This Podcast Will Kill You - Ep 155 Stiff Person Syndrome: A rare disease in the spotlight

Episode Date: October 22, 2024

Stiff person syndrome, like many rare diseases, does not get nearly the same amount of screen time or name recognition that other, more common diseases do. For many people, Celine Dion’s announcement of her diagnosis with the condition in 2022 marked the first time they had heard of it. This limited awareness surrounding stiff person syndrome marks just one of the many challenges keeping this disease and other rare disorders in the dark. In this episode, we attempt to shed some light on stiff person syndrome, exploring the complex biology, frustrating history, and hopeful future of this disease. Because while the field of stiff person syndrome research faces many hurdles, there are also so many individuals - researchers, patients, advocates - and organizations that fight to bring this and other rare disorders into the light. Tune in today! Links: National Organization for Rare Diseases Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center Johns Hopkins Stiff Person Syndrome Center Support this podcast by shopping our latest sponsor deals and promotions at this link: https://bit.ly/3WwtIAu  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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I'm currently in Nevada, and I suffer from stiff person syndrome. So I was diagnosed in November 18th, 2021, after almost two years of searching for a diagnosis. I started out going the orthopedic route because my symptoms were tightness in my back, spinal-type pain, heaviness in my trunk area, and pain that went down my legs when I would walk. I went to the orthopedist,

and they ran every test under the sun that they could do, x-rays, MRI, CTs. And from their standpoint, I was completely healthy. And I remember walking out of every single appointment, tears streaming down my face because I knew something was wrong, but I was being told that I was fine. And a lot of people will be like, oh, I know I've been gaslit like that before. And I will have to say, they were great. They were wonderful. I never felt like they were telling me I was crazy. They were being honest. And that from an orthopedic standpoint, I was fine. Orthopedic said, we don't know what else to do.

We're going to refer you to neurology. I was lucky enough to get a doctor who was European. Why I say that is because in Europe, stiff person syndrome is studied a little bit more in medical school than it is here. He said, you're presenting with some signs of something called stiff person syndrome. I doubt you have it. It's so rare, but I want to test you for it. And so I'm going to run a GAD-65 test. And I'll always remember October 31st, 2021, I got the test results back, and the GAD-65 counting limit has a cut-off at $25,000. And mine was $25,000. I initially thought, this is just my diabetes, because GAD-65 can also test for diabetes. I called the

office said, hey, do you think I can get in a little earlier to discuss these results? You know, they've both got red flags next to them. You know, what's going on? She calls me back and says, your test results are fine. You're totally fine. We'll see you in two weeks for your EMG because we had already set that up. I walk in and the doctor goes, I'm so sorry. And I looked at him and I was like, what are you talking about? Like literally, why are you looking at me with the saddest eyes? He goes, the nurse didn't tell you, like, you have stiff persons. And I remember we had to reschedule the EMG because I was just racked with sobs. And for that, you have to stay pretty still. So first thing

I do at 23 years old is call my mom. And I go, hey, do you remember that test that we were like, there's no way I have this? I have it. And I just remember my mom was silent. And she was like, I'm going to go get your dad. My dad came on the phone. and I remember just crying. Like the conference, there were no words. It was just crying. And I hung up. I went home.

My husband worked on the range. And for people who are not familiar with the military, this meant, like, there was no way I could text or call him. But I waited until he got home. And I remember I was just like red, blotchy eyes. And I told him. And he was like, whoa, I thought, like, the nurse said you didn't have it. About a month later, they sent me to MUSC, the medical university.

of South Carolina, where I was hospitalized for a week to try IVIG. It worked. It is very similar in its side effects to chemo and radiation. You feel sick. You feel nauseous. The only difference is there's really no physical changes. I was there for about a week. Then I went outpatient and they said, well, we need to make sure that there's nothing in your brain at all before we continue IVIG. So I had an angiovenogram where they stick a little tube through your thigh and go all the way up to your brain. And to this date, it was the most painful experience of my life. And then after that, I went on to home infusions. And I was on home infusions until November when I found out I was pregnant, and that was not planned, but pregnancy relieved a lot of the symptoms, had my daughter in

July of 23, and was essentially symptom-free for about six more months after that before all the symptoms came barreling back. The thing that I really want to touch upon is the symptoms that led me to the orthopedic and later the neurologist in July. of 2021, I was in Charleston, South Carolina, and I had walked half a block, maybe, not even a full block, and my full body went stiff. My husband ran to go get the car, and he literally had to like bend my knees for me to get me in the car and like relax because I couldn't move. And we weren't sure if he did that, if he would end up like snapping my knee. Trunk pain, leg pain, it eventually radiated up my back, down my arms, into my hands. And the best way I can

describe it is it feels like you have weights on your hands and feet at all time. Like, you're just carrying them around. When I have to use pencils or cook or use anything that uses fine motor skills, my hands, like, balloon, they swell. And, like, sometimes they'll, like, kind of sit in that, like, claw position and you could try your hardest to get them to come out of it, but you just got to let it happen. Charlie Horses, multiplied by 10 is how I would explain the spasms that a lot of us in the stiff persons community have. I get them particularly in my legs and my feet. All that is to say that I am on the very low end of the spectrum in terms of severity. And I feel like that really says something, because any healthy person or someone who doesn't know a stiff person,

even people with other chronic illnesses who don't know what stiff persons is, we'll hear this and go, that's the low end of the spectrum? Like I can't imagine the high end of the spectrum. Some doctors will label it terminal, but most terminal diseases, they'll give you, oh, you have six months to live. Oh, the average time is so-and-so. With this, there is none of that. It's just, don't know when it's going to get you, but, you know, it's probably going to get you.

Right now, I'm still on IVIG. I'm very lucky. I haven't had to move to retuximab, which is a type of chemo drug or plasmapheresis, which is a type of very similar to dialysis. But at some point, I do know IVIG will stop working. My oral medications will stop working unless a cure or an actual treatment for this is found, everything will stop working at some point. And I will continue to progress. I was told from the get-go, expect at some point to be fully in a wheelchair, I expect to use a shower chair, expect to, you know, need an at-home nurse. And there are people right now living with this disease that have those things, that are living with those things. And so that's my story. It is not the story of stiff person syndrome. It is a spectrum disease. It is different for every single person

who gets diagnosed. Everybody who is in the community believes that it is very, very much underdiagnosed. And so that's the goal of this, is to get advocacy out there. I think it's imperative that people do their research. They check out the National Organization for Rare Diseases to not only learn about stiff persons, but other rare diseases that deserve the recognition and scientific backing that more common, more popular diseases have. So, yeah, that's my story. Alison, thank you so much for sharing that story with us. We appreciate it and for reaching out to us in the

first place. Like, we just, yeah, thank you. Yeah, thank you. It was so amazing to get to have the conversation that we had with you and we really, really appreciate you sharing your story with us and with all of our listeners. So thank you for taking the time. Yes. Hi, I'm Aaron Welsh. And I'm Aaron Elman Updike. And this is, this podcast will kill you. And today we're talking about Stiff Person Syndrome. Which you may have heard of more recently because of the Celine Dion documentary that came out a few months ago. I am Celine Dion. I am not Celine Dion.

