy.

Well, he ate a Madeline that was dipped in tea, and he immediately was transported back to his boyhood. It is very powerful. And I think you're right. It gets to the heart of, I think, the emotional sort of core of the show, which is the thing about feeling and both identity and sort of like what makes up who we are, but also how strong that emotion is and the questions in the show of whether or not. when Irving would smell, you know, Madeline, would he get Irving, would he get some back to some sort of a feeling from his outy Irving, you know, which we talk about all the time, the ideas of what is permeating and what might trigger something permeating. And, you know, we get into it with reintegration in season two with Mark where he's literally

reintegrating. But those questions, I feel, are there for the actors in almost every scene, really, to play around with. I mean, is that a thing? Like, you've done a lot of work with addiction and relating the history of early trauma to how that affects people later in life. Could you talk a little bit about that because that's very strong and those things sort of stay with you? And I guess do they get imprinted in the brain or how does that work? Yeah. So when an individual experiences trauma and, you know, I work in understanding early life trauma, which is particularly potent. So people who have experienced these traumatic events before the age of 18, even childhood traumas are somewhat even more different. What's happening is

your memory systems are activated. So we're learning something in the brain. And often learning involves association between things. So, you know, when I'm learning a name of a fruit, I see the shape of the fruit, the color of the fruit, the smell of the fruit, the taste of the fruit, all those things are being associated together in the brain. Now imagine then we've got a traumatic event that's associated with something. I'm making this up. An orange. right now you've got the orange associated with a trauma and what's happening is you're you're activating the brain systems that are involved in stress and a key part of the brain called the amygdala it's greek for almond tiny little almond shape structure is activated at the same time

because what it's saying is this is really important to pay attention to this because you need to learn about this to avoid it in the future you don't you don't want to eat an orange again because that was associated with that highly traumatic event And we as organisms are hardwired to avoid things that might kill us and be attracted to things that are going to help us survive. So the brain kind of lights up like a Christmas tree and all the different parts of the brain are activated at the same time because you want to basically say to every cell in the body as well, this is scary. This is something that we need to avoid. And so in addiction, what that does is just reprogramming those circuits such that the person is hyper-responsive distressors in the future.

So what we say is somebody who has a predisposition to addictions, they're almost like their reward centers are downregulated, so they feel kind of unhappy most of the time, and their fear centers are hyperactive. So they're scared. They don't feel safe because safety was threatened. So I feel crummy and I feel unsafe. And so what happens when we take substances is it kind of brings everything, that feels really good. You feel safe again and you feel good again. And then the brain is hardwired to say, again, approach the things that make me feel good and avoid the things that make me feel bad. And that's why addictions are powerful.

Well, the addiction aspect of it to me is interesting because I think that there's kind of always been a metaphor for severance being a way of trying to deaden the pain. Escape. And for me, I always thought of that was sort of like Mark, you know, on the outside, Audi Mark at first season, you know, has definitely drinking. a drinking issue trying to deaden the pain but then he's also deadening the pain by not wanting to really experience anything for a number of hours a day and i feel like that you know idea of like you can't really you can like suppress and suppress and suppress but you can't ever make that

pain go away it's always going to be there somewhere it's like pd says right and yeah yeah you know in the first season the pain is always there just not that aware of it yeah and that's you know i think that you just have to somehow, I guess in terms of when you're dealing with addiction, is it about somehow finding ways for people to cope with that, to cope with the pain? And to be able to like accept, somehow accept it or take it out of the shadows and not try to suppress it, obviously with a substance or severance or whatever it is, but to try to just to accept it somehow. Yeah, the only way through is through. Right. If we, if we avoid the trauma, if we avoid the pain, it might temporary relieve it. And that's what,

do to some extent, scrolling on social media, another extent, you know, we all have ways in which we avoid those uncomfortable moments. But the only way that we're ever going to reach the other side is if we actually do the hard work through that difficulty. So do you think that Mark being severed to avoid the trauma slash grief of losing his wife was a good idea for him to do or not slash, do you think there are good applications for severance? Yeah. And it's an excellent question because I think that the ethics of these things is another major theme of the show.

