Timesuck with Dan Cummins - 366 - Black Holes and the Nature of the Universe!

Episode Date: September 18, 2023

My favorite episode in months. One that I'm hoping the most curious of the cult of the curious will truly enjoy. Today, we look at the very nature of our existence, how we came to our current theoretical understanding of the universe, what we know about black holes (like how the bend the very fabric of space-time!) and more entertaining and existential mind-candy! CLICK HERE TO WATCH MY NEW SPECIAL ON YOUTUBE! Trying to Get BetterWet Hot Bad Magic Summer Camp tickets are ON SALE!  BadMagicMerch.com Get tour tickets at dancummins.tv Watch the Suck on YouTube: https://youtu.be/FseJAqJRAj4Merch: https://www.badmagicmerch.comTimesuck Discord! https://discord.gg/tqzH89vWant to join the Cult of the Curious private Facebook Group? Go directly to Facebook and search for "Cult of the Curious" in order to locate whatever happens to be our most current page :)For all merch related questions/problems: [e-mail] (copy and paste)Please rate and subscribe on iTunes and elsewhere and follow the suck on social media!! @timesuckpodcast on IG and http://www.facebook.com/timesuckpodcastWanna become a Space Lizard?  Click here: https://www.patreon.com/timesuckpodcastSign up through Patreon and for $5 a month you get to listen to the Secret Suck, which will drop Thursdays at Noon, PST. You'll also get 20% off of all regular Timesuck merch PLUS access to exclusive Space Lizard merch. You get to vote on two Monday topics each month via the app. And you get the download link for my new comedy album, Feel the Heat. Check the Patreon posts to find out how to download the new album and take advantage of other benefits

Talking about black holes today, nerds, and understand black holes, we have to get our heads around a basic understanding of the universe that black holes find themselves within. A universe that contains, well, everything. The universe includes all of space and all the matter and energy that space contains, it includes time itself. And of course, our galaxy, the Milky Way and the Milky Way includes earth, you, me, and everything you've literally ever seen or read about, everyone you've ever known alive or dead in some form.

And the Milky Way is but one of billions of galaxies in the observable known universe. And virtually all of these galaxies, including our own, are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centers, all the black holes and all the galaxies and everything else, all part of the universe. And the portion of the universe that exists outside the confines of our planet's atmosphere is so damn close to every single one of us all of the time. Weirdly close, if you think about it.

Wherever you are right now, outer space is never much more than roughly 62 miles or 100 kilometers away. If you're on the top of a tall mountain, you can subtract a few miles. If you're for some reason, deep down in some trench in the ocean, well, you're probably in a lot of trouble and you could add a few. It's so close day or night whether you're indoors or outdoors asleep eating lunch, dozing off in class outer space just a few dozen miles away. Isn't that wild? If you could drive a car straight up into the air, you could leave Earth and be in outer space an under an hour.

I just drove to Missoula, Montana, and back recently the same day. 330 miles round trip, not a big deal. In that same time, if I had some kind of magic flying car, I could have driven way out into space. But also, in a very real way, we're already in space. We say out in space as if it's out there and we're down here, as if Earth is separate from the rest of space in the universe. But it's all connected. Earth is but one of many planets, and it's in space and a part of the universe just like any other planet, and there are so many other planets. An estimate of the number of planets in the known universe is a one with 25 zeros behind it. 10 sub-tillion planets, a trillion, has 12 zeros behind it for comparison.

An almost incomprehensible number, just in the observable known universe. We are all such teeny, tiny, insignificant specs in the massiveness of the cosmos. It's believed that there are more stars in planets in the universe than there are grains of sands in the entire world. And we know almost nothing about almost any of them. We have thoroughly inspected in a close detailed way, almost nothing outside of our own atmosphere. There is still so much we don't know about the handful of other planets in our own solar system.

Even though we humans have been looking towards the stars looking towards these other planets and wondering, calculating, studying, etc. for at least as long as we've been keeping written records. Most of the universe that can be known remains so very unknown. But with ever advancing technology and knowledge and no shortage of imagination, as long as we meet sex, don't completely destroy one another first, we will learn so much more eventually. Maybe someday we'll even send some of ourselves into a black hole. Or maybe not. From what we currently theorize about black holes, that would not work out very well at all.

It'd be a very unpleasant way to die. We think we're still learning so much about all of this. I learned a lot this past week and I hope you learn so much over the next few hours. Today we're looking at some of the most fascinating cosmological phenomena and existence, supernovas, and black holes, dark matter, and wormholes, and also charting our species understanding of how it all works. We'll zoom through space and time to go all the way back to the Big Bang, the formation of our universe, the development of galaxies, stars, black holes, and more. We'll also look at the ideas of those who think most

of our space talk, notions of the Big Bang, black holes, et cetera, just a bunch of gibberish, promoted by arrogant God-hating scientists. But is it? Can all of this actually be very compatible with religion? It can actually, it absolutely can. We'll look at that too. How I believe that the world of science and the world of religion can 100% coexist. As long as you're willing to interpret theological teachings with a bit of an interpretive mind.

Black holes, the universe, and the very nature of the existence of both all that we can see and all that we cannot see but still believe to exist. All that right now on a sci-fi fact can sure feel like sci-fi, mind candy, conversation fodder. Let's all at least feel a little smarter after absorbing this heavy trippy nature of our existence black hole sun edition to Time Suck. You're listening to Time Suck. Happy Monday, Meet Sacks and welcome to the Colts of the Curious. I'm Dan Cummins, the Master Sucker, destroyer, possibly of the library of Alexandria.

I'm going to make sure the statute of limitations is run out of that. Maker of adult keychains, and you are listening to TimeSuck. Happy seventh anniversary to this show. TimeSuck's first episode came out on September 19, 2016, and what a wild ride has been ever since. We also now have over 20,000 reviews on Apple podcasts, over 13,000 reviews on Spotify, many more reviews, other places.

So thank you, thank you, thank you. Every review truly helps. Well, most of them, the five star reviews truly help. Some of the others not so much. It has been humbling to get so many good reviews. They all help us find new curious meat sacks to bring into this interesting little ecosystem we have here. Also, thanks to everyone who's been watching Sharon Liking, leaving comments on a brand new

standup special on YouTube, trying to get better. It has to have the most absurd comment section of any standup special on YouTube now at Chris Acre, DV, to be you posted. We need to have some keychains with big balls and a nice shaft. Uh, at Connor errands, 9824 posted, I'm just so glad something good could come from a man whose father is one of the most prolific serial killers to ever walk the earth. I would like to think Dan's comedy somewhat offsets the horrific deeds of his dad. Yeah, there's so much nonsense, so much more than that. Uh than that So thank you Also, once you've seen this special come check out the new hour that's coming together come to Chicago

I'll be doing a show at the Vic November 3rd is part of the 312 comedy festival It's gonna be a really fun show and more shows at the income is dot TV and that's it Other than I hope everyone come into the wet-hot bad-medic summer camp has the best time this week and Now for a topic that covers pretty much everything to ever exist, aka the cosmos. Our Patreon supporting space lizards voted for me to suck some black holes, and I did not interpret that as a deep dive

into either buttholes or a racially defined subgenre of pornography. So here we are. I'm sucking vortexes created by collapsing stars that destroy everything in their path and proximity Before covering black holes today and including what might happen to you if you got sucked into one and the possibility of the black holes May have already passed through earth We'll also be taking a bigger macro view of things, extremely macro, the most macro of all macro zoom outs. Today we'll be putting on our Bill Nye Science Guy hats and looking at the entire universe.

All existing matter and space considered as a whole to understand where black holes fit into all of that and we'll examine our currently culturally divided view of space and the nature of the cosmos as well. Last, yet. So how are we going to cover all of this? First we'll jump into a brief timeline covering the history of we meet SAC speculating about and studying how Earth fits into the cosmos and how we came to our present understanding of the universe at large.

And it is so large. What do we think about the cosmos before we had modern science with all its telescopes and calculators and satellites and spaceships and shit? How have our religious ideas interacted with how we look at and study the cosmos throughout human history? How did people begin to make the first discoveries about outer space leading to the modern theory of relativity? Current hopes for intergalactic travel and more. Then we'll hop out of the timeline and cover current notions of various aspects of our universe, how the universe began, starting with the big bang theory. We'll look at our own planet, how the scientific community currently believes life was created and evolved and continues to evolve here. How the scientific community's belief differs from the beliefs of creationists and those

who adhere to the concept of intelligent design, and also how faith and science can coexist and not oppose one another. That's right. You sure as shit can be someone who is both very religious and also very scientific. Don't let certain narrow-minded atheists or narrow-minded religious leaders tell you any different. Don't them invent any boxes that they then say you have to exist inside of. Nobody puts baby in a corner.

You can have all sorts of different combinations of beliefs. Belief paradigms are just as limitless as stars in the universe, stars that can collapse into black holes. Now get in here, crawl up that ladder and hop aboard my spaceship. And yes, my spaceship has a fucking ladder, it's a base model. Please don't make fun of it. It was a least return and I got a very good deal on it. Time suck timeline, engage. We're marching down a time-sub-time line.

Long, long before we had any access to modern scientific technology, we immediately began to try to untangle the mysteries of the cosmos. In the 16th century BCE, Mesopotamian cosmology reconstructed from Sumerian and Acadian writings, showed a belief in a flat circular earth enclosed in a cosmic ocean a mythological motif that would appear in many subsequent cosmologies describing a cosmos that was like a body of water from which the earth arose the cosmic ocean represents or embodies chaos and what about your fucking idiots?

they actually believed that the earth was flat. Can you believe it? Can you believe those fucking morons? Now that we have satellites and spaceships and telescopes and a much greater understanding of science in general, now of course no one would believe in something that utterly ridiculous. No, it'd be that fucking stupid. Wait, no, no, we still have people. We still have a lot of people actually who still truly believe that the earth is flat. And we always will. I imagine.

No one can force you to change your thoughts or imprison your imagination for better or for so much worse. You can believe anything you want to, no matter how utterly absurd that belief might be. From the 15th to the 11th century BCE, ancient Hindu beliefs described the universe originating from a golden egg-like image whose name literally translates to golden womb or universal womb and This has to this has of course. Excuse me. I've been proven to be a you know 100% true I you dig into some scientific scholarly articles about the nature the cosmos and you will find a

bunch of nerds who just won't shut up about how the entire universe was once the yoke Inside a massive golden egg and we've been looking for the massive space chicken who laid that egg ever since or Space ass watch something that Nimrod laid that egg It only makes sense that the god of the suck first shit's gold. Hey, oh Nimrod It is likely of course that Lucifina helped get that magic egg out of his magic ass by sticking a finger in there when they were maybe doing some space fucker or something. I don't know.

There's a lot of theories about the origins of the universe. And I might be the only one who, you know, may believe in that one. The most ancient record of a comet sighting comes from 1057 BCE. Long time ago, the ancient Chinese were meticulous in keeping a variety of astronomical records, as they struggled to figure out the cosmos.

Enabling modern historians to establish that Chinese astronomy goes back to at least 1800 BCE. Astronomy was very much a part of ancient Chinese royal life and emperors directly employed astronomers to chart the heavens and record the phenomena of celestial bodies, like comments, taking detailed notes and recording the time of sightings accurately. As a result, the Chinese developed an extensive system of the zodiac, designed to help guide the life of people here on earth. As is the case with Western astrology, the Chinese had 12 houses. They also divided the sky into four quarters, with seven mansions

in each making 28 and total and these were used to chart the position of the moons across through the sky. The Chinese zodiac signs still used today are thought to have been developed in the fifth century BCE, roughly 2500 years ago. And maybe they were influenced by people from the Mesopotamian Valley that might have traded with, you know, the Babylonians or they might have traded with the Babylonians. Excuse me. Jury is divided on if that happened or not.

The Babylonians are believed to have come up with their 12 zodiac signs over a thousand years earlier in the 19th century BCE. Back to China, the ancient Chinese had a pretty fantastic sweet notions about the cosmos. They believe that solar eclipse has occurred when a celestial dragon devoured the sun. They also believe that this dragon attacked the moon during lunar eclipses. In the Chinese language the term for eclipse also means to eat. I love it. Think about how much more exciting eclipses would be. If we still truly believe that fucking space dragons are out there. If we still truly believe that fucking space dragons are out there, right? Zipping around to the cosmos. I don't know popping out of their space caves here and there getting off their space gold hills or whatever they would be doing Occasionally go goblin up the sun or moon. I guess I don't know spitting them back out Just oh no space taking place. We need we need that. We really need that. Stop eating our son. You son of a bitch. Oh

He did it. He fucking did it. No more. Oh, wait, oh, he's spinning back out. Oh, thank you space dragon. Ancient Chinese also believed that the earth was flat because they were fucking idiots. And luckily, no one alive now. Oh, wait, no, we already went over that. Actually, some people today will point to ancient China and Mesopotamia as proof that the earth is flat.

Basically, they believe that back before the Illuminati and the reptilian started controlling the narrative, right, started controlling the dissemination of knowledge and filling our heads with their stupid lizard people propaganda. We used to know the truth. Yeah, okay. And those same powerful manipulative and world controlling reptilians just watched. Just forgot to hide ancient beliefs from us, the contradict, what they supposedly want us to believe now. That doesn't make a lot of sense, does it? Maybe instead of there being a conspiracy,

maybe people back then only believed that the Earth was flat and that dragons ate the moon and shit because they didn't have telescopes. And so many other investigatory and or mathematical tools of modern science. Maybe that. One more interesting note on the ancient Chinese, the main job of their astronomers was to chart time,

announce the first day of every month, and predict accurately lunar eclipses. And if they were wrong in their predictions, they would frequently be headed. Holy shit, and you thought your job was stressful. It's gonna be really hard to say exactly when the next eclipse will be your highness, the space dragons, they're very unpredictable.

But I should be able to narrow it down to the month. Maybe the week, I'm sorry, what? No, yeah, no, I do like having my head attached to my body very much, why do you ask? Oh, I see. Sure, sure, I can go back to my books and narrow it down to the day. Hour, really, hour, I need to predict predict okay uh... yeah no problem your highness and

then proceed to quietly uh... you know pack stuff at home sneak off start a new life and leave his family in the middle of the night tough job being ancient chinese astronomer uh... back to mess up a tamiya in the sixth century bc the babalone in map of the world shows the earth surrounded by a cosmic ocean with seven islands arranged in the 6th century BC, the Babylonian map of the world, shows the Earth surrounded by a cosmic ocean with seven islands arranged.

So it forms a seven-pointed star, an image that would be reflected later in biblical cosmology. Soon the Greeks will imagine the universe as something more than a big ocean with the world bobbing in the middle like a beach ball. And yes, ball. The ancient Greeks did think the world was round. They were a pretty smart group of BCE meat sex. They also believed a bunch of crazy shit as well. Of course, it was long time ago. The early Greeks believed that the first being was chaos, corresponding to the

opening of the biblical book of Genesis. Right after in the beginning, God created the heavens in the earth. It reads, the earth was without form and void. And darkness was over the face of the deep. Right? It was chaos. The Greeks believed that chaos created and then made it with a goddess called night. And their offspring eventually produced all the gods and men. A universe created from chaos was in perfect keeping with the Greek belief in an unpredictable nature run by capricious gods. But in the 6th century BCE in Ionia, present day Turkey, a new concept developed that the universe is knowable because it exhibits an internal order. There are regularities in nature that permitted secrets to be uncovered.

