ZOE Science & Nutrition - How to tell if your poo is normal and the 5 warning signs you shouldn't ignore | Dr Trisha Pasricha

Episode Date: April 2, 2026

Most people think you need to poo every day to be healthy. You don’t. In this episode, we explain how to tell if your poo is normal, the warning signs you shouldn’t ignore, and the gut mistake you may be making on the toilet every day.  Dr Trisha Pasricha, a leading Harvard gastroenterologist, a columnist for the Washington Post and author of the book You’ve Been Pooping All Wrong, explains how your poo, gut health, and disease risk are linked, and when you should see a doctor. Dr Pasricha guides us through why frequency, colour, and consistency all matter, and why there is no single “normal.” You’ll learn how to spot changes that could signal disease, including early warning signs linked to cancer and long-term brain health. You’ll hear simple advice you can use straight away. This includes how to recognise your normal pattern, what changes to look out for, and how to avoid the common toilet habit that may affect your gut. Are you looking at your poo every day? And, if not, what might you notice if you did? 🌱 Try our science-backed and tasty wholefood supplement Daily 30 Get our brand-new app and Gut Health Test designed by world-leading gut health and nutrition scientists to build healthy eating habits 👉 Join ZOE Follow ZOE on Instagram. Timecodes 00:00 Intro 03:11 Your phone on the toilet: hidden risk? 07:26 Your colon runs on a clock 10:40 The illness that changed his gut for years 13:05 Why you should look before you flush 15:25 The poo colours you should never ignore 16:25 Why this sign is rising in younger adults 18:15 The stool colour doctors treat as urgent 19:27 What “perfect” poo actually looks like 21:05 What holding it in really does 23:05 The 3 things that control your bowel movements 25:35 Why gut problems are getting worse 26:43 The posture fix most people miss 27:35 The phone habit linked to 46% higher risk 29:47 Why your phone keeps you stuck there 32:35 The hidden gut–brain connection 34:50 What stress really does to your gut 36:50 Your gut may be controlling more than you think 38:50 Is IBS really misunderstood? 41:05 The theory that changes how we see Parkinson’s 44:15 The gut damage linked to future brain disease 47:45 The simple rule for better bowel movements 49:00 The foods that changed gut health in weeks 50:22 The surprising fix for constipation 52:05 The 2 habits most people ignore 54:31 A 60-second trick to calm your gut 55:30 If you change one thing, make it this 56:10 What matters most 📚Books by our ZOE Scientists The Food For Life Cookbook Every Body Should Know This by Dr Federica Amati Food For Life by Prof. Tim Spector Ferment by Prof. Tim Spector Good Mood Food (preorder) by Prof. Tim Spector Free resources from ZOE Eating for Better Brain Health: Your brain-gut blueprint Gut Guide - For a Healthier Microbiome in Weeks  Better Breakfast Guide Mentioned in today's episode You’ve Been Pooping All Wrong by Dr Trisha Pasricha Gastrointestinal Symptoms in the United States, The American Journal of Gastroenterology (2018) Smartphone use on the toilet and the risk of hemorrhoids, PLOS One (2025) Impacts of Gut Bacteria on Human Health and Diseases, International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2015) Association between Early Adverse Life Events and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, CGH (2011) Management of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive, National Library of Medicine (2024) Constipation and risk of dementia in adults, Frontiers (2025) Gastrointestinal issues and Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America (2020) Stanford fermented foods study Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Nutrients (2025) Have feedback or a topic you'd like us to cover? Let us know here. Episode transcripts are available here.

Welcome to Zoe, Science and Nutrition, where world-leading scientists explain how their research can improve your health. We've all experienced our tummy talking to us. Heard that low, moaning rumble that's gently encouraging us to send it snacks. But our gut also communicates in other ways. It's constantly talking to our brains in ways that scientists are only just starting to understand. And more surprisingly, it's also talking to us in the language of our poo. Yes, I said that right. What many of us don't realize is that our stool holds clues to a surprising number of our body's secrets.

It can help identify life-threatening diseases, reveal the state of our microbiome, and even offer insights into our brain health. With gut and mental health conditions, both on the rise, it's more vital than ever that we learn about this gut health brain health axis. So I'm excited to be joined by Dr. Trisha Pesreacher, a gastroenterologist at Harvard Medical School, who specializes in the connection between our bowels and our brain. She's also a columnist for The Washington Post, and it's just releasing her brand new book, You've Been Pooping All Wrong. By the end of this episode, you'll understand how the gut and brain are deeply connected and be armed with a host of simple tips to improve your gut health.

Tricia, thank you so much for joining me today. It's such a pleasure to be here. And I'd like to kick off with the tradition that we have at Zoe, which is to start with a quick, fire round of questions. You can say yes or no, or if you have to, a one-sentence answer. Oh, gosh. Okay. I'll try to restrain myself. Does the color of my poop matter for my health?

Yes. Can a change in the consistency of my poo be a sign of a brain disorder? Yes. Can stressful work deadlines make you constipated? I wanted to say 100%. I'll just say yes. Can everyone have a delightful bowel movement? Yes. Does the feel-good hormone dopamine interact with our gut?

Yes and yes. Can using your mobile phone at the wrong time give you hemorrhoids? Most likely. And finally, what's the biggest misconception about bowel movements? That you have to poop once a day or something is wrong with you. It's not true. Not true. So, I'm excited to learn what mistakes I've been making on the toilet.

