The Underworld Podcast - MS-13 Behind the Scenes in El Salvador

Episode Date: November 30, 2020

In recent years MS-13 has become one of the most feared street gangs in the world, thanks to face tattoos and machetes. Underworld host and producer Danny Gold first went to El Salvador to report on the gang and their rivals 18th Street in 2015 and has since returned numerous times. In this episode he breaks down the origins of the gang and what it's like to go behind the scenes with them (and 18th street). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As the crispy chicken sandwich from 7-Eleven, people always call me loud. And I'm like, yeah, I know. I'm crispy. Did you expect me to whisper? If you want quiet, go eat some soup and reflect. Like, I know I'm a handful. I'm bold, I'm juicy. Throw some pickles and barbecue sauce on me, and baby, I'm a whole meal.

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If one entity is here and one here and one here and one here, you need the Intuit ERP. If scaling your business feels like start starting over, you need the Intuit ERP. Intuit Enterprise Suite is the AI-native ERP solution that consolidates, migrates, and automates, all in one place. Learn more at Intuit.com. Welcome back. Welcome back to the Underworld podcast. We took a little break to kind of recoup for a little weeks after our first 10 episodes, but we are here now and we are pumped. I am your host, Danny Gold. I'm here with Sean Williams, who, you know, is still very British, so maybe he doesn't allow himself to get too pumped unless it's like 6 a.m. at Bergen. But we're excited. Yeah, yeah, we're

excited. I'm really, really pumped, as you can tell from my voice. It's not. It doesn't really waver up and down, right? This guy, if you could see my video right now, this guy is freaking losing it. There's like strobe lights in the background. He is out of control. Anyway, this is a podcast where we take you into the secret worlds of the global criminal, transnational, organized crime. You guys know what the deal is.

So today we're going to go deep on MS-13, which is, you know, kind of a subject that I've spent a lot of time reporting on. And let me just start off with the story about the time I got threatened by them. while reporting in El Salvador. And when I say MS-13, I actually, I mean children. And not even like 12 or 13-year-olds, so I think we can all agree are kind of terrifying. You know, you see a group of 13-year-olds on the street.

Like, you know, it's going to be scary. I just like, yeah, teens, man, the worst. But I'm talking about like five-year-olds. So, yeah, we'll get to that. But I've done a bunch of reporting trips to El Salvador for Vice, for PBS, for The Guardian. I've wrote articles, did some. documentaries. And the thing about reporting in El Salvador is, you know, when you read about it or

watch it on video, it can kind of seem like really scary for the reporter. And journalists, like especially video producers, they love to play this up, right? They're going to insert some tense music under the footage of like them driving around with the police when it's really just like them driving around at night. But you throw, you know what I'm talking about? You throw that instrumental under there and you're, you're, like, we're in, we're in gang territory right now. Like anything could happen. Anything could not. happen. But, or, you know how it is. Like, you get the guy wearing a balaclav and he's showing off his giant tattoos and you turn to the camera and you quietly mention, like, the entire

neighborhood is controlled by MS-13, the most feared gang in the world. And the thing is, like, it is scary, but also it's kind of not. And that's just sometimes how it is when you do this kind of reporting. Yeah, I mean, like, you're so focused on a job in these kind of situations, you don't even realize how messed up the situation actually is, right? I mean, if you kind of stop to think, like, who the hell are these people who I'm trusting in my life, then you could kind of freak out really quickly, but then, like, who's going to get in trouble? I mean, who's going to go to the problem of, like, killing a foreign journalist in most of these situations? Like, they're more just annoyed that you're there or they kind of want to show off, right?

So. Yeah, I mean, look, it's not, when I'm in the Middle East, like, people are going to try to, could potentially try to kill me. Like, it's, like, that's, that's what they want to do. You know, I'm, like, a fucking Jewish kid from Brooklyn and American journalist. Like, you're the price package. In El Salvador, it's like not that. They don't want the attention that killing someone like me, you know, a handsome American journalist is going to bring, it's going to bring, it's not going to bring the attention that they want. It's actually going to make their lives a lot hard. Yeah, for sure. And like Sean said, they're more annoyed. And they also want to try to figure

out how they can get like a hundred bucks for me for, you know, that's more what it is. Yeah, I mean, I'm like, I'm like pumped about this because you know so much about this group and I know nothing apart from like the news shows and like what the politicians say so I'm kind of keen to to hear it straight from you yeah it's going to be cool oh you're going to learn strap yourself in i'm strapped i'm fully we're getting an education so when i go to these neighborhoods everything is cleared ahead of time someone usually like the fixture i'm working with like shout out to juan carlos and neal and even monsano who are amazing guys they've cleared it with someone in the neighborhood who clears it with the gangs and this could be like a church pastor or maybe someone high up at an

NGO who works in the neighborhood. You know, they don't always say yes, but if they say no, like the reporter, I'm not going to the neighborhood. And also, it doesn't always mean that you're in the clear, but mostly you're kind of in the clear. But, you know, I've been working in another gang neighborhood before after getting permission and a police patrol came by on foot. Things got tense and a gang member told us, like, you have to leave now.

And that's when things can get a little interesting and maybe a little scary, but it's never, it's just never as insane as you make it look on TV. But usually, like I said, if you're a foreign journalist, you're kind of in the clear. And the rules are a little different, obviously, if you're a local in which case, like, you know, you're in danger. Yeah, you're in trouble. Right. And the thing I always worry about is if I do something stupid, if it's going to fall on the guys who I'm working with who are from there, I can get on a plane right and I'm back in New York in a week. And I'm fine.

I don't have to worry about this. but the guys I'm working with down there, something could happen to them. And that's what concerns me. And I've also, dude, I've been out there in a neighborhood where the gang members were like, okay, no pictures, and a journalist working for a very prominent newspaper,

a very prominent journalist, like on the drive out was shooting shady shots from the car. And like she got called out and they were yelling at her as we drove away. It's not cool, man. Like you're bringing attention on the journalists that are, like, the people who are, like, the people who are,

who vouched for us, the pastor or the other local journalists, it's not going to fall on us. It's going to fall on them. I was in some, I was in a war zone once, and there was some, like, weird influencer that got on the junket for some reason in the embed. And they were like, they had one of those selfie sticks and they were doing like little TikTok videos or whatever to camera, right where people were like shooting along an alley and stuff. It was, that's fucking crazy. I don't know how that happened.