Nature is not entirely unpredictable. There are rules. Queue generations of Greek scholars doing their best to understand these rules to understand the true nature of the cosmos A next semander a Greek philosopher born in 610 BCE and known as the founder of astronomy used geometry and mathematical proportions to help map the heavens The cosmological model he proposed was a ring of fire surrounding the earth, and that it was hidden from view except through vents. And when those vents came into view for us on Earth, they looked like stars. Little pinpricks of light, slipping through.

His model also helped explain the phases of the moon, right? It's phase, depending on how wide or narrow the vent covering was. An axiomander described the Earth itself as rounded and circular with two plain surfaces, not necessarily a flat disk, more like a cylinder or stone pillar, suspended freely in space. An axiomander considered the sun as a huge object, which then led to him start considering how far away it might be. Above the earth were in order, in his view, the other planets, the stars, the moon, and finally the sun.

He believed that the components of the universe were supposed to have formed as rings, that they were shed from a fiery sphere that once surrounded the earth. Pretty good guess? For someone who relied on primitive math, naked eye observations, and not really any teachings, celestial teachings that were good for anybody before him. Another Greek democratist in the 15th and 4th centuries BCE further detailed that these worlds, aka planets varied in distance and size. They also varied in the presence number and size of their sons and moons, and he theorized that they were subject

to destructive collisions. Now he wasn't right about all that of course, but he got a lot correct, and he also invented the word Adam, Greek for unable to be cut. And he believed that Adams were the ultimate particles forever frustrating our attempts to break them into smaller pieces. Everything he said is a collection of atoms, intricately assembled, even as meat sacks. Nothing exists, he said, but Adams in the void.

And fucking bingo, bingo! That old weird God, worshiping son of a bitch nailed it. 18th century English astronomer, English astronomer Thomas Wright would marvel many centuries later in 1750 CE that democratists believe the Milky Way to be composed mainly of unresolved stars. He said long before astronomy

reaped any benefit from the improved science of optics. Democracy saw as we may say through the eye of reason, full as far into infinity, infinity as the most able astronomers in more adventages times have done since. Another important Greek space thinker was Pythagoras, for whom the Pythagorean theorem was named, who lived in the six-century BCE.

Pythagoras was the person who first used the word cosmos to denote a well-ordered and harmonious universe, a world amenable to human understanding. This would further pave the way for other philosophers and astronomers to theorize about how our universe is structured. One of those philosophers astronomers was Phylloles. Phylloles believed that the motion of planets

is caused by an out of sight fire at the center of the universe, not the sun, that powers them and that the sun and earth orbited that central fire at different distances. According to Philaeus, the earth's inhabited side is always opposite to the central fire, rendering it invisible to people and helping us from getting roasted like a bunch of smores His model depicted a moving earth simultaneously self rotating and orbiting around an external point, but not around the Sun Few years later the famous Athenian philosopher Plato

claim that circles and spheres are the preferred shape of the universe aka the shape of planets That the earth is at the center and is circled by ordered into outwards. The moon, sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and finally what he called the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere. For Plato, the stars were fixed in place in that sphere of fire that once encircled the earth. In Plato's complex theory, the Demiurge, the Artifacer, Artifisser, who created the world, prescribed these circles to move in opposite directions. Three of them with equal speeds and others with unequal speeds, but always in proportion. These circles are the orbits of the heavenly bodies.

The three moving at equal speeds are the Sun, Venus, and Mercury, while the four moving at unequal speeds are the moon, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The complicated pattern of these movements is bound to be repeated again after a period called a complete or perfect year. Aristotle followed, excuse me, man, Aristotle followed, come on, mouth! In Plato's footsteps, centering the spherical earth in the middle of the universe. At this point, you might be wondering, why was it the Greeks who came up with all this shit? Why not, you know, China or India, both places with rich traditions of astronomy

and mathematics at this time? Well, some historians think it has to do with the unique city, state, political structure of the Greek islands. A variety of political systems existed in very close proximity to one another. Since there was no single concentration of power and forcing a top-down,

you know, a way of thinking about the universe in an area that also shared the same basic culture and members of various city-states frequently communicated with one another, free inquiry, curiosity, and descent was possible, and open dialogue between people with different ideologies led to faster advancements than it would have had some king or other leader been dictating how everybody needed to think. That didn't mean the other places weren't also figuring shit out. In the 4th century BCE, the Chinese astronomer Xi Shen has believed to have cataloged 809 stars in 122 constellations, although he took a little interest in the planets. He also made the earliest known observation of sun spots. To make

such accurate measurements of position in the sky, the Chinese used our millerys fears. These metal spheres consisting of intersecting scaled circles, which allowed the observer to give each star a coordinate and nomeness, basically sun dials. And of course, their most important tool was the naked eye. They would study the sun at sunrise and sunset when it's least harmful to the human eye. They're doing all the shit without telescopes, unreal. One of the craters of the moon is now named after Xi Chen. Eras Darkis of Seimos, a man we met two weeks ago in the Library of Alexandria, he may have studied there. A man who lives sometime between 300 and 210 BCE

is considered the first person to propose a scientific heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the sun not the earth at the center of the known universe. He also correctly deduced the other planets in correct order from the sun, another major accomplishment, all these ancient astronomers learning from those

who came before them and steadily progressing closer and closer to the truth. Despite Aristarchus of Seymoss being 100% correct about his heliocentric model, a lot of other people did not believe him during his lifetime. A lot of people wouldn't believe him for many, many centuries. One of the people who didn't believe him was a dude named Tollamy. This Tollamy, not one of the sister fucking Tollamy's, of the library of Alexandria, suck, not thought to be related to the Greek rulers of Alexandria. Even though he did also live in Alexandria. We're talking about Claudius Tollamy here, and around 100 CEO Claude, whose model will be the main one in the Western world for the next 1500 years or so. Proposes an earth-centered

universe with the sun and planets revolving around the earth. Perfect motion should be encircles, he argued, so the stars and planets being heavenly objects moved in circles. His book, the Almaghests, which also cataloged 1,022 stars and other astronomical objects, remained the most authoritative text on astronomy and you know the largest astronomical catalog until the 17th century which is unfortunate because despite how smart he was and you know he did document a lot of space should he had a lot of stuff wrong the Almagest was the culmination though of ancient Greco-Roman astronomy more advancements would mainly take place further east now for a long, long time.

From the fifth to the 13th centuries, cosmologists outside of the European, or outside of Europe would make serious gains and understand in the universe. Europeans, not so much thanks to the dark ages. Yay, people getting literally tortured and prisoned and banished, hanged, burned alive, et cetera, for daring to be curious meat-decks.

Coming to logical and well-researched scientific conclusions and sharing those conclusions with others. What a world! BAN the witch! BAN the scientist! The Dark Ages, a former sucks object. Witness the near-complete and total suppression of intellectual thought and scholarship across the continent.

During this time, the written word became scarce and research and observations went dormant. But while Europe had fallen into a needless and entirely avoidable intellectual coma, the Islamic empire would stretch from more Spain to Egypt and even China was entering its golden age. Astronomy was of particular interest to Islamic scholars and Iran and Iraq. In eight century under a caliph of Baghdad,

Al-Mamoon, the first observatory was built in Baghdad. And then subsequent observatories built elsewhere in the coming years around Iraq and Iran. Since this was before the telescope had been developed, the astronomers of the time used observational sextants, instruments for determining the angle between the horizon and a celestial body, as the Sun moon or star These tools some is large as 40 meters long

We're critical to the study of the angle of the Sun movement of the stars and understanding the orbiting of the planets They didn't help you see celestial bodies any clear But they did allow you to measure how far they appeared to be from one another and the path they took to travel across the sky. Middle Eastern astronomers also started to write books on astronomy. In the book of the fixed stars, Islamic scholar Al Sufi combined taught him his work of mapping constellations with Arabic astronomical traditions. Written around 964, the book contains extensive illustrations of each constellation from both the terrestrial perspective, looking up from Earth, and the inverse, as the constellation would look from outside the sphere of the fixed stars. This book includes some of the first known recordings of what we would later understand to be another galaxy.

Again, doing a lot of shit without telescopes. The star on the right side of the belt of Andromeda is not actually a star, as Al-Soufi originally thought, but is instead one of only two galaxies visible to the naked eye. He had recorded an observation of what we would later come to know of as the Andromeda galaxy. All of these works would have a massive amount of influence on astronomy when they reached Europe's centuries later for most people. They became widely disseminated during the Renaissance. One of Islam's most famous astronomers and scientific thinkers, Hassan Ibn Al-Hatham is now known as the father of optics because he was the first person to crack the

code about how we perceive light. And he did that roughly a thousand years ago, sometime between 1010 and 1020 CE. He figured out the light traveled in a straight line into our eyes, but not out, which was a new idea. For hundreds of years, it was thought, you know, by people like Tollamy, that our eyes actually emitted light, like an interior flashlight. I don't know how they didn't figure out, you know, like that was wrong, just based on,

our eyes not glowing at night, but you know, whatever. This work would ultimately help develop the camera obscura and eventually aid in the invention of the telescope. And now let's head back to Europe right after the sponsor break. There was no great place to do it this week at around this point in the show. And it seems like the least intrusive. Hope you just heard some appealing deals. And now we head back to Europe. Poland, actually, I'm so sorry about that. I'm going to get into Copernicus and how he

really pushed towards humanity towards understanding the sun is the center of our solar system and not the earth. Born on February 19th, 1473, in Turin, Poland, gross, I know, but I have accepted after learning a lot about Poland the last six or seven years, that it is actually a place that is not only full of godless monsters and brain dead goblins. It's not just my wife Lindsey hand says she's okay. But yeah, one of the good Polish people was Nicholas Copernicus and he would bring Europe around to what Islamic scholars have been saying for centuries. That the earth orbited the sun and knocked the other way around. Copernicus, you know, he worked out a system in full mathematical detail, a system that

proposed that the center of the universe was not the earth. He suggested that earth's rotation accounted for the rise in the setting of the sun, the movement of the stars, and that seasons changed due to the earth's rotation around the sun. And finally, he correctly proposed that earth's motion through space caused the retrograde motion of the planets across the night sky. All of this made Copernicus the first person in recorded history to create a complete, general, and accurate systematic theory of the universe, combining mathematics, physics, and cosmology. Copernicus finished the first manuscript of

his book where he broke all this down on the revolutions of heavenly spheres in 1532 did not publish the book however until 1543 over a decade later just two months before he died and why well he was scared right if you think the flat earth crowd is bad now and they are they were so much worse back then they were the majority they were the people in power and they would fucking have you killed for, you know, ideas they considered to be heresy. The church did not immediately condemn this book as heretical, however. Perhaps because the printer also very likely worried about being burned alive or something terrible, added a note that said, even though the book's theory was unusual, if it helped astronomers with their calculations, didn't matter if it wasn't really true, right?

Little nod from the publisher to the pope there. We're just goofing around, Pope. Just having a little nerd fun with some math. This is just like a thought exercise. Copernicus is not actually saying that the earth is not the center of the universe, and the only thing that God cares about, or that matters. No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no.

He just said that if it was, it would be one way of explaining why the stars and planets and stuff move like they do. One of many ways. It's stupid. It's fucking stupid, really. Thank you for being kind and gracious enough, not to have us killed. I'll show myself out. It probably also helped that the subject was so fucking difficult to understand that only very highly educated people today could even understand it. And because Europe had just begun to climb out of the dark ages from the previous century, there was still a serious shortage of really educated people in Europe. But those people did eventually figure out what old Kepern dog was really sane and then

the Pope did ban the book and 1616. Nice! Oh fuck yeah, fuck signs! But thanks to the ongoing Protestant Reformation at this time, the Pope was not the only religious bigwig in Europe. There were others, and they also hated Copernicus's notions. Martin Luther described Copernicus as a moron, writing, this fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy. But sacred scripture tells us that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth. Well, there you go. If Josh said it, go fuck yourself scientists. Doesn't matter

what you're telling us go up some satellites, say, right? Don't make fucking Josh look stupid. 1596. Johannes Kepler, a German teacher living in Gratz, wrote the first outspoken defense of the Compertican system, the Mysterium Cosmographicum. It's kind of a cool sounding book. He'd been born in Germany, sent to the Protestant seminary school in Malbron, to be educated for the clergy, while there he kept having pesky thoughts about space, though. There were only six known planets in Kepler's time, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, and Kepler wondered, well, why only six? Why not 20? Why not 100?

Why did they have the spacing between their orbits that Copernicus had deduced? No one had really been asking such questions before, at least really not publicly. Kepler's curiosity led him to move to Prague to work with the renowned Danish astronomer and huge fucking weirdo Tiko Brahi Handed up in heritine Tiko's post as imperial mathematician and Prague when Tiko died in 1601

Using the precise date of the Tiko had collected Kepler discover that the orbit of Mars was in lips an imperfect circle like an oval And yeah Tiko that's he's a whole other time-sex someday. He's had some very interesting like pets and possibly a very strange way of dying and just very eccentric guy. A couple are also correctly theorized that the rest of the universe was made up of the same old shit that Earth is. For centuries, philosophers had thought that planets were not made of regular old material, just stuff, but some sort of transcendent God substance. Kepa was one of the first people since antiquity to propose that the planets were material

objects made of imperfect stuff just like earth. And if planets were imperfect, why not their orbits as well? In 1609, he published Astronomyia Nova, delineating his discoveries, which are now called Kepler's first two laws of planetary motion. All in all, he would provide three major laws, describing how planetary bodies orbit the sun. One, planets move in elliptical orbits, with the sun as a focus. Two, a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time, no matter where it is in its orbit. And his third law would come much later, laying out the clockwork of the solar system. He described it in a book called The Harmony of the World.

A planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit, its semi-major axis. The more distant a planet from the sun, the slower the planet takes to complete a full cycle around the sun. Like with Copernicus, Kepler's laws of planetary motion mark an important turning point in the transition from geocentrism to heliocentrism. They provide the first quantitative connection between the planets, including Earth. Advanceing the idea that the planets were not just random blobs out there, but that they

and our own planets work similarly, all rotating around the same sun in the same solar system. And with so much evidence to support his laws, Kepler's research shifted the scientific conversation from a binary argument about which system it really was to what kinds of evidence could exist to prove the heliocentric reality. Luckily, the political and religious climate where Kepler lived at that time was calm enough for him to just be denied the Lutheran sacrament and also the Catholic sacrament, actually, but not persecuted much further than that. Simultaneously, someone in Italy was making big moves in an area not as tolerant as the Holy Roman Empire. Contrary to popular mythology, Galileo Galilei did not

invent a telescope, a German Dutch spectacle maker, Hans Lieberscher. Hans Lieberscher, where is your telescope? Applied for, I don't know why I use that voice. That's not even close to German. Or Dutch. Forgot what the fucking country, Hans was. Just like his name, Lieberscher. Anyway, that guy applied for the first patent in 1608. But he, Galileo did significantly improve upon,

this patent allowing humans to turn their sites to the cosmos far better than centuries before. And we don't know that ol' Lipper Shae actually built anything. Galileo would also become one of the major founders of modern science in the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics, also philosophy. He was a genius, a prolific visionary. Also had a pretty dumb name. Why were his first and last names almost identical?

