We Study Billionaires - The Investor’s Podcast Network - TIP757: Richer, Wiser, Happier Q3 2025 w/ Stig Brodersen & William Green

Episode Date: September 28, 2025

Each quarter, Stig Brodersen sits down with his friend and co-host William Green, author of Richer, Wiser, Happier. Together, they reflect on the lessons and stories that have made them Richer, Wiser, or Happier over the past few months. From investing insights to timeless ideas about how to live well, this conversation is an invitation to join them on the journey toward a more meaningful life. IN THIS EPISODE YOU’LL LEARN: 00:00 - Intro 05:35 - Whether universal truths about a good life really exist 07:43 - What we can — and can’t — learn about living well from other people 47:54 - Why happiness often comes more from the absence of negative emotions than from positive ones 50:24 - What William has learned about money and happiness from some of the wealthiest people on earth 01:17:33 - Why spending money on others may increase your own happiness 01:27:29 - Why Stig has deliberately constrained himself from reading new books this past quarter Disclaimer: Slight discrepancies in the timestamps may occur due to podcast platform differences. BOOKS AND RESOURCES Join the exclusive ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠TIP Mastermind Community⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ to engage in meaningful stock investing discussions with Stig, Clay, Kyle, and the other community members. William Green’s book Richer, Wiser, Happier – read reviews of this book. Check out their episode on being Richer, Wiser, and Happier in Q2 2025, Q1 2025, Q4 2024, Q3 2024, Q1 2024,and Q3 2023. William Green’s interview with Hagstrom. Sarah Bakewell’s book, How to Live: A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. Michel de Montaigne’s book, Essays. David R. Hawkins’ book, Letting Go. Ray Dalio’s book, How Countries Go Broke. Ray Dalio’s book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order. Patrul Rinpoche’s book, Words of My Perfect Teacher. John Milton’s book, Paradise Lost. Virginia Woolf’s book, A Room of One’s Own. Related ⁠⁠⁠books⁠⁠⁠ mentioned in the podcast. Ad-free episodes on our ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Premium Feed⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. NEW TO THE SHOW? Get smarter about valuing businesses in just a few minutes each week through our newsletter, ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠The Intrinsic Value Newsletter⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Check out our ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠We Study Billionaires Starter Packs⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Follow our official social media accounts: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠X (Twitter)⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠LinkedIn⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠TikTok⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Browse through all our episodes (complete with transcripts) ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠here⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Try our tool for picking stock winners and managing our portfolios: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠TIP Finance Tool⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Enjoy exclusive perks from our ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠favorite Apps and Services⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Learn how to better start, manage, and grow your business with the ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠best business podcasts⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. SPONSORS Support our free podcast by supporting our sponsors: Simple Mining Unchained HardBlock Kubera Vanta Shopify reMarkable Onramp Public.com Abundant Mines Horizon Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://theinvestorspodcastnetwork.supportingcast.fm Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://theinvestorspodcastnetwork.supportingcast.fm Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://theinvestorspodcastnetwork.supportingcast.fm Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://theinvestorspodcastnetwork.supportingcast.fm

You're listening to TIP. Every quarter, I sit down with my friend and co-host William Green, and these conversations always end up somewhere unexpected. We quickly find ourselves wrestling with the big questions. What does it mean to live wisely? How do we deal with uncertainty investing in life? And why is it so tempting to think that our own perspective is so much more enlightened than others?

I'll admit, as you're here in this episode, we are as guilty as charged as everyone else. We also talk about how history, literature, and even the market's chaos can all be teachers, if we're willing to pay attention. So if you're curious about how investing intersects with philosophy and why the search for a good life is often much harder than it looks, I think you'll enjoy this conversation. Since 2014 and through more than 180 million downloads, we've studied the financial markets and read the books that influence self-made billionaires the most.

We keep you informed and prepared for the unexpected. Now for your hosts, Stick Broderson and William Green. Welcome to The Investors Podcast. I'm your host, Stig Broderson, and today, as always, for these Ritz and Wisey Hebrac conversations, I'm joined by my co-host and good friend William Green. William, how are you today? Hi, Stig, I'm very well indeed and very happy to be here with you. So, William, today we are going to tackle a very,

modest topic, we'll be talking about the search for universal truths. How more modest can we really start? Well, we'll nail this one. I think we will. And we have three topics here for today. The first one is universal truth. The second one is about money and happiness. And then we have a section about books that may have made us rich or wise and happier over the past quarter. But if we can jump into the first segment here, you know, I am, I'm amazed by the number of intelligent people who do not understand that what gives them purpose and happiness just isn't so for everyone else. And then I'm amazed by how often I fall into the same trap.

Like, I sometimes think that this is what works for me. So it must be working for you. And of course, that's not the way life is. But the more I explore the concept of universal truth, the fewer examples I can find. And sure, you have some like, you know, you could say that two and two equals four. That was a universal truth even before math was invented. But whenever it comes to living a good life, which we're going to talk about here today, it's just, it's really, really hard.

At least it is for me. And I would like to share a few personal anecdotes, just, I guess, really just to display my own ignorance. So this was, I want to say it was back in 2019. So I was traveling around Marrakesh and I was chatting up a local about the good life. I was just curious to hear how the locals live. And that was a conversation I would soon forget. So the local said to me that to him, he felt like if you were in your 40s or in your 50s and you didn't live with your parents, if you were in a lucky situation to have your parents,

you are a spiritual poor person because to him it was such a gift to be living as many generations together in the same house as you possibly could. Three, if you could, four is even better. And I don't really want this to come across as me not liking my parents. I sure do, but I don't want to live with them.

I guess one of the reasons why I'm such good terms to our parents because we don't live together anymore. After I moved out and started college, we haven't lived in the same household. And so that was just one example. And perhaps it's silly to some. Perhaps some would say it's about one culture versus another. Okay, let me give you another example. So I often get asked about career advice, which is kind of terrible because I almost always go the same route, which goes something along the lines of quit your job and start your own company. And it's such a ridiculous piece of advice because I think it basically comes from my own biases

where the thought of having a boss just drives me absolutely nuts. And for me, that's just been such a strong driver for so many good things happening in my life. But then at the same time, you know, I would have friends and family who are just very happy about having a job on the boss. And to them it feels like if you run your own business, it's like a weird, mystic behavior because then you're never truly off work. And so keeping that in mind, you know, I kind of feel like there must be some universal truth whenever it comes to living the good life. So who would then I look to in this regard? And of course,

I have to say Mike Tyson. Who else can we relate to here? So Ira and Mike famously said that the best three years of his life was whenever he was in prison. So, okay, if you can't even count on something as prison being terrible, like what kind of universal truth can you really rely on in terms of living a good life? And so I want to throw it over to you, William, and ask you, if we define a universal truth as something that holds truth at all times and agreed by everyone, like what kind of universal truth but capture living a richer, happy, and wise of life? And how can you make sure that we just this is just not a reflection of the time we live in and our own experiences.

There's so much there. I think one of the most important things is just to start questioning the idea that anything is really universal. Because I think we often make this lazy assumption that certain things are necessarily true. And maybe one advantage for me is even though I grew up in London, I then moved to New York and then I moved to Hong Kong and then I move. move back to New York. And so my kids, for example, grew up all over the world as a result. And then I would report all over the world as a journalist. And so you get this very vivid, visceral sense that your prejudices and biases and ways of viewing the world are not necessarily the correct ones. And I remember once when my kids went to the Canadian

International School, even though we're not Canadian in Hong Kong, they would be pretty much the only white kids in a class of Hong Kong Chinese kids, and they would be referred to as guilos, which I think meant white ghosts. And one of the things I really loved was that they would share their snacks with their Hong Kong Chinese friends. So they would eat all of these foods that to us, to me and my wife, seemed wonderfully exotic. You know, so we would send them with sandwiches or whatever or cookies or whatever on Healthy Western stuff, we would send them with and their friends would have, you know, conji or whatever. And I was remember going on vacation in Kuala Lumpur once. My daughter, Madeline, we were saying a beautiful hotel, I think the Mandarin Oriental there,

and there were two breakfasts. There was the Western breakfast and there was the Asian breakfast. And Madeline just immediately went over, you know, got her chopsticks and got her dumplings and got her, you know, it was just really lovely. And so it kind of gave you a sense of the arbitrariness of the values that we take to be standard often. And you just saw how random they were. Really, a lot of it depended on where you were born and what you were exposed to. And I was reading something yesterday that I really love one of my favorite books. It had big influence on me when I was writing my proposal for richer, wiser, happier for the book. And I was rereading it yesterday. It's this book about Montania that I have here.

It's called How to Live or A Life of Montaigneur in One Question and 20 Attempts of an Answer. And it's by one called Sarah Bakewell, it's written in about 2010. And there's a chapter in there. It's all about this great 16th century philosopher, Montania, who was a wonderful writer. He wrote these essays, something like 107 essays. And actually, the reason we used the word essay at school is because he invented the essay as far as I remember, which I guess in French means to try, right? So it was sort of attempt to look at

himself and understand himself and the world around him. And so he wrote these essays. You know, he was born, I think, in 1533, so nearly 500 years ago, he wrote. And there's an essay where he would write these essays about the customs in different countries. And he would collect these. And Sarah Bekewell writes about this as this sort of habit that he developed to remind himself just how arbitrary our own customs, our own beliefs, our own sense of what everyone takes as necessarily true. And she talks about how our eyes are dulled by habit. And so what he would do is Montenio would de-familiarize the familiar, she said, by collecting all of these examples of different ways of seeing the world. So you could, as she would say, recognize yourself from the proper angle. So he collects all of these

wonderful customs. So I'll give you a handful of them that he collected, which I really loved. So bear in mind, this is a guy 500 years ago in France living in a castle, studying different people from around the world, different cultures. So one of the examples he liked was that in certain cultures, people would blacken their teeth because they viewed white teeth as inelegant. Another is he found a culture where people would shave the hair on the left side of the body, but not the right. Then there were other cultures where children would be nursed until they were 12 years old. So there were all of these kind of weird different cultural beliefs that Montania would collect, sort of as a reminder to look at his own beliefs and say, we think these things are standard, but not. They give you

this ability to kind of look at your own life and say, okay, I have this very partial biased view of what's really going on, of what's actually universal. And so Beakwell, the author here of this book, How to Live, would talk about how we can never escape our limits. limitations altogether. We always have this limited partial view of reality. And so one of the most obvious lessons from this, which Montaigneur drew, was that you can't be dogmatic about anything, that there is no fixed truth, that everything is provisional. And so his writing is full of words like perhaps, or it seems to me, or I think. And so I think that's really helpful, just to start with this sense that nothing is really so obviously true that we can bank on it, either in

investing or life. And Montania had this habit. He had beautiful study in his castle in France, where he had these beams and he would write quotes on the beams. And so one of the quotes that he had on a beam there is only one thing is certain that nothing is certain. And that's a a really valuable principle, right? And it goes back to Socrates, I guess, who said, all I know is that I know nothing. And Bakewell actually, at the very start of the chapter, has a twist on that where she says, all I know is that I know nothing, and I'm not even sure about that, which I love, right? So it's this sense that nothing can truly be established as absolutely certain, and that you have to, as Montania said, train your soul to be aware of your own

infallibility. And he would have these lovely examples of this. He would get into other people's perspectives. He would see from other people's points of view. And there's this famous anecdote of his where he said, you know, when I'm playing with my cat, you know, here I am thinking that she's my pastime. But in fact, I may actually be my cat's pastime. Like, who knows? Maybe I'm the, I'm the play thing and she's the boss. I don't know. And so this can sound sort of pretty esoteric and far out and irrelevant. But I actually think it has like really profound implications, both in life and investing, right? Because anytime you can stop being less dogmatic and less sure of your views, you're less likely to screw up. You're less likely to get caught up in

things like recency bias, for example, where you just assume that whatever's been happening in the market for the last few years must always happen, right? Like, stocks must always go up. You must always buy at the dip. You know, you'll always be rewarded if you buy at the dip. You'll always be okay if you invest primarily in America because America is special and nowhere else's as good. And if you look at history, you see that these things that we've come to believe are true, most of us, are not necessarily true, that circumstances change, conditions change. There are long periods where stocks don't go up or where foreign markets actually outperform much better. And when I think of some of the great investors I've interviewed over the years, particularly Bill Miller, I think who was very steeped in philosophy, part of his advantage was that he questioned everything. He questioned all of these widespread assumptions. I mean, think of even something like Bitcoin, right? Where when I interviewed him on the podcast about three years ago, I was asking him about Buffett and Munger, who he has great reverence for saying that Bitcoin was Rat Poison Squared. And there was this great thing, I think it was at the 2021 annual meeting in Omaha, Webb Buffett,

basically said, look, if you offered me all of the Bitcoin in the world for $25, I wouldn't take it. Because what would I do with it? He's like, it's not going to do anything. It doesn't produce anything. And he compared it to apartments or farmland that produce food or rent. And so there's this concept, like this assumption that investing, you know, you don't want to have, you don't want to own things like gold, right, because they don't generate cash. And yet gold has been an unbelievable investment for the last few years, right?