But before we get into that, can we sort of start with the basics? Picture this. I'm in Boston today. I've just finished my burger and fries. That seems like by far the most popular meal that I can find on any restaurant I've been in for the whole week. Take me on the journey of what happens next through my digestive system. Right. So that lovely burger that you're eating, and let's suppose it's got protein in it from

the meat. Maybe you've thrown that little hint of iceberg lettuce on top, like just a smidge of fiber, okay? And then you've got the bun, which is this refined carb, and then your french fries. So first thing, it's going to go down your esophagus. Your esophagus is going to undergo this motion, which is going to be true of the entirety of your digestive tract called peristalysis. And that is essentially the muscles of your gut, pushing and contracting, contracting and relaxing to push that food along. And it's going to start in the esophagus. That's going to continue in different forms all the way. until it reaches the exit hatch.

So it goes from the esophagus down into the stomach. It's going to become promptly acidified, and your stomach is going to start to grind up that meal. Now, the protein is going to be a little bit harder for it to break down the meat of that bun. The fiber, even though it's a small amount of fiber, that too, is going to take a little bit longer. The bun, the french fries, those are going to pass a little bit more quickly into the small bowel. Once things move into the small bowel, they're very small pieces,

you're going to start to absorb the nutrients and all of the good stuff, whatever there is, and this burger and fries that your body wants to have. And that's going to get absorbed. And whatever you can't absorb by design, and largely that's going to be the fiber in this case, what you can't absorb is going to keep on moving. Maybe you have seeds on that bun. Maybe the seeds are going to keep on moving. And as it does, eventually it'll go from the small bowel through a part of the bowel called the

iliosicle valve, and it'll push itself into the colon. And here's where something kind of magical happens. Your colon is filled with trillions of bacteria, right? And those bacteria plus the genetic material that they contain that's called the microbiome. And the microbiome is going to take what's reached that area, and they're going to feed upon it. They're going to ferment it. And then they're going to produce these what hopefully is a beneficial short-chain fatty acid or other compounds that even though the original material, the fiber itself can't be absorbed, what they produce. as a result of what you fed them, that can make it into the bloodstream, and it can have these

local effects right there on the colon. And then eventually your microbiome, again, trillions of bacteria, they're shedding, they're dying, they're living their best life. A lot of that is going to mush together with whatever's made its way down there, and it's going to form this nice compact patty. That patty is formed because your colon has been sucking water out of that stool the entire time. It'll make it to the last part of your colon called the rectum. That's when you have a critical choice to make. You can decide, is this a socially appropriate moment? Do I want to make this happen? And you can have a bowel movement. Or you can fight your instincts and clench your sincter and hold on to it. So whenever you make that decision, and sometimes your colon will

really push you to make a decision quickly, you'll release it out into the free world and the digestive process will complete. One of the things you talk about is gut motility in the book. Could you Explain what that is and what is a healthy bowel movement. So we have it in our heads that we have to poop once a day, every day. And I think that the reason that myth took flight is because there actually is a certain time of day when a lot of factors come together that prime us to have a good bowel movement. So motility when we're talking about the gut refers to movement. It refers to how the gut on its own with its muscles and it's got a very thick muscle layer. is moving things in that motion all the way down from your esophagus down to your colon.

And when you wake up first thing in the morning, as it turns out, that's a time of day that we're actually really primed to have a bowel movement. First of all, your colon, it's a creature of habit. It sleeps at night. It has a circadian rhythm. When you wake up, the colon buzzes with activity for the first one to two hours upon waking more so than most of the rest of your day. there are a couple of things that can get the colon to start contracting on its own again later, or around that morning time, such as going for a walk. So a lot of people in the morning go for a walk outside. They take their dog out. A lot of people drink coffee in the morning. Coffee will stimulate strong contractions. And when you put all of this together, it turns out that in the morning, it is a really nice time to have a bowel movement. That doesn't mean that morning time is the only

or even the best time to have a bowel movement. A lot of people, very commonly, have another surge of activity in their colon, those contractions, the motility ramps up after lunch and after dinner. Those are also great times to have a bowel movement. Whenever you can have a bowel movement that leans into your own physiology, meaning your colon is doing some of that work for you, it means you have to do a little bit less work. You have to bear down less hard. And the truth of the matter is that your bowel movements are determined by a little bit more than just motility. They're determined by how soft the stool is. And so sometimes I tell people, like, having one bowel movement a day is lovely.

But your stool is determined by the consistency of that stool. It's determined by your stress. It's determined by whether you're traveling. It's determined by whether you've decided there's a safe and appropriate bathroom nearby or not. And frankly, once you start meeting your fiber goals, which is not the case for most of us here in the U.S., you're going to start pooping more than once a day. And it's going to feel weird because you might not be used to doing it. that you might not have ever been told that having more frequent bowel movements is actually a good

thing. You might think, oh my God, I'm having two or three bowel wounds a day. Do I have diarrhea? Not necessarily. If they're comfortable, if they're easy, you move on with your life. And it's because you're eating a lot of fiber. I would say that's fantastic, very healthy. And you should embrace that new you. So the competitive person of me is now thinking, oh, so what you're saying is once a day is good. But if I'm eating really well, then two or three could be even better. Well, I think my general rule of thumb is that normal and healthy is what is comfortable for you. So it should really do two things. One, it should be comfortable, meaning you shouldn't be straining.

You shouldn't be spending 20, 30 minutes in the bathroom at a time. You know, I have a lot of patients who go once a day, but they're there straining for 20, 30 minutes. To me, you're going once a day, but you're constipated. So it should be comfortable and effortless. And then two, it should happen in ways that don't interfere with your social or work life. So if for you having three bowel movements means you get to go quite easily, it doesn't bother you. Great, three is normal. If you're somebody who says, I've had to run out of meetings because I can't control this or I don't even want to go out to brunch with my friends because I'm so worried about the bathroom situation, then maybe that number doesn't make sense for you.