That is the name of the documentary. And we've also gotten some requests from listeners to cover this. Yeah. I think one of the things, so stiff person syndrome is an incredibly rare disorder. And we've covered some rare disorders that are like categorized as rare disorders on the National Organization for Rare Disorders, which we'll talk more about later, on this podcast before. But the thing about a lot of rare disorders is that no one has hurt of them because they are so rare. And that is very true or was very true for stiff person syndrome. I am a physician in medicine

and I had not heard of stiff person syndrome until, I think it was 2022 or early 2023 when Celine Dion came out and said that she had been diagnosed with stiff person syndrome. And I, you know, like most of us, started Googling it to try and figure out what it was. And so I think that one of the things that we are looking forward to you in this episode is kind of diving into that idea of like what does it mean to have a rare disorder and specifically stiff person syndrome and what a little bit more details about what is this syndrome, how does it work, what kind of symptoms does it cause and as much as we can about this truly horrific disease. Yeah, yeah.

And I think that this has given us an opportunity to kind of like take a bigger picture at rare disorders, which are incredibly varied in and among themselves. Like, you know, there aren't, it's not like all rare disorders are the same thing, but there are certain. experiences that are common among rare disorders. And I think that's been a given us this sort of opportunity to explore that. Yeah. Yeah. But before we get into all of those things, it's quarantini time. It sure is. What are we drinking this week, Aaron? We are drinking a stiff drink. We sure are. We should drink nothing else. Yep. And it basically is a paper plane, which if you don't know what that is because I had heard of it but had to Google it. It was, it is basically contains

bourbon, amaro, and apparel. So it's like a, you know, spirit-forward spirit-only cocktail. And we'll post the full recipe for that quarantini as well as the non-alcoholic placebo rita, better bet we could do it on our website, this podcast will kill you.com and all of our social media channels. On our website, you can find all sorts of things from transcripts to links to Patreon, links to merch. We've got some great merch coming up, links to bookshop.org affiliate account, Goodreads list, links to music by Bloodmobile, you know, an About Us page, a contact us form if you're interested in having us give a talk or workshop. Hit us out to us. Hit us up. And there's also a submit your first-hand account form.

There's a lot of things that you can- So many things. You can seek out and find. on our website. This podcast will kill you.com. Check it out. Check it out. Also, double check while you're, I don't know, on your internet service provider that you are subscribed to your podcast catcher app, whichever one that you like to use.

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Based on what we know about stiff person syndrome, it's very likely that this is an autoimmune disorder, meaning that it's something where your body is making antibodies that attack your own cells. And we've covered quite a few autoimmune disorders on this podcast before. We've covered lupus and MS. Celiac disease. There's probably more than I'm forgetting. But for this episode, what I want to start with is actually what stiff person syndrome looks like, what the symptoms are, and what happens to people who have stiff person syndrome. And then after that, get a little bit more into the nitty-gritty of how we think this happens. So let's get started. The name, stiff person syndrome, and Aaron, I'm sure that you're going to talk a little bit more about how this name came to be.

Yeah, yeah. But in some ways, it's an accurate description of what is happening in this disorder. The stiffness in the name comes from rigidity of the muscles. And this is most often muscles in the trunk, so your torso and your upper legs, but sometimes also the arms, and really it can be any muscle, muscles in your face, muscles, and your hands muscles in your feet. In the trunk, meaning like, again, the core of your body, you get this stiffness both in the abdominal muscles on the front side and the paris spinal muscles, so the muscles on either side of the spine, and especially in the lower back, and sometimes extending down into the upper legs as well. And what's happening, in this stiffness is that the muscles are firing. So the muscle fibers are continuously contracting

without you trying to contract them. These are voluntary muscles, right? Meaning that you have to move them voluntarily. But in stiff person syndrome, they are contracting without voluntary movement, even when you're trying to be at rest or trying to relax. And they can become so contracted that it becomes over time difficult, if not impossible, to do things like bend over. And this process is often described in stiff person syndrome as insidious, meaning it's not that somebody wakes up one day with muscles that are so tense they can't reach down and touch their toes. But it's a gradual stiffening process. And early on, it's often kind of waxing and waning in severity. So some days might be more stiff, some days might be less, but progressively over time,

these muscles contract more and more and become more and more stiff. But on top of that kind of progressive stiffness, what we also see are these episodic spasms where muscles contract all at once. So the way that I think of this is to make everyone kind of understand what that means is like, picture a Charlie Horse. Because I think we've all had Charlie Horses at some point in our lives, right? usually when we get a Charlie horse, it's like you're laying in bed, you're probably dehydrated, you stretch out your leg and all of a sudden your calf muscle just seizes up, right? Yeah. It's horrible.

You yell out in pain and there's not really much that you can do, right? You have to either just kind of wait it out. You can try and stretch it out, though sometimes it makes it more painful or just seize up even more. So you just have to kind of weight it out and eventually that muscle will relax. in stiff person syndrome, those kind of muscle spasms can happen, but it's not just in, say, your calf. These can happen in any and all muscle groups, and especially they happen in the legs, but in multiple muscle groups at the same time. And they're not just happening because somebody is like dehydrated and resting in bed and

move their leg, but they can happen at any given moment, but seem to happen especially in relation to things like unexpected noises, unexpected touch, like say you bump into a coffee table that you didn't mean to, also emotional upset, so major stressors, or rapid movement. So imagine like getting out of a car and a bike swerves up, so you have to jump back. Something like that could trigger one of these spasms. And so the spasm is like the intensity of that, like the strength of that contraction and the not irreversibility of it, but just like how long it is contracted? Or is it in the ready, is it that plus the readiness to contract? It's both. And so it's that they contract very forcefully. But the other thing that's notable

about these spasms, and like you said, they happen very readily, just kind of out of the blue. But the other thing that's happening is that so all of our muscles, like all of our limbs and things, you have like two sets of muscles for most movements. They call them agonist and antagonist. So if you think of like bending your knee, right? To bend your knee, you have one set of muscles that helps you to bend it and you have another set of muscles that helps you to flex it or to extend it, right? So one for flexion, one for extension. So in the Charlie Horse example, there's just one set of muscles, like just your calf muscle is contracting. But what's happening in stiff person syndrome is that both sets of muscles, if you're talking about maybe spasms happening

in your legs around your knee, for example, the muscles to flex your knee and the muscles to extend your knee, they all contract at once. You have agonist and antagonist spasm. And that is what creates that rigidity, that super, super stiffness. Okay. And it's not like this happens in just, say, one knee at a time. What can often happen is that these spasms. might start with one muscle group, but then they kind of progress to encompass multiple muscle groups, even potentially somebody's whole body. And I think if anyone did watch the Celine Dion documentary, there was a really, really horrific moment in that where you see her go into one of these muscle spasms, and you can really visualize just how rigid and stiff all of her muscles become during this.

I feel like I'm I'm I'm really trying to not ask the why yet. I know, I know. Are there other situations in which both sets of muscles or both muscles are spasm in that way? So like the Charlie Horse, you know, as an example, it's just one of those muscles. But yeah, when else do both sets of muscles contract forcefully? They shouldn't be. Yeah. They shouldn't be.

Okay. It's not a, it's not a type of contraction pattern that happens in typical voluntary muscle movement. It is abnormal. Yeah. And this is voluntary muscles only where this happens? So no, not necessarily. This can happen in any of your muscle. So we'll get a little bit more into this when I talk about the kind of what we know of the pathophysiology.

But this is a neurologic disorder. And so this has the potential to affect. more than just your skeletal muscles, but it does primarily affect your skeletal muscles, which means the muscles that control your limbs, that control your trunk, that control your breathing, and things like that. Wow, okay. Yeah. But so that is why you end up with such profound stiffness is because of how quickly this is happening, how strongly these contractions are happening and that they're happening in like multiple sets of muscle groups all at the same time. And what this leads to is people not being able to move, which also means that they can't react.