Or the danger of Bitcoin because it doesn't produce anything. And so when I talked to Bill Miller about this, he said, basically, who said that the goal of investing is to own assets that generate cash? I thought the goal was to make money. So there's something in Bill's ability to look at things philosophically and sort of say, Yeah, but are these assumptions that even Buffett Amonger who I revere are they right? Can you look at this from a different angle? And maybe it's fine to own a speculative asset that's driven by greater fool theory.

And if there's a limited supply as there is with Bitcoin and a lot of fools, maybe that's great. Or maybe there really is something there and it really is digital gold. I don't know. But I think that ability to question everything is really vital to accept the truth is provisional that nothing's certain. And even now there's this assumption, I think it's almost because Bitcoin went up for so many years, there's an assumption that, well, it must be a real asset class and it must be worthwhile. And that's exactly the time when you want to look at it and say, what if Buffett was right?

What if actually this doesn't generate any cash? and so you can't really value it, and maybe it's kind of worthless. Like, I don't have a dog in this fight, but I think that general sense of questioning everything is really, really valuable. And then at the same time, we do need some universal truths. You know, we need, well, maybe they're not universal truths, but we need some guiding principles to live a good life or to invest. And so I think when I started to publicize my book, and I really had to look back and think, what did I mean? What was I, what was I trying to espouse here? What was I preaching? One, one idea that I, or realization that I came to was that I was looking for insights that or principles that are approximately true on average over time. And I think that's a pretty good way to think about it. It's not always the case that if you buy assets for much less than that worth, you're going to be rewarded for it. There are times, where momentum investors who don't really care about the valuation but are just piling on are going

to look much smarter than the people who buy things cheap. But I think on average over time, if you continue to overpay for assets, you're eventually likely to get punished. And if you underpay and you find cheap stuff and you know how to value it, you're likely to do well. And I see that But again and again with the great investors, right? I mean, Howard Mark said to me the biggest risk is overpaying for an asset. And so the real question is how much optimism is priced in, how cheap is it? Joe Greenblatt said to me that the whole essence of investing is basically to value an asset and then buy it for much less. Charlie Munger said to me that the art of successful investing, it always involves buying more prospects than you're paying for, getting more than you're

paying for. And he said, you can do it in lots of different ways. He said, you could do it like Bill Miller and buy things like Amazon when people didn't appreciate it. Or you could do it like Howard Marx and go into areas like distressed debt that no one was looking at. But even, you know, these trends really change. There's a book I really like that I wrote about a little bit in Rich or Wieser Happier, which is by Barton Biggs, who is a hedge fund manager. We're also a very good writer. And he wrote a book, I think it was called Wealth, Wisdom, and War, or something. like that. And he would look at, you know, how attitudes were different in different eras. So there was a period, for example, I guess this was around World War II, when stocks were basically deemed an

inappropriate asset for pension funds and the like, or insurance companies, I can't remember which, but it was, it was like basically a whole asset class was deemed to be inappropriate. And likewise, one of the things that launched Howard Marx's career was that this whole asset class, like distressed debt, was deemed to be inappropriate. And so he could go in and look at companies in bankruptcy and junk bonds and stuff. And he could see, well, actually, this is so cheap that the prospects are pretty good. And actually, paradoxically, it's less risky than all this stuff that's priced for perfection, like in those days the nifty 50.

And so I think in some ways, the lesson from Bill Miller and the lesson from Montania and Sarah Bakewell is just to examine things from all angles and just to accept the fact that these things that we hold to be true, obviously and self-evidently true, are not necessarily true or maybe under certain conditions they're true. And so think, for example, even of like the widespread assumption, like that we play into as well, right? We try to interview people on our podcasts who've beaten the market over the long term. I think that's right because we want to focus on people who are really good at this game and can prove that they've won the game of long periods. But the assumption the be all and end all is to beat the market is also a really dubious assumption.

I mean, I was on a call the other day listening into a kind of partners meeting, a shareholders meeting for a fund that I invest in. And the manager was talking about how goal number one is just to preserve capital. And, you know, a lot of the money in his fund is his family's fund, is his family's money. And he doesn't want to lose it. And he doesn't want to lose his friends and relatives money and his shareholders money. And he said, goal number two is to continue compounding over the long term. And he said, goal number three is to beat the market, but that's not the priority. And he said, I'm never going to jeopardize the first and second priorities by taking such risks that I'll beat the market in the short term, but I'll end up getting hurt in the long

term because his real goal is to build wealth in a resilient way over many, many, many years. Holding them lightly, our principles is very helpful and being aware that circumstances can change and that things that we assume are really wise can cease to be wise. I think it's very helpful and it enables you, I think, to tread a little more lightly and hopefully to be a little less judgmental of other people because they have different priorities and different experiences and different goals that have led them to have these assumptions that we don't necessarily share. And ours may well be wrong. Thank you for sharing William. There was very eloquent And there were so many things to unpack there.

I'm going to tell you first a very quick anecdote. And then I go back and relate to a few of the things that you mentioned. I was speaking with Guy the other day. And I think generally the way that I have a conversation is that I would probably speak for way too long. And then the other person would speak for some time. And then so like it wouldn't be a lot of back and forth. And Guy was sort of like looking at me multiple times as in he wanted me to interrupt him.

And he was like, and he said to me, he said to me, I was too polite. I was like, you make sure they interrupt me. And then he was like, I was like, I don't really, that's not how I conversed with other people. I generally don't like to do that. And he said that he would bring me to Israel one day and and see how often people would interrupt each other in conversations.

And there was actually meant as a nice thing. It actually meant they were really engaged, where sometimes whenever you let someone speak for like 15 minutes, it sort of means that you don't really care what they say. And it's like, it's actually quite the opposite for me. And so anyways, that was just the anecdote. It was so wonderful all the things you said there, William. If I can just highlight a few things there, this idea of not knowing anything and be very embracing that you don't know the truth, I find it should be wonderful. I once read a book it many years ago, and it talked about how you shouldn't be too confident

and why you should say things as it seems and could it be that. And brought up to your point before. And I used Gramerly in all my writings. And Gramaly always like, no, no, no, no. You can't say it seems. It doesn't sound confident enough. But the entire point is that I don't want to sound confident because I don't know. Something seems to be something. I don't know if it's actually true. I think another thing related to this is when you read books about different stages of development of consciousness, right? So you know, whether it's David Hawkins or there are plenty of other people who write about this stuff. There's a book I've mentioned before by Tara Springett that I really liked where you can see the reality changes depending on your own level of

development of consciousness. And so you're actually seeing, you know, Ken Wilbur also, the integral philosopher talks a lot about this. I'm no expert in Ken Wilbur. But there's this sense that the lenses that we're wearing based on our own level of development, going to shape everything that we see. So it's another reason why you can't really be judgmental of other people who maybe have ideas that you look at and you're like, well, these are really primitive. Like, really, that's all you're interested in.

And likewise, there are people who are way more evolved. than us who are going to look at us and be like, you know, it must be like looking at a two-year-old child, you know, asking for, you know, the pacifier and like having a hissy fit about not having the pacifier. And so I think that again, it's something that I think about a lot, like, what am I not seeing just because I have the blinders or the particular lens of my level of development? And And there's something in one of the Hawkins books that I often refer to, he talks about how the view of God changes depending on your level of development. And so, you know, I might go from being like this punishing God who's seeking retribution or whatever or some external God to

being something that's kind of imminent as in I-M-M-A-N-T. So it's sort of in you as well. I mean, I I remember once talking to a teacher at my daughter's school in London. And he was a kind of amazing man. He was a Latin teacher who said to me, he had a girlfriend when he was about 18, and she said to him, where do you think God is? And he said, talked about it. And she said, no, no, I picture it right here in my solar plexus. And he said, that really kind of changed his whole view of life.

And, you know, there are people who are like super evolved, super enlightened. And they're just like, well, everything is just the light of the creator. You just, you know, like there's nothing that isn't God. And so then it's like, and it's not even a word that's helpful because it's really just you're looking at the play of light or whatever. Right. Well, I just think it's an interesting idea that your view of something as fundamental as that changes depending on the lens that you have based on. So it's not that one person is right and one is wrong. It's like they actually might be totally right at their level of development.

Like, you know, to see the world as a kind of alien, hostile, dangerous place is right, probably at a certain level of development. And then to see it, you know, you remember Einstein talking about how you can live as if nothing is a miracle or as if everything is a miracle. And so I think you can actually look at everything with this incredible sense of wonder. And so it's just a, and I think you could apply this to any area, right, where you would just look at it through this different. lens and it would remind you that there's not a fixed truth. And that's very helpful because it just, it makes you a little bit wearier of overconfidence, which is one of the great perils in investing. I don't know if we've discussed this before. I love this podcast that Michael Lewis did a few years ago where he talked about a study that had been done at Columbia University on overconfidence

and male overconfidence. And men are particularly prone to overconfidence. I think we overestimate what we know by something like 30%, whereas women systematically underestimate what they know. And I had been exchanging messages. I think I sent that podcast to Samantha Macklemore, Bill Miller's successor. And we'd been laughing about this wonderful story that Michael Lewis told on his podcast where there was a woman who said, who was talking to someone else about being a descendant, a direct descendant of Marie Curie, the scientist who won two Nobel prizes, I think, for physics and chemistry. And some man overhears this and helpfully intervenes and says, no, no, it's pronounced Mariah Carey. And I just love this and Samantha

loved this as an example of men who think we know what we're talking about, but don't. And it's just really dangerous. And so I think anything that undermines our sense that we know is kind of helpful. And then at the same time, we don't want to be paralyzed by a sense that we don't know anything, because then how would you ever invest? And so it's this curious paradox, I think. I think of this a lot with someone like Howard Marx, that he had to have the conviction, say, in 2008, 2009, when he was investing incredibly aggressively.

you know, five or six hundred million dollars a week for 15 weeks as the market was crashing. You have to have the conviction to go against the crowd. And yet at the same time, you need the humility to say, yeah, and I may be wrong. And even in that situation, he thought that he had great confidence, but he didn't have a sense of certainty. He said, look, there is a chance that the market could melt down, but he said, it's pretty much binary. And if we look back and we had what seems to be one of the great buying opportunities of our lifetime and we failed to buy because we were too chicken, then we've let down our shareholders.

