What A Day - The Origins of America's Toxic Obsession With Lawns
Episode Date: June 29, 2024Why is America so obsessed with lawns and order? Max and Erin get into the weeds of how the founding fathers made cultivating grass an American pastime, why our lawn mania is a creation of corporate m...arketing, and how it all feeds class anxiety. Why is it so bad for our environment? Does milkweed bring all the bees to the yard? And how much do lawns and instagram face have in common? Listen to this week’s How We Got Here to find out.  SOURCESThe History of the American LawnThe rise and fall of the American lawn, at least in California - The Washington PostUSDA ERS - WheatGrass takes up 2% of the land in the continental USThey Fought the Lawn. And the Lawn’s Done. - The New York TimesThe History of the American LawnClimate Victory Gardening: How Does It Work? | Green AmericaWhere Lawns Are Outlawed (and Dug Up, and Carted Away)Lawn wars consume America's neighborhoodsLawn ConversionKeeping your lawn cleaner and greener; new law limits fertilizer use - pennlive.comWhy stop mowing your lawn and what happens when you go no-mow - Washington PostA Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer – Mother JonesGrand Prairie Man Served Jail Time For Too Tall Grass - CBS TexasSingle Mother 'Arrested for Grass' After Not MowingSheep Graze on the White House Lawn
Transcript
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Hey everyone, Max here. We recorded this episode in May, back before Erin went on maternity leave.
That's why she's suddenly back in your feed.
But get ready to hear her thoughts on a topic that has gotten very timely with the heat dome smothering the East Coast.
It's the grass lawns wilting and yellowing across America. Enjoy.
Max, did you grow up with a lawn dad?
Oh, you mean a dad who treated his lawn like his child, meticulously feeding, trimming, and tending to it with a care that he showed nothing else in his life, even his own
children? Yeah. No, I wouldn't know anything about that. Even if you didn't, or you're in some kind
of denial that's playing out live for our listeners, a lot of people grew up with lawn dads.
Drive through just about any town in America, and you'll pass a series of houses fronted by lush green carpets of grass, the pride and joy of whoever lives there.
But also, cue the Debbie Downer music, an environmental catastrophe that is bad for just about everybody.
I can always count on you to have an until take about beloved traditions, Erin.
It's what I'm here for.
I'm Max Fisher. I'm Erin Ryan. And this is How We Got Here, the show that goes beyond the week's headlines to ask one big question and then tells a story that answers that question.
This week, can America really kick its law and addiction?
Max, to answer that question, I want to start by telling a story of a modern-day David and Goliath.
Who doesn't love the triumph of an underdog? Jeff and Janet Crouch were a normal American couple
who had lived in a well-loved house in a cul-de-sac in Columbia, Maryland.
Oh, I love it when the hero starts out as like a normie.
That's great.
After they bought their place in the late 1990s,
the Crouches stopped using pesticides and fertilizers,
both of which are necessary in most places to give lawns that green carpet-y look.
And in place of the grass, the Crouches grew native flowers and plants.
Like what?
Stuff like milkweed, sunflowers, blue fescue, esters, things that local pollinators love.
Do you know what that meant, Max?
Their milkweed brought all the bees to the yard?
Yes, but it also meant that their yard didn't look like their neighbor's yards. And one particular neighbor got pretty pissed off and started writing letters to the Goliath in our story, the Homeowners Association.
Oh, the dreaded HOA, the closest most people in this country will ever get to dealing directly with the mafia.
After years of this disgruntled neighbor filling their inbox with complaints, I guess a native pollinator garden is the kind of thing that would make a busybody neighbor worry about their own property values.
That's right. So the HOA was like, grass or it's your ass. And the Crouches were like, no.
Oh, they just refused? Not only did they
refuse, they fought their HOA in court. And in 2017, they won. Oh, take that grass. But not only
did they win, they won so hard that they inspired state officials to base a new law on their case.
And as of 2021, thanks to the Crouches in Maryland, it's illegal for homeowners associations
to punish homeowners who replace their lawns with eco-friendly native plants.
Wow. Okay. Well, not trying to poo-poo any environmental win here, but I mean, how harmful could growing a patch of grass outside your house really be?
I mean, yeah, I get that people use fertilizers and pesticides in their lawns, which isn't ideal, but a big grass lawn is such a nice thing to have. It's as American as the seventh inning stretch,
salads with cool whip as an ingredient. Or some would say as American as Manifest Destiny,
or that time that Lake Erie caught on fire. Okay, okay. But in order to understand our
addiction to lawns, we should understand just how deeply rooted the tradition is.