So this can lead to things like falls because people stiffen up and then are unable to write themselves or catch themselves, which is potentially very dangerous, especially if you think of the scenario that I mentioned, like trying to get out of a car or something like that. And if you have a spasm in a moment like that or trying to walk down the stairs. And these spasms are quite painful. I mean, think of how painful a Charlie Horse is. These spasms can be similarly painful, where it is painful to have a muscle spasm, and you're having spasms in multiple muscle groups at the same time. Stiff person syndrome is a progressive disorder. So if untreated, it does tend to get worse, both in terms of that progressive overall stiffness, which we see, again, most

in the trunk muscles and a little bit in the legs as well, but also in these spasms, whether they're becoming more frequent or just more powerful, more unpredictable, whatever it might be. In terms of most severe outcomes, of course people can have very severe outcomes if they have falls during these muscle spasms. But you also can have spasms in muscles, including the muscles used for things like breathing. So while it is rare to have spasms severe enough to cause respiratory distress or death, it can happen and it has happened. So stiff person syndrome is a very rare and potentially very life-threatening disorder, depending on the scenario. So when it comes to, Aaron, I know the questions that you have that are burning of like why and how on earth something like

this happens. Right. And like, is this like tetanus at all? Like it's at the same sort of like, what is how? Yeah, what are there, are there? Yeah. I'm glad that you mentioned tennis because there, there are some similarities with tetanus, especially in terms of what these symptoms can look like. So these spasms can look a lot like tetanus. Okay. But what I first want to say, before I get into the pathophysiology, and I swear I am getting there, is that all of this description of stiff person syndrome is what is often called kind of classic or typical stiff person syndrome.

There are also other types of stiff person syndrome that have been described, and sometimes SPS, I'm going to call it SPS a little bit, is considered a spectrum disorder. So some of the other types include something called stiff limb syndrome, which as the name suggests is very similar but tends to begin or be mostly focal to one limb, like an arm or a leg or something like that, which may or may not become more widespread. There's also something called, it's a long name, progressive encephalitis with rigidity and myelchonus. It has an acronym. It's perm. And this is a similar disorder, but that is often a lot of. more rapid in onset rather than this very insidious slow onset. And it tends to have more brainstem involvement. Most of what I talked about with classic SPS, it's really like muscles. It's really like

your peripheral muscles that are being most affected. But with some other types of SPS, including like a non-classic SPS and perm, you can see more of brainstem involvement. So you might see more things that look a little bit more like Parkinson's than classic SPS. And then finally, there are also types of SPS disorders that are associated with certain cancers. But what I'm going to focus on because what we know the most about in terms of the pathophysiology is the more classic stiff person syndrome. Okay? But know that this doesn't necessarily encompass everyone who has a stiff person spectrum disorder. So I mentioned already that this is most likely, and I say most likely because we don't fully know, an autoimmune disease. So we are making antibodies

against our own cells instead of antibodies against a virus or bacteria or whatever, or in addition to those. In most cases, like 60 to 80%, depending on the paper that you read, the auto antibody that's involved here is against something called gad, specifically gad 65. So we're going to get deep into what the heck these things mean. GAD, or glutamic acid decarboxylase, is an enzyme. This enzyme is present in our nervous system and our pancreas, but we're going to ignore that for now. Okay.

And we'll get there. And in our central nervous system and our peripheral nervous system, gad's job is to make something called GABA, like yo, gabba, I feel like we've talked about GABA before. Yeah. On our alcohol episode probably. Yes.

Gaba, which is short for gamma amino butyric acid, is a neurotransmitter, which means it's a chemical messenger that our brain and our nervous system is using to send signals so that our nerves can do their job. For example, so that our nerves can talk to our muscles to tell them to contract or relax. That's what neurotransmitters do as one example. Gabba is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which is a fancy way of saying that Gabba tells our body to chill. In our brains and in our nervous system, Gabba goes, uh-oh, you need to calm down. You're being too loud. You need to just stop. Like, can you just not?

That was a quote from Taylor Swift. Oh, my God. Anyways. So that is what GABA is doing. GAD, this enzyme, is what makes GABA. And GABA is what tells us to chill out. So in stiff person syndrome, you're making antibodies that are targeting GAD, so you're screwing up this enzyme. So then you cannot make GABA. So you can't calm down. Your nervous system can't just stop. So what's happening is that your muscles are getting uninhibited, excitatory signals with no ability to inhibit them. So that results in spasm, continuous contraction, and stiffness. Now, I know one of the things you're going to ask, because you probably have a lot of questions. But one of the big questions then is, why then is this a waxing and waning phenomenon? And why do we see the stiffness in these spasms in relation to certain triggers and not,

not just all the time, especially like at first. Right. Well, let me tell you. It's at least in part because in our nervous system, we have two different kinds of this enzyme gad. We have one called gad 67, which makes like basal levels, which means a little bit all the time of GABA. So we have some GABA floating around.

And then we have one called GAAD 65. And GAAD 65 makes GABA just as needed. whenever we have some kind of excess excitement, like times of stress, where our nervous system gets over-excited and is sending too many signals, then GAD-65 makes GABA just to be like, whoop, calm it down, bring it back down. So in stiff person syndrome, we make antibodies just against this GAD-65, not 67. So you have production of this all the time, GABA, but you don't have, or you have very limited production of this as-needed GABA, which is perhaps why we see these spasms

in relation to those triggers, like times of stress, et cetera. Why, but why? Like, do we know anything about the initial trigger that causes these first antibodies to be produced? Like, it just seems like, why? Erin, that is the actual million-dollar question, right? It is what? So we believe,

that nearly all autoimmune diseases are both genetic. There's a genetic predisposition, and then there's some kind of environmental trigger, be that an infection, be that an exposure. We don't know what either are in this case. We don't necessarily know or have it pinpointed what specific genes might be most strongly associated with stiff person syndrome. And we also have no idea what the trigger could be. Could it be infectious?

Maybe. could it be some type of exposure? Who knows? We do not know. What is the first trigger? Why do some people start making these antibodies? We have absolutely no idea in the case of stiff person syndrome. Anyone who works long hours knows the routine. Wash, sanitize, repeat. By the end of the day, your hands feel like they've been through something. That's why O'Keefe's working hands hand cream is such a relief. It's a concentrated hand cream that is specifically designed to relieve extremely dry, cracked hands caused by constant hand washing and harsh conditions. Working hands creates a protective layer on the skin that locks in moisture. It's non-greasy, unscented, and absorbs quickly. A little

goes a long way. Moisturization that lasts up to 48 hours. It's made for people whose hands take a beating at work, from health care and food service to salon, lab, and caregiving environments. It's been relied on for decades by people who wash their hands constantly or work in harsh conditions because it actually works. O'Keefs is my hand cream of choice in these dry Colorado winters when it feels like my skin is always on the verge of cracking. It keeps them soft and smooth, no matter how harsh it is outside. We're offering our listeners 15% off their first order of O'Keefs. Just visit O'Keefscom slash this podcast and code this podcast at checkout. The greatest to ever play the game. Return to Finish What They Started. Welcome to Survivor 50. I wanted one.

more shot. I played the game that I fell in love with 25 years ago. I want to win against the best of the best. I chickened out at the final tribal. Season 50, it's an honor. Light your torch. I've got some unfinished business. Be part of history. I have more to play for this time. Bigger than ever. Survivor 50. New milestone season begins CBS tonight at 87 Central. Hello, hello. I'm Malcolm Gladwell, host of the podcast Smart Talks with IBM. I recently sat down with IBM's chairman and CEO, Arvin Krishna, and I asked him, how can companies use AI to its fullest potential to create smarter business? My one advice to them, pick areas you can scale.