But you know, really cool dude. Galileo Galilei, eggplant paramajana, mereza tome, Antonio Banderas. Don't worry about it. I was born in Pisa in 1564, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, musician, scholar, bad name giver. In 1581, he entered the University of Pisa at age 16 to study medicine, but was soon sidetracked by mathematics. It must have been hard to be so smart in so many different ways, right? Constantly being distracted by all the

other shit you're also really good at. He left without finishing his degree in 1583. He made his first important discovery, describing the rules that govern the motion of pendulums. From 1589 to 1610, Galileo was chair of mathematics, the universities of both Pisa and Pajua. During those years, he performed the experiments with falling bodies that made his most significant contribution to physics, proving that heavier objects don't actually fall faster than lighter objects, which was to believe commonly held since the days of Aristotle. That's really seem correct, I think I forgot. than lighter objects, which was the belief commonly held since the days of Aristotle.

That's really seem correct. I think I forgot. I don't know if I ever learned that one. What in my mind until I came across it, I'm like, no, heavier stuff falls faster than light stuff. A part of me doubted even this after reading it. I was like, no, that's not true. And I had to go watch a bunch of YouTube videos for a second to realize, oh, okay.

I guess Galileo and all the modern legit scientists who understand physics and gravity and shit are actually correct. Um, 1609 Galileo first learned of the existence of the spyglass, which excited him very much. He began to experiment with telescope making, going as far as to grind and polish his own lenses. It's got to do anything. When he was done, his handmade telescope allowed him to see with a magnification of eight or nine times, which was huge. In comparison, Spy glasses of his day only provided a magnification

of three. So this was a massive improvement. He was now literally seeing shit that no one, no human had ever seen before. Like how incredible that must have been. Just like in more recent years, whenever a new telescope is built that is way more powerful than previous telescopes, what an amazing thing. To be the first or one of the first people to see further out into the cosmos than literally anyone before.

I think it would probably be more amazing back in Galileo's day, you know, than it is now because at least now astronomers, you know, they're fairly accurate and theorizing what's out there beyond what we can currently see but back then they had no fucking clue really it was also much more novel uh... his amazing invention allowed Galileo to be the first person to see craters on the moon track the phases of Venus see the rings of Saturn and much more

of all his telescope discoveries he is perhaps most known for his discovery of the four massive moons of Jupiter. Now known as the Galilean moons of Eo, uh, Genomeed, Europa, and Calisto. Galileo may have also made the first recorded studies of the planet Neptune, though he didn't recognize it as a planet at that time. And all of that made Galileo the pride of Italy. I mean, parades were thrown for him. You know, little song for he's a jolly good fellow, for he's a jolly good fellow, for he's a jolly good fellow that nobody can deny, that nobody can deny, that nobody can deny,

for he's a jolly good fellow. Like, that was written for him in Italian, of course. The loose translation sounds like, Masarati, we gotta spaghetti, Masarati, we gotta spaghetti, Masarati, we gotta spaghetti! Luigi pizza pie, Luigi pizza pie, Luigi pizza pie, Masarati, we gotta spaghetti! Luigi pizza pie, fucking masterclass nailed it, you get it.

No, he wasn't celebrating it for an ass shit. So, it's a little thing. It's the stupid things that make me laugh. His discovery actually made Galileo some very powerful enemies, of course. In his lifetime, all celestial bodies were thought in where he lived to orbit the earth. Well pretty much everywhere. He thought that supported by the Catholic Church, any teaching that ran against that system was declared heresy. Right, you know, in 1615, mostly actually because of Galileo,

because of what he was saying, when first summoned to appear before a Roman inquisition in 1616, Galileo was warned not to espouse heliocentrism as the truth. It was sternly warned. Then in 1616, thanks to more science nerds and smarty pants types, you know, starting to think Galileo really on the something. The church banned Nicholas Copernicus's book on the revolutions of the celestial spheres. Enough is enough, you fucking nerds, I am Pope.

And truth is whatever I say it is. Like it really was that kind of vibe. After a few minor edits, making sure that the sun theory was presented as purely hypothetical. The book was allowed to be published again in 1620 with the blessing of the church. But then, a few years later, they were like, just kidding. The new version banned, right? Best to not even speculate that Pope could be wrong. Then Galileo, that stupid fuck so dedicated to the truth, published dialogue on the two world systems in 1632,

a work to describe heliocentrism versus geocentrism, and the book clearly sided with Healyocentrism and Pope not happy. Pope Irvin VIII ordered another investigation against him. He was told that if he admitted to having gone too far in his treatment of Healyocentrism, he be let off with a light punishment. Galileo agreed, not wanting to be, you know, tortured to death, and confessed that he did give stronger arguments to the Healyocentric proponent in his dialogue than to the Geocentric champion. And he was convicted of a strong suspicion of heresy,

a lesser charged than actual heresy, never tortured, but ultimately his book was banned and he was sentenced to penance and imprisonment. After a day in a real prison, his punishment was committed to Villa arrest for the rest of his life. No, not the worst way to go, considering he was already already 17 in ill health and then he would die in 1642. So it was forced to spend the last years of his life at home where he couldn't wander freely

and share his truth with others. After he died, he became famous for his laws of motion. Excuse me, proven from his measurements that all bodies accelerate at the same rate regardless of their mass or size, something that would lay the foundation for modern physics as developed by Isaac Newton. Also, how crazy is this? It wasn't until 1744 when Galileo's dialogue was removed from the church's list of banned books for fuck's sake.

Then Isaac Newton would expound on Galileo's ideas many years later, right? He was not in the realm of the Pope and was able to get his hands on this book. Newton born on Christmas day to a poor farming family in Woolstorp, England in 1642. Isaac Newton arrived in the world only a few months after his father,

Isaac Newton's senior had died. Everyone assumed young Isaac would follow in his father's footsteps and manage their small farm. And he would not sickly, feeling abandoned by his parents, quarrel some, unsociable, and a virgin to the day he died. Crazy in-sell, Isaac Newton was a fucking weirdo. Also perhaps the greatest scientific genius who ever lived. Newton would go on to attend Trinity College in Cambridge, England.

While there he took an interest in mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy. After graduating, he'd take a job teaching at his college. Was appointed the second Lucian chair there, a position considered the most renowned academic chair in the world today, been occupied by legends like Charles Babbage and Stephen Hawking. One of Newton's greatest achievements was calculating the universal law of gravitation. It's amazing what you can do if you fucking never think about sex. He found that as two bodies move farther away from one another, the gravitational attraction between them decreases by the inverse of the square of the distance.

Thus, if the objects are twice as far apart, the gravitational force is only a fourth as strong. If there are three times as far apart, it is only a ninth of its previous power. And that helps scientists understand far more about the motions of planets, and of the moon around the Earth than ever before. Now, the regular orbits of the planets could be predicted and measured with great accuracy, and soon Newton's friend Edmund Haley would discover how a certain comet seemed to appear at 76 year intervals. When he predicted correctly, it's returned in 1758. It was named Haley's comment after him posthumously. Despite how correctly understanding a lot about celestial bodies or despite you know, now correctly understanding

a lot about celestial bodies, we meet sex. I still had a lot of weird ideas. The Scottish philosopher David Hume, toyed with an ocean that comets were the reproductive cells. The fucking space gins, the eggs were sperm of planetary systems. And the planet were produced by some kind of interstellar sex, right? Just some big fucking space dragon shooting his comet space gins across the galaxy. Maybe Nimrod and Lucifina, fucking making planetary babies, and I would deal whipping out planetary facials, I don't know.

Sometimes they're kind of bummed that we now know so much more than we did back then, and can't realistically entertain these very entertaining ideas anymore. Right, now, not now that we know the truth. It would be really fun to think that shit like that was still possible. At least we have aliens, just to wonder about.

Others would of course keep pushing knowledge forward. And 1755, philosopher, Emmanuel Kant asserted correctly that there were galaxies outside of the Milky Way. 1837, Frederick Bessel, Thomas Henderson, and Otto Struev measured the parallax of a few nearby stars. Frederick Bessel, Thomas Henderson, and Otto Struev measured the parallax of a few nearby stars. These were the first measurements of any distances outside our solar system. This also established the vast distance between stars and the true scope of the cosmos.

Interestingly, just a few years later in 1848, a very unlikely source made an interesting proposition. That was Poet Rider and former Sucks object Edgar Alan Poe, who made the first correct solution that we know of to something called Albert's paradox. The paradox can be stated pretty simply. Why is the night sky dark? The reason that this question is so important is because its answer can tell us about the distribution of stars and galaxies in the universe.

I hadn't thought of this before, but it's actually, I think it's really cool. Consider the possibility that the universe is infinite and that it is filled with luminous objects, right? So many of them, objects full of light, like stars, full of so much light, right? And, you know, on the galaxies that contain them, there's so many of them. If this is true, then every sight line from the Earth will eventually intersect a bright object. And that means that if the universe is infinite and contains an infinite number of bright objects, the night sky should be lit to fuck up constantly. An infinite number of the universe's most powerful lights surrounding us. Much like standing in a thick forest, if you look around, all you should see are trees. Johannes Kepler first posed this problem in 1610. He also suggested a solution. The University of Starrers, he believed, extended only out to a finite distance.

Once your line of sight passes that boundary, it encounters only empty space. But how far is that boundary? Why is it there? What lies beyond it? In 1823, the German astronomer, Heinrich Olbers, suggested that starlight is gradually absorbed while traveling through space, and this cuts off the light, for many stars beyond a sufficiently great distance. But that doesn't solve the problem either. If there are that many stars, a little dust would not absorb all that light that should be coming to us. After decades of astronomical speculation, the first scientifically reasonable answer was given in 1848, right, by the American poet Edgar Allen Poe. He suggested that the universe is not old enough to fill the sky with light, right? The universe may be infinite in size, he thought, but there hasn't been enough time since

the universe began for starlight, traveling to the speed of light to reach us from the furthest research, furthest reaches of space. Since then, astronomers have concluded that the universe began some 12 to 15 billion years ago, that means we can only see the part of it that lies within 12 to 15 billion light years from us. And of course, even if the universe were infinitely large and infinitely old, you still wouldn't see a wall of stars

when you looked up at the night sky as stars stopped shining and eventually die. Pose theory suggested something so important that the university has expanded and that brings us to 1905. 1905 Albert Einstein, I've heard of him, that cousin fucker suggested the special theory of relativity. Like so many great game changing ideas, it was not that well received initially. It was, you know, it was, and he was either vehemently ridiculed or ignored. And a few times, gangs of other scientists would actually assault him. They were very aggressive about some things. They would

time to a chair. And while he was defenseless, they would just, you know, pull his balls out of his pants. They would unzip his trousers, but not unbutton them to do that. And they would just, you know, zip his pants back up Just enough so that like only his balls were hanging out and then they would smack his balls with a little pink-punk paddle until he would cry Tell you would weep They wouldn't stop until he literally would say I'm a stupid old mama's boy my theories are trash. Thank you for the ball wax I deserve it. He was humiliated No, he was just annoyed because the ball wax of, never happened. He was just ridiculed from afar or ignored.

Einstein actually wasn't happy with his theory either. It only acknowledged that time and space were inextricably connected, but it didn't account for the existence of gravity. He revised it in 1915 to become the general theory of relativity. General relativity is basically Einstein's understanding of how gravity affects the fabric of spac time. As legend has it, it came from Einstein observing a window washer on a ladder near his patent office, and he imagined what would happen if he pushed that stupid motherfucker to the

ground and then set him on fire and then pissed on him to put him out. Or he imagined what would happen if the workers just accidentally fell off. Instead of imagining the objective view, an image of someone falling getting crushed by the ground and probably dying He put himself in the window washer's perspective and imagine not what would happen if he met the ground But what he would experience as he was falling What he realized was that if he was falling gravity would be the only force acting upon him He would be accelerating towards the ground But since no force would be emanating

up from the ground, pushing against his body, he would feel no weight. With no wind resistance, he would be in freefall, and that would be no different than being weightless in space. So acceleration and gravity were connected. But so what? Well, then Einstein imagined stepping out of bathroom scale, say you weigh 200 pounds. Now imagine you do this in space, on a spaceship accelerating in an upward direction, 9.8 meters per second, which happens to be the exact same gravitational acceleration of Earth. Now what would your weight be?

It would still be 200 pounds. You wouldn't be able to tell if there weren't any windows if you were in space or on Earth. Or would you? Einstein thought about this and asked himself if there was a way to tell the difference. He imagined what would happen if he took a flashlight or a laser beam pointing it from one side of the room to the other as the spaceship is accelerating upwards.

If he had a sensitive enough measuring device, he could measure the height of the light on the other side of the room. And he realized to a whole bunch of furiously scribbled equations on notepads and chalkboards and shit that the height he would find on the other side would be slightly lower than the source of the light Why because the floor of the room would be rushing upwards at ever faster speeds and the light would be propagating across the room Since the room was accelerating upwards at 9.8 meters per second per second. Actually, I should have said I thought it was typo first. I remember now is, it's like, it's a fucking crazy high bath, little concept here.

The light beam would appear to curve downward. However, on Earth, the two measurements would indicate no difference. The light should go straight to the other side of the room, but that violated the principle of equivalence. Acceleration of the room on a spaceship should be no difference in the room under the influence of gravity on Earth.

He realized through these musings, and don't worry if you don't fully understand, I sure a shit don't because I'm nowhere near a smart design sign that light must bend in the presence of a gravitational field. How could that be though? Light ought to always take the shortest path between two points. It should go straight, right? Then he realized that maybe just maybe the light was taking the shortest path and that the shortest path was not straight. He wondered, perhaps gravity somehow causes a curvature of space itself,

perhaps in the presence of mass and energy. Space somehow becomes curved, so the shortest path light could take was a curved path. Now with the help of a mathematician named Marcel Grossman, Einstein figured out the mathematics of curved space time. And that would be the basis for general relativity. This was completely different from the commonly held scientific beliefs of the time. According to Newton's theories, time was fixed, space was fixed, and gravity was a mysterious force that could act at a distance from one massive object to another without touching it.

In this new model, gravity didn't affect the underlying space or time, but acted within it. I'm sorry, in Newton's model. Einstein's theory, though, was that gravity was not a force between massive objects, but something that emerges from the interaction of space and massive objects. John Wheeler would later summarize the theory in 12 words. Space time tells matter how to move, matter tells space time how to curve.