Unlike turf grass, which is not deeply rooted at all, another reason it's a bad plant.
Okay, using my metaphor against me, point Aaron. The lawn tradition actually goes back to some of
the founding fathers. The father of the American lawn, or the lawn father, if you will, might
arguably be Thomas Jefferson. He was a passionate horticulturalist, of course,
had his estate landscaped with the gardens he'd seen in Europe.
Wide expanses of grass between ornamental elements like shrubs and flowers.
Looked nice.
Right, but it was also a flex.
Taking perfectly arable land and growing grass on it instead of, say, food
was a way to show off to your neighbors that you had so many resources
that you didn't even care if some of them were devoted to pure aesthetics. And funny enough, those lawns in European gardens
weren't even based on anything natural. People in England and France wanted their estates to look
like pastoral Italian paintings, which often had lawns in them. So they saw a pretty picture and
they thought, I can make reality look like this painter's imagination. That's like going to a
plastic surgeon with a photo of yourself under a full glam Instagram filter.
Yes, back then lawns were Instagram face for your property.
And the affluent who could afford them were very attached to them.
The White House, an early disciple of Big Lawn, hired a bunch of sheep to keep the lawn maintained
so that the maintenance crew could enlist in the military.
But then their place and culture evolved from a symbol of affluence to a symbol of compliance.
So to figure out how that all worked, I called up Ted Steinberg,
Davy Professor of History at Case Western Reserve University,
to get a sense of when that transition happened.
And it started, like so many trends, with an ad blitz.
What was happening in the 20s was the emergence of what I call corporate
lawn care organized around the substantial use of chemical inputs. For example, in 1928,
the Scotts Company released its signature product, which was called Turf Builder. And Turf Builder is an artificial
fertilizer, synthetic, that obviated the need that homeowners have had before this to spread manure
around the yard in order to fertilize their property. Manure, of course, is not easy to
handle. It doesn't smell particularly good. The thing about turf builder, it's got kind of a manliness theme going to it,
as if to say that if you didn't have a good lawn, you were kind of less of a man as a result.
Also, the Scots Company begins to realize that most Americans have no idea how to create a decent lawn around their home. So they begin to give away for free to homeowners a
leaflet or newsletter, if you'd like, that came out several times a year that explained to them
in detail how to have a good lawn and, of course, to use Scott's products in pursuit of that goal. So what did they call this newsletter? Well,
they didn't call it grass care. They called it lawn care because a lawn was understood as a
portal to upward mobility, kind of an image and a dream that was greater than the sum of its parts.
Wow, the obsession with lawns as a creation of corporate marketing that exploits
fragile masculinity and class anxiety, that makes a lot of sense. Right, very American. Another thing
that drove America lawn crazy was golf. Golf. That's right. According to Professor Steinberg,
golf courses were basically lawn showrooms. Golf is interesting, looked at again historically, because while golf courses had existed since the late 19th century in the United States, the 1920s witnessed29, when there were 5,600 golf courses in the United States.
So the 20s were particularly important in terms of the proliferation of golf courses in the United States. The Depression and the war intervened. And again, in the post-war
period, golf took off, driven by things that people actually know about a bit. For example,
President Eisenhower was an avid golfer and promoted the sport. He installed a putting green,
a pretty substantial one, at the White House. By the early 60s, we start to see
automatic irrigation systems being installed on golf courses and the number of golf courses
in the early 60s, probably about 7,000 or so, and took up a land area about the size of Rhode Island.
It's so wild to hear lawns as just this like byproduct of this very specific cultural moment
a hundred years ago that we're still living with.
Yeah.
So lawns not only have a symbolic tie to morality and manliness, but also to leisure and upward
mobility and of course, corporate greed.
But also to good times in the summer sun, Erin.
After World War II, the lawn really took off,
thanks in part to planned suburban communities
meant to house returning soldiers and their families
like Leavittown and Long Island.
A hive of conformity.
The developers who built Leavittown were so attached to lawns
that property owners of the communities
were contractually obligated by their house deeds
to mow once per week.
Okay, I'm going to stop you there
because there's another dark side of big lawn.
Enforcement. We mentioned the Crouches and their overzealous HOA at the top of the show,
but did you know that people actually get arrested for not cutting their grass? I mean,
I kind of assume that the median HOA would arrest literally everyone if it could. Absolutely. That
is 100% correct. In 2016, a single mother in a small town outside of St. Louis
was arrested for not mowing her lawn after a warning.
In 2015, a Texas man actually served jail time
rather than pay the $1,700 fine his municipality issued him
due to his unshorn grass.