Don't pick the shiny little toys on the side. For example. If anybody has more than 10% of what they had for customer service 10 years ago, they're already five years behind it. If anybody is not using AI to make their developers who write software 30% more productive today, with the goal of being 70% more productive. Yeah. Wow. So we are not asking our clients to be the first experiment on it.

We say you can leverage what we did. We're happy to bring out all our learnings, including what needs to change in the process, because the biggest change is not technology. It's getting people to accept that there's a different way to do things. To listen to the full conversation, visit IBM.com slash smart talks. Okay, so I have a question about GAD-65. I know you said it's like as needed when times are stressful, but like can you tell me more about what those times look like?

Like what does that actually mean? How long are those times, short periods of time? Is it on the order of seconds to like days? I don't have absolutely no idea the answer to that question. Okay. Yeah. And so like on a day-to-day basis, are you producing GAD-65? Yeah, so GAD-65 is there all the time. Like you and I, we've got GAD-65 all the time. We've got it in our pancreas. We've got it in our nervous system. And we're using it all the time.

Any given moment, you're probably using it. You are getting like, I don't know, you get stressed about a work deadline. You're definitely using it. You're going out for a run and you see something that is novel. You're probably using it. it's there all the time. You've got GABA and other excitatory. Gaba is inhibitory. You've got both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters floating around like all the time, all the time. Yeah. So what's happening here is that you just have an overall reduction in GABA and you're not able to then produce it in this as needed basis. And again, we don't fully understand because there's a lot more that's complicated about this. Here are some of the things that make it more complicated. Number one, GAD-65 is not the only auto-antibody that we see in stiff person syndrome. Right. There are actually six different auto-antibodies so far that have been characterized that are present in people with stiff person syndrome or stiff person spectrum disorders, like those ones that I mentioned earlier.

The other ones are also against either related neurotransmitters or related receptors, like even the GABA receptor itself or other like related receptors that are present at this synapse where your nerves are talking to your muscles and sending these signals. But on top of that, some people with stiff person syndrome are antibody negative entirely. Right. Which means we either haven't identified the auto antibody that they have that's causing damage, or they're having these exact same symptoms by some different. as yet to be described mechanism. So then that begs the question, we have this possible explanation,

right? We know what GAD-65 is doing. We know what happens in mice models, et cetera, when we have auto-antibodies against GAD-65. We have a lot of data to support what we think is going on in the case of GAD-65-associated stiff person syndrome. But this disorder is bigger than that. And so we really don't fully understand it. And like you mentioned, we do not know. what the triggers are for why somebody makes these antibodies. Okay. But it's the end result is more or less, for classic SPS is more or less the same with these muscle spasms and rigidity.

And so it's like something likely along that pathway to, that blocks the production of GAD-65 or something like that. Although- That blocks the production of GABA, not of GAD-65. Okay. There's so many acronyms. Too many acronyms. I know.

I know. I can't keep up with it. Yeah. Has stiff person syndrome been observed in other species? You know, I read one thing that said it has been seen in a horse. Okay. And I know that we have like induced it in mouse models in a lot of studies. But I don't know in terms of like naturally occurring in other animals.

I didn't look deep into it. So the only one that I saw was that it seems like maybe there's something similar that has happened in a horse. Okay. Aaron, I have two other questions. One, you mentioned pancreas, and the other, I know that you mentioned cancer, and you were like, we're not going to talk about a cancer associated with stiff person syndrome, but I kind of would like to know just a little bit more about that. So, okay, so I'll address the cancer question first. Some cancers, and this is true, this is like not stiff person syndrome specific, but some cancers can cause, there's a fancy name for this, they're called paraneoplastic syndromes. So it basically means your cancer starts doing weird things, and your body, in trying to attack it, starts making things that then end up hurting your body further in a way that's not the cancer directly.

That's right. It's like throwing the kitchen sink or like... Exactly. But also you're throwing the baby out with the bathwater from the kitchen sink. Yeah. Let's use both those analogies. Something like that, yeah. So what we see sometimes in some types of...

It seems like breast cancer is one of the strongest associations and some types of lymphoma I saw as well. There are some people who have developed very similar symptoms to stiff person syndrome, and it's found that they have these auto antibodies, usually against something called amphiphycin. In any case, it's auto antibodies against a neurotransmitter that cause symptoms very similar to stiff person syndrome, but as a result of the cancer itself, if that makes sense. It's very, very rare, even among cancers. It is incredibly rare. I don't even have statistics on it.

It's like it has happened, but it is not something that is common with cancers. Okay. Including breast cancer, which is very common. And then you asked about the pancreas. So this is another way that the story of stiff person syndrome is more complicated, and it's because of gad. So GAD, and specifically that GAD-65, is not only present in our nervous system.

It's also present in our pancreas, specifically in the cells that make insulin. So we actually see the same type of auto-antibodies, that is, antibodies against GAD-65 in type 1 diabetes. That is one of the ways that we diagnose type 1 diabetes. And we can also see very similar auto-antibodies in some other neurologic disorders as well. And this is where that ultra super hyper specificity of antibodies comes into play in a way that we've only kind of briefly mentioned in the past. So if you think of this enzyme gad, gad 65, as like a chunk of Lego, I imagine it as like one of those like six or eight Lego blocks, you know, the like long ones. The auto antibodies that you're making are like a little square Lego. and they're only attaching to one section of that enzyme.

Okay. So the ones that you make in type 1 diabetes attach on one side of the gad 65 Lego, and the ones that you make in stiff person syndrome attach on the other side of that Lego, even though they're attacking the same enzyme. So there's room for both. Exactly.

Yeah. And so we do see, because there is crossover, we do see an association between stiff person syndrome and type 1 diabetes, about 30, 35% of people with stiff person syndrome also have type 1 diabetes, though only about 1 in 10,000 people with type 1 diabetes have stiff person syndrome. But everyone who has type 1 diabetes produces antibodies against gad 65. GAD 65 is one of the major antibodies in type 1 diabetes. Interesting. But all of this, like all of the complicated and the fact that we don't still know

like the root cause or there might be multiple root causes, like, how does that affect then treatment prospects? Such a good question, Erin. So in terms of treatment, we don't have a lot. Right. But it does get even more complicated if you have someone who say you can't identify any auto-antibodies. Because then you're wondering, is this truly autoimmune or not?

Are there symptoms going to respond to immune modulators? the same way that we might use for somebody who has these identifiable auto-antibodies. But so that is one of the big things that we can use in treatment. It's something called IV-I-G, which is probably interesting enough to do a whole episode on, Aaron. All right, let's do it. It is really, really interesting. It's basically really, really high doses, in this case, of pooled antibodies from literally thousands of people.

Right. And you're giving people antibodies, and in the case of an autoimmune disorder, it ends up paradoxically kind of reducing that person's own atypical autoimmune response. Like the problem is antibodies, you're giving them antibodies to help deal with their antibodies. It's so interesting and weird. Is there a way to produce IVIG like in a lab setting, or do we still need to get it from people? Yeah, as far as I know, it's still collected from people and pooled. like from thousands of donors so that you have like a really huge variety of it. It's not like a monoclonal antibody, which we can make in a lab that is like one specific kind of antibody.