I mean, yeah, I guess people are stupid everywhere, right? And journalists are just stupid than anyone else. Yeah. There has actually been, there was a European reporter. I think he was French who got killed. He had made one of the craziest documentaries about 18th Street Gang, who we're going to talk about too, just like embedded with them for months, I think years even.

And the documentary came out. This was, I may, five, ten years ago. And then he came back. And the same guys made the documentary about killed him. But for the most part, 99% of the time, you're mostly safe. Anyway, I'm digressing a bit. I know you guys want to learn about MS-13. We're going to get there.

So this particular time with the kids, I was with Neil, who is like the go-to guy in El Salvador. And we had the permission of a church group who was helping to put on like a community health fair. And one thing the gangs like MS-13 and 18 should always do is they complain that government is neglecting their neighborhoods, which is true, not providing them with resources or services. But at the same time, like if anyone wants to go in there and do something good, whether it's like a good. government agency or an NGO, the gang's just like making a nightmare to get permission, which I mean, like, come on. Like, you can't have it both ways, you know? If you're going to complain about that, let somebody come in and do good.

Anyway, I'm working on this doc I made with Neil about how the only way out of the gang life is to become a born-again Christian in the evangelical church. And we had permission to be there, but you can't push your luck. And unfortunately, like, we pushed our luck. We're just kind of nonchalantly, not even paying attention, just strolled maybe like 20, your 30 yards away from the tent areas like the health fair and these three kids come up to us seven maybe eight years old they're excited and they're kind of pulling on your shirt and at first i think they want us to film them and instead they kind of get neal to bend down and they tell him something but

i can't make it out and i'm like oh dude what do they want like they want us to film and he looks at me like nope they most certainly did not want us to film actually the opposite they issued a warning they told them and then they pointed over there to like an area maybe a hundred yards away where there's a group of people and they were like those three gang members over there, they're going to beat your ass if you go any further. So yeah, we did not go any further. We turned around and we made a hasty retreat back to the little health fair. God, it's kind of tragic how kids so young are hard into that life, right?

I mean, I mean, where a guy in Nigeria told me he got mugged by some like 10-year-olds and a gang. It's pretty sad stuff how like everyone is involved in these groups, right? Oh, yeah. I mean, these kids get recruited at 9 or 10 years old. And like some of the, some of the scariest gang members are like 14, 15. It's nuts. I mean, El Salvador, man, you just never, like, you never know what you'll run into.

All right. So we are here to talk about MS-13 and also about 18th Street, who is their rival, who just don't, like, they just don't get the same press, man. You know, like, they just don't have the comms guy working it. But they basically function in the same way. They've actually fractured into two separate gangs, 18th Street Southerners and 18th Street revolutionaries. We're going to talk about how they make money, how they operate. face tattoos, machetes, all that good stuff. But first, we're going to bring you up to speed on how these gangs came into existence

and how they took over. And I like this quote from an inside crime paper, which of you guys don't know them. They are like the premier crime reporting group in Latin America. They're just, they're amazing. Go to their website, look at some of their stuff if you have a chance. And this is their quote. The gangs have persisted for four decades without a master plan in all-powerful, leader or a reliable source of income. The core membership consists of teenagers who communicate

mostly via text message. Its principal communication strategy is conveyed with spray paint. If leaders are in jail, most of its members did not complete high school. And the gangs, they're just this wild contradiction. They're poor, you know, relatively anarchic. They're also firmly controlled. They're mostly just street thugs, but it's recently been uncovered that the upper echelons are obtaining more and more political connections, taking bribes from mayors and even the president maybe and sometimes coordinating with political powers over elections. They're broke. They're living hands and mouth.

They're extoring bus drivers and papoos shop owners for dollars. Yet they're also making tens of millions of dollars. I mean, what's, uh, Papusa? What's that? Oh, fucking this kid. Um, papuces are like, like a flatbread sort of thing with, with like beans in the middle, but sometimes other feelings and they're just, they're delicious. I guess they're like the, the Salvadoran version of a taco, I would say.

Right. or like a double if you've been to Trinidad. Wow. like, like getting, I mean, there's got to be a place in Berlin. No, I guarantee there isn't. But yeah, that sounds fucking amazing. I mean, that's a business venture. If you guys go to our Patreon, Patreon.com, since the Underworld podcast, put some of the Underworld podcast, then Sean can open up a poohs shop in Berlin. Yeah. Yeah, he can pay off some of the Berlin clan so he can keep it running. But like, don't forget, patreon.com, the Underworld podcast, hope us, help us, hope us. Hope us, we hope you help us keep doing this so we can actually. I was so smooth then. That was going so smooth.

Anyway, the gangs, men, they're confusing. Like, even people who study them have said they often really can't pin things down because there's inherent contradictions and everything about them. But you know, let's try. So the gangs themselves, the numbers we get is that there's actually 60,000 active gang members in El Salvador. With another 500,000 people in the country who are connected to them, whether, you know, family members or something of that nature. And this is a country of a population of just 6.5 million.

That's crazy. Right. You can see how much the population is really connected to these gangs and how just sort of entwined in society they are. And the gangs, they actually started in Los Angeles, like not in El Salvador. They are 100% made in the USA, baby. And in the late 1980s, El Salvador was going through a brutal civil. war between communist guerrillas and a right-wing government backed by oligarchs, conservatives, and the United States. And things got hectic. I mean, the war actually really starts when a

death squad kills an archbishop in his church while he's speaking. Oh, that's Oscar. Yeah, Oscar Romero. You guys can look him up. You're amazing guy, liberation theology, all that. But that should give you an idea of how messy and just kind of massacrey the whole thing. Massacary. Massacary. Massacary is an adjective that tells you a lot about where we're going with it. Yeah. I mean, that's part for the course, right? So it's not that also the leftist guerrillas didn't commit war crimes too, but the right-wing government military and death squads just did so at a much larger level. So as the Civil War tears up the country, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans flee as refugees. And I think it was something at one point 25% of the country who had done that. And most of them had to the United States and many of them end up in Los Angeles. And there was already a small number of Salvadoran gangs in existence there, among them MS-13 and 18th Street, but they were small scale when this happens, sometimes just a group of friends who party together. Seriously, MS-13 was nothing more than a bunch of dudes who sometimes got into fistfights, sold small amounts of marijuana, and listened to heavy metal. They had long hair, they wore rib jeans, they blasted