So it's really individualized, but in a way, this is a wonderful thing because it means there's a huge range of what could be normal. And you really don't have to fit into that small box to live your best life. In my early 20s, I got infection. They call it glandular fever in the UK or monunucleosis in the US. And after that, I sort of suddenly developed all of these food intolerances that I'd never had before. And I had a whole bunch of gut symptoms associated with this. I went to see a whole set of doctors. And you're probably really stressed.

You have like irritable bowel syndrome. You should avoid fiber to deal with this and sort of push me towards a diet of sort of highly refined carbohydrates to avoid all of these things. and I wouldn't have felt any of those symptoms for years now. And they just sort of slowly disappeared on my journey with Zoe, sort of as I have transformed what I'm eating. I'm definitely one of those people who was eating almost no fiber a decade ago. And now I'm eating tons. And I never would have imagined I could.

Are you saying that if you're eating a lot more fiber, there just is more poo as a result? Well, two things. One, yeah, the volume's going to go up because the fiber, soluble fiber is going to hold on to water. It's going to be softer. So in some ways, that volume's going to be more, but also because it's not going to necessarily form as solid a patty that you're going to want to hold on to. It's going to just come out quickly, effortlessly, and more easily. It shouldn't be pure liquid. It shouldn't look like mud. I would say that maybe we swung in the wrong direction there,

but it will just be easier to pass. And in fact, they've done these studies where, for example, in the U.S., You know, there's this statistic that we talk about, which is based on a survey of thousands of adults in the U.S. who considered themselves to have normal bowel movements. And they said, okay, how often are you going? And it turns out anywhere from three times a day to once every third day would be within the range of normal, although people still sort of believed that once a day was normal. When they looked at other countries, for example, in East India where people eat a significantly higher fiber diet, those people were going like on a median of 14 times per week, which is almost twice as much

as we sort of think is normal here in the U.S. But it's often just a function of fiber. And there are also other factors too, right? Like exercise plays a role. Your stress certainly can play a role, though what you're describing to me sounds interesting because it could be a form of post-infectious IBS as you're describing. But there have actually been a lot of studies about bacterial infections and how those can kind of sensitize the lining of the gut in a way that can last for some.

several years, the good news is that, as it seems to have happened in your case, sometimes we see that it does get better eventually when you change your diet, when you change your life time. It just takes time. Could you tell us about actually looking at this poo after it comes out, which I know is not something that in either the UK or the US we tend to do, but I have some German friends and like, if you go visit Germany, like their toilet is sort of designed so you can have a really good look. So this is clearly like a cultural difference. So if we were to like not pretend it hadn't happened, but were to look at it. Is there anything around color and consistency that

can tell us about our health? Yeah, it's funny you bring this up because I am one of those people who have always looked. Even before I became, I mean, although this probably foreshadowed what I would become, but it's like it blows my mind. It's like, how can you not look? Why would you not look, you know? But I actually think there's an important reason to look, which is that you have to know what your normal pattern looks like. You have to know what things look like. You have to know what things look like on a typical weekend. And it may not be the same every day. Like I said, there's so many different factors. But you want to understand what's normal for you so that when there's a change, you can recognize it quickly. You can bring it to your doctor's interest. So I think the first

step here is start looking. You know, I'm not asking you to take photos. I'm not asking you to like make a diary about it, but just get in the habit of looking. For the most part, people poop within some hue, some shade of brown. And that's normal. Most commonly the questions that like people ask me in my clinic or they slide into my DMs and ask are like, well, I had this weird green poop today. I had a yellow poop. Is that normal? Not normal. And context is everything in those situations. There are times where a green poop, a little yellowish poop, could be completely normal. If there's been a big change to you, like suddenly that yellowish green poop is accompanied by diarrhea, fever, pain, then it becomes not so normal. Purple poop is a question I get.

we often get these compounds called anthocyanins in our diet. They're present in berries. They're a pigment. You can get it in red wine. The next day, two days later, kind of depending on how quickly your bowels are moving, you might get a little purple poop because of something you ate two days ago. That wouldn't bother me so much. Beats are a classic masquerader.

If you have beats, they're going to look maroon. But everything I've said so far could be normal sort of depending on the context. If there's other signs and symptoms, it could be more worrisome. When in doubt, run it by your doctor. When we enter the reds, maroon like I mentioned, bright red, dark red, and even shiny black, tarry, kind of sticky black, that's abnormal. I want you to run that by your doctor. Even if the most common answer and the most common reason and what they think is going on is just something like hemorrhoids or a little skin tag, that's fine. Get the reinsurance. Just have someone check it out. Because what we don't want to have happen is that we're missing a bigger problem that we've brushed aside is no big deal, probably hemorrhoids. We see this all the time, and then we could miss something more important. You're going from, oh, it's sort of brown or it's got a little bit of maroon relaxed to suddenly red or black, it's abnormal, check it out. What are you worrying about?

I'm worried about bleeding from something more serious, like cancer, for example. Cancer is one of those things that I would say when I did my medical train, like in medical school, it would be something that I'd worry about for an older person, 50, 60, 70s, I'd say, oh, we've had to make sure this is not cancer. Today in 2026, we have to make sure if you're 20, 30s, 40s that we're not missing cancer, too. It's one of those red flag symptoms no matter your age. So we've been seeing this really worrisome trend of rising colorectal cancer cases and other kinds of cancers as well. But in my world, colorectal cancer, specifically in young people.