And, you know, I work with people who have substance use disorders and, you know, I see the pain. I see the struggle. You know, I'm in this business because ultimately what we're trying to do is, is understand and develop better ways through. And some people would give anything to literally turn off a switch. you know, be severed or to not feel the pain. And like I said, on the one hand, we're in that business of trying to find those better ways. But on the other hand, is Mark removing the opportunity,

not having that opportunity to grow through that pain, right? That's the one thing that I think of is that will he ever then not experience the joy, the possible joy and benefits of moving through that pain? What if there's something? The healing. What's on the other side of that feeling, right? So it's like the stuckness of the severance procedure is what worries me. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, it's so clear when you think about it in those terms with what's going on on the severed floor and how Mr. Milchick talks to the innings, you know, season one and the first, you know, when they have the chair circle and it's just like about, you know, like we don't have things like death here. We don't have no pain here. And what the ines, you know, really

learn over the course of the season and into the second season is like, well, no, that's, you can't exist and be healthy without feeling those things. That's right. Yeah. The whole circle, the whole gamut of a human condition. The universality of it is we all experience pain. We all experience struggle. And it's also the dichotomy of, you know, can't have pleasure without pain.

Exactly. And I also find one of the interesting things about the show is these people that are all they know for their whole lives are these hallways and these four walls. And it just doesn't work. They need more than that. Either they need more of that presented to them or their minds are going to do it for them. And they create relationships. They create an equivalent to death.

They create stakes because the human mind needs more stimulus than that. If you're thinking of people who are in situations like this, does the human mind kind of burst out of a situation like that in one way or the other? Like what is that? Well, they did all these experiments, I think back at McGill, I believe, which is my mind. alma mater a long time ago the sensory deprivation experiments you heard about these where they like put goggles and yeah by the way one of the movies we watched early on for severance was altered states which is a ken russell movie which is all about that yeah so you know that the brain like if it's not adequately stimulated it will start hallucinating it'll start making things up

people will develop psychosis if if they go long enough and it's interesting because the the endless hallways, right? The sterility of it is very much, I hadn't thought about it until you mentioned it, this almost sensory deprived environment where they, but and yet they are finding joys, right? They're having relationships. They're experiencing love, affection, friendship. But it's almost like it's not deprivation. It's not deprived because they aren't aware of what else there is. True. Yeah. But their minds are expanding anyway. Yeah. I feel like that's sort of like an Egan sort of point of view you're having it's like hey yeah they're not missing anything just don't know what they're not missing that's right but then really clued into that early on

with just the idea even of the paintings in the hallway you know with bird and irving like the appreciation the way that they take it and with irving and bird appreciate those paintings because it's really the only sustenance the only visual you know stimulation um and little things Obviously, the perks for Dylan, these little things are so, they don't question it until their mind is opened up to the reality. Oh, these are actually, there's so much more out there. Well, we're watching it thinking, this is a perk, right? When they have the watermelons.

Right. Yeah. You know, like we forget, or I was forgetting, that's all they know, right? Right. It's a big deal. It's a huge. What is this carved head out of a watermelon? This is fantastic.

A hard-boiled egg. I don't know how eggs could ever be considered a perk for anybody. Ben, by the way, I had a hard-boiled egg for lunch today. Really? Yeah. Good protein. It was great, great protein. Okay.

Thank you, Kim. It's your life, it's your life, Adam. It sure is. I have a question, like, just in terms of what people think about, the brain versus the mind. Oh, gosh. Versus the soul. Uh-oh. Uh-oh.

In like three minutes. But maybe start with brain versus the mind. Okay. So I'm channeling my, my dear colleague here, Jim Davies, who co-hosts our podcast. And he says, the mind is the product of the brain. The brain is the hardware. It's the thing that's doing. And the mind is the outcome of what the brain is doing. Now, the soul, whew, I don't know. I know it's certainly not located in Pineal gland, like Descartes believed at one point, right? Oh, really? How would you even get to that? theory I mean how do you even get to the theory when you're like when people are dissect and this is such a non-scientist question like people dissect brains how can you figure out that the amygdala is that little part right there when you're you know is actually where the fear centers or this is where the hippocampus is where the memories are like how do you I guess through

through imagery and yeah we're constrained by the tools that we have so as we advance with technology to be able to look inside the brain and measure the brain and record the brain that's how our understanding of the brain has advanced. And I think Descartes, like, they just, this was the 1800s, they had no way to image inside the brain. It was really dead bodies. But I do want to ask you, if we're talking about the mind and the brain, if you were inspired at all by the split brain studies.