And so even then, while making one of the great contrarian investments that I think made Oak Tree about $9 billion in profit, even then he wasn't sure that he was right. And so I think it's a, it's the ability to hold imbalance these contradictory conflicting things, you know, to be, to have conviction and yet be humble and question whether you're right. I absolutely love that, William. There's so much to unpack there. I listened to an episode the other day with Hackstrom, which was a wonderful episode in itself. And I want to, I want to tie in a few things into what you said. All of it is going to, for the benefit of praising you. At least that's my intention. That's a very important goal. Very, very important goal.

We all need purpose in life. I'll just sit back and drink a capitino in that case. Right. So one of the one of the things I wanted to talk about with this idea of whether an investment should generate cash flows, which I thought for the longest time because Buffett is supposed to be right about everything, right? And that is what he said. A long time ago, perhaps asked about something else, who knows? And I loved how Hextram said, well, what about the Van Gogh painting? That doesn't generate any cast. It doesn't

it's not a farm, like it's there, but sure, it has some value. And you mentioned, like, Munger said he wouldn't have all the Bitcoin in the world for $25. I'd probably take that bet. I'll take all the gold in the world for $25. I'm okay with that. It's interesting.

I read a lot of shareholder letters. And out of nowhere, someone would say, and by the way, Bitcoin is absolutely terrible. It's almost like, you know, Marcus Cato was like, carcettes should be destroyed. Like you just say that at the end of all sentences. And I'm like, it's kind of weird because I read those letters because of, you know, what they say about equities. And then I don't know it's like, and by the way, if you invest in Bitcoin, you're just a terrible person and it's a big scam. And who knows? Perhaps they're right.

My question is not whether or not they're right. It's just, where does that come from? I would probably be upset if I had spent 40 years building my track record and equities. And then someone came along and bought this weird thing called Bitcoin and made the same return as me. You know, let's make this applicable for TAP. I would probably be upset if someone came along and by the help of chat TBT got as many downloads as we got on this podcast and spent more than a decade doing. I'll probably come up with all kinds of, oh,

like, this is not human connection, there's not real podcast because it's made with AI, whatever. I had actually had a point that should go back to this idea here with Haxstrom. I think it all ties together. I hope I can tie all the loose ends together at the end. In that discussion they had there with Haxstrom, you talked about God and it wasn't so much a question of whether it was true or not. It was question of what makes you happy. I might be misquoting you here. Yeah, no, we were talking about pragmatic philosophy. philosophers who would, so the pragmatic philosophers like William James would talk about ideas as like

forks and knives, like tools. And so the idea is, you know, does it work for you? Like William James would talk about the cash value of an idea. So my point was, if believing in God makes me happier, then that's great. If it makes me behave better, which it sometimes does, then that's great. You know, so it's not, so again, it gets to this idea that there's not really a fixed truth about anything. And I very much like that because I was listening to an episode with Etia, the episode from last quarter. And I said at some point in time that I thought that the world was random. And your response to that was, you would rather be happy. And it was not before, like long, long after when actually I'm doing the editing because my mind

you're boggling me, a gazillion different things. I was like, I think the reason why I think the world is random is not because I know it's random. Like, I can speculate. Obviously, I don't know if it's true. I think I have this idea that the world is random because it makes me happy. The way I'm wired, it feels very empowering

that the world is random because that gives me control. Whereas I can see some people would find it completely counterintuitive and say, if someone has a plan for me, it's much, much better and it's probably a good plan. So I probably have this narrative that, well, not it's true. It's because that is what makes me happy. And perhaps you would have a different perspective, the listener will have a third perspective because that is what makes them happy.

And so I was listening to this wonderful episode, Judithette Hachstrom, and about it's not a question of what is right and what is wrong, but more what it does for you. But at the same time, you're also talking in that episode about in investing. it's about having facts. And we also see some of that, like for the longest time, some investors refuse to believe what they saw happening with Enron. And so if you're investing in Enron, it's probably a very good idea to know the facts,

which means you're probably not long Enron. And so to me, I find that to be fascinating. And I think it's very important for people who are tuning in that I hope they don't consider that I have any kind of truth. That's actually my very intention to say, I don't have the truth. And I think if you are on the quest of looking for truth, whenever you speak about something, see if you can speak without identity. I don't know how to find truth, but I sometimes like to think I know how to look at the

very opposite. So if you say, because this is my nationality, I know that, or because this is my political opinion, I know this, it might be more difficult for you to find universal truth. And perhaps, whenever it comes to universal truth, perhaps you can make the argument, that doesn't really matter. Isn't that just some kind of intellectual kind of thing that doesn't really matter? No, you mentioned Hawkins before. you know, one thing that really stood out to me from this wonderful book, Let Me Go,

is that, you know, letting go of negative emotions, which is why I picked it up, and I kind of felt it has some very interesting techniques. And Hawkins was talking about that you can go to a therapist and they will explore together with you why you have those emotions. And he says, that's probably fine, but it could also, but isn't the purpose of you to let go of those emotions, More than necessarily figuring out why you have them in the first place and perhaps that can lead to some resentment and anger, perhaps even something you didn't have in the first place, isn't it more question of letting go of those negative emotions? And so this is my long way of saying, you should really listen to William.

That's the first thing. One of the great morals of life. Yeah. Figuring out when you need to have the facts and when you don't need to have the facts. And it's very different circumstances where it's important. I'm going to sort of back over to you, William, I know there was a lot of different directions. There's a lot there. I mean, just to pick up the point you mentioned about Hawkins a moment ago, one of the things that we've discussed before that had a very powerful practical impact on me,

is that Hawkins was saying, once you start to unpack the reasons behind certain negative emotions or thought patterns you might have, it just generates millions of other thoughts. And he had the biggest psychiatric practice in New York. I mean, he was very well versed in this area. But he said, he said, it's better just to, it's more effective sometimes just to, to sit with the emotion, abide with it, see where it's manifesting in your body. And at a certain point, if you apply this kind of radical non-resistance while being aware of it, it will dissipate. The energy will dissipate. So you can actually sort of loosen the hold of that emotion just by being with it.

And so it's not that talk therapy isn't really helpful or that medication isn't really helpful, but there's this other way of attacking the problem, which is simply to abide calmly without resisting the emotion. And he said that resistance is often the thing that keeps the negative emotion going. And so I find this a lot that in practical terms, if I'm upset or anxious about something, just to sit there and be with the emotion and sort of to look at it, and to think, well, it doesn't really have any solidity to it. Like, if you look at the essence of your anger or you're upset, you know, it doesn't really have, you know,

it's more like a sort of a cloud that floats through, and sometimes it's a really thick black cloud, and sometimes it's kind of a gray cloud, and sometimes it's sort of a little wispy cloud, but then it just kind of passes eventually. And so, I don't know, so it gets at this idea, I think, that we've been discussing, which is that there are so many different ways of viewing the same thing,

and they're all valid, so many different approaches. And so I think sometimes when you meet someone and they're super excited about their particular insight into something and they really want to ram it down your throat and you just really don't want to listen to it because it's like, well, it's just not what I'm interested in. There's a sort of insensitivity and a dogmatism to it. And I mean, if you think all those years ago, I write about this in Richard Wieser Happier, about when I went to visit Sir John Templeton in the Bahamas, when I was probably, I was probably 30 years old.

So it was like 27 years ago. I was a young father. I just had my son, Henry. And I go visit this old sage who's in his eight years. And really, I had sort of more or less played a trick on him. It was like a sort of bait and switch where I had said, I want to talk about this whole campaign of yours to increase spiritual wealth a thousandfold, I think it was, where he was.

where he was looking at how to prove empirically, for example, that these virtues like kindness, love, empathy and the like actually work. And he was sponsoring research at Harvard on where the prayer works. And I really just wanted to talk to him about investing in how to get rich, but I sort of got the interview by saying that I was really interested in the spiritual stuff. And, you know, the joke is, like at a certain point, he got really frustrated with me because I just wasn't interested. in the spiritual stuff.

And then 20 years later, when I was writing about him in Richer Wiser Happier, I'm like, oh my God, all of the stuff that he was trying to teach me, that I was just so obtuse and so close-minded that I just couldn't listen to. If only I'd been more open to him. And I think there was probably a point, there was one point where he said to me, you know, you're going to have very, because I've looked over my notes from those interviews, He said, you know, I predict you're going to have a very successful career. It was like very encouraging to this young whippersnapper.

But it was also really clearly, it was kind of irritated by me. And at a certain point, I think he kind of washed his hands of me. And he's like, I'm just not going to get through to this nomskull. And he got a little frustrated. And so, I don't know, it's like a real reminder to me that I probably do the same thing as well where I'm like foisting my views on other people who just, just on. uninterested. And I don't know. I think part of the challenge is to meet people where they are, right? When you meet someone who has different opinions or different values, to tread lightly enough

and take yourself unsuriously enough that you can meet them where they are rather than be like, I'm going to take this opportunity to teach this person and set them straight. You know, I don't know. I think in some ways this is one of the great skills that people learn as interviewers is, in a sense, to hollow out the ego a little bit and just be curious about how the person they're interviewing views the world and to try to see the world through their eyes. I think that's been a very helpful, a very helpful thing for me to be forced to do over many years. And I don't know, I was talking to Arnold Vandenberg the other day, and we were chatting about his wonderful wife, Eileen. And he was saying that sometimes he would meet someone, if he had an important meeting with someone, say if he was doing business with them, he would arrange to go for dinner and he would invite Eileen because Eileen has incredible intuition about people. and he would say to her, how on earth did you pick that up about them? And she said, well, you're always talking. You don't listen.

And she said, you know, if you just listened, you would hear, she said what she believed, and you just didn't listen to it. And so, you know, at our best, we're much better at listening. But I tend to talk too much. So I'm sorry. So with that, I should close my mouth. Let's take a quick break and hear from today's sponsors. All right, I want you guys to imagine spending three days in Oslo at the height of the summer. You've got long days of daylight, incredible food, floating saunas on the Oslo Fjord, and every conversation you have is with people who are actually shaping the future. That's what the Oslo Freedom Forum is.

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Go to Shopify.com slash WSB. That's Shopify. dot com slash WSB. All right. Back to the show. I love listening to you, William. And I should also just say, before we started the conversation,

we always talk a bit back and forth, this time about Italian food. But we also sometimes talk about other things. And we talked about how to get or, you know, how to be in the right mindset. and for me, it's very much listening to you. I don't know, you make me go strong. And so I want to say, thank you.