And we've been seeing that trend since the 1980s, 1990s, and it's persisting. All the while, people who are a little bit older, those cancer rates are actually declining. And the problem with younger people and the reason why this conversation is so important, the reason why looking is so important and just knowing what your normal pattern is, is because younger people often show up a little bit late to get care. We miss this crucial window of a couple weeks, couple months where the sign, the symptom appeared, but we're waiting on it. Or maybe even they see somebody, but that person, their provider, they're not so worried about it because you're otherwise young and healthy. and that's a classic scenario that if you have symptoms like new rectal bleeding, so like the bright red, the blood, the dark, dark, you know, the black tarry stool, abdominal pain.

And then most nebulously, a change in your bowel habits could be a sign that there's something off, worrisome for colorectal cancer. That's really nebulous. Like a change in bowel habits could mean, is it suddenly softer than it should be? Is it suddenly pencil thin and it wasn't like that before? these are things you're not going to really pick up on unless you're paying real close attention. And again, you know, my goal here is not to scare anybody, but it's really just to say that sometimes there's a perfectly reasonable explanation.

Like oftentimes someone's dual consistency changes and we'll say, okay, you know what, it turns out you started using this artificial sweetener and we'll pinpoint that. Or you're still recovering from your jet lag. That's probably it. But if we don't have a good explanation and it persists, we have to investigate it. And we're not going to investigate it unless you bring it to your doctor's attention. And I actually should mention one more color, which is clay colored, like this pale white. That's also an emergency. You should also talk to your doctor about that.

That color can indicate that Billy Rubin is not making it into your stool. The reason we have brown stool is not because brown is like the magical color of all our food mashed together. Billy Rubin comes from bile. And that's something you're producing. It's this digestive juice. And that makes your stool brown. When there's a blockage somewhere, like a stone or more worrisomely like a cancer, then your natural color is going to be this really pale, weird clay color.

And people, it's striking when you see it. It like doesn't feel right. Billy Rubin is what? It is this compound in bile. And bile is this juice that aids with digestion that you produce. You store it in your gallbladder. And then you release it out every time you have a meal. And it kind of helps you with digestion as you go along.

It's a wonderful thing. But without it, not only does your stool become really pale and weird looking, but it's a total emergency because you know. need that, one, to have appropriate digestion. But two, it tells us there's a block somewhere, and often that whatever's causing that block can be an emergency. Well, I'm going to relieve you and tell you it's still brown, so that's good. So color is good. Anything else to watch out for? I always like to tell people that what is normal, what is healthy is what's comfortable for you. But there's this other aspect that's kind of the consistency of the stool. And in gastronrology,

we often, we look at the Bristol stool scale, and you can Google that, and you can see what that looks like, but it's this nice diagram that shows how firm it is and kind of at the top, it's like really firm, small rabbit pebbles. And at the bottom, it's like very, very loose, like almost watery. This was developed in Bristol, England. It was this doctor a couple of decades ago who just went around surveying the local healthy population and asking them what their bell habits look like. And he figured out that depending on where you are on that scale, how firm pebbly all the way down to watery, that very nicely correlated with how long it was taking that stool to travel through the colon. And that makes sense. It correlates well with motility

because your colon, one of its main jobs, it has several, but one is to just draw water out of that stool and back into the bloodstream. So the longer it sits there, the harder it gets. You don't have to use the Bristol stool scale, but you should know where you are in that sort of pattern. I think you want to sit somewhere in the middle. And if you are on those extreme ends, you should also talk to your doctor and say, like, what am I doing wrong here? Like, is there something I can do to get myself a little bit more soft and fluffy? Most people who have that night, perfect sausage that is called a Bristol four. That's kind of what everybody feels like is the ideal thing. If you really want to have success with your bowel movements, you have to respond when your body's

telling you to go. And I think we have all of these like kind of imaginary social graces where we're like, no, no, I'm at a friend's house. I could never. And we put it off. We're at work. People are embarrassed to go at work. And the problem is that suppose it's 9 a.m. You're at work. You've just got to the office. You have to go. At that point in time, with the cross-south. the poop that you have sitting in your rectum might be that nice sausage snake-like poop, that if you were to go, respond when your colon is contracting, it would come out easily, effortlessly, and you would consider yourself to have a perfectly happy relationship with your toilet. But if you push it off and you say, no, this is not a good time for me, I'm too

embarrassed to use a public stall, and then you wait until it's 9 p.m., and now your colon's not contracting because you've suppressed it, and you've had 12 hours for your, colon to suck more water out of that stool. That's what it's going to do. This is going to be a very different poop than it was 12 hours ago. And suddenly now you are constipated because now not only is your colon, not in the mood to play, but you have to work a lot harder because now you've become a little bit more pebble-like. It's going to be a much more difficult poop to push out, which is why people who go when their body tells them it's time to go. And people who eat a lot of fiber and makes it a little bit softer, you have more room to give. And it's just easier to go.

I have a two-year-old and a four-year-old, and luckily, they eat so much fiber that, like, we sometimes have the other props. But Contumption in Kids is such a problem. And a lot of times it's the low fiber in our, like, you know, in our diets. And oftentimes kids retain. They don't want to go. They're nervous. They're embarrassed. You know, whatever the reason is.

And that, even if you have eaten the right foods, you know, like a very nice, fluffy, plant-based diet, if you retain it, you're going to foil yourself. You talked a bit about probably having a diet. that's very low in fiber. On one hand, you talked us about this social fear of like, oh, I can't go because I'm not at home or whatever. Are there any other explanations for why we seem to have this epidemic of sort of gut problems like bloating and constipation and diarrhea? And is it true that this is like worse now than it was 50 years ago?