Judas Priest and they drew, they drew devil symbols like on their notebooks. Basically like Sean in the 90s. Yeah, yeah, fair enough. Move on. They were like fucking characters from fast times at Ridgemont High, and they were actually called the Marasalvatrucha Stoners effort. It's like a great desert rock band group name. Yeah, that's awesome. Things got, things changed. 18th Street was a little different. They had formed originally as like a Mexican-American gang in the 1960s, but they were actually very progressive, you know, inclusive, if you will, ahead of their time. Any nationality could join. I think they even had some Romanians up there at one point, but eventually they just grew to be mostly Salvadoran. And all these poor Salvadoran refugees

are arriving in Los Angeles and they end up in these really bad neighborhoods that are ready had a heavy gang presence. And LA in the 80s was crazy with gangs and gang violence. You know, we're talking about the days of colors. Something like 600 murders a year were gang related. Is that like low, is that like a lot. I feel like LA is so violent from what I see on the TV. Like is it is it that crazy? Like was it that bad at the time? I mean, the 80s and 90s, it was probably, I don't think it was like the top, top murder place in the U.S. There were a lot more cities that were that were worse. But it had that gang culture, which is, where a lot of this came from.

And a lot of the crimes were gang related. But this is also, I mean, LA now is not even close to this, right? Like the murder right there is very, for the U.S. is very, very, very low. Right, right. But yeah, back then it was wild. And these Salvadorans, they're the newcomers. And they're getting picked on and attacked by all these other gangs, especially the Mexican and black gangs that dominated these areas.

So the Salvadorans are like, you know, screw this. We're going to form our own gangs for protection. And they grew and they grew as more and more refugees poured into L.A. Some of them battle-scarred. They had experience fighting in a war. They were traumatized. And the Salvadoran gangs went from knuckleheadstoners to something a lot more serious and terrifying, especially after they really got into the idea of using machetes, shout out to Robert Evans and behind the bastards.

So the name where it comes from, Mara actually translates to like an abbreviation of a type of vicious ant. And it used to be slang for a small gang or group of friends. And Salvatrucha, they say, could mean slang for guerrilla fighters from back in El Salvador's history or just Salva as shorthand. for Salvadoran and Trucho was slang for, I think, staying alert. The 13, again, disputed. Some say it was chosen because 13 was like this cool, evil number. Others as homage to the Mexican mafia, which rules all the Latino gangs in Southern California. MS-13 eventually had to pledge to them in, like, the state at least.

And Al-Savito these days, people are so scared. They no longer say the names of the gangs. They just call MS-13 the letters and 18th Street the numbers. Jesus. I mean, so the Mexican cartels they're running the drugs and they have these like entire scary gangs as their street muscle in CA or something? No, no, Mexican Mafia is something different.

They're not, they're not a cartel really. They're a prison gang that just got so powerful that they oversaw everything there. So they like, if you're a Latino gang in L.A., you have to pledge allegiance to the Mexican mafia. And I think there's another gang that rules Northern California. I think, is it La Familia? I'm not sure what the exact title is. But yeah, so that's California, right?

That doesn't apply to New York, some of the East Coast versions of MS-13 or El Salvador, where, like, they are the gang there. Ah, no, I didn't know any of this. It's fascinating, yeah. An 18th Street, it's a little easier to figure out. It's where the gang was founded, the name at least. It's where the gang was founded in L.A. Most people just call them Diaziocho, which is Spanish for 18. But these gangs spent the 80s just growing really powerful in L.A.

They didn't really, they didn't really war with each other yet. they kind of operated like kind of cousins do in the same territory, but that would soon change. And this all comes from Stephen Dudley's book. A new book, by the way, that just came out on MS-13. Dudley's the guy who found that inside crime. He's probably the foremost expert on MS-13 in the world. And I've used this work a ton of my reporting from there and also quite a bit in today's show. So the groups coexist, but all this changes in 1989. MS were bigger now, powerful. They're competing for recruits with the 18th Street. And one night, a bunch of MS guys and a click go to a house party and see a member who had switched allegiance to 18th Street. And this wasn't like now

where if that happens, like, bodies drop. Things were a little more relaxed. The MS guys are like fine, but we have to beat you out. And how it works is to get into MS-13 and 18th Street. They had to beat you for 13 seconds to get in 18th Street, 18th Street, 18 seconds. And that's just how they did it. And now I guess they said to leave, okay, we just got to beat you out for 13 seconds. What's crazy is in the later years, in El Salvador, the way to get into the gang, you actually have to kill somebody. And the only way to really get out was to, to, get killed, but that's, you know, another story. So the 18th Street guys are like, all right, go ahead. But things start going haywire, other fights break out. There's other stories

actually that say the fight started over a woman, but all agree what happened next was that the 18th Street guys took a gun, they shot up the party, they killed the MS-13 member, and then boom. We have 30 years in a gang war, tens of thousands dead across half a dozen country is. But also like imagine if this was over a woman, like for real, like the modern day Helen of Troy in the slums of L.A. That's like some wild butterfly effect theory. Yeah, man. I hope Jordan Peterson is not listening to this episode too. Why is that like a big thing that he's I don't know. This guy. Yeah. I don't know. I mean, if we start if we start talking about Jordan Peterson, whether it's pro or against, like we will get a lot. I know. Yeah, exactly. I was thinking just

that. So I'm going to go anti- Jordan Peterson and just see what flat comes back. Yeah, we don't want to do. We're going to stay away from all that stuff. Anyway, we are knee-deep in L.A. history, but what about El Salvador? Because that's actually where the gang is really powerful. All the horror stories you heard on Fox News about MS-13 being this marauding force in the U.S., they're mostly not true. I mean, don't get me wrong, they're vicious and they're brutal and they've killed people. But they mostly only target other Salvadorans and Central Americans in really poor areas where there's a huge undocumented population.