And there are some one specific type of monoclonal antibody called retuximab that some people sometimes use for stiff person syndrome, because that targets the cells that make antibodies in your body. It targets some of your B cells. Interesting. Yep. But those treatments aren't necessarily the first line. that's offered to everyone with stiff person syndrome. Often the first line of treatments are medicines called benzodiazepines, which is things like Ativan, Valium, Xanax.

If you've heard of those, those are like the common names. I feel like everyone's heard of Xanax. Valium is the one that's most commonly used because it has a bit of a longer mechanism, blah, blah, blah. And I want to talk a little bit more later about benzodiazepines in relation to stiff person syndrome because I think that they have created this really interesting, kind of problematic paradox, but they are very effective in a lot of cases at treating the symptoms of stiff person because the mechanism of benzodiazepines is they act like

GABA. That is what they do in our brains. Right. So they aren't GABA, but they act at the same receptors. And so if you're not making enough GABA, we're basically giving you replacement GABA. So those and then other types of muscle relationships. laxers that are used to treat those spasms that we also use for spasms in other conditions as well. Those are kind of the main types of treatments that we have thus far. None of them fundamentally

change the course of the disease. None of them come close to approximating a cure. Because there isn't like a, you know, one auto-antibody that you're looking for is diagnosis primarily based on symptoms? Yeah, it's what we call a clinical diagnosis. So there's not one single test that you can do to kind of clinch the diagnosis. It's a combination of those symptoms, the stiffness, especially in the abdomen and the spine and the trunk, the spasms that we see, especially having them be triggered by specific things like noises or stress or a touch or something like that. You can do the antibody testing, and if that's positive, that's really helpful. If it's negative, it might not be that helpful. But then there also are tests that you can do called EMG,

which is electromyalography, and that's actually testing your muscles. And what we see is continuous activity of those muscles, again, in both those agonists and the antagonist muscles. So you're looking at multiple muscle groups, and you're seeing continuous activity, even when the person is at rest. And then some people say that if there is a good response to benzodiazepines, that's also helpful, though it isn't technically part of the, like, diagnostic criteria. And then also just, like, ruling out other things that might be more common neurologic disorders that you might have other additional symptoms. Like, for example, Parkinson's causes a lot of stiffness and can cause spasm sometimes, but then you also expect to see other things.

You expect to see tremor. You expect to see MRI findings, maybe, etc. So there might be be a whole battery of tests that someone has to undergo. And there's often really significant delays in diagnosis. Very often this can be misdiagnosed as a primary psychiatric disorder, something like anxiety, depression, phobias. I'll talk about it. Yeah, and we'll talk more about that later, but it's a huge problem. It is. But that is stiff person syndrome. And what we know about the biology of it. It's a lot. It's a lot and it's a really, I think that in the next, I hope, I guess, that in the next 10, 15 years, I'm jumping ahead, but I really hope that we learn so much more about the different types and about like what the underlying mechanisms are and what the triggers really are

for these auto-antibody productions in the first place. Yeah, I mean, I feel like, it seems like we know a lot, but there's still a lot that we will need to get figured out. But hopefully that will happen. Yeah. And I always wonder, how much are we going to be wrong about? Like, this is what we think we know and might be true for a good proportion of people. But it's such a big umbrella, it seems like. So what are we missing and what are we wrong about so far? What's underneath the stiff person syndrome umbrella that will not be in 15 years? Yeah. Yeah. Well, Aaron, along that, line, how did we get to where we are today? When did we first find out about this? Tell me everything you know. I will do that right after this break. We've said this a thousand times. Stiff person syndrome

is a rare disease. To be classified as a rare disease, the condition has to affect no more than one in 2,000 individuals that's in the EU or one in 1,250 in the U.S. And maybe those numbers have changed slightly. I'm not sure. This is from like a paper from maybe nine years ago. And I know that you're going to talk a lot more about numbers later in the episode. But for some perspective, stiff person syndrome affects one to three individuals per million, which is very, very, very much a rare disease.

Yep. But numbers are only one small part of the rare disease experience. Rare diseases as a group are in fact not that rare. An estimated 25 million people in the U.S. are living with a rare disease. And while the symptoms or pathophysiology or treatments might be very different among rare diseases, there are some elements that they're likely to share. Diagnostic delays. Inappropriate treatments or medical interventions.

a disconnect between a patient's needs and a provider's ability to provide them, not being believed, just to name a few. Many of these challenges for the management of rare diseases exist because of what is simply a lack of information about them. Research is less likely to be funded. Studies face issues of sample size, and awareness is just, of course, much lower than for other more common diseases. Over the past few decades, a huge effort has been made across the globe to address some of the challenges facing rare diseases,

and I'll talk a bit more at the end of this history section about some of these organizations or legislations and the work that they have done or are doing. But first, I want to go through the story of the rare disease that is the focus of today's episode, of course, stiff person syndrome. In 1956, a report was published in the proceedings of the staff meetings of the Mayo Clinic by two neurologists, Frederick Morse, and Henry Wolthman. And shout out to the Mayo Clinic librarian. Like, I emailed the librarians to be like, I can't find a copy of this online anywhere. Can you please send me a copy? And they did. It was thrilling.

This report was titled Progressive Fluctuating Muscular Rigidity and Spasus. in quote, stiff man syndrome, report of a case and some observations in 13 other cases. And it described a series of patients who experienced muscle cramps, attacks of muscle tightening, muscle rigidity and spasms, often preceded by a sudden voluntary movement. The first of the individuals described was a 49-year-old farmer from Iowa who came to the Mayo Clinic in 1924 for, quote, muscle stiffness and difficulty in walking. 1924.

Wow. This report was published in 1956. Wow. If you're feeling bad that you're sitting on data that you swore you would publish a couple of years ago, like from your PhD dissertation, at least you didn't wait 32 whole years. Oh, Erin, you're talking to me specifically. I'm talking about myself. Yeah. But also, you know, I'm also kidding because a single case report probably wouldn't have been published or gotten as much traction as one that described.

a new syndrome and had like multiple cases. So, you know, and actually there was, to further underline this, in retrospect, people picked apart another case report of what was later agreed upon as probably being stiff person syndrome. It was described by this guy Ornstein in 1935, but no one really talked about it. No one thought much of it. Yeah, exactly. And probably it was in part because Ornstein concluded that it was myocytis fibrosa at the end of it. But anyway, back to this farmer. So for the previous four years before 1924, he had experienced increasing muscle stiffening that got even worse after a fall in 1923, after which he could not work. Quote, his muscular condition had worsened. His neck muscles had remained rigid most of the time, and his head could be brought

forward only with great effort. Also, the abdominal muscles, and to a lesser degree, those of the lower part of the back and those of the thighs had partaken of the same stiffness or tightness. Moreover, the rigidity had been punctuated by intermittent and moderately painful spasms, end quote. So Morse and Woltman, after examining this person, performed all of the neurological examinations that they could think of, but they couldn't come up with the diagnosis. They prescribed warm baths, massages, physical therapy, things that would increase this person's comfort, and that did seem to help, but without knowing what was causing his symptoms, they were powerless to actually treat the root cause. And over the next few years, they kept in touch, and the last they heard from him was in 1932.