I have a hunch that it is significantly worse. So I'll give you a couple of examples. So one, you know, when I talk about what it takes to have a good bound movement, I often explain it as trying to get toothpaste out of a toothpaste tube. And, you know, you mentioned motility, which is like what I call this sort of the 3P framework, but that's the propulsion. So you can squeeze that tube of toothpaste and you can try to force the toothpaste out. And even if that toothpaste is like a little bit hard, brittle, it's like 10 years old, like within a force you can get it out. But ideally, the pliability of that toothpaste would

be really soft. That's the second P. And so you can have a, if you start to eat more fiber, then you actually don't have to generate so much force anymore. Then it just comes out on its own. And that's a lovely thing. But the third P here that we often overlook is the pelvic floor. And we really don't spend that much time optimizing the pelvic floor the way we think about these other two factors. And that's like trying to push toothpaste out of a toothpaste tube without ever taking the cap off. And the pelvic floor is this set of over a dozen muscles in our pelvic floor that have to coordinate so precisely in order to have a bowel movement.

And if you think about it, you know, when you have a bowel movement, you're bearing down because we're generating this Velsalva maneuver. And if I were to like try to make a Valsalva maneuver right now, like my fist would clench, you know, because you're generating this pressure. But paradoxically, your sincters have to relax. If you think about it, this is a little bit counterintuitive. And it's very common that over time people's pelvic floor starts to work against them. And they sort of train their muscles inappropriately. And a lot of people when they're younger in their 20s, they haven't discovered fiber yet. They haven't discovered like a plant-based diet.

And that's, you know, what is just how it is. And so they have to generate a lot more pressure to have a bowel movement because there's just like, they have harder stools. And if you do that over several years, you're going to change how those muscles respond. Those muscles are going to eventually start to paradoxically close the very muscles you need to open, such that once you hit your 40s, you discover how much you love kale salad, your muscles are not the same anymore. And so even though you have this excellent soft plush stool, it hits up against this wall. And, you know, I don't know if this is at the like point of being an epidemic, but it's somewhere between one out of four and one out of three people who struggle with constipation. They've tried all these different laxative that's not working.

The actual issue is the pelvic floor. And so this is a hugely underappreciated problem. And I do think that in terms of why things have changed now for us, It's this combination of factors. One, our diets have totally changed in the last 50 years. We know that, right? And it's partially ultra-processed foods. Like 60% of our diets in the U.S. are coming from ultra-processed foods.

And it's partially an issue of, like, what is in those ultra-processed foods, and also partially what's not in those foods. Like, we're not getting whole plant-based foods as much as we used to. But also, our entire position for how we're having a bowel movement is very different from how people used to poop thousands of years ago. We used to squat. Okay. and I say that and everyone's like, oh my God, I would never. And I get that. Like, everyone likes to sit on this nice little porcelain throne, and it's comfortable and it's easy.

But actually, if you think about it, our colon is this long tube and at the end is the rectum. When we squat, we are basically stepping on a hose. Like, picture that. There is this muscle that's called the pubo rectalus muscle that creates this sling around the colon. And it chokes it tight and makes this little kink in it when we're sitting at this 90-degree angle like we are right now in our chairs. And that's a kind of a good thing. Like when we're sitting at work, we don't want to have this, like, constant call to go to the bathroom. But we sit the exact same way when we need to go.

And what we're doing is choking off that tube. If we were to squat, that tube would straighten up, that muscle, that sling muscle would relax and it would be nice and straight. So the simplest thing you could do, of course, would be to get a stool and raise your knees above the level of your waist. And that can kind of open up that angle again. A lot of people aren't doing that. I don't think we have to go back to squatting. But the other thing that I think modern life has really ruined for us is our smartphones. Like you must remember this. I remember this in my childhood. People used to have those nice little bathroom like bookshelves. You know, like there'd be this like stack

of like two month old magazines or yesterday's newspaper. No one sees that anymore. That type of reading material that's like a couple days old, it's like, you know, like the sports section from a game that you've already like watched. You're not going to get that in gross. Like it's just going to distract you. you're going to relax, and then you'd go about doing your business. In our smartphone era, and this is something that my lab studied, we are bringing in these devices that we know from decades of other areas of science will hijack our brains and distract us for much longer than we think we have control over. Like, we know this is the case for sleeping,

but we're all bringing our smartphones to the bathroom. So we did this study at Beth Israel where we looked at people who were coming in for their screening colonoscopy. So these are people 45 and older. and we asked them a bunch of questions about their smartphone use. Do you bring your smartphone to the bathroom? What do you do on the smartphone when you're in there? And then we also asked them about diet and other habits that we know are part of their bowel habits. And then we did their colonoscopies.

We took a look. We visualized, do you have hemorrhoids? And it turns out in this population, the majority of people are bringing their smartphones in there. That's probably not a huge surprise. But the people who brought their smartphones in, just bringing your smartphone into the bathroom, was associated with a 46% increased risk of having hemorrhoids. 46%. That's not a joke.

That's a big number right there. And we accounted for things like how much fiber they were taking in, how much they exercised, how much they sat at work, all of these other factors that, in constipation, how much they strained. Those are traditional risk factors for hemorrhoids, but it turns out just this, seem to increase their risk independently.

And again, this is a study that looked at an association. It didn't prove causation. But what we think is happening is that, When you bring your smartphone into the bathroom and you're sitting on this open toilet bowl where there's no pelvic floor support. So you start to have this passive pressure that's filling up the veins. So hemorrhoids are just veins. They're just cushions of veins that eventually they fill, they become engorged, enlarged.

And then we notice them. We notice them as a problem. But they've kind of been there the whole time. And they sit in your anal canal. And when they become engorge, we call them hemorrhoids and they become a problem. So when you're sitting in that open bowl without any kind of counter pressure, over time, You do that for weeks, even years, and, you know, people are using their smartphone from, like, you know, like the day they were born. That connective tissue will weaken and those veins will fill.