Same thing happened to an Alabama senior citizen in 2016
and a Wichita landlord in 2023.
You know, Aaron, it's hard to escape the long arm of the
lawn. Oh my God. So now we have a few reasons why lawns are so entrenched in our culture.
A conflation of consumption and morality, peer pressure, stubbornness. Also known as tradition,
and they're nice to lay on. Fine. But are you ready for all the reasons? It's time to let that go.
Okay. Take it away.
While it's true that the lawn has close ties to beloved pastimes like golf and baseball and day drinking,
the lawn industry is also closely tied to war.
And not just soldiers returning from the Pacific and dealing with their untreated PTSD
by spending hours every weekend tending to their front yard monocultures.
Monocultures meaning, of course, a crop consisting of a single plant, in this case grass.
Correct, which is a problem in nature where healthy ecosystems are diverse.
So what's the war tie-in?
Have you ever heard of the Haber process?
The Haber process? No, what's that?
So in order for plants to grow, they need soil that's rich in nitrogen.
Unfortunately, the nitrogen in our air isn't in a form that plants can use.
And that's why things naturally rich in nitrogen, bird feces, or bat guano,
were once coveted for their fertilizing properties. But there weren't enough birds and
bats making feces in high enough volumes to serve large-scale commercial agriculture.
That is, until 1909, when a German chemist named Fritz Haber invented a way to extract nitrogen from the air
and convert it into a plant-available form without a flying animal having to poop it out first.
Okay, I think now I remember learning about this in chemistry. And I remember that
nitrates extracted from the air, in addition to being good at fertilizing crops, are also
excellent at exploding. Which means that the Haber process is an essential part of the manufacture of munitions.
Right.
And by extension, modern warfare.
When World War II was over, all of these American munitions factories
weren't needed to make bombs anymore.
And so they were repurposed to make fertilizer,
which we proceeded to dump on our cornfields and lawns.
Wait, so you were telling me that the American
lawn is an extension of the military-industrial complex? In a sense, yes. Well, that also means
that anyone with a local Home Depot gardening department, I guess, has access to rudimentary
explosive material, like Timothy McVeigh used bombs made from nitrogen fertilizer to attack
the federal building in Oklahoma City, and there are occasionally explosions in fertilizer factories.
In large enough quantities, it is a dangerous substance.
But even if it doesn't blow up, large volumes of nitrogen fertilizer are bad news for the environment.
Bad news? How so?
Runoff from nitrogen fertilizer promotes toxic algae blooms in wild bodies of water,
can throw the entire wetland system out of whack,
and in people,
excessive nitrogen in the water supply has been directly linked with elevated rates of cancer,
reproductive issues, thyroid problems, and other health issues.
Wow. Remind me to discontinue taking my daily nitrogen supplement.
Where are you even getting that? They shouldn't even be making it.
It's in the valley.
Okay. The funny thing is that if we weren't so wedded to lawns
that consisted of uniform grass, we might not even need nitrogen fertilizer. What, is there some kind
of magical plant that can add nitrogen to the soil? Yes, and it's called clover. Oh, clover as in
four-leaf clover. Those are everywhere. And it naturally adds nitrogen to the ground. In fact,
if it's grown alongside turf grass, it eliminates much of the need for nitrogen fertilizer.
Okay, so why don't we grow clover alongside turf grass?
Because of herbicides.
Oh, you mean like Roundup and WeedX?
Correct.
Another problem with lawns, in addition to how much fertilizer and water they guzzle,
is that in order to achieve that perfect uniform look, homeowners need to use herbicides, pesticides, or fungicides to keep all of the biodiversity out. Hence all the weed
killers I see in every single hardware store I've ever been to. Yeah, and turfgrasses aren't native
to the continental U.S., and as anyone who has tried to grow a cool weather plant in a place
that's too hot and dry can tell you non-native plants can be
pretty demanding. Just ask all the lettuce I've killed by trying to grow it in a USDA Zone 10a.
Traditional turf grasses need a lot of water. A lawn of a thousand square feet uses about
35,000 gallons of water per year, and even more in the hottest, driest parts of the country.
Here's more on that from Professor Steinberg. And these kinds of grasses, especially cool season grasses, are difficult to grow
in North America unless you happen to live in Newfoundland, where there's a little town called
lawn. But in the United States, it's hard to achieve perfection in lawn care because of this ecological reality.
It's like pushing a boulder up a hill.
And most people fail at it, which is, of course, not good for the homeowner.
But it was a very ingenious business model on the parts of the companies that were in the chemical lawn care business.