And that's it, that's general relativity in a nutshell. So how the fuck does that nerd shit apply to our knowledge of the universe? Well now the orbits of planets can be explained not by some mysterious force that acts at a distance, but rather an interaction that takes place locally with mass or energy and the space around it. However, in order to test this theory, right, for it to be really taken seriously,

an observation needed to be made like, you know, have a prediction that could be tested, that made the, the, the wouldn't make sense unless general relativity was true. And that test came in the form of the planet Mercury. Mercury's orbit had been a mystery for decades because it was well weird. All planets orbit the sun in an ellipse, the planet closer to the sun Mercury, orbit it in an ellipse as well, but it did also did something called a procession. What that means is that the point of the orbit that is furthest from the sun advances a little bit every time Mercury goes around the sun. Newtonian physics just didn't quite explain that. But Einstein now did. When Einstein applied his new curved space

theory to this orbit, the new theory precisely predicted the procession of Mercury. Finally, a theory perfectly matched an observation, which had been a mystery for decades. But what about Einstein's concept of spacetime? What does that mean? That's where special relativity comes in. The essential presumption in special relativity is that light always moves at the same speed regardless of perspective or reference frame. It'll have the same speed in an accelerating reference frame and in a resting reference frame.

If this is the case, then it means that the speed of light in the presence of gravity will be the same as its speed in empty space. But since the distance traveled by the beam of light in a gravitational field is longer, due to the curving of space, in order for the speed of light to remain constant, time itself must pass slower in the gravitational field relative to time in empty space. Hard to wrap your noodle around? Yeah, me too. Thinking about this, I kept pictured a little mind blown emoji just to explain it another way. Time

increases proportionally with the curvature of space near a gravitational field compared to empty space to keep the speed of light constant in both reference frames. So time, just like space, is distorted by gravity. And that fucking wild time is distorted. And that gives us what we call the fabric of space time. And this has massive implications. It implies that an observer experiencing no gravity will see the clock in a gravitational field running slower. This means that the clock's on Earth runs slightly slower than clocks on the International Space Station. How fucking trippy is that concept? Technically astronauts on the International

Space Station age a tiny bit more slowly than us meat sacks down here on your surface. Not much. Every six months, they've aged 0.007 seconds less than us. This effect has been confirmed by many experiments and is taken into account in order to keep the clocks of GPS satellites and sync with clocks on Earth. Otherwise apps like Google Maps eventually would give you slightly inaccurate locations. The theory also predicts that in certain regions of space, space time can get so distorted

that nothing escapes, not even light. And this lovecraftian horror is the reality of a black hole. Einstein's theory shows that within these black holes lie something that seems impossible. And that is a mass concentrated to an infinitely small point with infinite density of place where general relativity fails. And we'll talk about this more in a bit. But there are theories that when you get near a black hole, one year there would actually be like, you know, 80 years back on Earth.

You could in some crazy, very theoretical, who who knows we'll ever have the tech to test this way, you know, quickly be know, be him over to the edge of black hole, stay there a few years, then come back to earth and we just be centuries later. Right, again, the mind blown emoji. No one for sure knows what happens in a black hole. But again, in some crazy new reality where we can figure out how to enter a black hole and not die, then reemerge, you could have spent, you know, what was an hour inside the black hole. What thousands of years could have passed outside of it? That's how much these things were thought to fuck with the fabric of space time. Very sci-fi. Well, you know, maybe sci-fi, maybe. Currently, thought that there is no chance of someone entering a black hole and doing anything, but dying, no. Back now to the early 20th century, we'll get into black holes more in a bit.

After Einstein's big breakthrough with space time, a lot more discoveries would come in quick succession. Edwin Hubble in 1923 definitively demonstrated that our universe much larger than anyone else previously thought. Earth, our solar system, the Milky Way, none of those were the center of the universe but one small part of it. Beyond our limited frame of reference was the Andromeda Galaxy, Triangulum Galaxy, NCG6822, a galaxy just to name a few. In 1929, Edwin Hubble would also discover something called the linear redshift distance relation. That is the discovery of an expanding universe,

a universe that has been expanding since the big bang uh... this would be the foundation for george camels nineteen forty six theory of the hot big bang that predicted the existence of a very hot cosmic radiation field uh... you know that led the scientific community to believe that all of the chemical elements in the universe were formed in the hot big bang but it would be until nineteen forty nine that Fred hoi would coin the term Big Bang and he didn't mean it positively. A British

scientist he was a proponent of the steady state model a universe created by a steady expansion due to a constant creation of matter and not all matter created by some instant flashpoint. Freddie coined the term Big Bang on BBC radio's third program broadcast on March 28, 1949. Hoyle would explicitly deny that he was trying to be insulting, saying that he was just trying to explain the difference between the two theories, but the vibe was very much of, what do you mean the universe just popped into existence? Like some kind of Big Bang, you shit me?

Get the fuck out of here. Couple years later, 1957. Scientists Margaret Burbage, Jeff Free Burbage, William Fowler, and also Fred Hoyle, published a landmark paper in which they describe how all elements heavier than lithium are synthesized by nuclear processes in the cores of stars, which means everyone alive today, we're all star dust. Which, you know, the very least is some pretty cool shit to say. Okay, any more notable discoveries will cover it that will help us understand the nature

of our universe. Let's go over them as we describe some massive space objects like black fucking holes after our timeline. Good job, soldier. You've made it back. Barely. It's digging more to this big bang. The big bang theory currently in the scientific world, the leading explanation for how the universe began. Simply put, it says the universe as we know it started with an infinitely hot and dense single point that inflated and stretched first at truly unimaginable speeds. And then at more measurable speeds over the next 13.7 billion years to the still expanding

cosmos that we know today. Existing technology doesn't yet allow astronomers to literally peer back to the universe's birth. Most of what we understand about the Big Bang comes from mathematical formulas and models. Astronomers can, however, see what they believe to be the echo of the expansion through a phenomenon known as the cosmic microwave background. Left over radiation from the Big Bang, which was discovered by accident in 1965. When two researchers with Bell telephone laboratories are no pensious and Robert Wilson, oh Bobby Dubb, we're creating a radio receiver and we're puzzled by the noise it was picking up.

They soon realized that noise came uniformly from all over the sky. The same time, a team at Princeton University led by Robert Dickie, oh, Bobby Dickie, fuck yeah, if we can't have a Richard, Dickie not a bad compilation price. And these dudes were trying to find the CMB and then Dickie's team got wind of the bell experiment and realized, Oh, that's the CMB they're hearing by the

CMB had just been found. CMB thought to date to about 400,000 years after the Big Bang. In the immediate moment afterwards, explosive expansion began ballooning our universe outwards much faster than the speed of light. There was a period of cosmic inflation that last a mere fractions of a second according to physicist Alan goose 1980 theory when cosmic inflation came to a sudden and still mysterious and the more classic descriptions of the big bang took whole. A flood of matter and radiation known as reheating began populating our universe with stuff we know today particles atoms stuff that would become stars and galaxies and so

on. This all happened within just the first second after the university began when the temperature of everything was still insanely hot. Somewhere around 10 billion degrees Fahrenheit, 5.5 billion degrees Celsius. That's a fucking ridiculous set of numbers. You would be nearly like near instantaneously vaporized at that temperature. Not even ash would remain. Right? The carbon in your body would supplement just turned into gas you be reduced to invisible atoms. If I ever find the lost wizard

scrolls from the ancient library of Alexandria that we talked about a few weeks ago, the ones that supposedly teach you, according to at least one person on YouTube, how to shoot fireballs. That's how hot my fireballs are going to be Yeah, I said it You better watch your fucking ass if I find those fireball wizards crulls Because I'm not just gonna shoot regular old magic fireballs. They're like campfire hot I'm gonna ratchet it up to big bang hot Now I'm gonna vaporize anyone who gives me a problem and Honestly, probably just some people who I don't care for for whatever reason with some big bang wizard fireballs Which sounds like a great name for a very explosive drink I don't care for it for whatever reason. With some big bang wizard fireballs,

which sounds like a great name for a very explosive drink. Have you cracked open a can of Whip-Hole? Big bang wizard fireballs edition? What was the last time you drank some dark matter? Or have I some anti-matter? What was the last time you poured a liquid black hole down your stupid pie hole?

You want to stroll through your monotonous humdrum life here on only earth or do you want to blow the fuck up and create an entire new universe of possibilities with some whipp-o-oh big bang wizard fireball's addition. Every fucking 144 ounce can is loaded with the tastiest most explosive primordial soup. Quarps, neutrons, electrons, space dust, comets, supernova explosions, space fire, uh, proto-star juice, dwarf star juice, red giant star juice,

and pulp, uh, gamma rays, more space fire, wormholes, black hole gravity, so much fucking fire! Hot dog water for flavor, and a dozen or so ghost peppers, and fiber-six Carolina reapers, for a little extra kick.

So fuck you, fuck your family, and drink Whipple! Big Bang Wizard Fireball's edition, the official drink for all intergalactic and interstellar travel, and a proud subsidiary of Bear Evil Incorporated. That's not like a really powerful energy drink. I mean, something they could seriously take your shit to the next level. Anyway, back to stuff that exists outside the suckers. Back to Big Bang doing some big bangin'.

Sounds like the name of a porno. The cosmos. Thanks to this hot, hard, dripping with radiation, father-daddy, Big Bang energy. Now contained a vast array of fundamental particles, such as neutrons, electrons, protons, the raw materials that would become the building blocks for literally everything that exists today. This early primordial celestial soup would have been impossible to actually see because it couldn't hold visible light.

The free electrons would have caused light, photons to scatter the way sunlight scatters from the water droplets in a cloud. Over time, however, these free electrons met up with nuclei and created neutral atoms or atoms with equal positive and negative electric charges. This was light in the beginnings of the CMB, the cosmic microwave background. That's how many things the universe got started. While the Big Bang is only a theory, it is the strongest theory we have about the creation of the universe according to the majority of the members of the global scientific community. Every test we throw at it comes back in support of the theory. But scientists can only say that the evidence supports a theory with some degree of confidence always less than 100%.

The three most important observations scientists have made that support the Big Bang theory are, one, the Hubble Law shows that distant objects are receding from us at a rate proportional to their distance, which occurs when there is uniform expansion in all directions. This implies a history where everything was once very close together. To the properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation, this shows that the universe went through a transition from an ionized gas, a plasma, and a neutral gas. Such a transition implies a hot dense early universe that cooled as it expanded.

The relative abundances of light elements is three. That's number three here. Their abundances show that the universe was once really hot and really dense. Okay, now let's look at how stars are formed, which will lead directly to how black holes are formed. President Observation suggests that the first stars formed from clouds of gas, around 150 to 200 million years

after the Big Bang. Stars are the most widely recognized astronomical objects, represent the most fundamental building blocks of galaxies. Stars, I believe, who have been born within the clouds of dust and scattered throughout most galaxies. would have been born within the clouds of dust and scattered throughout most galaxies. Turbulence deep within these clouds gives rise to knots with sufficient mass

that the gas and dust can begin to collapse under its own gravitational attraction. As the cloud collapses, the material to center begins to heat up. Known as a protostar, it is this hot core at the heart of the collapsing cloud that will one day become a star. Anyone else think protostar sounds it is this hot core at the heart of the collapsing cloud that will one day become a star. Anyone else think protostar sounds a lot like porn star. And did you also imagine for a second a massive universe full of porn stars dream to becoming regular stars. Like

the sun starts off is Riley Reed then transforms into Jennifer Lawrence or something. Anyway, three dimensional computer models of star formation predict that the spinning clouds of collapsing gas and dust may break up into two or three well, I don't know, star blobs. That explain why the majority of stars in the Milky Way are paired or in groups of multiple stars. As the cloud collapses, the dense hot core forms begins gathering dust and gas. Not all this material ends up as part of a star.

The remaining dust can become planets, asteroids, or comets, or may remain a star dust. When the dust does coalesce into a star, it performs some pretty important functions. Stars are responsible for the manufacture and distribution of heavy elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. And their characteristics are intimately tied to the characteristics of the planetary systems that may coalesce about them. These elements get catapulted through the universe in spectacular stellar explosions called supernovas. Anyone else love the word supernova?

Before I even knew what it meant, I loved it. It just sounds cool. Probably one of my favorite words, supernova. Also as a big oasis fan, when I was younger, champagne supernova may be one of the best song titles ever. Back to what stars do, producing heavy elements and such. One star that produces a fuck ton of helium is our own star, the sun, which came from a dust cloud that collapsed

about 4.5 billion years ago. From this collapsed dust and gas began to collect into denser regions. As the regions pulled in more matter conservation of angular momentum caused it to begin rotating while increasing pressure caused it to heat up. Most of the material ended up in a ball as a center while the rest of the matter flattened out into a disc that circled around it. The ball as a center would eventually form the sun while the disc of material would form

the planets. The sun spent about 100,000 years as a collapsing proto-star before temperatures and pressures in the interior ignited fusion at its core. Just a few million years later, settle down into its current form, and then our sun will stay in this mature phase for about 10 billion years, a medium-sized yellow dwarf star, about 93 million miles from Earth. There are many other stars that are both bigger and smaller than our sun. The most massive stars known as hypergynes, maybe 100 or more times, more massive than our sun, and have surface temperatures of more than 30,000 kelvents. Roughly 53,540 degrees Fahrenheit, again vaporizing temperature, right when you are completely fucking erased into invisible to the naked eye particles, which I will fucking do to you

with my wizard fireballs. If I find those scrolls. Hypergiant's a bit, hundreds of thousands of times more energy than the sun, but I've lifetimes of only a few million years. The smallest R's known as red dwarfs, may contain as little as 10% of the mass of the sun, amid only 0.01% as much energy.

Fucking like little fucking weak-ass, fucking little tiny red dwarf, you know I think it was a little Geometrial stars Despite their diminutive nature red dwarfs are by far the most numerous stars in universe have a life spans of tens of billions of years In general kind of like with dogs and I guess humans to an extent larger the star short of the life In general, kind of like with dogs and I guess humans to an extent larger the star short of the life Once a star is fused all the hydrogen and its core nuclear reaction cease deprived of the energy production needed to support it The core begins to collapse into itself and it becomes much hotter

Hydrogen is still available outside the core so hydrogen fusion continues in a shell surrounding the core The increasingly hot core also pushes the outer layers the star outward cause them to expand and cool, transforming the star into a red giant. If the star is sufficiently massive, the collapsing core may become hot enough to support more exotic nuclear reactions that consume helium and produce a variety of heavier elements up to iron. However, such reactions offer only a temporary reprieve. Gradually, the star's internal nuclear fire is becoming increasingly unstable, sometimes burning furiously, other times dying down. These variations cause the star to pulsate, throw off its outer layers, and shrouding itself in a cocoon of gas and dust.

What happens next depends on the size of the core. For average stars like our sun, the process of ejecting its outer layers continues until the stellar core is exposed. It's dead, but still ferociously hot stellar sender is called a white dwarf. White dwarfs, which are roughly the size of our Earth, despite containing the mass of a star, once puzzled astronomers, why did they not collapse further? What force supports the mass of the core? Quantum mechanics would provide the explanation. Pressure from fast-moving electrons keeps these stars

from collapsing, the more massive the core, the denser the white dwarf that is formed, thus the smaller a white dwarf is in diameter, the larger it is in mass. What's it known as paradoxical? Paradoxical, are these paradoxical stars? Very common, our own sun will be a white dwarf, billions of years from now.