And we think that's why it puts you at increased risk of haemorrhoids. Because you have the phone, are you just sitting on the toilet longer? Is that what you're saying is happiness as a result of the smartphone? Is that what's causing the... Yeah. You're so distracted. And so we asked this in our survey. We said, okay, how often or how many of you are sitting there in your toilet,

longer than you intended because of the smartphone. So not only did we find that people who brought their smartphone in, even if they had equivalent amounts of constipation between the non-smartphone users and the smartphone users, they were five times as likely to spend more than five minutes in the bathroom. And about half of them said, yeah, I am consciously aware I'm spending more time in there than I intended to. I tell people try not to spend more than five minutes.

I'd like to move on now to the brain gut. connection because I think you've done a wonderful job of talking us through the gut. What is the link between the brain and the bowels? So neuro gastroenterology, which is my field, and that's the study of the gut-brain connection, it has been around only for the last, you know, formally in the last 30 years, but we've known about the connection for much longer, for more than a century. even back in the 1890s, a lot of us in high school, we learned about Ivan Pavlov and his experiment with conditioning, classical conditioning, where he would, apparently it was a bell, he would ring a bell, and he would associate that with bringing food in for his dogs. And eventually, just the sound of ringing the bell would cause the dogs to believe that food was on its way, and he observed that they started to salivate.

And then it came to be that, like, you know, he could just, he could just ring the bell even without bringing food in and they would salivate. And that was the conditioning. But if you think about this from a neuro gastroenterological perspective, which is how I think about it, the even more interesting finding there is that the first phase of digestion doesn't start when you chew food. It doesn't start when it hits the stomach. It starts when you think about food. It begins in your brain. And just thinking about food, like right now, I love pasta.

If I were to picture this, like, nice steaming bowl of cheesy fetuccini Alfredo and I'm like lifting the fork and the cheese is going down, Like, I could start salivating thinking about this. You're making me hungry right now. I know. This is, like, the wrong time. But if you think about that, what other organ do we have where just our thoughts can change their function, right? Like, no matter how much I think about gushing waterfalls, I'm not actually making my kidneys

filter blood more quickly and put more urine into my bladder. At best, maybe doing that I could get the bladder to, like, relax and squeeze. but the kidneys are going to do what they're going to do, regardless. Our lungs are taking air in, whether I'm thinking about the mountainside or my Boston commute this morning at the same rate. But the gut is very different. So researchers have known that there's been this close connection for a long time. And for most of the last 100 years until the 1990s or so, the way we thought about the gut-brain

connection was that it's the brain calling the shots, like our thoughts, and then our mental health issues, our anxiety, our depression, our stress, those can cause changes to our gut. And we know that to be true. We live that experience almost every week, every month, every day even. When we're nervous, when you're excited because you're on a date and you get butterflies in your stomach, that is a feeling and a thought and an emotion that's causing a real change in your gut. And this is something that I've studied and what we know is happening is that when we have these kinds of emotions, excitement, fear, anxiety. A hormone called corticotrophin releasing hormone is released by the brain, and it causes the stomach to come to a grinding halt. The stomach has this kind of baseline motion

where it's contracting at three cycles per minute because it's kind of just sweeping things along at all times. That goes into a chaotic rhythm when we're stressed. And that sort of stops things from moving forward. But at the same time, your colon, the very last part of that colon, starts to ramp up with activity. And so that's also why a lot of times when people are stressed, they feel, yeah, they feel nauseated from their stomach, not really moving. And it might feel like you have this like sudden sinking pit in the bottom of your stomach. But they also feel like, oh, my God, I have to go to the bathroom. Why do I have to like right before, you know, you're like going on for some theater performance. This happened to me in high school. I'd be like, why right now do I

have to go? I didn't feel this way 10 minutes ago. Well, it's that. It's that's the, that's the reaction. That's your brain sending these signals to your gut saying, you need to go. You got to go. And it changes your motility. And one way that it does that is this hormone, and a lot of the communication is this main highway between the brain and the gut called the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is this long nerve that starts up in your brain, and it extends down through not just the gut, but it innervates the heart, it innervates the lungs, all these other major organs. And that's an important way that the brain can very quickly communicate with the gut. But by the time we reach the 1990s, it's very interesting shift happened, where people start to say, wait a minute, 90% of the signaling from the vagus nerve is not actually going from the brain to the gut. It's going from the gut up to the brain. So it's actually going in the opposite direction and you would think from our like everything starts in the brain. Yes, yes. We live in this brain-centric world. And actually our gut is calling the shots in a very different language than I think we've like

sort of experienced or believed for most of our lives. And the gut, as it turns out, has a brain of its own. And that's what I think, like, my main mission as a neuro gastroenterologist is to get people to understand is that there is a brain that's living in your gut. It's called the enteric nervous system, right? The brain in your head is called the central nervous system. Well, we have this enteric nervous system that actually a lot of organs had well before they had a brain in their heads, right? Like the jellyfish. Picture a jellyfish. It's like this cute little floating translucent dude. You can see right through his head and there's no brain, right? But somehow, It's out there, it's making decisions about where to get food, it's deciding what it's going to eat.