Quote, the stiffness lessened and muscular spasms were fewer than they had been. He could be on his feet, but he was weak and could take only a few steps. steps unassisted." End quote. But this case, even though the last they heard was like, you know, had decades previously, it stuck in their minds. And as neurologists at the Mayo Clinic, which is one of the world's largest and most famous hospitals for treating difficult cases, Morish and Woltman were in a unique position to observe not just one instance of this unexplained neurological disease, but 13 more. Because oftentimes if you're like, something is wrong with me, I don't know, you go to the doctor and they're like, we don't know, go to this specialist. They don't know,

go to this specialist, and then eventually you end up at the Mayo Clinic. You end up at Mayo. Yeah, absolutely. And so this 13 more, 14 in total, was enough for them to say, okay, there might actually be a pattern here. Like these seem to have symptoms in line. There's like a trajectory of the disease that seems like they have in common. And we're going to call this stiff man syndrome. A name, which in their own words, quote, could not be taken by anyone to be final. end quote, but which nevertheless stuck around for 35 years until it would change to stiff person syndrome in 1991. We've talked about the importance of names on this podcast before, many, many times, and this is no exception. But it does make me wonder whether it was the man in stiff man syndrome

that delayed diagnosis for women or if it was just the way that medicine saw and treated women at the time. And I feel pretty strongly that it was the latter. Like, I don't think, I'm not in Morse and Woltman's heads, but I don't think that they called it stiff man syndrome to say only men get this disease. I think it was just sort of the 1950s. Yeah, 1950s. I feel like they just used the word man all the time. Right. It was like instead of humanity, it was just man. Manity. Manity. Yeah, just manity. Yeah. And to illustrate my point further. I'm just going to read you some snippets from a 1958 article by Richard Asher,

a physician in London. The title of the article, A Woman with the Stiff Man Syndrome, has at the end of it a lovely little asterisk that reads, quote, I cannot avoid the paradoxical title. Stiff person syndrome might be a better name, end quote, is 1958. I love it. Well, and it was still like so many years later before they actually changed the name. Yeah, yeah, yeah. And I think that just goes to show like how slowly things can move sometimes in medicine. Right. Like everyone knew that it wasn't just men affected and it was just like, come on, let's make this official. Yeah. So Asher's case report is unlike any other case report or article that I've come across before. It reads like a story. There's a narrative. Asher uses first person pronouns. There's self-reflection. There's humanity, not just manity. Asher starts off the article by describing how he was reading Morse and Waltman's report when he realized that it sounded pretty familiar.

Quote, they were a clear description of the case of a woman whose extraordinary spasms had puzzled me 10 years previously, end quote. So he tracked her case down. He was like, okay, I remember this person. This sounds like she had stiff man syndrome or stiff person syndrome. And so he was like, let me see if now what she's doing these days. It was 10 years ago. And then he retells the story of this woman who had essentially not been believed by anyone and was cast aside as a problem patient for years until her death.

And Asher himself was complicit in her mistreatment. And he acknowledges this. So after checking into the hospital in 1946 with extremely painful spasms, she was diagnosed by Asher with, quote, spasms secondary to spinal arthritis with hysterical overload. lay. The hysterical part, as in it's all in her head and she's doing this for attention, that part would stick with her over the years. That would be on her case for ever, all her case notes. Two years later, she was, this would be in 1948, she was admitted to a, quote, mental hospital

with depression and troublesomeness. The latter was shown by attacks of spasm and screaming. A month after admission, she felt her femur snap during a spasm. A later spasm then broke the screw and plate that had been put into her leg. She became a chronic case and stayed for five years in the wards, end quote. All just still thought to be hysterical. In 1955, nine years after her first admission, she checked back into the hospital. The note read, quote, condition worsening. hysterical outbursts on little or no provocation, becoming worse if soothed, gradually

quietening if ignored." End quote. And so Asher, after learning of this readmission, was like, oh, wow, I remember this patient and her condition seems the same. I think that there might be something actually organic going on, like something actually physical going on. Yeah. Yeah. But the psychiatrist who saw her was like, no way, man. Quote, whatever her difficulties are, she appears to be completely lacking in insight and therefore psychologically inaccessible. It is obvious that her rehabilitation is a formidable proposition. She appears to have satisfied some emotional need in her illness. End quote. And later, adding to this, quote, very difficult and uncooperative prefers to stay in bed. As the patient, obviously does not want to get better, it is time we realized we have lost this battle." End quote.

Four months later, after Asher had come across Morsh and Waltman's paper, he finally succeeded in seeing her and diagnosing her with stiff man syndrome. Six months after that, at the age of 50, she died unexpectedly after a severe spasm, described in the notes as a, quote, hysterical turn. Asher notes, quote, her hysteria had at least been awarded the posthumous dignity of inverted commas, end quote. So like, at the end, at least hysterical was in quotes, he's saying. Wow. And not just as a diagnosis.

And I wanted to, I spent so much time on this article because I think it is a such a perfect and heartbreaking example of how people with rare diseases both historically but also today are often not believed and how you have to wait years for a diagnosis if it ever comes. But I think the other thing that stuck out to me is the remarkable fact of the author recognizing his role in this and changing his perspective. In the intro, he writes that one of his reasons for reporting on this case was, quote, because it shows that that syndromes are sometimes labeled hysterical for no better reason than that they are not yet officially described, even in this case where the patient's hysterical spasms were so titanic that with their power, she bent a Smith-Peterson pin and fractured a steel plate and screws,

end quote. So I just, I really, like, we talk a lot about this period of medicine, and that still has its effects today. The echoes are very present, as probably, everyone who's listening can attest to not being believed by their doctor, not being listened to. But I think things have gotten better. And I really appreciated reading about like part of the transition of that. Right. This awareness, this self-awareness of like, oh, that I was wrong. And then writing a case report about it and being like, I want people to know that this is what happened and that there might be other things out there, other cases labeled as hysterical, that might actually be not hysterical, not just be because the illness satisfies some need in the patient.

No, I agree entirely. It's so rare, I think, to see that much self-awareness and willingness to admit your own fault and how complicit you were in the suffering of another person. I don't think that that publicly happens in publications. very often at all. And that was from 1958, which is, I think, just a really interesting, yeah, I just think it's fascinating. And this article seemed to strike accord with other people, too.

I found correspondence addressed to the British Medical Journal, which is where that one was published, about this case study. And people were like, I loved this article. It was so readable. I read it before the newspaper at breakfast. And people were like, oh, I wonder how many other cases, like, you know, Charcot in his hospital.

There was a woman who maybe was just who had that, but she was, of course, in this, you know, quote unquote, insane asylum. So it's, yeah. I know. So many, oh, Erin, we'll talk more about it too because we absolutely still do it today. Oh, yeah. I know. I'm curious to hear some of that, yeah.