White dwarfs are intrinsically very faint because they are so small and lacking a source of energy production they've fade into oblivion as they gradually cool down. If a white dwarf forms in a binary or multiple star system, it may experience more eventful demise as a Nova, Nova Latin for new.

Nova once thought to be new stars. Today we understand that they are, in fact, very old stars, the white dwarfs. If a white dwarf is close enough to be a companion star or two A companion star, its gravity may drag matter. Mostly hydrogen from the outer layers of that star onto itself building up its surface layer. When enough hydrogen has accumulated on the surface, a burst of nuclear fusion occurs causing

the white dwarf to brighten substantially and expel the remaining material. Within a few days, the glow subsides and the cycle starts again. Sometimes particularly massive white dwarfs may accrete so much mass that they collapse and explode completely and that is a supernova. Fuck yeah, bro. Someday you will find me Coppani the landslide Of a champagne supernova A champagne supernova in the sky Sounds a lot better when they sing it.

A supernova not merely a bigger nova. In a nova only the star's surface explodes. In a supernova the star's core collapses and then explodes. This is because a complex series of nuclear reactions leads to the production of iron in the core. explodes. In a supernova, the star's core collapses and then explodes. This is because a complex series of nuclear reactions leads to the production of iron in the core. And this fusion takes so much energy that the star no longer has any way to support its own mass and the iron core collapses.

And just a matter of seconds, the core shrinks from roughly 5,000 miles across to just a dozen and the temperature spikes 100 billion degrees or more. Sounds pretty hot. The outer layers of the star initially began to collapse along with the core, but rebound with the enormous release of energy and are thrown violently outward. Supernovas release an almost unimaginable amount of energy for a period of days to weeks. Supernova may outshine an entire galaxy. Likewise, all the naturally occurring elements and a rich array of subatomic particles are produced in these explosions. Likewise, all the naturally occurring elements and a rich array of subatomic

particles are produced in these explosions. On average, a supernova explosion occurs about once every 100 years in the typical galaxy. About 25 to 50 supernova are discovered each year in other galaxies, but most too far away to be seen without a telescope. But with smaller stars, it collapsed continues until electrons and protons combine to form neutrons, producing a neutron star. Because it contains so much mass packed into such a small volume, the gravitation at the surface of a neutron star is immense. Neutron stars have powerful magnetic fields, which can accelerate atomic particles around its magnetic poles producing powerful beams of radiation. These beams sweep around like massive search light beams as the star rotates. If such a beam is oriented so that it periodically points towards Earth,

we can observe it as a regular pulse of radiation. In this case, neutron star is known as a pulsar. But when a star that's super big collapses, that's when we get a black hole. And now another song pops into my head. It also was a huge sound garden fan one of their biggest hits black hole son Black hole son Won't you come?

Wash away the rain. I'm not even trying to do more a Chris Cornell one of the best voices ever But scientists think that the first black holes formed back when the universe first began Not with the collapse of stars But scientists think that the first black holes formed back when the universe first began. Not with the collapse of stars, but with a direct collapse of gas, a process that is expected to result in more massive black holes with a mass ranging from a thousand times the mass of the sun to a hundred thousand times the mass of the sun. Theoretically, there are different kinds of black holes out there and lots of them, which is pretty creepy.

Back to stellar black holes, they're made when the center of a very big star falls in upon itself or collapses. An unlike dwarfs, supernovas, or other stars that will eventually time out, nothing can stop the crushing collapse of a really massive star. In our Milky Way alone, there are an estimated 10 million to 1 billion stellar black holes. That sounds like a lot, until you consider that they're an estimated 100 to 400 billion stars in our galaxy. There are also thought to be super massive black holes, which weigh in at millions to billions of times the mass of the sun. These gravitational galias reside in the center of most, if not all galaxies theoretically. None of this is really making me want to live out some kind of star trick fantasy right now. Space sounds scary as hell.

Sagittarius A star is the super massive black hole believed to lie at the heart of our Milky Way galaxy. Believed to be around 44 million kilometers over 27 million miles across containing approximately 4.31 million solar masses. And that means it would be, you know, 4.31 million times as big as our son like it would contain 4.31 million sons. The biggest scariest monster in our galaxy. Nimrod not scared of it though. Some theorize that our suck first creator Nimrod created these super massive black holes to be his personal interstellar portapods. massive black holes to be his personal interstellar portapoddies. Right? He didn't want his massive space shits to pollute the universe. So he created huge black holes for huge poops. He didn't want to ever worry about them filling up or getting clogged. It's just a theory, you know, anyone can

postulate a theory, including me, even when this terrible like that one. This big ass mysterious monster was discovered in 1974 by two astronomers. Bruce Balik and Bobby Brown, not the one with the headset, singing about his prerogative. Bobby Elbrown. Sagittarius A star is actually relatively small compared to supermassive black holes found in some other galaxies. For example, the black hole at the center of galaxy Humberg 15A supposedly holds at least 40 billion solar masses. Nearly 10 times as big as Sagittarius A star. Now let's talk about the structure, shape of black holes, and how they might move through space. We'll start with

structure. At the center of black hole lies what's called the singularity. This is such a fact, maybe the most fast 80 fucking concept ever. It is a theoretical point in space which has zero volume but contains all of an object's mass. It's, you know, here where the black hole truly lives. And calculating the singularity lies what most people picture when they think of a black hole, the event horizon. This is the spherical boundary beyond which nothing, not even light can escape a black hole's clutches.

The ultimate nomans land, a place where matter is compressed down to an infinitely tiny point and all conceptions of time and space completely break down. If you're having a hard time understanding this concept, don't worry about it. It's only because you're stupid. Like you're fucking really stupid. I get it completely. I don't even need to go scribble on a chalkboard to get it just makes like in transical sense to not stupid. I don't even, I don't even need to go scribble on a chalkboard to get it. It just makes like in transical sense to not stupid.

I don't get it. But it sounds, but I get enough to understand that it's cool. Ravin is black holes consume anything that gets too close, right? That goes beyond the event horizon. But around the event horizon is an area similar to an overflowing dinner plate where the excess matter, you know, they've seized, creates a hot swirling pool of fucking doom, called an accretion disc. This disc pulverizes everything within it from gas to dust, to asteroids to planets.

Now material continues to circle deeper and deeper into the gravity monster. The black hole until it just eventually is gobbled up completely because the dense rings of material can race around black holes and significant fractions of the speed of light, they get so hot that they emit x-rays, giving away the black hole's position. This was the way that the first image of a black hole was captured in 2019 by the event horizon telescope collaboration. The image shows a bright ring around a black hole 6.5 billion times more massive than the sun, 55 million light years from Earth.

This halo is actually a visualization of the heat given out by hot gas swirling around the event horizon, the very edge of the black hole as it's being pulled in. Otherwise, you wouldn't be able to see black holes because light can't escape their gravitational pull. Another way scientists see black holes is a kind of bouncy ball effect. Sometimes as matter is drawn towards the black hole, it ricochets off the event horizon and it's hurled outward, rather than being tugged into the center. Bright jets and material traveling near relatively relativistic speeds are created, although the black hole remains unseen, the powerful jets can be viewed from a great distance. So our black hole is something we

should be worrying about. Yeah, a lot of the smaller ones can zip around the galaxy. It speeds fast and speed of light. And those ones don't have rings we can see. And theoretically, one could arrive in our solar system at any moment and literally pulverites everything inside it into nothing. And that can happen right now. That can happen tonight, right after you go to sleep. They can happen right when you're like one day away from retirement.

That's what is probably going to happen. Or maybe just like seconds before when you're like one day away from retirement, that's when it's probably gonna happen. Or maybe just like seconds before the threesome, you've been waiting for your entire adult life, it's about to kick off. No, we're safe. We're safe from black holes. So much other shit to worry about if you wanna just focus on doom.

But you don't have to worry about black holes. The nearest known black hole is Gaia BH1. It's a 1,560 light years from Earth. For comparison, the nearest star to our Sun, about 4.24 light years away. Even if you could hop aboard a spaceship, traveling five miles a second like the kind NASA has used to orbit the Earth, it would take about 37,200 years to go one light year. So it would take over 58 billion years, traveling to five miles a second to make it to Guy a BH one. So Guy a BH one can go fuck itself. I ain't scared. For a black hole to have an actual effect on us, it would have to be no farther than a million light year away. But what would happen if

a black hole got close to Hermes? Well, according to Dr. Phil, Platt, aka the bad astronomer, who gets his name from pointing out bad astronomy and movies and TV. So if we pretend that this will happen, and again, probably not. But if it were to happen, your typical black hole, which is 10 or 20 times the mass of the sun,

is very small. It's only a few dozen miles across and it's black, so it doesn't emit light and it's just out there in space. We won't see it. Now, it may have some effect on starlight, starlight passes, it gets bent and warped. And we might notice that. And that would be pretty cool, although terrifying. But the effect it would have gravitationally on us would first probably be without our planets, or even those chunks of ice and rock that

orbit the sun, even out past Neptune. These are like giant comets and the gravity of the black hole would probably disturb those. And we see these things falling in towards the sun and think, wow, we're getting a lot of comments lately. What's going on with that? Oh, maybe it's a black hole. And then it gets closer to the orbits of the planets would change. And we'd see that because we know how the planets go around the sun. And then if it got close enough to earth, that would be bad. The moon might get pulled out of its orbit, and then there are the tides, gravity changes with distance. The closer you are to something, the stronger the gravity, and if one side of Earth is closer

to the black hole than the other side, that means that there's a different force on the two sides of the Earth. And that will stretch us like an egg. And if the black hole gets close enough, it will tear the Earth apart. That would really suck if the earth got torn apart. Our atmosphere would be no longer bound by our gravity. The earth's molten core would be exposed to the vacuum of space, resulting in massive earthquakes, global wide, you know, or what's left of the globe. Chunks of earth, no longer symmetrical and held that

shape by gravity. They would start to collapse in on themselves, right? They would be crazy flooding and insane heat. Who knows how long this hellscape might last, probably not very long, and it would be a total nightmare and everyone would die. There is actually a scenario that could allow for a black hole to sneak into our solar system without us dying though, but like a little black hole. Bigger than a but hole, black hole, and for sure more powerful than a but hole, but not as big or powerful as a supermassive world destroying kind of fucking Thanos-type black hole.

And in fact, that may have already happened. Right after the Big Bang, with Matt are kind of flowing around evenly, collapsing into stars and planets, there were still some regions that happened to be especially dense. And the collapses created, and you know, some collapses created what are known as primordial black holes. And these could have been 100,000 times smaller than a paperclip. And they might have been created in such numbers that they could account for 86% of the universe. The idea of such tiny black holes and trig astrophysicists Stephen Hawking, who explored their

quantum mechanical properties, that work led to his 1974 discovery that black holes can evaporate over time. Hawking calculated that any primordial black hole with a mask greater than 1,012 pounds, it's a very specific number, could still be around today, while those less massive would have already disappeared. One theory is that these primordial black holes are actually dark matter. Something we'll talk about here in a bit and something that's puzzled scientists for decades. About 45% of our solar system is thought to be made up currently of dark matter. Something we'll talk about here in a bit and something that's puzzled scientists for decades. About 45% of our solar system is thought to be made up

currently of dark matter. So if black holes are dark matter, it's possible that we have primordial black holes in our solar system and many of them. Even crazier primordial black holes could actually hit earth. If one did it theoretically would not just impact like an asteroid, it would pass straight through the entire earth and exit the other side. And maybe craziest of all, that may have already happened. Though the planet would hardly feel it locally, it could be catastrophic. As the black hole entered the atmosphere, let's say it's the size of a large asteroid,

the event horizon would start to accelerate matter to incredible speeds, particles would collide with each other that generate insanely high temperatures, temperatures hotter than a star. And the primordial black hole could only take in so much before the radiation created by the colliding particles pushes it back. It would end up looking like the brightest shooting star you've ever seen, crashing through the atmosphere, emitting a blast, then tunneling through the planet. This description not so different than the Tunguska event of 1908 during this event that occurred in Siberia estimated that an asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere traveling his speed of about 30 33,500 miles an hour during this quick plunge the 220 million pound space rock heated

the air surrounding it to 44,500 degrees Fahrenheit at 717 AM local Siberia time, at a height of about 28,000 feet, they think the combination of pressure and heat caused the asteroid to fragment and annihilate itself, produced in a massive fireball and releasing energy equivalent to about 185 times the power of the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima. But it did not leave a crater. The explosion flattened about 80 million trees over an area of the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima. But it did not leave a crater. The explosion flattened about 80 million trees over an area of 2,000 square kilometers or 1200 square miles, wounded it around 1500 people, but it did not leave a crater. Well, why is that? Some people say it's because the asteroid exploded in the atmosphere, other say it's because it was never an asteroid. It was

a black hole. Some scientists appointed out a few, no pun intended, holes in the atmosphere, other states, because it was never an asteroid, it was a black hole. Some scientists have pointed out a few, no pun intended holes in that theory, like the fact that if the black hole would have shot straight to the earth, the exit point, latitude, 40 degrees, 50 minutes north, longitude, 30 degrees, 40 minutes west, would be in the middle, and it would be marked by an equally severe shock and blast wave, but it was not. However, since that was in the middle of the fucking ocean, we may not have noticed. So sounds like overall, we and by, uh, we, I mean, all of us on Earth kicked the shit out of that black hole.

So I say, bring on more black holes, space dragons. We can get fucking black hole asses. I didn't really make sure I added the word holes following black with all that. Very different vibe if I had not done that. At the lowest possible mass for a primordial black hole, it's believed that one passing to the earth would create a magnitude for earthquake all across the earth's surface. Since that didn't happen back in 1908, maybe we did not defeat a black hole. But still very fascinating. Think about let's now look at another black hole hypothetical.

What would happen if one of us meet SACs somehow got sucked into a black hole? Like a big one, like Sagittarius A star. If you fell into a supermassive black hole, scientists have long theorized that the intense gravity would stretch you out kind of like a spaghetti noodle in a process literally known as spaghettification. Somebody had a big shitty grin when they coined that little fun term. The black holes gravity force would compress you from top to toe while stretching you at the same time, thus kind of turning you into a stretched out form kind of like how

you would make a spaghetti noodle. Or it would be even worse than that. A 2012 study published in the journal Nature suggested that quantum effects would cause that event horizon to act much like a wall of fire and you would instantly be burned to death. Is that worse than being turned into a human spaghetti noodle? I don't think so actually.