And I'm going to make a very harsh transition into something else here, which is absolutely terrible after I've praised you going to talk about colonialism. And I was like, I'm just sort of typing up in Oseus like, I can't go from how wise William is and talk about colonialism. So like it has completely the wrong connotation here.

it goes to the point that you were saying before, William, about imposing your views on other people. I don't know if they're talking about you. You as more like a universal view, which I certainly do from time to time, which I shouldn't. And like, if you look back in history books, even something as terrible as a colonialism, the conqueror typically believed that they were just more civilized and they were just more enlightened and they were spreading whatever kind of thing that they were now spreading and they were actually doing for the greater good with those costs that came with that. And you don't perhaps

see that to the same extent today as you have in the past, but the principle is probably still there where most of us, perhaps all of us, like to think that we are more evolved than others. And in a clumsy attempt to help another person, we tell them how right we are and how wrong they are and how they live how they live their lives and it's probably a very natural thing. And one thing that I also mentioned to William here, this is going to like, I'm going to re-relabel this episode just being called praising William. That's going to be the new title. It'll have three listeners. Right. Right. Because I heard William, I heard you say this thing about this is beneath me.

And I heard you say that you just tell it to sell 500 times a day. Yeah, I was quoting something that Charlie Munger said. What Munger said is it's very helpful at certain times just to say, to look at certain types of behavior and just say, no, this is beneath me. And so it's a different standard, for example, in saying this is legal, right? So there are things that you can do in the investment business, if you're managing people's money that are totally legal, but they're sort of unethical.

I remember Jason's Wyck once on the podcast saying to me that you should have the would I sell this to my mother test? Why would you create a product that was so lousy that was sort of overpriced and was bound to perform badly or mediocrily and sell it to shareholders when you wouldn't want your own mother to own it? And so Munga had this great standard where he would just say that in the military, for example, you could say this is conduct unbecoming of an officer. And so I think that's a lovely idea that instead of saying,

well, the measure of whether this behavior is okay or not is that it's legal, is to say, no, there's certain types of behavior that's actually just beneath me. And so I was really stealing an idea from Charlie. I mean, it's a very practical thing just to say, no, no, this is beneath me. But at the same time, I need to be honest about it. about the fact that I constantly fail to live up to that standard. But it's helpful to know that that's an important guiding principle, even if we fail to live up to it.

Well said, William. And thank you. To me, it's very powerful. I also mentioned I fail this all the time. Whenever I'm a good state of mind, there are a lot of things where I can say, this is beneath me and then I won't do it, but then life happens.

And I don't always think I can take the high road, even though it always makes me feel bad afterwards. I want to transition to the second section here of the episode today. And it's a section about money and happiness. And it's something that we have discussed a few times together, William. And I found a new angle this time, or so I hope. But I was reading the economist the other day, and they were referencing a study done by Matthew Killsworth from University of Pennsylvania.

And it was a study about money and happiness. And I was like, I was speaking with William here soon. We have to talk about this study. And in a way, there was not something new about the study. And then in a way, there was. So there's this more famous study done by Kahneman and Deaton back in 2010. It's very, very, it's cited a gazillion times. And it's about if you make more than $75,000,

extra money doesn't, has no impact on happiness. And of course, you have to take those 75,000 with a grain of salt. First of all, it's in $20,10. So it's closer to 110 today. Kahneman and Eden were also the first to say, look, this is different if you're based in New York, then perhaps in more rural area. But by and large, that was what they found. And what Killingworth found was that aside from a subset of around 20% of the sample size,

aside from them where it didn't make any difference to generate high income, for the remaining 80% that actually did make a difference. And I should say it wasn't because those 20% were already super, super rich. It was because they had other issues, deep-rooted psychological issues, relationship, life challenges. They just money couldn't solve. It was not because they were the richest or because there was the poorest. It was just, that was just it, really. And really what stood out to me, because I went back and actually read the study after it was referenced. referenced in The Economist was that they collected a ton of data. This was all US data. They collected a ton of data and they found that household income up to $500,000 bought you more

happiness. And the same dollar didn't give you the same amount of happiness. You know, it was different if you had $400,000 and if you had $100,000, but more money still made you happier. And I should also say that they only had up to $500,000. So it looked at $400,000. It looked like, if you look at the coefficient in the study, that it's probably a trend that's going to continue. But it's very difficult to, like, survey, you know, Bezos and Musk and, you know, have like 10,000 of them and creative regression based on that. So they had data up to 500,000. It was very, very strong evidence that more money bought, more happiness. And what was also interesting was that they measured it as positive emotions and negative emotions. And the more

money you made, the more positive emotions you had, and also the less negative emotions you had. And the higher up you went, yes, you still got more positive emotions, but it was very much about avoiding negative emotions above a certain threshold. And so, to me, it's just, whenever every time I read something about money and happiness, in itself, it's interesting. And it really made me think about this wonderful quote from Upton Sinclair, where he talks about that it's really, really hard for a man to believe in something whenever he's, whenever he's compensated. depends on not understanding it. And I was like, I kind of didn't want to believe in the study.

I kind of felt it left me sort of like in a negative state of mind because a lot of the things we talk about here on this show is that more money doesn't buy more happiness. And here we are with this study saying money buys happiness. It was a bit like, ugh, I didn't really like that. And I remember whenever I started on this journey a long time ago, and again, the Kahneman started was referenced so many times. like the $110,000 seemed so plausible.

It seemed achievable for so many people, including myself, whereas the $500,000 just seemed a lot harder, probably also for a lot of listeners tuning into this episode here. And so I was like going a bit back and forth on how to best cover this study because I don't really know if this is good news. So I think I want to throw it over to you here, William. How do you look at a study like this? I mean, intuitively, whenever I see something, I don't want to believe it, I'm thinking about

because I know how these papers are being published from having a background in academia. I'm like, the sample size, the collective of the wrong data, like it was massac. I have all kinds of excuses why this can't be true. But do you believe that money buys happiness above a certain cap, whether it's 110,000 or 500,000 or whatever it is? Is it a universal truth even that money buys happiness? And how can we turn this into something positive for our listeners? I'm generally very wary of studies like this.

I share your skepticism. I think they always have an element of truth in them. There's sort of truthiness about them. But when I was writing the epilogue of my book, which is really about this subject of what money can and can't do for you, I really wanted to base it on my own observations of this. sort of very extraordinary subset of people that I've spent much of the last 20, 30 years interviewing, these very, very rich people who hit the jackpot and so fulfilled the fantasy of so many other people.

And I could, because I've had a lot of access to them and I became friends with many of them and I spent a lot of time asking them impertinent questions and I observed their lives, I could really see what the money did do for them, what it didn't do for them, what it didn't do for what was more important. And so my approach is not data-driven. It's much more anecdotal, but it's rooted in a weird degree of access to people who've made enormous amounts of money.

And so I tried to give a kind of nuanced view where I didn't just come in and say, no, no, money doesn't matter. There are all these other things that matter. Part of what I was trying to say is, money does matter. and you can see, but only up to a point, but you could see, for example, from my interviews with someone like Howard Marks, he said, yeah, look, being rich and Howard is a multi-billionist, is way beyond the sort of levels that we're talking about here in this study. But he said, wealth has made me less afraid. He said, there's a degree of freedom and security that's come from having money. And at a lesser level, but also a very successful person, someone like Irving Khan, who I interviewed when he was 108,

probably the last interview that he did before he passed away at the age of 109. He had built this very successful investment career really starting in 1929, I think it was, during the crash of 29, the Great Depression he had started, and he'd been the teaching assistant to Ben Graham at Columbia. And I interviewed his son and grandson, his son Thomas, both of whom worked. with him. And Thomas, his son, said that when his father died, they kind of had to go through his portfolio and his investments. And he said, he basically had, if I remember rightly, something like a 50% cash reserve. And he said, it wasn't optimal. But he said, he was never really trying to

maximize his returns. He wanted to spend his life solving problems by managing money and studying and learning and he wasn't really interested in spending much. He lived massively within his means. The only thing he would spend money on was books, basically. And he much referred to eating hamburgers to going to a really fancy restaurant. And Thomas said to me that there was a great gift to that. He said, if the market goes down, so what? You can still eat hamburger. And he said, it's a really nice thing to be able to say, sure, I'm unhappy, but I'm not on the ledge like, these other people. And so that to me was really important was the sense that money gives you peace of mind to some degree that having a cash reserve, living within your means, not being

overstretched, not having excessive debt or leverage, not having negative cash flow, does do something for you. I remember Tom Gaynor once saying to me, if you're living within your means, you're already rich. So I wrote this paragraph in my book that I'm actually going to quote because it, it not as part of the let's praise William thing, but because I think it's nuanced in my trying to sum up what I'd learned about the security that you get from money, why it does matter. And so I wrote, money can provide an invaluable cushion, a lifeline, a critical defense against uncertainty and misfortune, but it's not enough. We also need the mental fortitude and resilience to weather those storms and rebuilds.

in their wake. For most of us, the quality of our lives depends less on our finances than on inner attributes such as equanimity, acceptance, hope, trust, appreciation, and determined optimism. As John Milton wrote in Paradise Lost, which he dictated after he went blind, the mind is its own place and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven. And I think that gets at a bunch of things, right? Like, money is powerful as this cushion against uncertainty. And I found that in my own life, that as I've made more money and lived within my means, I do think it's quattened a good deal of my anxiety about uncertainty. And even as I say that, I feel a little stab of pain in my lower back, which reminds, you know, sort of my body telling

me that I don't much like uncertainty. And so having savings not living beyond my means is very, very valuable. But you don't need a fortune to do that. You need positive cash flow. And you need, I mean, it's interesting that you don't have a car, for example, right? I mean, or that you live in a condo. And likewise for me, when I bought my new car, probably nine months ago, I bought it with cash. And, you know, it's a Hyundai Tucson. It's not super fancy, but it's kind of nice. And it has all the trappings, you know, really good stereo, Bose stereo with like 12 speakers or whatever, and it's got a nice sunroof that, you know, is the whole roof.

But I literally, I thought I was going to treat it well and stuff, and I literally, I haven't got it washed since I bought it. It's absolutely filthy. And I'm kind of playing this game of chicken where I hope someone in my family will get embarrassed enough to take it to get washed at some point, or there'll be a big enough storm that they'll clean it. So I don't, you know, I don't really care about how elegant it looks,

but I really like the fact that it's got a great stereo. And so some of it, I think, is, you know, for me, it's actually more valuable to have a less expensive car. You know, I don't want to be driving a Ferrari or whatever and be pushing the envelope and have extra stress and have to work for people I don't like because I'm living beyond my means. And so there's a degree of self-awareness, I think we have to have when we look at our finances to say, what's actually important to me? And for me, I feel philosophically like we live in a very, very uncertain world and anything can happen. And, you know, my family and my wife's family both had to flee from different countries at different points of the last century. And I don't, you know, I want to have optionality.