I never heard of the split brain studies. Oh, oh boy. Okay. So imagine the brain in your mind's eye. It looks like kind of like a walnut that's two halves, right? So we have the two cerebral hemispheres. And these two cerebral hemispheres is what you've probably heard left brain and right brain thinking, right? That's where it comes from because we have the left and the right cerebral hemispheres.

They're connected by like a highway of fibers called the corpus callosum. So imagine it is literally like a highway connecting two cities. Those fibers connect the left brain and the right brain. And in the 1960s, there are a couple neuroscientists out of University of California, Santa Barbara, I believe, Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzanaga, that discovered that when people had intractable epilepsy, so seizures that couldn't, they were having like hundreds of seizures a day, if they severed, if they cut that corpus callosum connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, it would actually alleviate the seizure activity. This is awesome. Great. So this was called a split brain procedure. Now, where the cool thing is and the wild thing that leads to this notion of are we actually two minds in one brain is they started to do all these neuropsychological testing with these split brain patients, what they would do is they'd get a computer screen across in the middle of the screen and they'd cover the right side of the screen from the patients and they'd flash an image to the left side of the patient, okay, in the screen.

So it was like, let's say, a broomstick. Now this image would go only to the right side of the brain but then couldn't travel over to the left side of the brain because the corpus callosum was cut. And so the experimenter would say, what did you see? The patients say, I saw nothing because they could, the language side wasn't able to access the image on the right side of the brain. Here's the wild thing. Then they would say, are you sure you didn't see anything?

No, I didn't see anything. They give them a pen on their left hand. Well, just draw, draw something and they draw a broomstick. Whoa. Yeah. So, and it gets even eerier. Other situations, they had a woman who said she would get up in the morning and her left hand would reach out to grab a red shirt and her.

my right hand would smack it away and pick out a blue shirt. No. I know. So this to me is severance. Wow. Right? Literal severance of the two sides of the brain. So is it in practice then?

Yeah. The procedure? Yeah. Oh, it still is. Yeah. Kim, is there so much more to discover about the brain? You're talking about we're only as good as the tools we have for, you know, 2025, so much incredible stuff. It's such an incredible time for science. Is there so much more to discover? Oh, yeah.

So much we don't know. Oh, yeah. I would say the brain is still the organ that we understand the least in the human body. There is, you know, technology is booming. We're starting to uncover more about the electrical activity of the brain. We know a lot more about the chemical activity of the brain, like our brainwave activity. That's something that, you know, things like that, I think, are still uncharted territory. We need more neuroscientists. Yeah. I mean, it's just, to me, it's, I would say, mind-blowing. So, Kim, we have a series of rapid-fire questions we thought we'd throw at you just to see. Are you good with that? Are you down to do that? Hit me. Let's go. Is it true that we only use 10% of our brain? No, false. Okay. Okay. Wait, wait, can we stop rapid fire? Because I want to hear more about that.

Sure. So that's actually a myth that started out with a series of studies that were done in the 1800s, where there was a French neuroanatomist that was removing most of like a chicken head and found, oh, look, the chicken can still peck and eat food and came to this conclusion. We don't need 80% of our brain. That's so false. You're using all your brain all the time. It's just most of our circuits at any given time are inhibited. We're not flailing around, you know, think about our motor inhibit, like actively inhibited. it. We're not, we're, our speech, we're not swearing unconsciously. And when we do, when that happens, that's Tourette's syndrome. And that's when there are these circuits that are misfiring.

So the way I say, the default state is most things are actively suppressed. And then we experience our lives that ultimately, what it has to do is overcome that inhibition to then engage in a behavior and move towards something or back away from something because something really interesting in novel is, is causing that disinhibition. Yeah, it's amazing how that, you've heard that forever. You only use 10% of you believe that, yeah. All right, sorry, Adam. You want you to do the next one?

Can you burn a message into your retinas like Mark tries to do in season two? She's laughing. You don't have video video. She's laughing. Um, no. Yeah, that was a bad idea, right? It didn't work. You'd fry your retinal ganglion cells.

Just doing it fake on the show. Yeah. Did it hurt? almost burned, I did have who is alive burned into my retinas for a couple hours. I bet, like if you have bright lights, yeah, yeah, yeah. But it's clever, it's clever, let's put it that way. That's Dan Harrison. Brilliant.