Like if I had to pick between getting tossed into some ring of space fire and just immediately vaporized or stretched out like a noodle, just fucking burn me already. Sounds way less painful. But let's suppose you don't choose that of that death. What would your final moments really look like? Assuming of course you could somehow breathe out in space, also survive insane amounts of radiation, extreme heat or extreme cold, lack of atmospheric pressure that would lead to all sorts of horrible shit, your journey in the Sagittarius A star itself would begin after you slip over the event horizon,

the point in no return. You would be able to see out from the inside, but weirdly, no one outside would be able to see you because light is falling back onto you. Thanks again to intense gravitational forces. The good news is that although the gravitational pull is much stronger than in smaller black holes, the stretching title force is less Meaning according to a lot of scientists and recent years You wouldn't necessarily be turned into spaghetti you could theoretically survive if you wore some crazy spacesuit for for at least many hours

Right what a weird way to die Eventually as you approach the black hole center the gravitational forces would become strong enough to, you know, spick edify you and tear you apart. That would happen before you reach the singularity, unfortunately. This magical place at the center of a black hole, where matter is compressed to an infinitely tiny point, right? We mentioned that earlier, and all, you know, a conceptions of time and space completely break down. So it's a bummer you couldn't make it that far. Sounds like that would be a super fucking cool place to be, that you could, you know, exist outside of space and time, which I kind of did when I smoked some toad venom.

Uh, but you know, I was really just laying on a friend's sofa and not really outside the boundaries of space and time, but it felt like it. My brain was just dealing with some strange chemicals. What would actually happen if you could reach the singularity and somehow not die? For many years, scientists and science fiction writers theorized that there could be a way out of a black hole. That if you could reach the center, right? If you could reach the singularity, it could spit you out somewhere else.

You could be any wormhole or a white hole, some star trek shit. Today we know that wormholes and black holes are different. A wormhole is a funnel shaped space-time tunnel between two points between universes, whereas a black hole is a cosmic body with an extreme gravity from which nothing can escape. Another major difference between a black hole and a wormhole is that a black hole has solid proof of evidence of its existence in space, whereas scientists are yet to discover a concrete piece of evidence for wormholes existence, you know, bummer. That's why wormholes are most referred to with the phrase wormhole theory. Wormholes were first theorized about 1916, though they weren't called that at that time, while reviewing another physicist solution to the equations and Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, Austrian physicist Ludwig Flomm realized another solution was possible. He described a white

hole, a theoretical time reversal of a black hole, and he theorized that entrances to both black and white holes, sounds sorry, my brain went to like, it feels like I'm fucking narrating a weird space porn right now, entrances to both black and white holes could be connected by a huge cock or a space time conduit. 1935 Einstein and physicist Nathan Rossin used the theory of relativity to elaborate on this idea proposing the existence of bridges through space time. These bridges would connect two different points in space time, theoretically creating a shortcut that could reduce travel time and distance.

The shortcuts came to be known as Einstein, Rosen, Bridges, or Wormholes. So a very sweet concept for sci-fi. And all of this sci-fact, or at least sci theory, has influenced the world of sci-fi so much. Franchises like Star Wars, Star Trek, Guardians of the Galaxy, and more. They look very different if not for all these concepts. I so much franchises like Star Wars, Star Trek, Guardians of the Galaxy and more, you know, they look very different if not for all these concepts. They're curious authors, you know, played with to build new worlds where spaceships can do shit like hyperwarp through wormholes to reach distant points and galaxies almost

instantly. These theoretical wormholes that they exist obviously will contain two mouths with a so called throat connecting the two according to an article published in the Journal of High Energy Physics in 2020. The mouse would most likely be, you know, a spy roidal in shape while the throat might be a straight stretch, but it could also wind around like one of those big bendy twirly straws from a silly cocktail in the 80s. So could you travel through a wormhole if they exist?

Maybe. There are some theoretical problems. The first problem is size. Primordial wormholes predicted to exist on microscopic levels. However, as the universe expanded, it's possible that some may have been stretched to larger sizes big enough for a spaceship. Another problem comes from stability. The wormholes at Einstein and Rosen are Rosen. Predicted would be useless for travel because they collapse quickly. You would need to introduce some exotic matter in order to stabilize wormhole. And recent research has or Rossin predicted would be useless for travel because they collapsed quickly. You would need to

introduce some exotic matter in order to stabilize the wormhole. And recent research has found that a wormhole containing exotic matter could stay open and unchanging for longer periods of time. Exotic matter, which should not be confused with dark matter or antimatter, contains negative energy density and a large negative pressure. Such matter has only been seen in the behavior of certain vacuum states as part of quantum field theory. Even if we did have this exotic matter, it would be a lot easier to send information or messages through wormholes than people.

The jury is not in, so we just don't know. Physicists keep thorn, one of the world's leading authorities on relativity, black holes, and wormhole says, continuing with, but there are very strong indications that wormholes that a human could there are very strong indications that wormholes that a human could travel through are forbidden by the laws of physics. That's sad. That's unfortunate.

But that's the direction of which things are pointing. And to that, I say, shut the fuck up, Kip, you fun-hating nerd. You don't know, not for sure. You've never been in space. It's not trying to ruin cool comic books and movies. Dick, I mentioned dark matter and anti matter. What are those? Well, dark matter makes up, again, of course, theoretically,

over 80% of all matter in the universe. Scientists have never seen it. We only assume it exists because without it, the behavior of stars, planets and galaxies simply would not make sense. Cosmologists currently believe the behavior of galaxies explained largely by dark matter. But we don't fully know what dark matter is made of. One study from December of 2021 theorizes that it comes from black holes. Whether it's made of dark matter appears

to be spread across the cosmos in a net-like pattern, with galaxy clusters forming at the nodes where fibers intersect. Maybe we're all just ants in a big ol cosmic antil for some celestial deity. Or some big weird spider web situation. Now for antimatter, which is not the same as dark matter. Antimatter, thought to have been created along with matter after the big bang. But because we live in a universe made of matter, obvious that there is not the that much antimatter antimatter around otherwise there would be nothing left. Unlike dark matter,

physicists can actually manufacture antimatter in a laboratory. Humans have created antimatter particles using ultra high speed collisions at huge particle accelerators, such as the large Hadron collider, which is located outside Geneva, operated by Stern, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

Several experiments at Surn have created anti-hydrogen, the antimatter twin of the element hydrogen. Most complex antimatter element produced to date, anti-helium, counterpart to helium, of course. Dark matter is important because its existence or potential lack thereof proves or disproves some of our most basic ideas about how the laws of physics work But why is antimatter important? And that goes back to the Big Bang antimatter is at the heart of a mystery about why the universe exists

in the first moments after the Big Bang only energy existed as the universe cooled and expanded particles of both matter and antimatter were produced Scientists have measured the properties of particles and antiparticles with extremely high precision and found they both behave identically. So if antimatter and matter were created in equal amounts and they behave identically, all the matter and antimatter created by the beginning of time or at the beginning of time should have annihilated on contact, leaving nothing behind. Why did matter come to dominate?

One theory suggests that more matter than antimatter was created in the beginning of the universe so that even after mutual annihilation, there was enough matter left to form stars, galaxies, and eventually everything on Earth. And now let's talk briefly about Earth's formation before looking into creationism and intelligent design and how I think a creationist worldview and or an intelligent design worldview can cohabitate beautifully with the Big Bang Theory. The Earth condensed out of interstellar gas and dust some 4.6 billion years ago, we know from fossil records that the origin of life happens soon after, perhaps around 4 billion

years ago, in the ponds and oceans of the primitive Earth. The first living things were not anything so complex as a one cell organism already a highly sophisticated form of life. The first durings were much more humble, and those early days lightning and ultraviolet light from the sun were breaking apart the simple hydrogen-rich molecules of the primitive atmosphere. The fragments spontaneously recombining into more and more complex molecules. The products of this early chemistry were dissolved in the oceans,

forming a kind of organic soup of gradually increasing complexity until one day, quite by accident, a molecular rose that was able to make crude copies of itself using this building blocks other molecules in the soup. This was the ancestor of DNA. As time went on, these molecules got better at reproducing. Molecules was specialized functions eventually joined together making a kind of molecular collective, the first cell. By three billion years ago, a number of one celled plants joined together, the first multi-cellular organisms. Sex seems to have been invented around two billion years ago.

Hey, Elizabeth Fina! Actually sex was not very hot in the beginning, just just, you know, creep your little mud and water organisms. Oh, fucking creepy crawlers pushing their virtually mindless and not sexy bodies into one another. Before sex, new varieties of organisms could arise only from the accumulation of random mutations. The selection of changes, letter by letter and the genetic instructions.

But by one billion years ago, plants working cooperatively, now we're making a stunning change in the environment of the Earth. Green plants generating molecular oxygen. Since the oceans were, by now filled with simple green plants, oxygen was becoming a major component of the Earth's atmosphere. The transition to an oxidizing atmosphere posed a supreme crisis in the history of life and great many organisms unable to cope with oxygen perished.

A few primitive forms such as the botulism and tetanus, Bisselli, managed to survive even today, only in oxygen-free environments. For most of this time, the predominant plant was what we now today call algae, blue, green slime, covering and filling the oceans. But around 600 million years ago, the monopolizing grip of algae was broken and an enormous proliferation of new life forms would emerge, an event called the Cambrian Explosion. Among the organisms preserved in fossils from this time are relatives of crustaceans and starfish, sponges, mollusks, worms, and cordaids.

Took roughly 3 billion years for these life forms with specialized organs to a form, much longer than it took for basic life itself to appear. That could mean that there are planets today that have abundant microbes, but are yet to see wolves and fruit and lady vaginas and stuff. Soon after the Cambrian explosion, the oceans teamed with many different forms of life. In rapid succession, the first fish and the first vertebrates appeared. Plants previously restricted to the oceans began the colonization of the land, the first insect evolved, and its descendants became the pioneers and the colonization of the land by animals.

Winged insects arose together with the amphibians, creatures, something like a lungfish, able to survive both on land and in the water. The first trees and first reptiles appeared, dinosaurs evolved, mammals emerged, then the first birds, the first flowers then the first birds, the first flowers, dinosaurs became extinct, the earliest cetaceans and cestors of the dolphin and the whale arose. And in the same period primates, ancestors of monkeys, apes and humans showed up. Less than 10 million years ago, the first creatures who closely resembled human beings

evolved, accompanied by a spectacular increase in brain size for some of us. Then, only a few million years ago, the first true humans emerged. All of this would have never happened without evolution, working through mutation and selection. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace are jointly created with coming up with the theory of evolution by natural selection, having co-published on it in 1858. Darwin is the name we know obviously of you know much more today. Darwin is generally overshadowed Wallace after the publication of On the Origin of Species, the following year 1859. In Darwin and Wallace's time, most believed that organisms were too complex to have natural origins and must have been designed by Trans-San and God. Natural selection, however, states that even the most complex organisms

occur by totally natural processes. How? In natural selection, genetic mutations that are beneficial to an individual's survival are passed on to reproduction. This results in a new generation of organisms more likely to survive to reproduce. For example, evolving long necks has enabled giraffes to feed on leaves others can't reach, giving them a competitive advantage. Thanks to a better food source, those with longer necks were able to survive, to reproduce, and pass on the characteristic

to succeeding generations. Those with shorter necks and access to less food, less likely to survive, to pass on their genes. An organism can't evolve something, can't evolve something to meet a pre-existing need. So in the case of drafts, drafts wouldn't have evolved to have long necks to eat the food. Instead, the drafts who already had long necks

would be more successful than those who didn't. Generation after generation, natural selection acts as a kind of sieve or remover of undesirable traits. Organisms therefore gradually become better suited for the environment. If the environment changes natural selection, then pushes organisms to evolve in a different direction to adapt to new circumstances. But there are many people who don't believe this shit, right?

It's all just a bunch of, you know, heretical kind of demonic goblet gook. They believe that the universe was created in a matter of days by, kind of demonic gobblingook, they believed that the universe was created in a matter of days by an all-powerful and all-knowing being. These are creationists. And after laying out their beliefs, I will share how I think a creationist and an evolutionist, if you just look at it in an interpretive way, can be the same person. Creationism, also known as creation science, is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as described in the Christian

Bible or other religious texts, rather than by natural processes such as evolution. Some also feel that creation science is synonymous with intelligent design. I tend to think that intelligent design is broader than creationism. At a broader level, a creationist is someone who believes in a God who is an absolute creator of heaven and earth out of nothing, right? Who created it out of nothing, you know, by an actor free will. Such a deity generally thought to be transcendent, meaning beyond human experience, and constantly involved, imminent in the creation ready to intervene as necessary, and without whose constant concern the creation would cease or disappear.

Christians, Jews, Muslims, all creationists in this sense. So we can see the creationism as a belief system, you know, it's a wide category, encompassing all kinds of religious beliefs, even beliefs outside of established religion, if you think that a deity was or is in charge of everything around us today. It may surprise that though Christianity is approximately two millennia old, true creationism, as we think of it today, a relatively new phenomenon. Though the Bible has a major place in the life of any Christian, it hasn't always been the case that the Bible has been taken so literally, right? As by many Christians today, not at all actually Catholics, especially dating back to the days of St. Augustine, around 400 CE, and even going back to earlier thinkers like the 3rd century CE,

Alexandrian Christian scholar and theologian, origin, head back to Alexandria again now, have always recognized that at times the Bible needs to be taken metaphorically or allegorically. When Augustine, or St. Augustine or St. Augustine, became Christian, he knew full well the problems of Genesis. The part of the Bible that describes how the universe was created and was eager to help his fellow believers from getting ensnared in traps of literalism. It was not until the Protestant Reformation, around 1500 CE, that the Bible started to take on its unique central position as the great reformers, especially Luther and Calvin, stressed the need to go by scripture alone and not by what they took

to be unnecessarily complicated traditions of the Catholic Church. But even those guys had doubts about true literalism as we think of it today. Literalism as a partanist of the Bible is defined as the idea that the words found in the Bible are basically historical records, not metaphors, or figures of speech, but things that actually happened 100% as written. And the roots of today's literalist don't go very far back. It begins with the birth of the modern, you know, of modern Christian fundamentalism in the late 19th century.

Some scholars date the birth of Christian fundamentalism back to 1878, born out of the Niagara Bible conference. The Niagara Bible conference, aka the believers meeting for Bible study, was an event held yearly from 1876 to 1897 with the exception of 1884. In the year 1878, some attendees authored what became known as the Niagara Creed, a 14-point statement of faith, which became the basis for many of today's fundamentalist beliefs. Here's number 9. We believe that all the scriptures from first to last center about our Lord Jesus Christ, in His person and work, in His first and second coming, and hence that no chapter, even of the Old Testament, is properly read or understood until it leads to Him. And moreover, that all the scriptures from first to last, including every chapter, even of the Old Testament, were designed

for our practical instruction. But still this new interpretation of scripture wouldn't really have taken up, you know, big space or wouldn't take up big space in American mainstream culture for several more decades. That was one of the most of us have likely never heard of really brought fundamentalism to life in America. The anti-evolution campaign of the 1920s might have never happened without the leadership of a little known Baptist minister from Minneapolis.