I'm not saying that's going to happen again, but I want to have optionality that comes from having a diversified portfolio, not having much debt. I mean, I have ridiculously little debt, no leverage, and the ability to turn away projects that I don't want to do with people I don't want to work for. And so that's immensely valuable to me. So there are a few things we're getting at here that the money does give you, right? So protection from stress to some degree, some degree of practical protection against uncertainty, some ability to live in an independent way, to live in a way that's aligned with your own. values and priorities and interests. Those things are all really, really valuable as far as I'm concerned. But as that paragraph that I read to you suggests, you can still be living in hell

while having a tremendous amount of money because your mind can make a heaven of hell or a hell of heaven. And so the way that you look at your life, your ability to look at life with a sense of appreciation or trust or hope or determined optimism or your ability to build equanimity and acceptance is going to have a huge impact on your lived experience. So I think this is one of the things that having established in that epilogue, okay, yeah, money does matter. Here's what it gives you. It gives you certain things. Then I'm trying to move beyond that and say, but it only gives you so much because if you don't have control of your inner landscape or if you're not working to tame your inner landscape in some way, you can have as much money as you want and you're still

going to be miserable. And I know people personally who've made enormous amounts of money and been suicidal. And that's very profound. Once you see friends of yours who are immensely successful who, you know, have mansions and beautiful cars and, you know, can always fly first class and and stuff like that, and yet they've been suicidal. That's a very powerful indication to me that even though I want to take care of my external conditions, I want to take care of my finances because it gives me, it gives me an ability to ease up a little to, not that I do, put an ability to sort of take time off when I want to, or at least just read as much as I want to, which is a real gift for me.

even though it's valuable in practical terms to have money, if I don't cultivate some kind of inner equanimity, I'm toast. And so that's been a hugely important pursuit for me, is just to say, let me continue to focus on building happiness, on building equanimity. And I see that very, very vividly again and again

with the people I interview that, They're not protected from the pain of having sick kids, God forbid, or a wife who doesn't love them or who's sick of them or doesn't understand them or who's just mad at them because they spend all of their time working and are just too obsessive about their work. And, you know, physical problems that they have. So for me, this whole area of study has kind of convinced me, yes, I need to take care of my finances and live a certain way. It gives me independence, but I better really focus on this inner landscape. And so one other twist to this that I get from just observing the people who are happiest of the investors that I know, as I mentioned the other day, I had this wonderful conversation with Arnold Vandenberg the other day, who in so many ways embodies what I regard as a really

successful and abundant life. He's 86 years old and he's so joyful and so full of energy. and just learning constantly and constantly wanting to share what he's learning. And so we had this long conversation. We actually spoke twice this week because he's coming to be a guest in a week or so at a session I'm doing with my masterclass where, as you know, I have this group of like 20 people who I meet with once a month. I bet's launch another one.

Sorry, I don't want to sound like I'm advertising this, but feel free to write into us if you want to join. And so Arnold is coming to the last session because it's about the epilogue of the book. And so he arranged to have a kind of pre-interview the other day so that we could talk about what we'll discuss. And then he kind of couldn't help himself and called the day before as well. So we ended up having two conversations, about two hours over two days. And at one point at the end of, I think I counted it was something like an hour and 26 minutes

in. He says to me, and I'll give you an exact quote. He says to me, I appreciate your time because it's always important for me to be able to leave people with something they can use in life. And then he says, you know, if you have any thoughts between now and the time of this class in a week, like don't hesitate to text me or call me or email me. And he says, because I want to do everything I can to be ready. And then he says, thank you so much for your time. And so here's this guy who all he's doing is giving his time to help 20 total. strangers, some of them are money managers, some of them are CEOs, very successful people.

And he's saying it's always important for me to be able to leave people with something they can use in life. And I just thought, there was such an incredibly powerful clue as to what actually makes for a really rich and abundant life that here he is just trying to make life better for other people. And so I think, you know, when I look at this whole question of money and happiness, I'm really struck again and again by the fact that the happiest money managers I know have some purpose beyond their own ego, where they're looking out for other people, lifting up other people, whether it's Monish Pabrai with Daxana, or it's Tom Gaynor with all the philanthropic stuff he does. Or, you know, I had this wonderful email exchange with

with Nick's sleep a while back, where he said to me, you really have to, you know, invert and sort of say, well, what was the money even for? And he said, most people are just so obsessed with making money, but they're not asking, and then what? And the exact quote he gave me in this email that he sent me is he said, what's the real point of generating excess wealth? And he said, to do something for your fellow man. So again and again, you're looking at these people like Donald Vanderberg or Nick Sleep or Tom Gainer and you're like, why are they happier than most of the money managers I know? And I think it's because they're taking what they've learned and what they've achieved and they're using it to share something with other people, whether it's

their money, their wisdom, their time. And I just, I want to pound into myself this lesson from looking at Arnold. It was my birthday a couple of days ago and I was telling my daughter to Madeline about this conversation with Arnold and how he thanked me for the, you know, like he's giving me his time for nothing and he thanks me for my time. And Madeline, my daughter said, so the basic lesson is we should all just be more like Arnold. And I'm like, yeah, kind of. So I don't know, I think as we try to think about how to construct like really happy,

really abundant lives, it's like, don't ignore the financial part. The money matters because it's. going to give you optionality, freedom, a little bit less worry, a little bit more of an ability to live in a way that's true to you. But don't become obsessed by it, don't be controlled by it, and understand that a lot of what it gives you is this ability to share more with others, you know, the freedom to decide how to use your time and whether to use it just for yourself or to lift up other people. And then that other lesson just about making sure that you're doing something that's going to give you greater equanimity and resilience and hopefulness

and optimism and the like. So never to forget the importance of actually having practices that cultivate and nurture your inner landscape. Thank you for sharing your reflections, William. One thing I would like to underline here in defense of Matthew Killingworth, who I've never heard about before and never met. But I also think it's important to think about when we talk about money and happiness, and again, I don't know what a specific threshold is, but the people that William is referring to here

are very, very wealthy people and probably well above that threshold where more money makes you happier. Perhaps there is something to be said about, you know, $200,000, making you happy on $100,000, because it alleviates you from some worries depending on your financial situation. You know, one of the things that's often being highlighted whenever you hear about the most

successful people is that they don't have good relationships. And which I don't have any comments with. I think that's probably very true. And, you know, they say that the world belongs to the discontented. And it's probably sour graves. But I do believe that some of the most successful people like, to have that drive, they have to have something that they're not happy about. Again, it's just sounds kind of, yeah, kind of sounds like sour grapes whenever I say that.

But it is a very small subset of people that we're talking about here, of course. You know, I was thinking about this reason as last night, I was speaking with a good friend. He's based in British Columbia. And, you know, I met this friend on four different continents. And we talked about where we're going to meet next. And we talked about meeting halfway. And apparently if you, if one is based in. Denmark and the other British Columbia, it's Halifax.

And the reason why we wanted to do that was because I could bring my wife and she always, like, she had this fascination with Anne of Green Gables and we want to visit Prince Edward Island and so on and so forth. And we have this sort of like standing arrangement. If I'm on his continent or he's on my continent, we'll always find a way to meet up. And so you don't need to be a multi-billionaire to do that, but it still requires money. It still requires time to do that. And sometimes, at least in my case, some of the kindred spirits in my life are just not nearby.

Some of them just live on different continents. And money does make that a little bit easier, which again doesn't require a billion dollars in being obsessed with work. You know, I very often get asked about money and happiness. And I don't necessarily think I'm very qualified to give advice on either. But one counter question I often ask is, what do you optimize for? Whenever I get asked a question, it could be about money, it could be about happiness. But if they say, you know, I optimize for happiness, which I think it's perfectly legitimate. I would very often say that about, you know, what are you optimized for?

But it's really, really difficult to optimize for this metric called happiness because it's a bit like sleep. At least that's sort of like how I'm looking at it. It's almost like an inactive state of mind. You know, it's not like an active state like running. Like you can't just put on your running shoes and then run. You can't just say one, two, three, sleep. But you can't facilitate your environment. Like, I don't mean, shut the drapes and, you know, be in a quiet room or make sure that you're tired.

Whatever. Like, you can facilitate circumstances for you to go to sleep. And I think you could say. the same thing about happiness. You can't be one, two, three, I'm happy, but you can facilitate different things that everything else equal increases your odds of being happy, which again is different from person to person. Another observation is that the thing that makes you happy doesn't always make you happy while you do them. These studies, and again, I'm referring to studies with this probably flawed and all that good stuff, but whenever you ask parents how happy

they are whenever they spend time with their cats, especially whenever they're very young, they're quite unhappy. But they find it deeply meaningful. And whenever they're looking back at that time, it makes them happy. But while they're doing it, it doesn't seem to be a happy experience. And another angle I also wanted to make sure that I mentioned is that I've often been thinking about why rich people do things they don't need to do for money they don't need. And whenever you hear it spill out like that, I'm sure it sounds pretty stupid, especially if you don't believe in this study about more money makes you happier. And perhaps it's silly, perhaps it's not. If you are the world's best surgeon, you almost certainly have to do things you don't want to do to continue winning.

And so if you don't think about how steady your hands are, how rested you are, how prepared you are before a big operation, you're just not going to win. winning as in being the best surgeon. And so perhaps you would rather go out and celebrate with your friends the night before, but that is just not the recipe for success. And I remember that you referenced this then 83-year-old money manager, and he loved the game of raising capital for a fund. And I remember the first time I heard that, I was like, hey, dude, shouldn't you be out like I don't know playing with your grandkids or great grandkids like why and obviously

this is or not obviously but this is a gentleman who certainly doesn't need the money you know I was like why do you do that but again perhaps that is that is the best version of himself that is what makes him him happy he likes to compete that is his scorecard I don't know I just wanted to tell one one personal anecdote here before I throw it over to you William So I got married to my wonderful wife, Sophie, almost 15 years ago. And the budget we had for that wedding was less than a thousand dollars. I should say that included the gown and also my suit. I didn't own a suit whenever we got married.

And my wife was like, you have to have a suit. Not only to get married then, but also you're going to do job interviews. We were still students at the time. So she's like, you have to apply for jobs and, you know, you sort of like need nice clothes. We got to buy a suit. All of that was for less than $1,000. In included food, we cooked ourselves, including for the chakasva, which was a friend of a friend, so we didn't pay anything.

And I sometimes think back on what if we got married again, like having a bit more money today? And I don't think I would change a thing about that wedding. Like, that was so much the wedding that was perfect for us. And perhaps it's just us who are cheap. I don't know. I've met a lot of people who said that they had this grand wedding. it was the best day of their life, and it was just amazing.

And that's probably right for them. But I want to throw it over to you one more time, William, is such a fascinating topic. Well, I'll just say there are certain things I've spent money on that have been really, really enriching. And this stuff is very idiosyncratic. But I would say the best thing that I've spent money on in the last year or so is, I have this study at home.

where I work most of the time. And I got this really great master craftsman to come in and build floor to ceiling bookshelves. And I have a lot of books, as you can imagine. And there's even like a little nook in there. Like it's sort of on, it's wall-to-wall bookshelves on either side of this armchair that I have. And there's even a nook that he built into the bookshelf at my request where I can put my coffee mug, because, you know, like Balzac, I drink rivers of coffee. And at least for now, until I'm told that I have to stop.

And so that has proved to really surprise me how much my life is better because I'm surrounded by books, which I absolutely love. And my study is now much more orderly, which is really important for me because my mind is kind of messy and all over the place. And so to have this very tidy study that's full of beautiful things, that's full of books, is really helpful. And I say to the left of my armchair, there's just an enormous kind of wall of floor to ceiling books on one set of maybe four shelves that's all kind of cabalistic books.

And then on another shelf to my right, it's pretty much all Tibetan. Buddhist books. And then there's a sort of business and investing site that's not nearly as big. And just the fact that I can sit there and kind of dip into all of these Tibetan Buddhist books, which I spend a lot of time reading, has been really helpful and really clarifying because usually I'm so overwhelmed with books because I buy so many books. I'm also given a lot of books that I can never find what it is that I was reading or wanted to read. And so having a little bit more order in my study and to be surrounded by this thing that I love and that it's beautifully made and that it's bespoke. That's been a great source of joy. It's actually tangibly improve my life.