And I'm like, when I say it like that, it sounds like, oh, yeah, don't worry about them. They're only killing Salvadoran. I don't mean it like that. Like, I'm not excusing it, but they were portrayed to be this like insurrection or dominating the country or coming to your local suburb and like running up in your house and murdering your wife. But that's not that's not really what the case is. In El Salvador, though, they really are like that. And the people who come here to America, these undocumented people who are getting turned back, who were deporting, who was shut down on the border. Like, they're the ones running from them. And we just like, it's really anger-inducing to send, anyway, whatever, we'll get to that, back to the story.

What happens is in the late 1980s, the U.S. starts deporting gang members arrested for crimes back to El Salvador. It starts really small, but it really rants up in 1996 when the government passes new laws allowing them to send arrested gang members back for like even more laws that were broken or fractions or crimes that were charged. And what happens when you send like a ton of criminals, some of them gang members, members, back to a country that's been devastated by a decade-long civil war that only ended in 1992, one where there's like a real vacuum of power and weak state institutions, like, they're going to set up shop and they're going to do the only thing you know how to do, which is, you know, gang, gang. I mean, so the U.S. starts this civil war, starts the gang, and sends the gangsters back

to the war zone and refuses to let their victims back in, right? Listen, you limey bastard, okay? I'm not passing judgment. I'm not passing judgment. I'm just, I'm just staying the eyes. Ambition comes in all shapes and sizes. At First Citizens Bank, we roll with your goals because we're built for what you're building. Fit for your ambition for Citizens Bank. Yamava Resort and Casino at San Manuel is California's number one entertainment destination for today's superstars. Catch the Jonas Brothers return to the Yamava Theater stage on April 30th, the powerful vocals of Demi Lovato on May 17th, and the signature Southern Country

rock of Eric Church on July 19th. Tickets on sale now at Yamava Theater.com, only at Yamava Resort and Casino, celebrating its 40th anniversary. You in? Must be 21 to enter. 1776, baby, okay? No, yeah, I don't think the U.S. actually started the Civil War. They were involved in funding it and fighting it. You had, you know, the Cubans and whoever else funding it on the other side. It was part of the Cold War, which, you know, the U.S. funded a lot of really dirty parties. So they were actively involved in training the leftist, not the leftist, I'm sorry, the right-wing death squads and some of those military officials.

But I don't think you can say they started the war. But yes, they sent the gangsters back, not to the war zone, but to the sort of, I guess they did send some back very small amounts during the war, but afterwards when the country was not really functioning well, and yeah, right now, we are refusing to let the victims in. So hundreds of thousands of criminals are sent back to the triangle, which, countries which consists of Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Surprise, those are the countries with like the really high murder rates where the gangs are really active right now.

Nearly 100,000 alone were sent to El Salvador over the years. Obviously, not all gang members, but enough were. And while they were already small gangs there, they hadn't seen anything like these guys coming from L.A. Things started off small in El Salvador, but the L.A. guys, they really built it up. They got some money. They expanded. They got guns and they started killing.

MS-13 wasn't this organized hierarchical organization, though. You know, they still aren't. they were all these different cliques like crews and there was a very little organization in the early days and there still isn't much now but they did get a bit more organized and that starts in the prisons in the late 90s as deli explains a lot of the oGs from the states get sent to prison in el salvador and you know they want to get organized so they formed a group of committee and it's called la la ranfala i can't roll my hours i'm sorry people like i can't do it i could do it with the german and that's about as good as i can get it as well so

They get organized. They institute rules. This is the year 2000, and they end up ruling the prisons, which is a powerful thing. Because, I mean, some of the most powerful gangs in the U.S. are ruled from prisons

because guess what? Most gang members and violent criminals are going to end up in prison. So if you control there, you can kind of control things on the outside. Yeah, and like, loads of gangs around the world are actually quarter back from prison, right?

I mean, like, the favela gangs in Rio, like, meth gangs in the Philippines that I've covered, like, their kind of big guys are all kind of pulling the shots from prison. It's crazy. It's like, I'll put some stuff in the reading list for the patrons, actually. There's some cool stuff on that. MS still didn't have a ton of control on the outside or in the States for that matter, and they actually never really got this sort of uniform control. But, and cell phones happened. And cell phones led to them controlling everything. I think, you know, Dudley writes about how the first cell phone got into prison in El Salvador, it just changed everything. Because back then it was just hard to get messages out to have the meetings to control everything. And cell phones changed all of that, which I think is something a lot of us don't really think about. What also happened. What also happened.

around the mid-2000s, early 2000s too, is the government has finally had enough in El Salvador. The power vacuum is over. The institute what's called the Madudura or the Iron Fist policy, a super tough, no-nonsense approach that is just cracking down on the gang's hardcore, arresting everyone, shooting shit up. A few years later, there was a super iron fist policy, and by 2015, it was a super, super, iron-fist policy. I was going to say that as a bad joke. Cool, right? No, it's legit, man. You can kind of see how things go and how they try to deal with things that doesn't really work. Anyway, the police go hard in the poor communities, the prison population skyrockets, young poor kids get a hassle by the cops to see their friends

killed by them. They decide to join the gangs and the gangs grow and grow and grow. Eventually, what we have is a situation like 2015 in El Salvador, the first time I went there, where it's the most violent peacetime country in the world. El Salvador, a country of just over six million people, had 6,600 murderers in 2015. New York City with a population of 8.5 million had approximately 350 murders the same year. Yeah. At one point, there were 30 murders a day some months in El Salvador, which is just wild for the numbers.

El Salvador had a murder rate that year of 101. Chicago, which we hear all about, has a murder rate of like, I think it hovers around 20, maybe 25. Wow. That's crazy. That is absolutely insane. But the thing is, like, these gangs, they're not the cartels.

They're not even close to organized crime. every time they try to really get organized, like from El Salvador to the States, they fail. They're not bringing in hundreds and millions of dollars. They don't function in the same way. The cartels don't even really trust them to be capable enough to help transport cocaine up through El Salvador because they're so wild and anarchic. They aren't even, like they're not special forces soldiers or commandos like, like, you know, like the Sinoloa cartel or the Zetas or anything like that with A.KIS. A lot of them are skinny teens just living in poverty. That's the other thing, too.