Okay, when Americans like Thomas Jefferson or those post-war suburbanites imported this European Renaissance landscape idea of a grass lawn, they were transplanting
something that doesn't really do well here unless you absolutely douse it with water,
which is really bad when you're talking about millions of lawns, all of them guzzling up water
that we need for, you know, people. Lawn irrigation represents a full one-third of residential water use,
which means that lawns are the largest irrigated crop in America.
We are dumping unfathomable amounts of potable drinking water into our yards.
And there are large swaths of America that are dealing with drought during any given year.
Like a few years ago, things were so bad in California
that the state had to impose tight outdoor water use restrictions. But to your point about our lawn addiction being hard to shake, those restrictions
didn't really seem to impact golf courses and the ultra rich. At least they didn't during the summer
of 2022. We'll get to how some of America's hottest, driest areas are combating lawn waste
in a bit, but we've still got to talk about another way that lawns are an environmental disaster.
Okay, so we've got massive numbers of people cultivating fragile, non-native plants that require tons of water and fertilizer.
But if you want a nice pretty monoculture, you've got to kill off all the weeds that all that water and fertilizer are going to invite.
Yes, and that is how the lawn industry created a self-perpetuating market in products that are dangerous. One example is the popular herbicide glyphosate, which some studies have linked to an increased risk of cancers, most specifically
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Glyphosate is the main ingredient in a ton of herbicides like Ortho,
Ground Clear, Rodeo, and Roundup. Roundup? But I saw it on the hardware store the other day.
Oh, yeah. How bad could it be for you if they sell it in the store? Oh yeah, it's got to be fine. It's still on the market despite the link to health problems and a recent $2.25 billion
judgment against its manufacturer Monsanto and its parent company Bayer. A Pennsylvania man
alleged in that lawsuit that his cancer had been caused by decades of use of the herbicide,
and a jury agreed. Okay, if America loves its lawns so much that it's willing to give itself cancer to keep them, that's a significant mark in the this country
will never kick its lawn addiction column. If water pollution and ecological collapse
weren't enough, is there anything more low-key annoying than the quiet of a summer afternoon
shattered by the drone of a leaf blower? Oh my god, lawns as noise pollution. You're right. Lawn equipment from blowers to mowers to edge trimmers makes a lot of noise and uses a lot of gas.
In one hour of operation, a gas-powered leaf blower burns as much fuel as a car burns driving 1,100 miles.
Whoa, so every time you get your lawn clear, the leaf blowing alone is the climate impact equivalent of driving from D.C. to New York and back.
Okay, pollution, ecological collapse, nitrogen runoff. Fine, those things are bad.
But aren't commercial farms the bigger violators here, not individual lawn owners who just want a pretty front yard?
You're right to imply that commercial farm runoff is responsible for the majority of nitrogen in the water supply. But did you know that a full 2% of the United States is covered with turf grass? An area the size of Iowa
is just lawn. We grow more acres of turf grass in this country than we do acres of wheat.
Okay. So while it might seem like a little lawn isn't hurting anybody,
any environmentally unsound practice at that scale is going to be a big problem.
And you're right that it's not just individual homeowners who are responsible for the lawn
problem.
And golf courses.
Of course, we should never miss a chance to remind people that golf is bad. But in golf's
defense, at least that grass is being used for something. Public and private entities spend
tons of money and resources on upkeep of useless strips of grass that serve no purpose beyond a
decorative one. Now, I'm not
talking about things like flowers or trees, which actually help the local ecosystem or provide shade.
I'm talking grass, just grass. It does seem pretty wasteful when you put it that way.
That's why in a few states and municipalities, governments are now offering to offset the cost
of converting their turf grass lawns to native plants. In Pennsylvania, for example, the State
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
offers free advice for what to plant instead,
and even in some cases will hook homeowners up with landscapers
who specialize in cultivating native plants.
It's funny you mention this.
I actually just learned about something called the grass replacement program
in some parts of Los Angeles County,
where homeowners can get rebates of thousands of dollars for replacing the grass with something more arid coast appropriate.
You're talking about a practice called xeriscaping, and places all over the West
and Southwest are getting into it. In 2021, Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak signed a law
mandating all non-functional turf grasses in the state be removed and replaced with
more drought-tolerant and climate-appropriate varieties by 2026. Does this mean that everybody in Nevada
needs to get rid of their whole lawn? What about baseball, Erin?
Hashtag not all lawns. Nevada has only outlawed the decorative kind that serves no functional
purpose. I'm talking about boulevard medians, those little grassy areas outside of businesses
that nobody uses to work or play on. The state law passed back when Nevada's drought situation was fairly catastrophic.