And it's funny. I was thinking this morning, there's a famous quote from Virginia Woolf where she talks about the importance of having a room of one's own and I think it was 50 pounds a year or something like that or 500 pounds a year, you know, so that you would have the independence to think and write and she was an incredible writer. Books like Mrs. Dalloway are amazing books, novels that she wrote. And so, I don't know, that's, that's been something where actually to create, to create an environment in which I can think and read peacefully has made a tangible difference to my life. And then I would say, I have this habit of just buying any book that I'm vaguely interested in that might be useful at some point. I don't care if I'm going to read it now.

many years from now or not at all, if it sounds like something that could be rich and helpful for me at some point, I'll just buy it and sort of set it aside and have it somewhere there sort of waiting for me. And I don't have any limits on what I spend on books. So yeah, I've been reading a great novel that I've been listening to on Audible lately. And I'm like, I really need to write in the book because there are some profound things. And so then I buy the hard cover, which I haven't yet opened. And so I would say just deciding what kind of spending actually really enriches your life is quite valuable. And so for me to stay in beautiful hotels is something I really like. I'm kind of a hotel snob. I really like a good hotel. I really like

some expensive clothes. I suck of really expensive shirts made in London and things like that that have really high quality and well made. So it's not like I've taken a vow of poverty where I'm like, I'm so evolved and I'm just not going to care about physical objects. But I'm pretty conscious about trying not to spend money on things so that it'll impress other people. I don't want to have a fancy car just so people will think I'm successful. And I'm not knocking people who do. And there are certain people who just love a really beautifully made car and that's totally fine. But I think, you know, giving away books.

also I often buy books for people and sometimes they're quite expensive books. I'm not saying in a self-lortary way. I'm just saying a new often gift books, which is really lovely. So I think part of it is spending money on other people is really pleasurable. And then I recently went to Anguilla with my wife and said a really nice hotel. And I don't really skimp on the size of the room or stuff like that. Like, it's a good experience. And if it's like a couple hundred dollars extra in night, I'll spend the extra money.

And so those are some of the things where I think as money has become less than issue, and it's not like I have total financial freedom and like I'm done. I don't have to worry. But as money has become less than issue since my kids got through college and stuff like that, I like just not having to worry about what I spend on. I mean, I like the feeling of going into, you know, for my book, there the other day. We didn't go to a super expensive restaurant. I didn't really want to go to a super expensive restaurant, but we went to a nice restaurant. And I realized afterwards, I didn't even

look at the bill. I just sort of paid it, which I know is irresponsible. But like, I like not having to worry about it, not having to think about it, not having to count the pennies. And so in some way, it's about having the freedom not to think too much about it. It's not being controlled by it. And it's also about the freedom to give away money at times and not have to worry too much about that. And I think that's a really lovely thing as well. So in a way, and again, I'm not trying to say this in a self-praising way, but one of the most joyful things I did in the last few months was I give quite a lot of speeches. And I tend to get paid a decent amount to give speeches. And I went into a friend's investment firm and gave a speech and agreed with him in advance that he would give

the money to a particular charity that both of us really value. And it's pretty idiosyncratic charity, but it's a cause, but it's something that both of us valued. And I felt such a deep sense of joy at the end of that session together where, you know, so often in my life, I'm thinking, where should I be? What should I be doing? Why am I doing the wrong thing? Am I, you know, there's a sense of sort misalignment or I better be onto the next thing. And why am I wasting my time with this thing? And I felt this total sense of peace and this total sense of like there is nothing more I could have in this moment than this joy of being with this lovely guy whose great investor who I really like who I'm becoming friends with. I've just given my time for free to this cause I like.

And it was such a, I don't know, again, I'm really not trying to say it in a self-praising kind of way, but it was a real sign that often the thing we're looking for that makes us happy. is not the big score financially. It's like a sense of contribution, a sense of friendship, the relationship, sharing knowledge, sharing wisdom, sharing our time. And so I think it's just about, and you know, that doesn't mean I'm going to speak for free a great deal. But the ability, the freedom to make that decision over when to give your time

or your money or your energy away is a really wonderful thing. And I think when it came more from a sort of flight or flight kind of mindset, when I really was like, oh, my God, my industry, journalism is collapsing. And what if I can't make money? And what if I can't support my kids? God, you know, what would I do? That was a horrible place to come from. And so I think so much of working hard and saving and living within your means is about getting yourself the peace of mind and latitude. so that you can relax a little bit, relax that tension, and share your money, help other people,

not have to spend all of your time working, not have to count every penny. And so a friend of my Matt Labman who I'll have on the podcast at one point talks about this whole process of ease up, of being successful enough, taking care of your finances enough so that you can ease up so there's more spaciousness in your life. And I'm not a huge distance completed in that journey in that process. But that's a big part of what I'm trying to do is to create more spaciousness. And so I have time to go meditate. I have time to go on a retreat. I have time to go on vacation with my wife. And I still work too hard and the like. But having that spaciousness to buy things that you want, but without the flash, without, without it being like, oh, look at me and it's all

about ego. And I'm not knocking people who are driven by that stuff, but that becomes less important, I think. So I hope that at least is a discussion that prompts people who are listening to think about how they can spend their money in a way that really enriches their life and what it, what it is their saving for and why it is worth working hard and living within your means and why it's worth compounding. Is that helpful at all? Does that resonate with you at all stick? I definitely think it resonates. And I can just say you're very kind here the other day and sent me a photo of your library. It's so beautiful. Like it just, it's almost, it calmed me down. Just look at the photo. And of course, it was like, it was you sitting among all of those books,

but with a cup of coffee. It was just like that, that was just so wonderful. It really just, it just really made my day. It's, it was hard not to smile. I want to get. I want to get. to a point where I have a desk that's full of lots of different post-its that I once in a while take out that used to be on my wall that I would look out more regularly before it got painted. And there was one that just said, just this. And it's a reminder just to be in that moment and to be fully present and fully awake in that moment. And there are times where I'm in my study where I'm a little bit less.

stressed and a little more relaxed. I'm reading and I got a cup of coffee and I'm surrounded by books. I'm like, just this. This is everything I want. I don't, you know, maybe my dog comes and sits on my lap and I don't know that feeling. And it's not just about resting and being like, I'm done with my work and so I just need spare time so I can just read or whatever. It's like, it's that feeling of I have everything I need already to be happy.

and even though I'm trying to build more and compound and share more and all of that, like just the sense of being complete and abundant in that moment is so precious. And I don't feel that often because I think when you feel anxious and stressed, it's tipping you into the next moment, into the future. So you're always grasping something more. You never feel fully complete. And so it's difficult because to achieve stuff and get to a point where you have total financial security and independence and freedom, you need to work pretty hard and be pretty intense

often, which makes it difficult to be fully present. And so you need both capabilities. You need to be moving. And at the same time, you need to be able to find peace and freedom. And so in a way, that's become a much greater part. of what I emphasize these days. And so having a room of my own that I love that has a beautiful carpet and a beautiful desk

that I inherited from my great Aunt Lilla that is kind of cracked and rickety, but full of character and having pictures by an old friend of mine, Carl, who died, but who is a great artist, you know, next to my desk. And I have a picture of Mount Fuji that my son Henry sold to me that he painted and a picture of a wolf and a boy that my daughter painted that is on my bookshop.

And so to be surrounded by physical objects that you love and to have that kind of peace and clarity in there and that sense of order and to be surrounded by books in the sense there's so much wisdom in these books, there's something kind of sacred and holy and very grounding about that. And so that's something that spending can give you. But it's not about the external stuff, the flash. It's more that internal sense of, oh, this makes me feel more grounded and more at peace. Let's take a quick break and hear from today's sponsors.

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slash income. This is a paid advertisement. All right. Back to the show. Wonderful. Thank you for sharing William. And just as the last point I have before you transition to the book section of the episode, I just wanted to say that another wonderful thing that money can buy.

but also where there's a cap is that I'll be seeing you in London here in a few weeks. So it certainly doesn't require millions and millions of dollars to make that trip, but time and money can sometimes be helpful in terms of hanging out with some wonderful people. And so, yeah, thank you for taking the time to cross the pond. Yeah, and again, that's the masterclass group that's just finishing, and they're coming to London. And, you know, my friend Manich who's in the group has organized this amazing weekend for everyone and has taken it upon himself to take everyone out for dinner one night. To be able to afford to take everyone out for dinner and to be that generous and to spend the time organizing it.

Like that's an incredible. Manish is a very evolved guy. And so I think that's the other thing is realizing that the friendship and the company hanging out with people you like. is itself a really powerful form of abundance. And so, you know, it's not the amount of money in your bank account that really is the key. You know, it's not like who dies with the most wins. It's the, you know, the fact that he's using his time and success to create a beautiful experience for other people and the people are flying from, you know, around the world

to come meet us in London and you're coming. That's a really wonderful thing. So I think all of this is pointing us towards stuff that we already kind of know about the power of experiences, the power of friendship, the power of relationships, the power of being with friends along the path. And yeah, it's helpful to observe this stuff and ask yourself, when was I happiest? Like to notice these moments where, you know, at your wedding, it wasn't the fact that it was flashy and had amazing champagne or whatever all that Sophie was wearing like a $10,000

ball gown or whatever that made the difference. And I had the same thing with my kids bimitzvahs. I think I spent less than $1,000 on each of their bimitsas. But they were very powerful for me. I spent much of the time crying because it was like such an emotional thing to see your kid at 12 in the case of a girl, 13 in the case of a boy, just sort of being celebrated by community and having people sing and having people give them blessings and it's just really lovely. And so, you know, and yet there is a time to go to a really unbelievably expensive restaurant and and pay a lot for for a great meal. So I'm not trying to be sanctimonious about this stuff, but it's like my birthday dinner the other day was beautiful, not because it was at an amazing

expensive restaurant, but because my kids came and my wife came. Wonderful. William, I wanted to transition into the last section here of this episode and talking about books that has made us richer, wiser, and happier over the past quarter. And many people that I meet, they would say that they want to read more books but struggle to find time. And I know this is going to sound absolutely ridiculous, but I sometimes feel I have the opposite problem. I feel like sometimes reading too many books. I don't know if that's a thing, but I felt for the longest time or at least for some time that I probably read too many books. So I tried something over the past quarter just to test myself. And that was to restrain myself from reading books. And I wanted to share some of my

idiosocratic findings from that. No, I have this weird thing and I don't, this is going to just sound terrible. So take it for what it is. But no, if I have eight unread books on my table, like I've already planned the next five reading sessions and calculated how many pages per minute I'm going to read the next five times. And I know that's not. Not necessarily how you do it, William. Like, to me, it's more like, it's like, it's like breathing. I can't like, I don't, it doesn't require energy for me to do that. It's just the way that I'm, that I'm wired.

And so I think for me not to buy books and have them, you know, unread in my condo. It's a bit like not having candy in the house for some people. Or, I don't know, go keto or vegan. You know, it's sort of like a way for me to discipline myself. And I really wanted to see what would happen if I didn't have any unread, unread books on myself. And especially also whenever I made the decision, we were sort of like entering earnings season, which is always a lot of fun.

It just tells everyone how big of a geek I am. But it's sort of like what it is, because to me at least, there's something magical about like reading a 10K or 10Q, you know, the minute after they're published. I know that's not the way you should act. It's just so much fun. It's like day after day, someone's going to give you a Christmas present. You're just unwrapping it. I mean, what can be more fun than reading financial reports?