You know, there are some higher ups getting rich, no doubt. but nobody here is buying these giant crazy mansions or private jets. Most members can barely feed themselves. The level of organization doesn't compare to real organized crime groups either, though they're definitely organized enough to control inside these communities. And in parts of El Salvador, they're basically like a state within a state. Anybody who enters a neighborhood they control, they know the second it happens. Everyone is on these WhatsApp group.

Everything is done through WhatsApp too, which is crazy. Everyone is a lookout and a former antenna, sometimes they call it, from the nine-year-old on the corner to the old lady cooking, who says I got her little market stall. I've gone to the markets downtown, like the big markets in San Salvador to interview people, and nobody will talk to us on camera because there's always somebody watching. And they're organized enough where they can ambush police officers outside their homes and kill them, though they rarely, it does happen, but they rarely take on well-armed officers face-to-face.

Pretty dystopian now. I mean, I can't imagine the cops are solving many of those 30 murders a day either, right? I mean, they are not getting solved. Also, like, it's really, it's super interesting, right? Because I did a piece recently on how, like, Telegram and other groups were helping freedom protesters in Belarus and stuff. And then, like, for every one group of them, there's, like, a gang or, like, a terror group or there's, like, the next day you'll read something about how they're using, like, encrypted services to kind of just build these crazy, tight gang networks all around the world as well. So, I guess it goes by for us. So I've been encrypted here.

Like, a lot of it's on WhatsApp. I mean, there are death squads that operate over text messages and WhatsApp and things like that. What do you reckon their logo is? that target the gangs. It's definitely a Punisher skull. I reckon like every death squad currently operating in the world is Punisher.

There's probably some like 50 year old assassin that's just sending shit memes all the time. Everyone's telling them to shut up. God, the maims are awful. But these days when you go to gang neighborhoods in El Salvador, you don't really even see the gang members. Seriously, I think there's this misconception that these guys with face tattoos

are posted up on street corners with AKs. but that really couldn't be further from the truth. And it's all from that like damn Nat Geo documentary from like a 10 years ago. People don't solve it. We'll talk about that documentary and how it just like changed this entire perception and like, oh, the most dangerous gang in the world, which is kind of an exaggeration and all that. But first off, like gang members, they're not really getting those massive tattoos on their face.

You know, that practice ended years ago. Because even the gangs realize that like if you get a 13 or an 18 painted on your face from your chin to your forehead, like that's a nice target for a cop or for an enemy, you know? So the leaders told them to not do that. And they also told them to stop dressing like hoodlums. So these days you're more likely to see a newer gang member with what would be considered preppy clothes and wind-swept bangs than to see one with like baggy jeans and large MS covering their forehead.

I feel like I feel like I'm getting cheated now. I have this image in my head and now I've got these like preppy school kids from the States in my head. I mean, I want the tattoos. I want the guns. I want all those crazy shit. Oh, they're still there. I mean, every editor I've ever gone down there to make a video for was just like bringing me face tattoos.

Like that's all anyone. That's all any editor wants is like bring me photos or videos of guys with face tattoos. And you'll find them in prisons or in jails or guys that have left the gang through the church and all that sort of stuff. But, uh, yeah. Yeah. I mean, I think, I think of all the things you said in this episode, that's the most telling one about the media so far.

Babe, we're peeling the layers back, man. We're showing you how the sausage gets made. Four, four has been smashed. Yeah. In fact, like, aside from prearranged interviews and police roundups and jails and churches, There's only one time I think I've actually came face to face with an active MS-13 member. And it was what they call a palabrero, which is translate to the one who holds the word. It's local leader.

I was with this church pastor who was trying to save gang members, convert them to evangelical Christians, and we're walking through this extremely heavy MS-13 neighborhood. You know, it could look like any normal poor neighborhood in land America. You've got people walking back and forth to, you know, their jobs, grandmothers with babies on their laps, teens playing soccer, stray dogs digging through garbage. Yeah, this is your long reads piece, right? Because that's so good. People should read that right after they listen to this.

We'll put it on the page on, yeah. This is, I did this for, and I did documenting for The Guardian on this. Two million views, baby. So we're in the, we turn a corner and we're getting to this poor stretch in the neighborhood. It goes from, like, you know, cobblestone or paved streets to dirt roads and, like, shanties with the aluminum roofs. And we come face to face, like, right when we turn a corner with three members of MS-13. And it's kind of like running into a bear in the wild, you know? like they're shocked to see us, we're shocked to see them, everyone's startled, and also they can

kill me with sharp things. So if they wanted to. And at first, nobody knows what to do. The dudes are just like sitting on this dirt road in metal folding chairs, t-shirts and jeans, like not doing much of anything. You couldn't even identify them as gang members except for the MS-13 tattooed on the leader's hand between his thumb and his forefinger. And eventually, like, the pastor just kind of clears it and we're free to walk, but definitely like

a total mood runner, you know? Yeah. Really ruins the vibe of the day. And like as we continue walking through, like things are cleared, right? Like I said, it's not super dangerous, not super scary. But the guy, the church guys with us are still kind of like looking over their shoulder and getting updates on what those guys are doing. So you never really know, even though sometimes you kind of know.

I don't know, man. It's a contradiction. I'm just trying to tell it like it is. The gang members these days, they operate in the shadows. And they're scared not just of the opposing gangs, but of the police and these shadowy death squads that have been murdering gang members left and right. They're usually made up of what's rumored to be cops and military. 600 gang members were killed by police in 2016.

I think the numbers that. It's close to that. The gang members also killed a few dozen cops, but it kind of shows you how things are going. Wow. And one thing I also want to point out, too, is that one of the safer areas to be in El Salvador is a heavily controlled gang neighborhood, right? Things only really get hectic on the outskirts are when gangs are coming up in territories against each other. When you're in the middle of a neighborhood that's been like MS-13 for 30 years,

And that has really expanded and they have full control. It's actually not that dangerous for you. Well, except for MS. Whatever. You guys get it. You know what I'm saying. The crazy thing about these death squads is a lot of people in El Salvador actually support killing the gang members.