Yeah. Props was like, okay, so what we're going to do is we're going to put this bright light with who is alive under this and then you're going to put the sheet over your head in. I love it. I was like, oh, so we're just doing the thing. Okay, third question. What foods should Lumen stock in their vending machine to support? brain health.

Sardines. Yeah. Anything with omega fatty acids. I love sardines. How about this, Ben? Almond. Okay. I like almonds.

Can they be roasted? Yeah, sure. Why not? Okay. I think just a sardine on like a ritz cracker is a great way to enjoy a sardine, right? Ben's face says otherwise. I mean, I'm trying to think of any way you could possibly prepare a sardine that would make it appetizing and I can't think of it.

But I want my brain to be healthy, so I don't know. Put it in a pasta, make up a pasta, add a little bit of olive oil, crush up the sardines. They become flaky, it's promisone cheese. We're good. Sure. Okay. Thank you so much for joining us. This has been, we could talk for another three hours about this stuff.

Honestly, opportunity of a lifetime. Thank you for creating an amazing show. Just love, love, love, nerding out with you. Keep on, keeping on and making us all smile and wonder if we should get the severance procedure or not. Yeah. Thank you, Kim. Check out that Minding Your Brain podcast. Yeah.

Kim, and we'll see you again soon. Thank you. All right, it's time for another break. When we come back, we'll be talking with my friend and severance superfan, Mike the Mailman Lang. Stay tuned. This episode is brought to you by Defender. With its 626 horsepower twin turbo V8 engine,

the defender, Octa, is taking on the Dakar rally. The ultimate off-road challenge. Learn more at landrover.ca. Hit pause on whatever you're listening to and hit play on your next adventure. This fall get double points on every qualified stay. Life's the trip. Make the most of it at Best Western.

Visit bestwestern.com for complete terms and conditions. Oh, this is it. The day you finally ask for that big promotion. You're in front of your mirror with your Starbucks coffee. Be confident. Assertive. Remember eye contact. But also remember to blink.

Smile, but not too much. That's weird. What if you aren't any good at your job? What if they dim out you instead? Okay. Don't be silly. You're smart. You're driven.

You're going to be late if you keep talking to the mirror. This promotion is yours. Go get them. Starbucks. It's never just coffee. Hey, Mike. Hey, Adam. How you doing? Good, man. Good to see you. Hey, man. Good seeing you guys. Yeah, hey. We're really excited to end the episode with a good friend of mine and Severance superfan Mike Lang, also known as Mailman Mike, apparently. Is that true, Mike? Is that how you're known? That is true in both this fandom and in the Bucks basketball fandom. Everybody calls me Mailman Mike. That's so cool.

Super Bucks fan, too. And as a Nick fan, we have a friendly Nick's Bucks rivalry and appreciate and support. And we're going to go actually going to see a Knicks game this year together, which I'm excited about. That is very exciting. So yes, there's mutual appreciation. So Mike, how did you and Ben meet? So back in 2022, you guys did a panel at San Diego Comic-Con. And I waited in line for three hours and then sat. Yeah, sat in that room watching everybody else's panel. When Severance came on, I got in line to ask a question. And then I came up there and asked a question. about traumatic themes and PTSD in the show. And a day later, Ben messaged me on Twitter, and it took off. After that, we just started chatting about basketball and going back and

forth. So that's where our friendship began. Yeah, it was great. You know, I was so taken by the question that you had, because first of all, it was the first time we're in front of people talking about the show at Comic-Con. We'd been doing the show, and it was out in the world. But then, like, all these people showed up for the panel. I remember thinking, this is crazy. We actually have fans of the show. And then the questions that started coming were, you know, all sort of related to the show. And then Mike came up and said, I'm a veteran.

I've dealt with PTSD. And this really related to me in a way personally that I thought was so interesting and something that had thought about a little bit. But the way that you were affected by the ideas of what severance could do and the questions that brought up for you personally. maybe you could just talk a little bit about that in terms of like what what your connection was when you watch the show in relation to your experience. Yeah, so I'm a post-9-11 war veteran. I spent over 500 days in Iraq. I do have PTSD. I've talked about it openly. And strangely, watching Severance, I was hit with memories from my time at war. And I know you guys didn't do it on purpose. It just happened. And the biggest example is you, Adam. in the first episode. You're crying in the car, going through this very emotional moment, and as viewers, we don't know why. But for me, that brought me back to 16 years prior to 2006 when I was at

war. And I had a similar thing happened to me where I couldn't handle the stress anymore. And I couldn't handle all of the traumatic events that were happening around me, the missions, the injuries, losing friends and I sat in a shipping container and I bawled my eyes out for about 20 minutes because I just had nowhere to go like I had no one to lean on I was by myself so I took this time and I just completely let everything out and then went back to doing my job with like nothing happened but I just couldn't do it anymore and when I saw this on on the screen I just flashed back to it and I hadn't really thought about it in a deep way in quite some time So that's where this starts, and going through the first season, I just started paying attention to the traumatic themes within the characters and seeing what was going on and why they were choosing to sever themselves.