And so over the past quarter, I've read significant a few of books, but my effective reading time has still stayed the same, which was also the intention. Then I want to see what would have? Like, what would I start reading if I allocate the same number of hours every day to reading, but not read new books? And one of the things is that you do more rereading, which is just at least in my case, I found it very often to be better reading for the like a better word. So sometimes I would, we have different books yelts around in the house and then, or in the condo,

and then I would stand in front of it. And sometimes, you know, some books would call to me more than, more than others. And so that's just a lot of fun to do that. And so I sort of like want to go against my natural tendency to sort of like devour books, like from A to C. Like, we have this wonderful conversation. It was one of the first conversation we had, William, that we recorded. And it was about your superhuman.

at least in my eyes, your super human skill to put a book down if you didn't like it, which to me was just really, really difficult. And so one thing I've learned has been to stop reading books you don't like, and that's difficult. What's even more important is what I call the walking debts. And so this is a term I borrowed from Silicon Valley. So you have these VC funding companies that are doing exceptionally well, and then it's very easy to know that that is what you should hold on to.

And then there were some terrible companies that go bankrupt, and it's also easy to relate to that because they're bankrupt. But then you sort of like have the businesses in between, which is referred to as walking dads. So they might be spinning off a little bit of money, but it really takes a lot of your resources. Like you should really be focusing on the great companies. And that's sort of like how I feel about a lot of the books that I read. Like the books are walking debts.

Like I can't just put them down and be like, this is just terrible. but at the same time, they're not amazing books. And so one of the things I've been working on for the past quarter has been, how do I let go of the walking dads? And so over the past quarter, I, for example, started reading Tall Star is One Piece. And I know this is like, I'm not supposed to say this, but to me, that was kind of like a walking dad. So there's this epic, 1,200-page novel from 1867 that everyone praises.

And it was quite an accomplishment. I know the rest of the world doesn't care, but for me, it was quite an accomplishment for me to stop reading it. That is so much harder than completing it or, you know, not reading after the first page. Like actually, start reading it seriously and then stop. That's really tricky. And so I did find time, though, to read a few books because I can't help myself. I wanted to highlight Delius' book, how countries go broke. And ironically, I want to say of the four major books that he has written is probably the least good book of the four. It was still so good that I read it three times the first month, which actually is not a lot compared to the other books.

But to me, they're just amazing. And even if you're not interested in macro, but just more interested in the personal finance and achieving financial independence, which is no, it's something that would reason with a lot of the listeners, I think you can still apply the same principles and avoid the same pitfalls. You know, after all countries are the aggregates of the citizens. If you are thinking, okay, so if that is the least good book out of the four major works, what's the best one, the changing world order. And I'm shamelessly going to say, William's very first episode here on We Study Billioness, that was that very book with Dalio.

So I'm just seemingly going to mention that. That was a scary interview. There was a moment where I was trying to remember to put the microphone in the right place and hit the button or something. And Ray Dalio said something like, well, you've done this a lot before. and I didn't have the heart to say, no, this is my first, I mean, I've been interviewing people for 30, 70 years, but I didn't have the heart to say, no, this is the first podcast episode I've ever done, and I have no idea what I'm doing.

And so I always think of Tim Ferriss saying that you should start by interviewing friends, so there's no, there's no pressure at all. It's like, I started, I think, with Ray Dalio, Tony Robbins, Howard Marks, Jill Greenblatt. It's like, oh, Bill Miller, it was like, it was very, very strong. I was full. Yeah. I actually, I don't know if I told you with this before, William. Actually, what's the first part of that episode?

What was pre-recorded before he went live? I could see that. And I completely resonated with that. I'm not a very technical person. And I remember, like, the first probably year, at least, whenever I started the podcast. And I had friends and family asking me, oh, so are you nervous whenever you're going to interview this? I was like, yes.

But it's because I'm nervous about the tech not working. It's not about speaking with the person. I'm so bad with tech. And so I could sense that with you. There's a different kind of anxiety about I'm doing an interview, but then also like, I don't really know what's going to happen whenever you press record.

And I know to a lot of people it seems like the easiest thing ever. Like, to me, like, I was using a piece of equipment for a year before I realized it didn't work. Like, that's how bad I am with tech. I get stressed about this stuff. So anyway, other books that you were reading beyond Dahlia. Is there anything else that's had a profound impact on you?

You know, I think I would very often read books about personal growth in whatever kind of direction that would take me. But I think what I would highlight here is another format that I tried, which was something I, yeah, so I should probably explain what the format was. So I made a good friend in the mastermind community. And so we again, we tried a format where we were just. just send each other 10 to 15 minutes voice messages about how to have a rich, a wiser, and happier life. And that was fun. We probably did that for a few weeks. And it basically

just started with him, like, sending me a WhatsApp message saying, what's going on? It's like 10 seconds, something like that. And then, of course, I can't just respond in 10 seconds. I probably responded like 15 minutes or whatever because he was like, what's going on. It could help myself telling you what's going on. It was really an interesting way of having a conversation. And I don't know if that's just the way that I'm wired and the way he was wired. I don't know. But like the idea of talking about small things, but also some big things, and then reflect on that, have a day to reflect on it and then go for a walk, still reflect on and perhaps listen to the voice messages again and then send another. I never thought about communication that way, but it was actually quite interesting.

Like, I absolutely love the conversations that we have. William, I think it's very powerful. Like, we were typically on a day like this, we were taught for three hours. And that would be very difficult to do every day. And it has its own dynamic to it whenever you have a conversation for three hours. And then we have a very different dynamic if you're meeting up with someone for coffee and you meet twice a year. I have a very different dynamic with, you know, someone you would see perhaps someone you're sharing your office with, which is every day. But then it's not as formal.

And it's like, so it's a, it was a very different dynamic. It was a lot of fun. And so another thing I've been thinking about is this idea of whether it's a good thing or a bad thing that you speak with people who are similar to you. And I've heard some very, very smart people tell me that it's, diversity is good and it's very good if you are look at things very differently. And in many ways, I would say, William, that you and I are very different. That is why one of the things are so enriching in the conversations. And then perhaps we are in their own echo chamber, because I was thinking very much about that. I was speaking to my friend with this date where we're like, oh, we're so similar and also,

but oh, we're so different. So if we met the man on the street and we were like, look, we're William and Stick, look how different we are, they would be like, so you're doing this pilgrimage to Omaha of all places and you're interpreting something that Munger said 30 years ago, slightly different, but the rest you really agree with. You're so similar, you and William, and of course, you and I, you know, everyone likes to be unique and we like to think we're very, very different. And so one reflection is this idea that if you read the same books, even if you interpret

them very differently, perhaps you have more in common with them than more than meets the eye. are somewhat of the same acre chamber. Another reflection is, as you read a lot of books and have this back and forth with friends, I'm sometimes amazed by what was political correct whenever I was growing up, we'd get you canceled today. That's sort of like another thread I probably shouldn't pull too much on. But going back to this idea of the universal truth just before I throw it over to you, William,

I have this, I sometimes have this idea whenever it comes to reading that the long as something has survived, the more validity it may have. And I also think it's completely flawed to think that way, which we might talk about later, but I think there was a very interesting way, sort of like the Lindia effect, you know, where it's like, if this technology has existed for a long time, the wheel, it's probably going to exist for a long time still. You know, think about a post on social media, boom, it's gone. There's a reason for that.

But then even something like that's very, you know, in the man, right, like the Stoics, you know, that's lasted for so many years, there's definitely been times where it was seen as downright immoral for hundreds of years. Yeah, let me, there was a lot of different thoughts going into that. There was very unstructured, but William, I wanted to sort of like hear your reflections and also throw to you and hear what has made you rich, wise, and happier, and what can be cloned by our listeners whenever it comes to your reading. Yeah, as you would expect, my reading habits are totally different to yours, which gets back to this idea that this isn't a one-size-fits-all thing. It's about finding a way to live, spend your money, spend your time, read whatever, in a way that's true to who you are. And so I just, I read in a very unstructured way. Like you, I read constantly, but I read whatever comes to hand. I'll literally grab,

things, I'll grab different things from that bookshelf to my right with all of the Tibetan Buddhist stuff almost every morning. I'll just sit down and start reading. I start reading in the middle. I don't start reading in the beginning of the book often. I'm usually rereading books, and so they're heavily marked up, and I often go back and read. I'll see that there's a particularly marked up chapter, and I'll go back and read it over again and mark it up even more. I'm often reading backwards. I find myself weirdly, I'll start a book like far to the right. And then I'll sort of be like, oh, this is an interesting chapter. Let me go backwards. And so I'm reading in this very disorderly way, but constantly. And partly, it's very nonlinear. But partly I have this weird,

maybe slightly irrational, mystical view that the universe is kind of speaking to you in some way all of the time. And so I'm perfectly happy to kind of of tap in wherever I'm being called to tap in and to follow my intuition and randomness and just dip in wherever wherever I'm drawn. And so I've always liked this. When I was a kid at Eaton in England, I would go to Windsor, near Windsor Costell. I would go to Tower Records or HMV. Yeah, I guess it was HMV in those days.

and I would buy albums kind of randomly. I would be like, oh, so I've heard of this guy Louis Armstrong. So I'll buy him. And then I'd be like, I wonder who else is good on trumpet? And I'd buy Dizzy Gillespie. And then I'd be like, oh, so Charlie Parker played with Dizzy Glemsby. I'll buy Charlie Parker. And that was sort of how I discovered things like Bob Dylan and Bob Marley.

And when I was, you know, 13, 14 years old, just going in and buying stuff kind of randomly. And so I like that wild goose chase. I mean, I, you know, I read all these obscure books. I've been spending a lot of time reading about Tibetan Buddhism, partly because this whole idea of gaining control over your inner landscape is so important. And I think in some ways Tibetan Buddhism is the science of mind, right? They sat around in caves for many years studying the mind,

and they figured out certain things about how the mind works. and so it's very helpful as I'm trying to get control over my wayward thoughts and emotions, or not control, but figure out how to deal with them and how to live and how to be happy and how to have equanimity. It's very helpful to go in and draw on all of that old wisdom. And so I would go in and I'd read, I found some really obscure book about the teachings from the 1990s that Sokney Rinpoche, who was a guest on the podcast, gave. It was an amazing, amazing Tibetan Buddhist master. And then I would see in the footnotes that the guy who had been a translator for Sokney in the 90s had also translated all of these other books. And one of them was called

Way of the Realized Old Dogs. And I just looked at that. And so it's obviously about like old master, you know, meditation masters who became fully realized. But I love the fact that it's way of the realized old dogs. So I put it entirely based on the title and then read it one night on my Kindle and, you know, it's not a long book from start to finish. And I'm not saying this to recommend any of these particular books, which are pretty obscure, but actually to recommend this process of the wild goose chase of actually, you know, I think for very productive, successful people, there's been such an obsession with using, your time productively and being linear and being directed and making sure you're taking notes

in the most constructive way and are you really digesting stuff? And I, in a way, I'm taking the absolute opposite approach. And I'm like, no, let me tumble down this rabbit hole and just see what's there for me. And so I don't know. So I'm reading a lot of books by Sognarimpeche's father, who is called Tuku Urgi and Rimpersh, who is a great master. Then there are these ancient books where they would be writing commentaries on books like the way of the bodhisattva, so I'd go back and I would read parts of that. And I have that on audio book as well. And then I would go back, there's a famous book by a guy called Patril Rimpashe,

called Words of My Perfect Teacher, which I'm studying with a group at the moment, with a great teacher sort of explaining it to us. And so in some ways, I'm kind of trying to surround this subject and figure out how on earth am I going to get some degree of control, if that's even the right word, which it's not over this crazy mind of mine? And what have these people over 2,600 years, figured out about how to gain control of the mind and where does meditation fit into it? And where does having a great teacher fit into it? You know, what does having a great teacher do to help you because I think a great teacher can transmit certain lessons to you, almost by their

presence, not just, you know, you see how they behave, you know, being, being on that call with Arnold Vandenberg the other day and just seeing his excitement and enthusiasm and sharing his ideas and his time so selflessly, that transmits some lesson to me that just reading about someone wouldn't help me to learn. And so I'm just kind of surrounding these subjects and just in this slightly erratic but slightly overwhelming way, just trying to figure out how I'm going to tame my mind. And I don't know. It's very helpful to me. And then at the same time, I'm still reading quite a lot of fiction. So in the last few months, one of my two or three favorite writers is Isaac Bersheva Singer, who's the only person who ever won a Nobel Prize while writing in Yiddish.

and he came from a similar background to my family's background where they fled from Poland and places like that. And there's a novel of his that I'm listening to On Audible, that then I also bought the hardcover of, which is called Shadows on the Hudson, which is about basically a group of people in New York Jews who had fled from during and after the Holocaust, and their lives have all kind of been damaged in different ways.