William B. Riley, in a state far north of the Bible belt and short on Baptist at that time, Kentucky-born Riley built a 3000-member downtown congregation based in emerged, or excuse me, and based in fundamentalism and emerged as the dominant figure in American fundamentalism. Riley's distinctive brand of fundamentalism

combines social activism, puritanical moralism, and a literalist, pre-millennialist theology. Seeing liquor as a source of most urban problems he became an outspoken advocate of prohibition. Following the adoption of the 18th Amendment in 1919, Riley then turned his attention to another threat to Christian life as he sought. The new infidelity known as Modernism, Riley invented the label Fundamentalist and became the prime mover in the movement that took the name. That year, year Riley brought together 6000 conservative Christians for the first conference of an organization he founded. The World Christian Fundamentals Association, WCFA.

Riley warned his delegates that mainline Protestant denominations were coming increasingly under the sway of modernism. Riley urged them to stand by their traditional faith in the face of the modernist threat, saying, God forbid that we should fail him in the hour when the battle is heavy. Right? We're going to war motherfuckers, devils near, gosh, don't get ready. For his own part, Riley led the effort to purge the northern Baptist denominations of who he considered to be liberals, not in the political sense, but in the religious sense. Liberals and bi-association modernists now defined as those who tended to believe in church reform and compromise with

the secular world. Riley made the teaching of evolution in the public schools, public enemy number one. Evolution he declared was the propaganda of infidelity, palmed off in the name of science. Right? Burn the scientist. By 1922, the WFCA was actively promoting an anti-evolution agenda around the country. In Kentucky, Baptist pushed an anti-evolution law that lost by only a single vote in the House of Representatives. Meanwhile, William Riley roamed the country, campaigned against evolution in public speeches, offering to debate evolutionists wherever he could find them.

By the beginning of 1923, Riley would report in a letter to former US Congressman, former US Secretary of State and one time presidential candidate William Jennings Brian, the whole country is seething on the evolution question. Brian, now at the end of his long life, had become a staunch anti-evolutionist and fears promoter of Protestant literalism. Riley debated a science writer named Maynard Shipley becoming before large crowds up and down the west coast. Ryan chaired his efforts observing in a letter.

He seemed to have the audience overwhelmingly with him in Los Angeles, Oakland, and Portland. This is very encouraging. It shows that the ape man hypothesis is not very strong outside the colleges and modernist aka liberal pulpits. The WFCA in editorials probably written by Riley denounced evolution as inconsistent with the Bible, bad science, a threat to peace and morality. By 1923, Riley in an article linked evolution to anarchist, socialistic propaganda and labeled those who would teach it

often fellow christians as atheists by the nineteen thirties royalties attacks became even more over the top when he warned of an international jewish bullshavik darwin is conspiracy and he congratulated eight-all Hitler on his attempts to confront such conspiracy in germany uh... do just ask for seconds at a dinner where only cringe is being served. In the mid 1930s, when the fate of Tennessee's anti-evolution bill hung in doubt, William

Riley and his major allies, Billy Sunday, Frank Norris and William Jennings Bryan, roused the faithful to right letters and centelegrams to undecided legislators. Their main opponent would be famed lawyer Clarence Darrow The lawyer we first met here in the suck first in the Leopold and low perfect murder center Who defended modernism and argued that evolution and religion could stand together in his 1925 testimony to state legislature Roaming the courtroom in his white shirt and suspenders. He painted a picture of a blissful Tennessee Happily doing what it knew to be best, until Riley and his fundamentalist followers made the state a target of anti-evolution agenda. He said,

here is a state of Tennessee going along in its own business, teaching evolution for years. State boards handing out books on evolution, professors and colleges, teachers and schools, lawyers at the bar, physicians, ministers, a great percentage of the intelligent citizens of the state of Tennessee are evolutionists. They have not even thought it was necessary to leave their church. They believed that they could appreciate and understand their own simple doctrine or doctrine of the Nazarene to love thy neighbor, be kindly to them, not to place a fine on and not to try to send a jail some man who did not believe that they what they believed and got along all right with it to until something happened.

They believe that all that was here was not made in the first six days of creation but that it had come by a slow process extending over the ages that one thing grew out of another. There are people who believe that organic life and the plants and the animals and man and the mind of man and the religion of man are the subjects of evolution. They believe that God is still working to make something better and higher still out of human beings and that evolution had been working forever and will work forever. They believe it. And along comes somebody who says we all have got to believe as I believe it. It is a crime to know more than I know. Fuckin love that. Yes, Hail Nimrod. Yeah, religion and science can actually coexist very peacefully.

You can be extremely faithful. Great Christian. Also be an evolution loving scientist. You just have to not be so stubborn and insisting that your interpretation of ancient scripture has to be 100% literal. Riley did not think evolution and religion could coexist. By the end of the 1920s, not many agreed with him, though. Literalism was fading. 1927, despite a

furious effort by Riley and his followers, the legislature of his home state of Minnesota rejected a bill to ban the teaching of evolution by an eight to one margin. 1928, Riley became a fringe figure within his own denomination by the early 1930s. He preached a virulent form of anti-Semitism became a fascist sympathizer lost more followers and friends but the ideas he proclaimed found homes later in other theologians who would push what he taught to a much wider audience and literalism would surge again, especially in post-World War II America and it continues to surge 1968 the Supreme Court would strike down a ruling on Arkansas that led to a 10th grade biology teacher with a master's in duology to being fired and being charged with a misdemeanor.

For teaching quote, the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals, or to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches that theory. In 1997, a Supreme Court struck down a Louisiana law, the required biology teachers who taught the theory revolution to also discuss evidence supporting a theory called creation science. In October of 1999, the New York Times reported on a Kansas school board who voted to delete from its standard educational curriculum a description of the Big Bang theory of cosmic origin, the central organizing principle, right, of modern astronomy and cosmology in favor of intelligent design.

Philip Johnson, who taught law for over 30 years, the University of California Berkeley, known as the father of intelligent design. The idea in its current form appeared in the 80s, and Johnson adopted and developed it after Darwinian evolution came up short in his view of explaining how all organisms, including humans, came into being. And I actually like a lot of his thoughts. He explains intelligence design like this saying, I would like to put a basic explanation of the intelligent design concept as I understand it this way.

There are two hypotheses to consider scientifically. One is you need a creative intelligence to do all the creating that has been done in the history of life. The other is you don't, because we can show that unintelligent, purposeless, natural processes are capable of doing and actually did do the whole job. Now, that is what has taught us fact in our textbooks, and to me it's a hypothesis, which needs to be tested by evidence and experiment.

If it can't be confirmed by experiment, then you're left with the same two possibilities, and neither one should be said to be something like a scientific fact. What he was arguing against, he termed materialism. None of the sense of greed or people wanting material objects, but describing a philosophical belief that everything is at the bottom material composition. You start with the fundamental particles that compose matter and energy, work up to atoms, particles, cells, plants, animals, all just stuff. Operating like stuff operates with no spiritual component. And he would say a philosophy of naturalism or materialism is what generates the Darwinian theory.

It's what generates the certainty that only unintelligent natural forces were involved in evolution, which is to say, in the creative process, that brought our kind into existence as well as all the animals and all the plants. That is all a non-negotiable claim on their part.. That is all a non-negotiable claim on their part. And why is it a non-negotiable claim? Because if the naturalistic starting point is invalid, if it isn't completely correct, then something else must have happened. What is that something else? It's something that they don't like that might get a foothold in science itself. The negative side of naturalism is that the naturalistic viewpoint leaves

the way open for a kind of freedom from divine authority, a kind of moral anarchy. Believing in Darwinian evolution doesn't prove that there's no God. What it proves is that there's no need for God's participation to get all the creating done. Now, is that true? I was fasting with the question of what's fundamentally true. If this Darwinian story is true, then nature does have all the creative powers that need to produce plants and animals and people.

But if the story isn't true, if it doesn't fit the evidence, then maybe the creator is something more than an imaginary projection of people's minds. Maybe a creator is a necessary part of reality. Okay, but I just think like what if an intelligent designer designed evolution itself? What if it ignited the Big Bang explosion? A version of that view could be very compatible with many who do believe in intelligence design. But then there are the new, extremely literal literalists. Young Earth creationists, their beliefs have gained a lot of traction in recent decades. Young Earth creationists have adopted a method of biblical interpretation, which

requires that the earth be no more than 10,000 years old. And at the six days of creation described in Genesis, each lasted, you know, literally just 24 hours. Young Earth creationists are among the more organized creationist movements. Two of the largest groups, Answers in Genesis, and the Institute for Creation Research, produced magazines, websites, books, and videos for general audiences, as well as published journals which report on so-called Creation Science. In May of 2007, answers in Genesis opened a multi-million dollar creation museum in Kentucky,

aimed at attracting a wide public audience. The Institute for Creation Research was founded by Henry Morris in 1970 and operates another museum. The Museum of Creation and Earth History in Santa California, which is a sub-Rosandiego. YEC writings tend to focus on attempting to explain why much of modern science cannot be correct. For example, young earth creationists spend considerable effort trying to explain why the earth just simply can't be 4.5 billion years old. They also make arguments for the feasibility of Noah's Ark

and for the occurrence of a single worldwide flood within the last 5,000 years, and that is something that does not match up with our current scientific understanding of geology, archae archaeology and more, you know, at all Despite that as of a 2019 survey 40% of US adults ascribe to this strictly creationist view of human origin Believe in the god created them in their present form within roughly the past 10,000 years However more Americans still continue to think you think that humans have evolved over millions of years.

Either with God's guidance, 33% or increasingly without God's involvement, 22%. Okay, we're on the home stretch now. Time to share what I think about, you know, kind of joining a lot of these thoughts. You know, I just want to address, you know, how I said earlier that a belief in the big bang and evolution everything we went over could match up with a belief in creationism and intelligent design. Well, how could that be? It can't all match up if we strictly interpret the Bible in extremely literal terms. But I think that's fine because no one actually does that. People say that they are true literalists, but literally no one is a 100% literal when it comes to the entire Bible or when it comes to any other ancient religious text. Reverend William B. Riley,

right, one of the fathers of modern American literalism, right? Not actually a literalist. If you think about, you know, what that truly means and stay with me, Baptist and other fundamental Christians, I'm going to support an argument that your Christian God could 100% be real. It just won't seem like it for a few minutes. But people who claim to literally follow the entire Bible or any other cortex of another religion are literally always kidding themselves to some degree. The book of Leviticus alone, all kinds of rules.

No one follows all of them in a literal sense today, right? Don't eat animals with split hoops. Don't eat animals that don't have fins and scales. Don't mate two different kinds of animals. Don't trim off your hair at your temples. Don't trim your beard. Don't wear clothing made from two different types of fabric. Don't fail to include salt and offerings to God.

If you have sex with your wife, when she's on her period, you're both banished from the community. Anyone who curses their father or mother shall be put to death. If a man commits adultery with another man's wife, even with the wife of his neighbor, both the adulterer and adulterer must be put to death and on and on and on. And that's just one of many biblical books, right? There are all kinds of rules regarding how people should be killed

for this offense to God, that offense, on and on throughout the Bible. So how many mainstream congregations in the US encourage members to literally follow all these rules to stone people to death left and right for all sorts of shit That's not actually illegal. How many members are not eating about 80% of what most people eat today, you know How many people are not wearing mixed fabrics etc etc Literally zero No one's even trying to do all that. So clearly there's always room for some interpretation Including how you interpret literalism. And so since everyone is doing some interpreting,

Jews, Muslims, Christians, everyone else, why can't we, especially when you come to think about how space time can warp and bend? Why can't we believe that one day for God could mean something entirely different than it does to us dumb meat sacks here on earth? And interpreting things this way, the biblical story of creation, the book book of Genesis pairs up very well with a lot of what we just went over right day One was light bang the big bang and then over the following five biblical days the atmosphere came before dry ground

Plants came before animals sea creatures came before land animals land animals came before humans All that blends pretty well with the big bang theory and evolution. If you just zoom out, if you just accept what we've learned about space time and black holes, time can be changed. A millisecond in a different portion of the universe and some center of a black hole could be a lifetime here, right? That point is singularity. Maybe the center of these black holes that singularity that stands outside of space and time. Maybe that's a portal to where some intelligent designer lives. Maybe it's part of an intelligent designer or at least connected to something. Some creative power truly beyond our comprehension. And maybe that power, that force is God. And

maybe billions of years ago, you know, for us is less than 10,000 years to God. Maybe time means nothing to some God force. And since ancient humans were unable to understand that concept, simple parables were given to them so that they could understand. Parables that would help keep them alive, keep them from eating foods that could spoil easily, keep them mating so that the species could continue to advance. I don't know, I mean, I'm just philosophizing. For a while in my life, I was on the edge of identifying as an atheist, and it was actually talking about the big bang theory in a Catholic

college course on theology that left me thinking I would at least be agnostic for the rest of my days. I would be someone who believed that there is something beyond our comprehension that in some way set everything in the universe in motion. Right, my professor, I can picture his bearded face. I remember he always wear like black turtlenecks, kind of a bigger guy. I remember our conversation very well. Just can't remember his name. He told me about what he called the domino effect theory. And it was like I had a profound effect on me. It comes from the teachings of the 13th century Dominican priest Thomas Aquinas, St. Thomas Aquinas,

major theologian of the Catholic Church. And Aquinas argue that everything in the natural world has a cause. For example, in a domino chain, each domino that falls causes another domino to fall. The cause of one domino falling is the previous domino falling. And he believed that sequential causes in the past, a set of dominoes could have been occurring for all Eternity kind of almost right for almost all eternity He denied that an infinite series of motions is possible believing that at some point right someone some force Had to push that first domino that would lead to all the other dominoes movie

Dominoes that are still falling today will still fall tomorrow. And he believes that that first force is what we call God. Using that to explain the big bang theory and all the evolution that follows, once faith would not have to be shaken at all, right by end of it, by any of it, there was a massive universe building explosion. Fine. All the elements that led to the creation of planets, galaxies, black holes, everything else was created by this explosion? Sure. Our planet started up as a primordial ball of mud and water where little single-celled organisms formed, and their formation through natural selection and evolution slowly led to the formation of all the creatures in the world today.

Cool. So how did the elements that led to the Big Bang explosion get there? What was the domino before the explosion? That is what the theory does not reasonably account for and that is where science fails us What or whom? Push the first domino forward The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle might student of Plato taught his students students like Alexander the great a law of physics that is still taught today something cannot come from nothing

Aristotle taught it by stating nothing can come from nothing, but you get it. Something cannot come from nothing is the law of physics now known as the law of conservation of mass energy. The law states that matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. The first law of thermodynamics, another way of expressing this law, it's a fundamental law of physics. So if something cannot ever come from nothing, then there must have been something before the Big Bang. And thus there was something before the very existence of the universe. The Big Bang theory does not account for what that might be. Some scientists and recent years have wildly speculated that before the Big Bang, before the existence of even atoms,

the physical world might have been made up of some kind of soup of short-lived elementary particles, including quarks, the building blocks of protons and neutrons. Fine, maybe it was, but where the fuck did that shit come from? You can literally play that game forever, right? What came before that? Okay, fine, what came before that? Honour-believe-science will ever satisfactorily explain the true origin, the origin point of the universe. And that is why I believe in the existence of some type of God force, a God that might

be the God of one of our religions or multiple religions, right? Could be Jesus, could be a God of several religions that each religion is seen a piece of, a God that might be a very intelligent designer, still around in some way, still shaping things and pushing things along and watching in some way. I mean, not sure I believe that God, whatever God is, has ever chosen to speak to us in lowly humans, but maybe I can't fucking know, right? For sure, neither can anybody else. I sure, shit wasn't there when various prophets have claimed to have communicated with God, so I would just be an asshole if I definitively tried to dismiss religious teachings as not being valid. I guess I belong to the church of God is real.