And that's something that I would have done had, I had the option to remove the traumatic memory from going to combat. First of all, thank you. I'm so honored that you had a connection with the show. And it's interesting that you say that it's severance is something you would have jumped at the chance. I mean, not putting words in your mouth, there's something you would have participated in. Right. Do you feel like that severance itself, it would have removed those traumatic memories or it just would have like given you some time off from the traumatic memories? Is that what it is about it?

It looks like a reprieve to you from those memories? It does. It looks like it's a break. from not only the memory but also the moment. So in the moment that the stress and the tension is so high and as a soldier you have nowhere to go with that, your life for, you know, weeks and months on end is the same. Breakfast, lunch, dinner is all the same. The missions are the same. Nothing changes and that stress level becomes so high that, yes, I would like a moment where I don't have to be on alert 24-7 where you're afraid of, is this going to be your last day? Like, are you going to die today? Or is something so bad going to happen

that I'm going to witness, you know, an airplane crashing, having to put tourniquets on people? Like, that's really what I would want is the break. Like, could I have a break from that? And then later in life, when you have PTSD, you think back and go, if I could have just not experienced this, I wouldn't be who I am now. Like, I would be normal. I would feel great. And severance is like the cheat code, right? Because therapy is the hard work. When you go to therapy, you've got to find the therapist. You have to do all of this. Severance takes that away and makes it simple. So it looks from the viewer, it looks simple, like this would be very easy. Sure. Yeah, even when you said about just when you had to go off and just cry and let this out, which by the way, sound completely normal

to me of what anybody would have to do in such a situation that you're going to feel these feelings. But then the part that got me was, you said, then you had just go right, go back out there and do it again or do whatever you were doing as if nothing had happened, but have to do it again over and over again. And I think there's something about the idea of the severance procedure being like, okay, that would be a great break from it. But in life for you, I mean, you had to go forward in your life and you're obviously dealing with your PTSD in different ways. Right. But does it feel like you're kind of severed in a way from your experience? in Iraq in that you're going delivering mail going to bucks games living your life people don't know your experience and you almost have to compartmentalize it in a way yeah you do now feel

you know very numb to the past like the average person does not know what I've gone through what most combat veterans have gone through they just assume you're fine or yet your life is fine like they see you doing your job or hanging out with your friends it's the like the little moments the quiet moments where you're left to your own thoughts or there's something that triggers you to think about those memories and feelings and brings you back down and you have to like tell yourself everything's okay and you're here in the present and not in the past it's not like like in movies and television where you see the flashbacks to war like it's it's the emotion that really brings you down to the depression that really gets to you. It's not thinking about getting shot at

or terrible moments. For me, it's like a smell. Like a smell can set me off and all of a sudden I am back there but I'm in the present. Like I can be delivering the mail and a smell of jet fuel will set me off and then I am just depressed the entire day because I'm remembering a moment in time that now has brought me down but I'm still here doing what I have to do. Yeah. And is it even sometimes not literally pinpointing a moment? It's just a visceral, like, physiological reaction to that smell and you're depressed and you're not exactly sure why, or are you, is your brain pinpointing a specific memory

when that smell comes to you? No, it is a specific memory. I want to think right, like, after the war coming home, I didn't understand what was happening. I didn't know why I wasn't like I wasn't sleeping or why I would like these triggers would happen that has come with the hard work like having going through all the hard work of therapy and figuring out what the triggers are and working through all of that. But for now when that happens, I know exactly where it is. I know exactly what it's coming from. It's not random. It's just old memories that were from very intense moments that have stuck with me. And I can't. remove that. I can't get rid of it. It's just part of me now for the rest of my life. Like, therapy takes me so far. And as time goes on, it lessens, but it's always there. Like, it's been 20 years since my first deployment to Iraq in 2005. It's still with me.