People hate the gangs. The Iron Fist policies, people support, they have massive popular support. And people, a lot of people support the death squads. And like, I hate to say it, right? I'm not excusing it. But it's understandable in some ways. And let me explain that. You know, a lot of, we go down there.

And a lot of Salvadoran journalists do do this too. They talk about, you know, the human rights that are being violated by the government in these prisons where they treat them like garbage by the death squads. But the people who live in these neighborhoods, like who have lost family members and get tortured by the gangs, like they want blood. For Salvadorans who have had to live under these like harsh fiefdoms, fiefdoms, fiefdoms, fiefdoms? Yeah. Fiefdoms. Like, live under these fiefdoms for decades, like who have been terrorized by them, extorted, watched their loved ones, get robbed. or raped or murdered who are powerless,

I've seen their country torn apart. Like, they don't have a lot of sympathy for the perpetrators. To some, the death squads are kind of like this natural progression of where things need to go. I should also point out that the poor neighborhoods,

two people are terrified of the police who also execute non-gang members who they misidentify and generally harass all the young people and assume they're all gang members. So is this thing literally all over the country? Are there any places that don't have these gangs in El Salvador?

Is the whole place just like a giant battleground? Is it all over the region as well? I mean, that's a good question, man. Like, no, right? It's in poor neighborhoods, yes, a lot. Middle class neighborhoods, rich neighborhoods. No, they have to have security. It sucks, though, too, because El Salvador is like a beautiful country, a beautiful culture,

amazing beaches. And you can go, if you're a Westerner, you can go there on vacation, and you won't even have to think about this, right? Maybe you'll see some armed security guards at some nice hotels or whatever. But, like, it's not going to get in your way. No MS-13 guy is going to come after. you like go there that mean the backpacker communities the beach is there it's like surfing paradise right yeah yeah yeah and like you're not in trouble i mean i'll give you an example this is again like a

contradiction example there's there's there's there's a lot libertad which is these nice beach areas there and i went and and um you're walking on the beaches there and i have a lot of bad tattoos and uh if you're if you're in el salvador and you've tattoos like you're in trouble because the gangs will come after you they'll assume something or other but i'm like you know a fucking gringo to the max and I can walk on the beach in my tattoos with no problem. If you're Salvador, it's different. But what's interesting is too is that there are like MS-13 and 18th Street like beach who like control the little like markets on the beach and renting the chairs. And like you see these kids on the beach and they're gang members and they're like 12 years old

playing in the waves, you know, wrestling with each other. They've got dogs they're playing with. And it's wild because they just look like kids and they are kids. And like I used to joke about this with Neil because he lives right near there and I was like we could beat up these five kids like no problem but they would come back and murder us with machetes yeah it's just like everything is just such a contradiction but yeah they they control the rackets on the beach um and that's kind of the wrong thing to say i guess about was making the point that you're safe if you go there if you're a foreigner i don't know man but it's it's hard you know because i talk about this i go to story i go to countries i report on the worst things about those countries i could easily do that in new york i hate that i gave the impression

that these places are wild at the same time you don't want to downplay how scary it is for these people in these countries when they're dealing with these gangs. Yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, I mean, I'm sure these places incredible. I've been to Nicaragua and Costa Rica and they're both unbelievable parts of the world. Like, I don't know, man. It's pretty sad that we have to report on all the crap stuff all the time.

Maybe we can do some reports on like, I don't know, Tibet and mountain hideaways and stuff. That'd be nice. Just do a side podcast called Nice Guys. And every one of the, every one of the, every one of, every episode is like the follow up to this episode where it's just like the same communities, the same company. countries, but it's just like the dudes there who are just working nine to five and barbecuing in their backyards and having a good time. Yeah, Papuces. Sounds great. I would, I would listen to that. I don't think other people would. I mean, I'll make it. I'll report it if someone wants to

pay the money. Patreon.com slash the underworld podcast. We will, if we get, you know, if we go up to $10,000 a month, we will make that podcast. We'll go to the ends of the earth to do nothing for you. So, yeah, who would, who would join MS-13 or 18th year, right? Everyone knows what they do and who they are. The gang war, it's been going on for like three decades now. The gangs have been operating for basically 40 years. They're multi-generational. You have children and grandchildren of gang members joining. But if all the gang members I've interviewed, nearly all follow this sort typical road towards joining. They come from like broken families or absent parents, poverty-stricken neighborhoods, few choices for a future, little education. They get hooked

on drugs or alcohol pretty early. We're talking like preteen. And then you mix in these feelings of like wanting respect or away out of poverty. And the gangs, they provide the answer. According to a paper out by Florida International University in 2017, which I think Inside Crime was involved with, quote, Salvadoran youths keep joining the gangs as a result of problematic families, lack of opportunities, and a heightened perception of the deprivation of social respect and affection in their communities. And like, it's pretty simple, right? Like, that's, it almost sounds like the answer is too obvious.

This MS-13 member who turned pastor, who I interview told me, quote, when you're young, you need someone to listen to you to respect. you. That's what I was looking for, people to fear me and respect me. And he talked about joining the gang as if they were searching for a family or some sort of structure. His parents were drug addicts or absent and he needed something. And Dudley too says the gangs can be thought of as a social organization more than a criminal organization. But in this paper, some of the gang members answer differently. And this is kind of the thing that I see a lot in gangs, whether it's El Salvador or St. Louis. Gang membership is about, quote, the excitement from hanging out with their peers and the

development of respect and public recognition. And for lack of a better word, I mean, some join because it's cool and it makes them look cool and like tough. And then once they're in the gang and they're made to feel like the gang is the only thing that matters in life, you know, they get fully indoctrinated into their new family. It's the gang over everything. It's loyalty till death and all that stuff, that sounds cliche, but it's very, very real. And yeah, in some cases, there are young people who are threatened with death or have their family members threatened with death if they don't join. If you're growing up in a gang control neighborhood, there is a decent chance you won't have an option or your other will be flee or die.