Oh, right. That was the summer they kept finding dead bodies in Lake Mead
as the drought caused the water levels to fall.
That was the only cool thing about the drought.
Still, some Vegas homeowners associations were pissed about having to eat the cost
of replacing their water-guzzling, herbicide-huffing,
biodiversity-smothering patches of Kentucky bluegrass with something more sensible.
Freedom means that I can have green grass and 100-degree summers if I say I want it.
Max, you mentioned earlier that one of the big factors keeping people on team lawn was
the need to have one in order to fit into their neighborhood.
Changing your lawn into a meadow and pissing off the entire neighborhood in the process
seems like kind of a petty hill or grassy knoll to die on. Never underestimate the power of peer pressure.
But that pressure is also dissipating with the growing popularity of the no lawns movement,
both in real spaces and online. Like there's a thriving Reddit community where people who
have chosen to replace their grass with something more sustainable show off their new meadows to
each other. Oh, I've seen this. People are growing these little meadows all over the place,
and some organizations that promote a return to more natural plants even issue these little signs
that homeowners can put on their front lawns now, letting curious onlookers know they're
actually helping nature by letting their lawn grow out.
There's also no mow may, which is exactly what it sounds like.
So maybe this is just because I'm in my late
30s, but I've noticed more people growing food in their yards too. Yes, which funny enough is a
throwback to a time before lawns when people used most of the property around their houses for
growing food and raising animals. Hey, I'm all for people making eco-friendly choices, but I find
neighbors who live 20 feet away from me start raising chickens. We are going to have a problem.
I don't know if it's zoned for livestock where you live, Max, but on the off chance that it is, might I suggest sheep? Oh, nature's lawnmower.
Okay, so Erin, one thing I love about this idea of converting a lawn to native plants is that
it's so easy to feel helpless about the environment these days. Like, what can I possibly do that will
make a difference? And actually, if you have a lawn, or if you know someone who has a lawn and
might listen to you, this is something you can do that makes a real difference. Like,, if you have a lawn, or if you know someone who has a lawn and might
listen to you, this is something you can do that makes a real difference. Like sure, it's a bit of
work, maybe you have to get a gardener to help you out. But the benefits to the planet will keep
accruing forever. It's something you can feel really good about. You know, one thing that I
was thinking as we were putting this episode together was, as we learn more and more about
how lawns are bad environmentally and kind of
irresponsible ecologically, will they become eventual cultural division symbols like Democrat,
Republican, no lawn, lawn? Is it going to be something that people who are on the more
conservative side insist on and people who are maybe more forward thinking don't?
A grass lawn is going to be the new Blue Lives Matter flag flying over the house.
Right, exactly.
But I got to say also, just on a personal note,
a couple years ago, I seeded my lawn
with some wildflower seeds,
and it bloomed, and it looked really beautiful.
And we have butterflies
and all kinds of natural pollinators in the lawn now,
and it seems like people in the neighborhood
actually really like it.
When I see people walking their dogs past the house,
they stop and they look at the flowers.
And it most importantly allows me to be incredibly lazy.
Like I barely have to do anything to keep it up.
Every once in a while, I'll dump some like gray water on it.
And it kind of maintains itself.
So I highly recommend going meadow if you can,
especially if you like flowers and are lazy like me.
And as a side benefit, you get to save the planet.
Exactly.
All right.
That's all the time we have for this week's show.
To play you out, please enjoy this sound from an authentic lawn dad.
What a day already.
What a day already.
I would rather change out urinal cakes than cut
the grass. It's not true. It's starting to come back. That crowd we had on the ground in the
never happened before. Home stretch, baby. The back quadrant. Look it up. I guess it's not a
quadrant. The quadrant. We actually look it up. I was just attacked by a dragon's line. Where's the bear shit? There it is.
Avoid the shit.
A-T-S.
Avoid the shit.
More bear shit.
Hey!
How We Got Here is written and hosted by me, Max Fisher, and by Aaron Ryan.
It's produced by Austin Fisher.
Emma Illick-Frank is our associate producer.
Evan Sutton mixes and edits the show.
Jordan Cantor sound engineers the show.
Audio support from Kyle Seglin, Charlotte Landis, and Vasilis Fotopoulos.
Production support from Adrienne Hill, Leo Duran, Erica Morrison, Raven Yamamoto, and Natalie Bettendorf. And a special thank you to What A Day's talented hosts, Traeval Anderson, Priyanka Arabindi, Josie Duffy Rice, and Juanita Tolliver for welcoming us to the family.