It's all because it has this network of nerve cells throughout its tentacles called the enteric nervous system that's helping it make that decision. There were some really landmark studies that were done in the 90s and then 2000s that basically flipped this paradigm about how stress impacts the gut on its head. So, you know, IBS, Iritable bowel syndrome, is one of probably the most common diagnoses in all of GI, not just my world, but it is one that neurovisors. gastrologists see a lot. And the most common thing I hear from my patients who come to me is that for most of their lives, they were told it's all in my head. My gut symptoms were due to stress. It sounds like you got told that too at some point. Absolutely. Yeah. And I think that's not necessarily intended to be as dismissive as it is, but it's because of this several hundred years of like, that's how we framed it in medicine. And that was based on real studies that showed that

connection to be true. And they started to do this series of very elegant experiments in the 2000s where they said, okay, we know in IBS that there are high rates of anxiety and depression. And we also know one of the big risk factors for IBS is trauma, especially childhood trauma. The kind of trauma that we have when our nervous systems are still in their infancy can really have an outsized impact in who we've become as adults. We know that. So they said, okay, let's do these experiments in rats where they said, okay, we'll take one group of rats, and they're going to experience a little bit of emotional trauma. They'll separate them from the moms for a short period of time. Then they took a second group of rats and they said,

let's irritate the guts with just like a mild acid, like almost like vinegar. And then there's a control group. They did none of those things. And then after a couple days, those rats all grew up and became adults. They socialized the same way, had the same environment. Well, what they found was that the ones who had been separated from their moms for just a brief period at birth, they experienced pain in their guts to small amounts of distension that the control group didn't even feel. Like they inserted a small balloon and distended it. And the control group didn't even know that a balloon was being inserted. They just kind of went about their business. But that group that had experienced emotional trauma felt it. And what's sort of the hallmark of irritable bowel

syndrome is that we know that the nerves in the gut have a lower threshold to be triggered, that those nerves are sending pain signals up to the brain for signals that other people who don't have IBS would just perceive as normal. Those are things like, you know, food passing through, gas passing through. Those shouldn't cause pain, but they do when you have irritable bowel syndrome. And that was measurable. You started off by explaining to me that it's almost like I've got a brain in my gut. Yeah.

What do we now understand? It turns out from this experiment and several others that followed, and then they looked at epidemiological studies in humans, that trauma to the gut, to that brain in the gut, can actually be what causes the anxiety later in your life, the depression later in your life. And then once you have anxiety, once you're sort of hypervigilant about the pain that you're feeling, of course, that can, we know that causes a feedback loop down to the gut again. And it can form this vicious cycle where these things feed off of each other. But importantly, if we took a step back in a lot of cases with IBS, the disorders that we would consider brain disorders, they actually started for. in the gut. And we're seeing that not just in IBS, but now in my laboratory, we're studying

Parkinson's disease. And often when, you know, like a lot of the response I get is like, wait, you're a gastroenterologist. Why aren't you studying Parkinson's disease? And it's because just like so many other diseases that we once framed as being primarily a problem of the brain in your head, we're learning that they start in the gut. They start early in the gut. In Parkinson's, there's this whole hypothesis that's now very well supported by the evidence that at least for a subset of patients, that misfolded protein called alpha synuclein, which is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease, we think it starts to misfold first in the gut decades before it reaches the brain. And Tricia, for people who aren't familiar with Parkinson's disease, you'd give

us a very simple understanding of what that is and also why it's so surprising that that might start as a gut disease. Yeah, Parkinson's disease is a disease that we typically think of affecting people who are a little bit older in their 60s, 70s, 80s, and often how it manifests is, you is with tremors and difficulties with movement. They might have rigidity of their muscles, difficulty walking, and tremors, and then there's a whole host of other complications that can go with it. And that's sort of how we thought about Parkinson's for several decades. And we know that certain risk factors for Parkinson's, like, for example, in America, where people

play football and they get head injuries and concussions, that can certainly put you at increased risk of Parkinson's. And what we know also to be true is that there's this protein called alpha synucleon that misfolds. And when it misfolds, it seems to be involved in why these particular dopamine neurons die. And they die in a part of the brain responsible for movement. And so that's why we think they get the tremors in rigidity. But later on in the 90s and 2000s, they started to do these studies where they looked at autopsies of people who had Parkinson's disease,

but they looked at their guts instead of looking at their brains. And it turns out their guts were riddled with this misfolded alpha synuclein protein. 80% of people with Parkinson's disease have some GI issue, constipation, nausea, trouble swallowing. It's so severe, and it turns out having constipation early in life is a predictor of Parkinson's disease later. So if you have constipation earlier, that suggests you're more likely to get Parkinson's later. And again, constipation, just to be so clear, incredibly common in our society. So everyone who has constipation is not going to get Parkinson's disease, but it is associated with a pretty significant. increased risk. And especially when people start to say, oh, yeah, I have constipation. And someone,

this is someone in their 40s, maybe 50, like a little bit earlier than you would think of necessarily off the bat for Parkinson's. But if they say, I have constipation, this is new. Maybe they have a family history of Parkinson's. Or they say, I've lost my sense of smell or I'm having trouble sleeping. There are all these other signs that are not necessarily directly related to their brain, per se, and the tremors, that you might say, wait, this is starting to form a more. suspicious picture for Parkinson's. And Tricia, are you saying that Parkinson's disease actually starts as something as a disease in your gut before anything is happening in your brain?

Yeah, that's absolutely right. We think that for a subset of patients, there's some trigger that occurs in the gut first. And maybe that trigger is an infection. Maybe it's something in the environment, like a chemical that you might have ingested. I know a lot of people have thought and have studied the pesticides in the foods that we eat as being a risk factor. In my labs, we study ulcers and erosions and damage to the mucosal lining. And we found that people who had damage to their mucosal lining, these would be from things like

too much ensets. These are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen. That can damage your lining. Those people have a 76% increased risk of going on to develop Parkinson's later in life. So we know that there's these possible triggers. We haven't worked out all of the mechanisms yet. But triggers that begin in the gut. And the idea is that as that protein starts to misfold, because of that trigger, it travels from the enteric nervous system up and ascends the vagus nerve and eventually it reaches the brain. And what's exciting about this from a research standpoint is that because this process is happening years, if not decades, before it hits the brain, there's an opportunity to potentially try to identify it and stop it before we get there. And that's sort of the long-term goal of all of our research programs. Do you know someone who's been struggling with gut issues, worries about brain health, or maybe even both?