I mean, it sounds like a terror organization. I mean, it's just like unsurprising that young guys would get involved in these kind of things, right? You could work in a factory making peanuts, like living your life out and never get anywhere. Or you could have some fun. You could probably take a bunch of drugs and alcohol and, like, go to parties and just be involved in these gangs. I mean, it's like, what's there to lose, really?

I mean, I've had people tell me, not in El Salvador, St. Louis. Like, they join gang, like, to get girls. Yeah. You know? And, like, it's just the... the truth. But the terrorism thing is interesting because in 2015, when I went to make this this documentary for vice, they were actually trying to classify the gangs as terrorist organizations, even though they have no ideology and anything like that, so that they could charge any gang

member with like being a member of a terrorist group, which is crazy. Yeah, yeah. And this guy, Raul Mahango, who was famous for helping negotiate this truce that we'll talk about, he was like, if that's true, then El Salvador has the biggest, like, terrorist population in the world. Huh. Yes. Which I don't know if that's, I mean, I don't know if he's done the numbers in Iraq or Syria, but yeah, I mean, it's pretty wild. Yeah, yeah. I mean, it's like that Victor Boot episode we did, right? And they pinned him down on terror charges because he was trying to sell guns to, like, a fake FARC leader or something in Thailand.

I mean, it's like, they're going to friend. I mean, that's a little different than some, like, Salvadoran teenager extorting bus drivers, you know? True, true. This guy will always, always with the Victor Bout defense. I know, right? God, I'm obsessed with that guy. Victor Bout, come on the podcast. Yeah, please.

or hit up that $1,000 a month Patreon. We got you, buddy. Sean will sing your praises to the world. I already am. Damn, what can I get next? So one wild story about, like, how their family and stuff, I met this pastor who was MS-13, and his son was actually had been in 18th Street

because he had grown up away from his dad, kind of hated his dad because his dad had been like an alcoholic asshole. And 18th Street was who controlled his neighborhood. So at one point, like, when he was in the gang, he was on Facebook threatening his other family members because they were MS-13. Jeez. Rough.

Yeah, it's rough. Yeah. The brainwashing that goes on. And another question people usually ask about MS-13 and 18th Street is, like, how do they make their money? Because people tend to assume that they're drug traffickers, they're big-time dealers, and they function like the cartels, but they're definitely not. Most of the gang's money, it comes from extortion. They call it the rent in El Salvador. They extort nearly like every business, every market stall, every taxi driver.

It actually started with the buses and went from there. everyone pays or they get killed. And even some of the bigger international corporations to operate in El Salvador, you know, they're paying extortion money. Even the old women selling bread at the market can only be a dollar. But if you have tens of thousands of dollars a dollar

of people giving you a few dollars a week, like it's not a bad way to earn. And it all actually started with the buses and the bus drivers. And even now, when the gangs want to prove a point like to the government or to the newspapers, they shut down the buses or they do something heinous, like kill a bunch of bus drivers or random people on a bus or set it on fire.

Like being a bus in El Salvador, sucks. Yeah, I mean, this is not doing their ideas that they're just doing this because the government's forgot about the many favors, right? I mean, if you're like, if you're shaking down the old lady down the road that sells bread for a few, for a few bucks, then you're not exactly like the robin hood of the neighborhood. Yeah, they're whole, well, we'll get to that, but they're whole, like, I'm the voice of the oppressed thing. Yeah. Like, no, you're the oppressive. Yeah, for sure. Exema is unpredictable, but you can flare less with ebbclis. A once-monthly treatment for

moderate to disappear, eczema. After an initial four-month or longer dosing phase, about four and ten people taking ebbglis, achieved itch relate and clear or almost clear skin at 16 weeks. And most of those people maintain skin that's still more clear at one year with monthly dosing. Ebglis, Librikizumab, LBKZ. A 250 milligram per 2-millimeter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults in children 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 88 pounds or 40 kilograms with moderate to severe eczema. Also called atopic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals or who cannot use topical therapies. can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you're allergic to ebbglis.

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They do low-level street dealing, you know, robberies or usual criminal shit. Cartels have thought about working with them that transport shipments up to El Salvador, but I think they've done it a few times, but they generally find these gangs too anarchic and generally too risky and irresponsible to work with. And now they've also moved into making deals with politicians, bigger money deals. And they figured out how to get involved in politics a little while ago. And that's bad, bad news. And that kind of started with this truce I mentioned, the truth of 2012, which is still controversial today in El Salvador. Basically, the government made a deal with the gangs to ease up on some things, especially when it came to pre-examination. in treatment and the gang stopped murdering so many people. The murder rates fell a lot,

though disappearances went up. And some people thought, you know, the truth could be a new way forward, that the cycle of violence in response to violence could be broken. Other people said that the truce actually empowered the gangs, made them legitimate, gave them time to recruit and build up their forces and expand. And they actually killed a lot of people. They just disappeared of them. The truce began to fall apart in like May of 2013, middle of 2013 when this new justice minister, I think, or interior minister, kind of let it fall by the wayside a bit. And by 2015, it was completely over after they transferred these top gang leaders to a brutal maximum security prison where they had no contact and when they kind of got tortured. And that's one thing is really went haywire and the murder rates went through the police.

Yeah, I mean, this is like, this is like really sounding like a terror group now, right? This is sounding like the Shabab and Hezbollah. Like the kinds of deals that these governments have done with these groups because they got so big in that control. I mean, this is like, sounds similar to me like that kind of world. You know, when I first went down there was during this time and I met up with this guy Santiago who was a, a regional leader of 18th Street and he's kind of a media darling. I think I think the New York or the New York Times said like a big profile of him a couple years later and framed it like it was some exclusive interview. But I think a lot of journalists who go down there and I'm talking to Santiago because

he's extremely articulate and probably the smartest gang member you'll meet. And to meet him, you know, you arrange with a shady go between we parked on the side of the road and just kind of walk down this hill to this little barrio, little hillside slum. And the dude is just waiting in this house for you. And these guys, a lot of them, they're not super intimidating. at first. They're like five foot two, 120 pounds, wearing dad jeans. But then he takes off his shirt and he has these huge 18 tattoos on his body and his eyes are just super intense. And he realized he's been in the gang for like 15 years and he's probably definitely murdered a lot of people. Anyway, he's barely brilliant for a gang member and he kept trying to rationalize all the stuff