And after Asher's article, after Moorshan-Woltman's article, other case reports of quote unquote stiff man syndrome quickly followed throughout the rest of the 1950s and into the 1960s, with most authors acknowledging how long symptoms were present before diagnosis, often years, sometimes decades, and how for most people hysteria was the first diagnosis made. Or I saw one patient who was labeled as drug seeking initially because of pain. Yep. One paper from 1960 suggested that, quote, it is possible that the disorder may not be as rare as it seems, since emotional disturbance is one of several factors

which may lead to exacerbation of symptoms, these may be mistakenly regarded as of psychogenic origin, end quote. And from 1966, quote, frequently in medicine, when we are confronted with a new set of symptoms that we cannot explain, we readily label these as hysterical or functional, end quote. I just, it feels weirdly reassuring to read that from papers back then, decades and decades ago. And even though it took a long time

for change, that changed to be for the tides to turn, it seems like this is beginning that a bit. The increase in awareness about stiff man syndrome, stiff person syndrome, was not immediately followed by a better understanding of the underlying pathology of the disease and how to treat it, though. In fact, the first effective treatment in symptom management was reported seven years, after that Morse and Woltman paper in 1963 with diazepam, aka Valium. I don't know the full history of the development of diazepam slash Valium, but I know it first came on the market in 1963 and was primarily then used to treat anxiety, but was soon prescribed by neurologists to manage muscle spasms and stiffness. And so given the high rate of hysteria

diagnoses, I'm not sure if patients were given diazepam initially for anxiety or for muscle spasms, which were thought to be voluntary like this person is, you know what I mean? So I don't know. I didn't pick that up in any of the case reports I saw. But in any case, this drug remains a frontline treatment, as you mentioned, Aaron, and its success in alleviating spasms gave researchers some potential clues as to the underlying disease processes in stiff person syndrome, especially the potential role of GABA or anti-GAD antibodies. The 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s saw a steady rise in awareness of stiff person syndrome, improved diagnostic criteria, a slightly better understanding of the pathophysiology, and some hopeful avenues for treatment, including diazepam,

immunoglobulin therapy, steroids. But despite this, many challenges remained for this rare disease. And to give you some idea of what I mean, I'll just read you to the same. I'll just read you the the title of a 1977 paper, quote, the stiff man syndrome, a psychiatric disease, end quote. And I'll also share a statistic from a 2002 paper, which surveyed 68 individuals with stiff person syndrome diagnosed in Germany and found that two-thirds of these 68 individuals were initially diagnosed with hysteria. So, yeah. Wow. Okay. Yep. That paper's from 2002. 2002. Hysteria as a diagnosis in 2002. And I will say that I didn't see in the article when people were diagnosed, but still, you know.

Doesn't matter. Yeah. I mean. You can give some benefit of the doubt, but there's still, you know. A very small one. Yeah. Yep. These misdiagnoses with hysteria or a functional neurological disorder, which you're more

likely to see today in notes, aren't that surprising given that stiff person syndrome is so often accompanied by things like phobia, anxiety, depression, and just by the fact that it's a rare disorder. Because as they teach you in med school, when you hear hoofbeats, you're supposed to think horses rather than zebras. Oh, that is the quote over and over and over again in med school, Aaron. Right, right. And me, yeah. And this delay in correct diagnosis is a characteristic shared among basically all rare disorders, most of them. And it's not the only thing they have in common, as I mentioned earlier. Limited treatment availability, challenges conducting clinical trials, inappropriate medical interventions, small research programs, and that's not even mentioning

the personal and quality of life challenges that someone might experience living with a rare disorder. So even though the diseases themselves may be very different, the designation as a quote-unquote rare disease is a useful one from an advocacy standpoint. And I want to close out this section by chatting about a couple of really impactful developments over the past few decades that have helped to put rare diseases in the spotlight. The first is the Orphan Drug Act. So approving a medication is not a simple thing, nor should it be. It requires pharmaceutical interest, aka dollars, and multiple stages of trials before its efficacy and safety can be confirmed. For rare diseases, this poses a huge challenge because you need people with the disease

at each of those trial phases and new individuals at each phase, and even then to show statistical significance, you often need more people than are available to participate. Right. Think about how many thousands of people were enrolled in something like the COVID vaccine trial, right? You need lots of people for medication research. Yep. Yeah. It's logistically and financially challenging, to say the least. And this problem drew the attention of the FDA in the late 1970s. who, along with leaders of advocacy groups like Marjorie Guthrie, who I mentioned in the Huntington disease episode, Woody Guthrie had Huntington's disease, and also Maurice Klugman, star of the show

Quincy M.E., whose brother had a rare form of cancer. All of these individuals drafted up legislation to provide financial incentives for the pharmaceutical industry to develop drugs for rare disorders. And this legislation was called the Orphan Drug Act, and it was passed in 1983, and it completely revolutionized the development of therapeutics for rare disorders. For some perspective, before this act, only 10 drugs for rare disorders had been approved. By 2008, that number went up to 300, translating into treatment for over 11 million people. Wow. It's huge.

And it also kind of helps to deal with some of the logistical challenges, too, by like simultaneous phases. And yeah, that part I don't. I'm not as familiar with, but there's lots of papers that I'll link to about that. And advancements, when it comes to rare disorders, they're not just limited to drug development. The same year that the Orphan Drug Act was passed, 1983, the National Organization for Rare Disorders was established, Nord, bringing together advocates under one umbrella with a recognition that, quote, alone we are rare, together we are strong. That's the Nord slogan. Nord represents more than 200 individual disease organizations and has done tremendous work in promoting and funding basic research into rare disorders, providing support and education for individuals impacted by these disorders as well as their families, and overall just raising awareness, because that's one of the biggest challenges in this, is just awareness. because if you hear hoofbeats, you think horses, are you ever going to think zebras?

Right. And at what point? You have to know that the zebras exist to even think of them in the back of your mind, right? Right. And I would say zebras are also like a little bit more common. What about some rarer equits, you know? I can't think of any. It's not the best analogy.

Right, right. But yeah, I mean, it's that sort of thing. Like you think horses, okay, you think what else could it be? Zebras. donkeys. Giraffes? Those, yeah, sure. Have hos?

And we're talking to ungulates? Like, that's a whole other thing. Kudu. Okay. I don't know. Lots of things. But yes, I agree. I agree.

I mean, yeah. With the Orphan Drug Act, with Nord, there has been a lot of progress made. And things aren't perfect, right? There's often medications for rare disorders are prohibitively expensive, making them inaccessible to those who need them. And some of these disorders, are themselves varied. So a drug that might be effective for one person might not be for another,

just like we discussed, in stiff person syndrome. But ultimately, I wanted to highlight these efforts, as well as sort of like that those shifts from those case reports in the 1950s where we could actually see this dawning awareness, self-awareness of like, oh, maybe it's not hysteria. just to appreciate how far we've come over the last 70 years, not just in terms of stiff person syndrome and our understanding of that, but awareness of all rare disorders and the challenges that they face. So with that, Erin, can you tell me where we are with stiff person syndrome today? I would love to try right after this break.

As with so many rare disorders and not rare disorders. that we cover on this podcast, we don't have great data on the incidence and prevalence of stiff person syndrome. But there are numbers that are cited pretty frequently. And that is that you mentioned already, Aaron, the estimate is that the prevalence, the number of people living with stiff person syndrome, is I saw mostly one to two cases per million. Okay. Some might say one to three. I will say that the Stiff Person Research Foundation website says four to five cases per million. I didn't see that number other places, so I'm not sure where that estimate came from. But in any case, it is an estimate because we really don't know, especially when you consider

stiff person syndrome versus stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders. Right. But if we take that number of one to two cases per million and do some error in math, because it's been a while since we've done that. It's been a while. I know. That would be so that people can get a sense of this, somewhere in the range of 300 to 600 people in the United States living with stiff person syndrome. That is very rare. That's very rare. And between 8,000 and 16,000 people worldwide. This is a super rare disorder. The incidence, though, is also estimated to be about one per million new cases every year. So we're talking about another 8,000 cases worldwide every year. Okay. And some studies suggest that up to 65% of people living with stiff person syndrome can no longer function independently in their activities of daily living because of a combination of their

symptoms of stiffness, rigidity, pain, frequent falls, and also phobias that are related to the falls or to doing specific tasks. And I want to kind of spend a minute to talk about that. this anxieties and phobias that can result or that can be kind of what we call comorbid with stiff person syndrome you mentioned it erin i mentioned it earlier as well one study tried to kind of put a number on this like how much more common are things like anxiety depression or phobias in people with stiff person syndrome compared to people without stiff person syndrome and they're significantly more common than in the kind of what we call general population but overall

this one paper found that the rates were pretty similar to people living with something like MS, which is another chronic neurologic condition. But there's a couple of things that I want to mention about the anxieties, especially, that can present with stiff person syndrome. First, because stiff person syndrome is so rare that many practitioners, including experienced neurologists, might have never seen a case of it before. even if they've heard of it, they might have never seen it. So it's not necessarily going to be the first thing that they think of.