Like, it's just a little bit lesser. Yeah. I mean, that's the sort of the reality of our memories. And we were just talking to a neuroscientist talking about that, the power of a smell or sense that can bring back a very very visceral memory or you know when you were talking about it you know I haven't been through your situation but we've all experienced grief right or losing someone and that feeling of that pain that is always with you on some level that you find ways to to deal with it but I think what you know just as a veteran I'll say like what you're saying to me is very impactful because we really don't think about that as people going about in our lives we're not thinking about everybody's lives and what you know everybody's dealing with something or

you're dealing with is something that's very, very strong, traumatic, very painful memories that people, I think, you know, just don't, it's not like people don't want to know about it, but it's that thing of, like, unless you've experienced it, you probably really can't empathize as much with what that pain is. By the way, I have to mention the show Homecoming. I don't know if you've seen it, the Sam Esmell show. Yes, yes. I thought that was a really, really well-done show that was kind of getting to this idea a little bit too, the idea of some sort of technology to have veterans or soldiers be able to go to war and not remember. It's always fascinating when we see that in like television and you have these ideas.

And then when you're in the moment like at war, you'd be surprised how many people will tell you the same thing. You could go back 20 years and I've had guys I had conversations with that would be like, oh, if we could just not remember any of this, we'd be playing, we'd be playing poker and having a great time. But instead, we're at war and we're like looking, you know, living in a tent, looking at each other like this sucks. Like, I don't want to think about this.

And then you come home and it's like no one wants to talk about it. Like no one wants to sit down and talk about the bad things. They just want to pretend it didn't happen. But then in your dark moments, it's there. It's with you. And that's reflected within severance. Like we see your character. Adam drinking a lot and unfortunately a lot of us that went to war have gone through that we've

been in that situation not only to suppress feelings but also to sleep like it is something to not have dreams not have nightmares it's a crutch and that's another you know real aspect of the television show to real life yeah it's a very human thing it's very yeah it's just you know we're all having to deal with levels of that but that's such an intense thing that you're talking about. I found with season one and with Mark, when we were working on that, kind of making the decision of Mark not wanting to move on. He, this feeling is all he has left of her. And so he's miserable. And he wants to escape it for eight, nine hours a day. But he's doing nothing to move on or to heal or to anything because there's something comforting that's anchoring him. And that is this grief and

these feelings. I, as a viewer, I don't know if this is right, but I took it as the character needed eight hours to be a productive member of society. And for the rest of the time, could just feel like shit and live in that grief. And that's what the character wanted to do. And you portrayed that, you know, excellently. But that's how I took it as the viewer, like, oh, he needs an income, and the only way he can have the income is to do this, and then he can feel however he wants dealing with that grief for the loss of his wife. I thought that was brilliant because not everyone can do that. In real society, they lose their careers, they lose their jobs, they lose their families, and everything's a mess. But in this situation, you have a character

working and then going home and reliving that grief over and over again and never wanting to get better. Yeah, that's right. But also, I think that's another metaphor in the show is that work itself can be real work and real life can be that for people too, the numbing thing. The idea of workaholism or, you know, kind of finding a place where you can sort of, you know, just disconnect from all those feelings and the things you think of it because you busy yourself, and you busy yourself and you put all of yourself into it, you know, and not leave space to actually feel the feelings that are painful that come up when you're not doing that. Yeah, it's a good distraction. It helps you distract from any sort of issue. And when you throw yourself into that

work, you're just off doing it. Like, it doesn't get in the way. It doesn't bother you because you're distracted by working. Maybe we shift gears for a second here. I just want to say you came to visit the set. You and Kelly came a few times. Yeah, we came a few times. And I was told by a couple different actors that there has not been many people to the set. So we feel a little spoiled that we've gotten to come along and, you know, check everything out with you guys and, uh, see, you know, the behind the scenes of severance. Yeah. No, it was great to have you. And the first season, we had no visitors because it was, it was COVID. Right. Yeah, that's right. I don't think any of our family members, nobody came at all. And you came beginning of the second season, right? Yeah, I came,

uh, you came a couple times. I came a couple times. It came in 2023, uh, when no one, when you guys weren't filming at all and you and I just hung out and went around the sets. Right. And then we came back in 2024 while you were filming the Cold Harbor finale. And it was a massive spoiler, but it was like so funny because you have like this this joke with like you and Kelly started this when we were walking around. You might not remember. But she told you that like I'm not a big spoiler person. So every room we went into, you were looking around like, oh, that's a spoiler. Spoiler, spoiler, and then just laughing. And I thought this was so great to just live this moment and then, you know, get made fun of by both my partner and Ben Stiller.