the gang was doing, all the killing, trying to portray them as some political ideological group who represented the poor of the nation, you know, because the government had abandoned them, which is nonsense. You know, these gangs, don't have an ideology except for get money and terrorize people. But he did make some good points about how their communities are abandoned, you know, so that the gangs have only anything left there, and they're feeling the vacuum of power and the place the government has abandoned. And he said to me, quote, we haven't had a reconciliation of those involved in the war in order to bring the peace and tranquility needed to reconstruct the social

fabric, harmony, and a culture of peace. He added, so how are they going to blame me for breaking and rupturing something that I have no fault in having ruined? Yeah, I mean, Like, I get what he's saying, but like, if a dog's dying on the street and I kick it, I'm not going to stand there moaning that the dog was sick, right? Like, he's, I'm not sure he's thought this through that much. That's a good, look at the metaphor right there. I mean, that, you're a writer. There we go.

You are a writer's writer. A wordsmith is why I prefer to go by. I didn't know where you were going with that, but that kind of nails it. Kicking dogs, yeah. Yeah. The other thing, too, is that the gang members love to point out is how corrupt the government has been. I think three of the last four presidents have been indicted for massive corruption involving

millions and millions of dollars. And they're like, if these guys in charge break the laws all the time, like, why should we not do it? Like, we're broke. Yeah, I mean, that's totally fair. Like, if you believe that success trickles down right and crime doesn't, then you're a bit of an idiot, right? In 2018, I spoke to the Attorney General at the time. I interviewed him. And it's really simple the way he lays it out. He's like, the gangs are supported by the young who join the gangs because they get no support. There are no opportunities for young people, so they join gangs. And what is one of the main reasons that there are no opportunities? Corruption. The money that could be going to their communities is stolen.

It's not like as sexy to talk about embezzlement as it is face-totued gangbangers, but it all adds up. And this is a quote from him. The public money that they stole from taxes could have been invested in schools and hospitals in creating jobs for young people. Yeah, I wrote a story about the claim that, like,

I think it was one in seven tax dollars everywhere in the world is lost to corruption. So that's like, whichever way you look at it, that's just an unbelievable amount of money. And these guys are like, they're hardly begging for mansions, right? They just want a way to live and stuff. Yeah, I mean, it's pretty hard to tell people to obey the law when on TV.

And another gang member I had told me this, this guy Will Fredo, who's a converted gang member, he's an evangelical pastor now. He's one of the centerpieces of that article. He was like, I'm telling these kids to obey the law. And they're watching these news conferences with these politicians skating away with $10 million and not getting arrested. Yeah. Like, what do you tell young people about obeying the law then?

So where are things now? In 2015, the big thing was that the gangs were moving from cities to the rural areas where police pressure was way less harsh and the territory was up for grabs because the gangs aren't stupid. You know, they know when to adapt. So they spread out all across the country. The murder rate in El Salvador has actually gone down considerably. I think we're looking at four, five, six as the murder rate per month per year, which is like fairly low for El Salvador. The gangs, though, they're more intertwined in business and politics than ever. The newspaper El Faro recently revealed these deals the newest president, Naïbe Buckele, I might have butchered his name, had made with the

gang calling it like an informal pact that was secret deals about who controls coronavirus assistance some campaigning stuff election stuff prison restrictions i mean it's wild but they they figure it out they adapt these gangs how do you even begin to handle a problem like this i think the way to do it is investment in communities but that doesn't win elections and it takes you we're talking decades for that to pay off right voters want answers now tough talk and setting the police in does give voters, but that just creates this cycle again. So I think you need a sort of two-pronged approach that could work where it's like, you know, you don't go as hard as you can, but you stay hard in the gangs, but you also have community investment. Yeah, I mean, Fares and Medellin did it, right?

I mean, they've been like the two success stories from sort of Latin American the last few years. I don't know if that's the, I feel like talking to Toby was like, yeah, Medine's actually heating up right now. So I feel like maybe we edit that part out. We'll leave it in. But I can be ignorant. I don't, yeah, yeah, I don't know, I don't know how true that is. Sorry to, sorry to expose you. Damn, damn. I need fact checkers. I need fact checkers. Fact check us, baby. Um, so there's just, there's so many interesting tidbits. Like, I could talk about this for hours that I love to get into, like, how some of MS-13, they get deep into like occult devil-worshipping stuff as a product of them coming from metal bands. They get, you know, they're super addicted to drugs and they actually

feel like the devil is talking to them, or how they're these rumors, there's stories of these villages in the mountains that are old guerrilla stories. strongholds where the networks like still exist and they've managed to keep the gangs out by pretty much you know gang members would come there to make inroads try to set up shop and they would just kill them these like old like 50 or 60 year old former gorillas like to send a message and um yeah it's wild man there's the rumors i think they actually do exist someone has done stories on it but it's like they're like nah you're not you're not coming here um or how the only way to really safely leave the gang is to become an evangelical christian and there are these past

now with giant face tattoos who go around converting gang members and how the gang members, if you leave the active gang members, they'll watch you. And if you say you found God and they see you out at night and you're, you know, smoking a joint or out getting drunk or hitting on women, like they'll kill you. Like, they keep an eye on you. I made a doc on that. Jesus. I reckon we should make a whole series on Central America. I find this stuff fascinating, man. So cool. Yeah, it really is. I mean, it's a fascinating country and there's so much to talk about with, with MS-13. But, you know, I think, I think we've hit the mark right here.

So maybe we'll do a follow-up and I'll get into some of the evangelical Christian stuff if you guys are interested in it because people seem to love it. But, yeah, we are back, man. We took a break for 10-up. We took a break after doing our 10-episode run. We've got more episodes coming up. Sean's got a crazy one next week. Please subscribe, Spotify, iTunes. We have a YouTube channel now that we're trying to monetize and all that.

Patreon always helps. Patreon.com slash the underworld podcast. I don't even care if you listen to interviews. Just like throw us some cash, man. Help us out here. Come on, guys. And yeah, until next time, peace. Now more people than ever

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