And because most people present to a primary care physician who's even less likely to have ever seen it before, it is very common for stiff person syndrome to be initially misdiagnosed, just like it was called hysteria as a primary psychiatric disorder. Like you have anxiety with these symptoms rather than you have a neurology, a neurologic disease and you have anxiety as a result of it. But that isn't true in the case of stiff person syndrome. First, the anxieties and phobias tend to be very directly related to their symptoms and very realistic and appropriate given the degree of stiffness, spasms, injuries, pain,

things that can result because of the symptoms that they're having. Right. And it kind of goes even because of. beyond that, this is a neurologic disorder that's affecting GABA, which is a neurotransmitter that is involved in decreasing our excitatory, like decreasing that anxiety response, and reducing that can further drive anxiety. And on top of that, benzodiazepines, Valium, the Valiums of the world. Yeah. These are medicines that function, like I mentioned, at that GABA receptor, they act like GABA. They are considered a first-line treatment for stiff person syndrome because they act on that

mechanism. But they're also used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and they're very effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Especially in the past, they were used kind of like a free-for-all for anxiety. Today, I hope most people are using them less for primary anxiety disorders. But what that means is that somebody who has stiff person syndrome but hasn't been diagnosed with that, who gets given a benzodiazepine and has improvement of their symptoms, that might further misrepresent them as having a primary anxiety or psychiatric disorder rather than having this neurologic disorder that is stiff person syndrome. So all of this can really, really contribute to the major delays in diagnosis that we see. One paper that I read cited an average of six years from onset of symptoms to diagnosis,

but that range was up to 18 years, which is just... Yeah. Yeah. Not having the big picture, like the full picture of things, but being like, oh, this answers this. So then the other things that you may be experiencing that are not just anxiety-related symptoms, you're like, well, those, oh, no, well, those aren't related because this is clearly treating your anxiety. So those things you're not really experiencing. It's just

in your head. Or they're not related to this. And so you're left still with like these questions of, but is there something more? Yeah. And I also don't want to like make this seem as though anxiety is also not real. It is. That's like a whole different situation. And there's neurotransmitter abnormalities involved in that as well too. Well, and it's also not just that anxiety is, I think that living with a rare disease and chronic disease on its own comes with anxiety that may not be just down to the pathophysiology of that disease. Oh, 100%. Absolutely.

Absolutely. Absolutely. Yes. It is so much bigger than all of that. But I think it's an important kind of piece to highlight is that it is important to get the correct diagnosis. And when it comes to stiff person syndrome and other rare disorders, it can be very difficult to get there.

And so in terms of where do we go from here, I think it's really hard to say to try and estimate like what is to come. I think there is no doubt that when a celebrity comes out as having a disorder or even bringing something like a rare disorder to the spotlight in one way or another, it really does put a type of spotlight on that disease that most other diseases don't get. So the question really now is like, is that going to lead to more funding? Is that going to lead to more research? Or is it not? I hope it's going to. I think that's a big hope. Or just more awareness, which in itself could then lead to more diagnoses and more like name recognition for that. And we might have very different epidemiology numbers in years to come simply because of increased awareness. And I think one of the things that, at least for me watching that document, highlighted that I hope that we, like, as a society, continue getting better at when it comes to rare disorders, but also when it comes to a lot of these, what we call like invisible illnesses, and really just any things that people are dealing with is like understanding that these are all

affecting people, and you have no idea what it is that another person is going through when you're looking at them. And I think that that is one of the big things that for me, at least that documentary really highlighted. And I think that we need to do better at in medicine and beyond medicine is recognizing that like these are people, their symptoms, whatever, if, whether they have a name for their diagnosis or not, like just believing people, I think, and giving grace and understanding that like you don't know what another person is going through. And I think that that, like, that empathy building is very much needed in medicine.

beyond medicine. We've highlighted and mentioned, Aaron, the organizations like the National Organization for Rare Diseases that are doing a lot of this advocacy work. There's also, I want to shout out the Stiff Person Research Foundation, which does a ton of work in raising money and doing research on Stiff Person to try and better understand it, to try and come up with cures. And Allison, the provider of our first hand account for this episode, also works with a number of other people living with Stiff Person Syndrome, who have a couple of other organizations I wanted to give a shout out to. They have an Instagram page called Bent Not Broken, Autoimmune, and then a YouTube channel called Stiff Person Syndrome Heart to Heart. So if you would like to learn more about stiff person syndrome

specifically, you can absolutely check those out and check out the National Organization for Rare Diseases as well to learn more about so many additional diseases besides stiff person syndrome. But yeah, that is what we've got for this episode. And we've got a lot of lot more that if you would like to read further, there is plenty, there are plenty of sources out there. So let's go ahead and go through a few of those. I've got a whole lot. I'm going to shout out two in particular that I think are really interesting and were helpful to kind of wrap my head around this. The first is that paper by Asher called A Woman with the Stiff Man Syndrome from 1958, I do think it is a really interesting presentation of this person's experience,

sort of fitting this into the retrospective diagnosis and some of that self-awareness. And then on the topic of rare disorders and rare diseases, there is an essay from The Lancet published in 2008 by Shepati at all, and it's titled Why Rare Diseases are an important medical and social issue. There's a whole lot more. I have a few papers. The couple that I want to give a special shout out to are one by Haddavi at all from 2011 called Stiff Person's Syndrome in the journal Practical Neurology. And then another that was also titled Stiff Person Syndrome from Neurologic Clinics in 2013 by

Chikato at all. I'm almost certainly pronouncing that wrong and I apologize. I had a number of other papers as well too. There was that one that really looked at the stiff person syndrome and psychiatric comorbidities. That was from 2021, but we'll post all of the sources from this episode and all of our episodes on our website, this podcast will kill you.com under the episodes tab. A big thank you again to Allison for being so open and willing to chat with us and share your experience and your story. We appreciate it. Words cannot express. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you also to Bloodmobile for providing the music for this episode and all of our episodes. Thank you to Tom Brey Fogel and Liana Squalachi for the amazing audio mixing. Thank you to everyone

at Exactly Right Network. And thank you to you, listeners. We hoped that you learned something from this episode. And a special shout out as always to our patrons. Your support means the world to us. Thank you so, so, so, so much. Truly, truly. Well, until next time, wash your hands. You filthy animals. Truck month is going on now at your local ram dealer. Hurry in for great deals and exceptional offers on a powerful selection of ram trucks. And right now purchase and get 0% financing for 60 months on 2026 RAM 1500 Big Horn and Laramie models. Don't miss this great offer. See your local RAM dealer.

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