Some of them have lost their wives and kids in Auschwitz or elsewhere. Some of them see no reason for living at all. And are just sort of waiting to die. Some of them are charging around sleeping with as many people as possible. Some of them are incredibly spiritual, despite the fact that they've just been through this absolute trauma. And so reading that is just really helpful to me on so many fronts, because it's, with fiction, you're always getting into other people's minds.

You're always expanding your empathy and learning about other people's points of view. And so for me to think of all of these people who've been through the greatest trauma in many ways of the last century, I mean, I, you know, look, it depends. But obviously World War II, there were, there were just, you know, such a catastrophic period. and they're dealing, they're thinking in all of these different ways about how to find meaning in their lives and what religion means to them, whether they believe in God or not, how to behave, whether to give themselves up to physical pleasures because that's all that exists, whether to get remarried, trying to communicate with their dead relatives through mediums

and in seances and the like, you know, and so they all have like different ways of dealing with it. And I think in some ways it, it connects to what we were discussing way back in the, in, you know, when we were talking about Montania is to be aware that our way of living and our way of thinking and our way of finding meaning is not, is not the only one and it's not necessarily any more valid than anyone else is. And we're all just kind of groping our way through the fog trying to figure out how to live. I think that's one reason why I so loved that book about Montana that Sarah Baker called it,

How to Live. And I kind of feel like both with my book and with my podcast, really that's the question, is how to live. That's how I think of it in my own mind. And so when I'm interviewing great investors, I'm trying to figure out, how do you live? How do you deal with risk? How do you deal with uncertainty? How do you deal with the fact that nothing is knowable? How do you deal with the fact you have limited knowledge. How do you deal with your setbacks? How do you deal with your disappointments? And likewise, when I'm reading fiction, I'm trying to figure out, how do people live? How did they? And I like the fact that someone like Isaac Pacheva Singer is able to express views that he doesn't believe in by writing from the perspective of other people in his novel. I also really love a novel of his called The

Slave, which I reread a month or so ago, an amazing novel. And so, I don't know. It's a lot of It's all part of the same quest, which is to figure out how to live. That's why I'm interviewing people. That's why I'm reading. That's why we're chatting about this stuff. And it's a beautiful unfolding journey. At times it's really painful, but it's really helpful that we have friends like you to discuss this with. We have great teachers who are further along the path than us who point out certain things.

There are people like Arnold who embody certain qualities. And so it's all just part of that same exploration. And I think part of the, you know, sometimes it probably sounds like self-indulgent for us to have these conversations and, or maybe it sounds like we think we actually know something when we really don't. But I think part of it is to have an honest inquiry into what we're learning and studying and to try to share that with other people because some of it might help them. I think that's a really, that's a really valid thing.

And so I've become much clearer over the last few years that that's, that's, that's, to some extent why I'm here is to read stuff, study stuff, listen to stuff, try to figure out what it means, study people's lives and see what works and doesn't work and why, as Charlie would say. And then try to pass that on to other people, not because I know, but because it's the most helpful stuff that I've studied that helps me get through the day. And it's kind of wonderful that you can go back and you can read about this guy Montania in the 1500s who figured out the same thing about how unreliable our perceptions are and our beliefs are and our customs and habits are that then helped Bill Miller make a fortune because he could also look at Amazon and Bitcoin

and the like and say, well, people don't understand them either. And they just apply their own their own filters and lenses. So we're just kind of on this ongoing exploration to figure out how to live. I can't think of a better way to end this episode. And yet, I can't help but ask you one more question. Otherwise, I'll be, if you drive me crazy the next few weeks before we meet up in person. William, whenever you say that you meet some teachers there are further along the path than you are. And I hope this doesn't come across as saying we can't learn something from other people. Or that's not my intention at all because I'm afraid it's going to sound like that. But whenever you def, oh, it's terrible, because I'm going to ask about definition, which is what

I shouldn't be doing. But like, why is it, I guess that's my question. Why is it you think that they're more further along the path than you are? Is that because you want to get where they are because they ask different questions? And I'm sure that there will be some other listeners who would then look at the people I don't necessarily think that you would name them. But it's like, no, that is not a teacher for them, but it's clearly a teacher for you. So it's more to make it clonable for our audience when, you know, there's this beautiful saying when the student is ready, the master appears. But I also think we have different masters because we want to achieve different things,

not because it's universal truth, but because we're different people with different values and want to achieve different things on whatever kind of level. you want to talk about. So I'm kind of curious to you how you think about that. Yeah. I don't, I don't try to idealize every teacher and assume that this person embodies everything and is a perfect person because I think often it's helpful to look at someone who embodies certain characteristics that you want to clone. So at Charlie Munga, you want to clone his incredible integrity and his extraordinary rationality and his way of thinking in an unbiased way. and many other qualities,

but you wouldn't want to clone everything. But then there are, you know, so I think whenever you're trying to study with someone, you don't want to fall into the trap of thinking, oh, this person is perfect and they've overcome all of their capacity for self-delusion or lust or impurity or greed or whatever it is, right? Like we're all human and we all mess up. But I think there are certain people I've encountered who you just smell that they're like really,

really evolved in certain ways and that there are things they embody that they can teach you that are really beautiful. And so when I look at someone like Sokneur and Pichet, who, again, people can see on the podcast, I think he's very, very free and very joyful and very low ego. And I have a friend who's his translator. And so, you know, I'll often talk to Adam, Kane, who you'll see translating like one word on that podcast because Sokney speaks beautiful English. But, you know, I'll hear from Adam what it's actually like to hang out with Sokney a lot of the time.

And so I think there are qualities of Sokneers that are really, really deeply worth cloning that are built to be totally free and without ego and funny, lighthearted and yet constantly sharing insights and to be, so when you, when you see someone who's kind of free in that way, free spirited, lighthearted and has tremendous equanimity, if that's something that you yearn for, that feels very powerful to me. That makes me so long to be more like that. I feel that, I feel that often with Dan Goldman, who's also been a, I guess on the podcast, a very remarkable person. And I, and, you know, I have this amazing Tibetan Buddhist teacher as well. I, you know, there's some, there's some, there's some constraints where people sort of say,

oh, it's not appropriate to say someone's your teacher because it can be sort of conceited. But I, I've been studying with this incredible woman, Candela, who has a website, canderling, it's K-A-H-A-N-R-O-L-I-N-G.com. And she's an extraordinary teacher. And when you see someone like, that who is so free and so compassionate and kind. And all she's doing is trying to help other people and lift other people out of their suffering. That's a very life-changing thing.

And I feel the same when I see someone like Arnold Vandenberg, just the kindness and the desire to help other people. And so I think if you can find a few people in your life, maybe it's a grandmother, maybe it's a mother, It can be one of your kids, whatever, who really embodies certain qualities to look at that and think, you know, how do I close the gap between me and them? And there may be areas where we're much more developed than, you know, someone else. I mean, someone might be really naive about like how to make money and have an impact in the world by making lots of money and sharing it, you know, and creating systems. And, you know, so it depends as you were.

same for what you're optimizing for. But for me, when I see people like this who embodies certain characteristics, it creates a kind of yearning, a deep yearning. And also a sense of gratitude. I mean, sometimes I was reading one of Sokney's books a few weeks ago. And my wife said to me afterwards, she's like, do you have some kind of allergy? Like, why, you know, your eyes are so watery. And I realized it really like choked me up because I just realized these people have such unbelievably beautiful wisdom that they've figured out. And it's all there and they're just sharing it with you. And it's like there's something deeply moving about realizing that there are these teachers out there who I think, I think of in many ways kind of overcome their own ego and are

just there to serve others. When you see that, when you see that generosity, the kindness, and you realize just what it means, what they've done. It's very humbling and very moving. And so I don't know. So I'm not trying to idealize these people. And at the same time, I really have profound gratitude. And I think for all of us, it's helpful to find a few people who can do that for you. And as Charlie would say, you can do it by hanging out with the eminent dead.

you can do it by reading about Franklin or Darwin or Einstein or whoever it is that inspires you. But it's all there. And I feel like there's a kind of continuum here. There's this process where certain people have figured out something over the last few thousand years, whether it's a Marcus Orurelius or an Epitetus or a Seneca or a Seneca or a Santaca or Montaena or Jesus or Buddha or whoever it is. And they've kind of planted flags along the mountain or along the path. kind of saying here, come here, this is going to help you. And if this stuff speaks to you, you'd be crazy not to say, oh, they already figured this out. Let me study what they figured out.

And that's the case with Warren and Charlie. It's the case with Arnold. It's the case with very spiritual teachers. And we just want to have our eyes and ears open so that when they're pointing the way and saying, don't go that way, dude. because that's going to lead to misery. You listen. And when they say, no, no, follow this way. You're like, okay, they already figured this out. I don't need, I don't need to solve this problem myself

because they already figured out the answer. Is that helpful at all? I think that's absolutely wonderful. Thank you. Yes, we want to clone what we want to clone, if I can sum it up. Not everything, what's important to you. Thank you.

William. I don't know how to end the episode other than saying thank you for your time, William. It's absolutely amazing. I look forward to meeting you again here soon. It is one thing to have this wonderful call. This is another thing to give you a hug and be like, great to see you again, William. So looking forward to that and for the listeners, I look forward to recording an episode with William again coming out next quarter. Thank you so much, Sig.

And thank you to everyone for listening to us. I sometimes feel like we're overly self-indulgent, and I know this isn't overly self-referential, and I know this isn't for everyone. And then sometimes someone will come up to me and say, actually, those are my favorite episodes. And so it doesn't have to be for absolutely everyone. But I think these questions that we're grappling with, the questions that a lot of our listeners are grappling with.

And so I'm really grateful to people for coming along on this journey with us. So thank you. Yeah. And it's interesting you say that because I hear the same thing. And I kind of like feel bad the same way as you. I kind of like feel we sometimes. or I talk too much about myself, not you, William. But those are very often the episodes that people relate to.

I don't necessarily think they relate to the answers as much, but I think they relate to the questions and the thought process. And they find their own answers, what is right for them. And that's beautiful. That is what we want to achieve. So, yeah, thank you, everyone, for tuning in. And William, as always, great seeing you again. Great to see you.

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