Well, it was sort of like I wanted, you know, you to visit and stuff, but like it's impossible not to have spoilers if you're visiting. What was the spoiler that you saw? It was when you entered the Cold Harbor room and you found Gemma making the crib. Right. That's like the spoiler of all spoilers. Yeah. So I got to watch Adam come in the room a hundred times and a hundred different takes and different emotions and different energy every time, which was so fascinating to see because you never, like as a viewer at home, you get to see what you guys have put out into the world. You don't see all of the different trial and errors that have gone through to find that perfect scene. So it was really fascinating to sit with Ben and watch Adam and Deichen go through this. And it was really cool. as a fan to be, you know, five feet away and watching through these monitors to seeing, you know, these actors play this scene out. That just blew my mind as a fan like, oh, this is,

this is deep and cool to witness. Thanks, Mike, for talking to us. This has been so great. Hey, before you go, are there any recommendations you might have? I really appreciate you talking about your PTSD. And I wonder if there are any sites or resources for people who have PTSD that you would recommend or any advice in terms of how to approach, you know, dealing with it? Yeah. If there's anyone, you know, listening that's a veteran and they do feel, you know, out of place and they don't know what to do, I would recommend, you know, starting with their local Veterans Affairs Hospital and trying to, you know, find out a good mental health counselor for you or a therapist. There's also a therapist in the private sector. If you want to read a really interesting book that

opened, you know, my mind towards PTSD. I gave Ben and Dan a copy of the things they carried by Tim O'Brien. That really made me come out of my shell to talk about PTSD. And even if you're afraid to talk about it, start journaling and writing your thoughts down. And when you feel more comfortable, share that with a loved one or a friend or even a random stranger that's not going to judge you. But I would say, you know, reach out to your local VA or find a local therapist and through that process to, you know, get this stuff off your chest and start untangling the wires in your brain because that's really what PTSD is. It's tangling all the wires and you really need to fix that to be a more productive member of society.

Right. Great. Thanks, Mike. Thanks for having me. And last thing before you go, where are you predicting the bucks end up in the east at the end of the season? Well, I mean, I'm a diehard so I would see them, you know, as a number one seed. But I know we're going to go through New York here. So we'll probably be number two, you know. I like the optimism. I like it. Fear of the deer. Fear of the deer. All right. Thanks, man. Thank you. Thanks, Mike. Thank you. Wow, what a conversation. Yeah, so fascinating to me. Whenever we talk about this stuff, the parallels that come up in terms of what people are talking about in this concept. I know. The neuroscientist and my

both bringing up the power of smell on the brain and your memories. It was amazing. Yeah. And talking to Karen was great. Yeah. Her approach to the work. I just love how she approaches it. So this was a really fun episode, man.

Yeah, super fun. And that's it for the episode. The Severance Podcast with Ben and Adam will be back again next week. You can stream every episode of Severance on Apple TV Plus. The Severance podcast with Ben Stiller and Adam. Scott is a presentation of Odyssey, Red Hour Productions, and Great Scott. If you like the show, be sure to rate and review this podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your other podcast platform of choice.

It really makes a difference. If you've got a question about Severance, call our hotline, 212-830-3816. We just might play your voicemail and answer your question on the podcast. Our executive producers are Barry Finkel, Gabrielle Lewis, Naomi Scott, and Leah Reese Dennis. This show is produced by Ben Goldberg. It's mixed and mastered by Chris Basel. Show clips are courtesy of fifth season. Music by Theodore Shapiro. Special thanks to the team at Odyssey, Mora Curran, Eric Donnelly, Michael LeVay, Melissa Wester, Kate Rose, Kurt Courtney, and Hillary Schuff. And the team at Red Hour, John Lesher, Carolina Pesikov, Jean-Pablo Antonetti, Ashwin Ramesh, Maria Noto, John Baker, and Sam Lyon.

And at Great Scott, Kevin Cotter, Josh Martin, and Christy Smith at Rise Management. I'm Ben Stiller. And I'm Adam Scott. Thank you for listening.