I just don't know what the fuck God is or what God wants from us or what God has in store for us if anything. Hell, nevermind. I hope you enjoyed this exploration of space and black holes and time and the nature of the universe and our own existence that I had so much fun digging into it myself as crazy as thinking about it drives me sometimes. I like how there's so much about the universe we still don't know. We don't know exactly what dark matter is. We don't know exactly what the hundred certain D with how black holes operate or if wormholes exist or what led to the big bang.

We don't even know what the hundred percent certainty that the big bang did happen. Sounds like we're pretty certain that if it didn't happen exactly the way we think about it something close to it happened, but you know, it's all still theoretical to some degree. Just like when ancient humans stared up at the cosmos, they didn't know exactly what was going on up there and you know, still today, neither do we. And I think that mystery is awesome, right?

When we stare up at some distant star, some star surrounded by planets, planets that might have rings or moons and a solar system that may have rings or moons and a solar system. They may have comments and asteroids and a black fucking hole lurking out past the edge of the solar system. There could be someone on one of the planets orbiting that same star staring up at their night sky. And in that sky, they can see our star and wonder what it all means, wonder what created it all. They could have entirely different religions and notions about existence and creation. I hope we all get to know someday truly what it all. They could have entirely different religions and notions about existence and creation.

I hope we all get to know someday truly what it means. But until then, what a fun mystery to explore and think about. I hope that when we find out, I hope there is something in the world after this for all of us. And now fellow star dust meat sex, fellow sentient beans composed of atoms created by stars that were created by the big bang I'm fucking cool is that that we are all in a very real way built a star dust Let's head to today's top five takeaways after a few words from 20th century American astronomer and Astral physicist Carl Sagan's PBS TV series and a company in book Cosmos. I think this is so beautiful As long as there have been humans,

we have searched for our place in the cosmos and the childhood of our species when our ancestors gazed a little idly at the stars. Among the Ionian scientists of Ancient Greece and at our own age, we have been transfixed by this question, where are we? Who are we?

We find that we live on an insignificant planet of a humdrum star lost between two spiral arms and the outskirts of a galaxy Which is a member of a sparse cluster of galaxies tucked away in some forgotten corner of a universe in which there are far more galaxies than people Since Aristarchus every step in our quest has moved us farther from center stage in the cosmic drama There has not been much time to assimilate these new findings. There are those who secretly deplore these great discoveries who consider every step a demotion, who in their heart of heart still pine for a universe who center,

focus and fulcrum is the earth. But if we are to deal with the cosmos, we must first understand it, even if our hopes for some unearned preferential status are, in the process contravened. Understanding where we live is an essential precondition for improving the neighborhood knowing what other neighborhoods are like also helps. If we long for our planet to be important there is something we can do about it. We make our world significant by the courage of our questions and the depth of our

answers. We began as wanderers and we are wanderer still. We have lingered long enough on the shores of the cosmic ocean. We are ready at last to set sail to set sail for the stars. I almost got to that. That's what I love that we have lingered long enough on the shores of the cosmic ocean. We are ready at last to set sail for the stars. Man what a beautiful quote. Alright star dust wander fellow true seeker now it's time for today's takeaways. Number one it all began with the Big Bang. Probably.

The other Big Bang is a theory it's the leading one. We have for the formation of our universe the rapid expansion of matter from a state of extremely high density and temperature, spawning dust that coalesced into stars, planets, galaxies, and black holes. Number two, for many years in Europe, all non-Western mathematicians and theorists were charting the stars and understanding the universe. The debate still raged about whether the sun or the earth were at the center of our universe. Now we know neither to be true, we're on the distant outskirts of the universe.

But we do now know that we for sure orbit the sun. And that both the sun and our own planet are round as fuck. Number three, when Einstein put forward his general theory of relativity that gravity itself is the bending of space and time by mass and energy. It was a seminal moment in the history of science. Today over 100 years after general, oh my god. Today over 100 years after general relativity was first presented new technologies allowing us to explore the most remarkable predictions of the theory. In expanding universe, black holes, ripples in space time, and perhaps the most bizarre, the idea

that not just space, but time itself can be distorted and is distorted by heavy objects. Number four, not everybody believes the Big Bang or evolution, or really any of the scientific tenants that have proven over and over, again to be true to various degrees. Creationists believe that the world was created, if they're Christian according to the Bible by God, most likely in seven literal days as per Genesis, though it would seem like this idea is as old as Christianity itself and actually began in the 19th century, when Christian leaders were divided over whether or not to modernize the church and chose to attack evolution. But what of seven days for God is billions of years for the rest of us.

Expand your mind just a bit and both science and religion can both reside inside of it. Number five, new info. What does the future look like for our son could have become a black hole? One billion years now the son will be 10% brighter than it is currently. This will trigger a moist greenhouse effect here on Earth similar to the hellish Venus environments that we see today. Under these conditions life as we know it will be unable to survive anywhere on the surface of Earth. And in the very distant future, the sun will run out of hydrogen fuel. This will begin in approximately 6.4 billion years, at which point the sun will exit the main sequence stage of its life.

With its hydrogen exhausted in its core, its inner helium ash that is built up there will become unstable and collapse under its own weight. The helium outside his core will then start to fuse in a shell around the dead core, and then our star will enter the red giant phase and swell up much faster. It's been calculated that the expanding sun will grow large enough to encompass the orbits of mercury, Venus, and maybe even Earth. But it won't become a black hole. It's just not big enough. Sorry, meetax. We have a shitty little whimper of a son in the center of our solar system. I hate to say it, but it's fucking weak. We have a pathetic little bitch boy son.

It's gross. Makes me want to stare at it, right? How can you still blind me when you're so fucking weak? Chris Cornell was never singing about you. He was singing about a better son somewhere else. About a billion years after the sun tries to swallow worth, the red giant will undergo a process called helium flash where a huge amount of helium is fused into carbon in a matter of minutes. Once that happens, the star shrinks but gains luminosity. Over the course of the next 20 million years, the sun will become unstable and will begin to lose mass through a series of thermal pulses, powerful bursts of radiation that will fling the sun's material out into space. After about five or a thousand years of these stellar tantrums,

the sun will have tossed away half its mass. That discarded material will briefly form a beautiful planetary nebula. The remnant will eventually cool and become a white dwarf, which is mostly made up of just carbon and oxygen. This smoldering ember will glow for trillions of years before finally fading to black. Time suck, tough, five takeaways. Black holes and the nature of the universe have been sucked. Well, not a he-man there. What was that from? Thank you to producer Sophie Evans for the initial research. They killed it on this complex science suck.

Thanks to Tyler C. recording and editing this episode today, the suck Ranger. So you can watch on YouTube in addition to listing. And if you do watch it on YouTube, please also watch my new special, trying to get better out now. Leave some fucking black hole comments. Why not?

Next week, jumping right back to the world of true crime, with the wild one, the crazy story of the murderous, briley brothers, three brothers and an accomplice murdered at least 11 people as a group in Richmond, Virginia in 1979. Just had a blast there doing some shows by the way. Unlike many killers, they didn't seem to have a strong M.O. or preferred victim type. The briles were opportunistic killers. They often went out at night looking for victims, they committed brutal murders, rapes, robbed the victims of

valuables, they targeted men and women, young and old, the group ended their months long crimes free by murdering an entire fucking family. After they were arrested, the brylies accomplice turned on them and revealed everything to investigators to save himself from the death penalty. He connected the brylies himself to several unsolved homicides. Linwood, the oldest brother, was the leader of the group, followed by the second oldest James. They influenced their younger brother Anthony and neighbor Duncan Meakens to participate in these horrific crimes.

Linwood was described by many people as highly intelligent, possibly if not probably a genius. And he was smart enough to later help others break out of death row. This is a story that reads like a thriller or maybe a horror flick or both. Next week on Time Suck. Right now, Time for Today's Time Sucker Updates. Get your time, sucker updates! First up some library talk. Huge fucking nerd. Book person, growths, and library in Sack Taylor Watson. Share some information about why he thinks libraries matter, writing,

salutations, suck master, and greetings. I'm reaching to you today as a mere meat sack of a library, wanting to thank you for all of the praise and support you gave in the Library of Alexandria episode of TimeSuck. While most people think of libraries as book storage facilities, some branches will lend out video games and VR headsets. Others give out diapers, period products, free legal system advice such as attorneys, public defenders, social workers, and much more.

Libraries are truly vital to all members of any society. Anyways, thank you again for all that you do. Can't wait to see in St. Louis. Last set you did here was fantastic. A wife and I are big fans of your community cummer. We still have a DVD of crazy with the Capitol left signed by you when we saw you live for the first time and yes, we still play quite often. Man, it's long time going, long time back. Until next time, suck master supreme, cheers, regards, Tata Watson. We'll take this.

Thanks for sharing more about modern libraries in the US. They really are such special places. Vibwise, I find them to be opposite of the idiots of the internet. Like for anyone listening, if you think the world is just mostly aggressively ignorant dipshit, posting horrible conspiratorial and propagandized bullshit in places like 4chan or Reddit. And that's really bumming you out.

Take a little trip to your local library. Be reminded that the world still has many rational, thoughtful, intelligent, educated, cool as fuck people who still apply critical thinking and reason to the world around them and the way they live their lives. Hail Nimmer, I think she'll be in a fan for so long and thanks for what you do Taylor.

Next up, grateful sack Rory Fitzpatrick. Loves the cold to the curious, three out of five stars, private Facebook group. Turns out that a lot of you meet sacks, playing around in there are not pieces of shit. Rory writes, I just wanted to drop a big fat Hale Nimra and thanks to Colt for all the love we've been given on Facebook. My family has been busting our asses to move home in a couple weeks ago, that dream happened. I posted our picture to the cult just to share our excitement and the outpouring of support and love has blown our minds.

Dan, you've really created something amazing and there's no way to appropriately thank you for what you've done. I didn't create the Facebook group. I'm happy that it evolved around this. But just, yeah, the people in there, they're doing it themselves. I'd also like to include a shout out to love my life, Angie. You're the best. I'm proud of you and you make our family stronger every day.

And thank you for not catching the whole serial killer makes gloves from women's hands. Oh, Billy shakes. Uh, that bullshit. Because I haven't laughed that hard in a long time. Yes, Dan, you're magnificent and bastard. You got her good. I refuse to say how sorry I am for the long message. I just wanted to thank as many meat sacks as possible in one shot. Keep fucking sucking. Yes, Daniel magnificent and bastard. You got her good. I refuse to say how sorry I am for the long message

Just wanted to thank as many meat sacks as possible in one shot. Keep fucking sucking much love from the whole family Rory Rory I'm so glad that you got so much love. It is good and refreshing to see people online You know reacting with support and love instead of jealousy and hate, isn't it? So many great people in the community. I am so sorry that your wife Angie is so dumb. That's got to be hard on you. I imagine you would have achieved your dream of getting home so much sooner if you didn't have to lug around that dead weight. I'm guessing she must be super hot to make up for what she's not bringing to the table

mentally. So that's no, don't you, check it. I'm glad that you and Angie, who's that was great, are living where you're supposed to be living, hail Nimrod. Yeah, congrats. I'm getting home. I love glad that you and Angie who's that was great or live in where you're supposed to be living hail Nimrod Yeah, and congrats on getting home. I love how happy sound and Finally Kelly Burns a bit really Becky from discord has so much more to share about libraries I have met Kelly a few times now and she is a delightful human being incredible meat sack Thank you Kelly for continuing to make the the time suck discord such a great place. You continue to be the best

And now that I'm done sucking your dick your lady dick Here's your wonderful and informative message Kelly back it rights Hi Dan fearless coat leader knowledge spreader. It is I Becky resident discord librarian I want to start by saying I had a physical reaction when I heard there would be a library adjacent suck I spend about 23 hours of the day looking for reasons to talk about libraries. And as much as I appreciate you for reminding the cold how important libraries are, you barely scratch the surface on the reasons why.

Yes, libraries still have physical books and many people still love a physical book, but libraries have adapted so much to the needs of every single human. So I wanted to share a few things many libraries offer that some people may not be aware of. Along with physical books libraries hold the license to electronic and audio books as well as music and movies to stream for free. And while books remain a great source of information, libraries also offer access to many databases and periodicals as well. So you can ignore all those damn paywalls for a lot of new sources. I actually did not know that or forgot. No, I don't think I knew that. I do wonder if they have access to certain databases, typically reserved for only students and faculties of certain universities, because I have hit

dead ends trying to access those on my own. Kelly Becky continues and she says, library staff also help people find jobs with digital literacy and resume building, classes and job search resources. My local library has vast immigrant services and last year they held a naturalization ceremony for 95 new citizens from 31 countries. Many libraries have started integrating maker spaces. These creative studios consist of 3D printers, laser cutters, sewing machines, digital creator software, recording studios, audio and photography equipment, green screens, and or musical instruments. One of our local branches even has a kitchen and a couple of them loan out telescopes, all for free. Holy shit Becky from Discord.

Libraries have been upgrading. She continues saying libraries also offer free events for people of all ages. And while most of our memories come from going to the library as a kid, the programs for adults are just as cool. They have classes teaching people how to be creators, how to research their family history, promoting health and wellness with yoga, or walking groups, even trivia and game nights, all for free. My library even hosts a Stephen King book club. These services are just a fraction of what many libraries have to offer

and most people do not know they exist. So thank you for being an advocate for the library and fighting the good fight in politics and for the curious kids who will shape the world. Thank you for preaching curiosity and for encouraging your listeners to seek new information. Hope to one day have a fraction of the impact on my library users.

As you do on the entire call to the curious, keep on reading. Kelly, Kelly, you're the fucking best. I'm sure you have more of an impact than you know. I always love running into you. Truly, you're very special. You have a very just cool glow about you. Just genuinely so nice. You seem so good, so smart.

You're a fucking treasure, and so are these libraries. Let's all pray to Nimrod and Luciferina that they continue to receive funding, and flourish, and inspire more curiosity, and intellectual advancement in the world. Hail Nimrod, Hail Luciferina, Praise Bojangles, and not sure how you would be involved in libraries, Tribulin. Other than I bet, you know, as Kelly Becky said, people can stream your albums for free. And that is all for today's Time Sucker Updates. Thanks, Time Suckers. I need a net. We all did.

Thank you for listening to another Bad Magic Productions podcast. Scared to death in Time Suck each week, the secret suck each week for space lizards. If you find yourself near a black hole this week be careful I know that point of singularity isn't icing, but you don't want to end up getting spaghetti fight Sounds fucking horrific. I sincerely hope that doesn't happen to you. I hope you can just keep on reading and keep on sucking Music Music And magic productions

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