If so, why not share this episode with them right now and help them to harness the power of the gut brain axis? I'm sure they'll thank you. Here you're describing this very direct link between a disease that's actually starting in the gut you're now saying and ends up having these very severe brain symptoms with Parkinson's. And you've talked about the fact there's all of this amazing talk through this vagus nerve. between my gut and my brain. Is there any evidence that your gut is shaping these other things that we think of as being the brain, whether depression, anxiety, things like this? There's very good data that anxiety and depression are influenced by the brain in your gut,

by your gut. They can start in your gut, but even be molded by your gut. There's also data in earlier stages than in Parkinson's disease about Alzheimer's. So some of these symptoms, too, about constipation being a predictor for developing Parkinson's disease. Well, they saw a similar pattern for Alzheimer's dementia as well. And actually, interestingly, the pathway that I described about alpha synuclein protein, misfolding, and traveling up the vagus nerve in Parkinson's disease is actually very well understood in some aspects. We have an even poorer understanding in Alzheimer's about how these two things are linked.

But we know that there seems to be a strong association there. we know that there's an association there between GI symptoms and autism, for example, which typically has been thought of as a disorder that lives in the brain. But, you know, if you know anyone with autism or you treat patients with them as I do, they have very severe GI symptoms. And of course, the question is why. And what is causing what? And I think there's a lot in the literature that is now pointing towards it's the brain in the gut that is starting and feeding some of these issues. So I think it's amazing. And I think your painting a picture almost where I may have thought previously, like, my brain and my gut are completely separate. And now you're saying,

like, they are deeply interlinked. And weirdly, there's a lot more conversation going from my gut to my brain, in fact, than in the opposite direction. So I would love to take all of this and now start to talk about practical strategies for our listeners. Maybe just start with, like, what does it mean to poop right? Well, I think the first and foremost thing is to listen to your body and not to treat pooping like some big shameful entity. People put off pooping or they're embarrassed to talk about it with their provider and they're going to miss an opportunity to just have an easy effortless bowel movement when they do that. So the very first step is to just not feel embarrassed about it. You know, like if you're at a friend's house and that's when you have to go, just go for goodness sakes.

that's one thing. Then I think people need to think about their posture, change their posture, think about their diet, and change their diet. All of these things contribute to how we're having a healthy, safe, socially appropriate bowel movement. I think some of the biggest and most hardest things about our own lives to change is our diet. And having a healthy bowel movement is partially, yes, ramping up fiber. Like we always talk about fiber. And certainly like we're not meeting our fiber goals for the most part, a lot of us. And that's about 25 grams for women and 38 grams for men. You want to do two more things. One is you want to eat a diversity of plants. And you want to not eat the exact same thing every single day, three times, you know, like a

two times a day. And then the next layer, and I think this is like the harder part for people to get on board with, like at least in America, is fermented foods. Fremented foods are this way of adding probiotics to your diet and to your body naturally, right? And we can talk about, like, some people think, like, well, I should take a probiotic supplement and, you know, some people find a benefit from those. But the data is really stronger when we get these things from our diet. You know, there was this great study that I'm sure you know from Stanford, from Justin Sonenberg's team, where he asked a bunch of typical Americans who probably don't eat that

much fermented foods, like Greek yogurt, like kimchi, like sourcrow. And he just said, like, ramp it up as best you can. Eat as many as you can in a day. And that was the, that was the group. And then there was another group that didn't do that, but both were eating like a pretty good diet otherwise. Like these were people who were eating high fiber. The ones who did that, but then also ramped up their fermented foods, their gut diversity changed within a matter of about two to three months. And once you have more diversity, that's sort of one of the classical markers of a healthy microbiome overall. all, and it means that they're producing those microbes. They're producing more of the anti-inflammatory compounds you want. What would be the go-to plants that you would be suggesting to someone who is constipated and is looking to try and solve that? Yeah. I love a leafy green vegetable.

Peas are actually what I feed my kids. Like, we've never had an issue with constipation because they're cute. They like eating one pee at a time, but like peas are not for the week. And they have a lot of fiber in them. Brussels sprouts, broccoli is good, cruciferous vegetables are good. But it doesn't have to all be a leafy green vegetable. You don't have to live this life of kale salads, which is not for everybody. If you're suffering with constipation, a lot of us will have grandmothers who said,

oh, what you should take are prunes. And prunes are great for constipation. Like they actually do, they've done these great studies head to head with prunes and then a fiber supplement called cillium. And they found actually prunes are wonderful. Grandma was right. But what more recent studies have shown, randomized controlled trials, are Kiwis. Two Kiwis a day can be great when you're specifically dealing with bloating and constipation. And, yes, they're very high in fiber, but probably it's more than just the fiber because these studies

that have compared head-to-head randomized control trials of Kiwis and prunes, they've sort of balanced so that you're getting the same amount of fiber from both groups. But the Kiwis seem to do a better job, cause less bloating. And we think it's because when you eat these different kinds of fruits and vegetables and whole grains and other things, you're getting more than just the fiber. You're getting all of the other nutrients that come with these foods. And so we actually don't know quite what the mechanism is about Kiwi's, but we do know it's beneficial. So like a quick trick, if you're really struggling with constipation, is kiwis or prunes. Prunes can make people's bloating a little bit worse. Kiwis didn't seem to do that. Is there anything else other than the food we eat that we could be

doing that is going to support this gut motility and reduce constipation? Yeah. The two other factors that I think we don't think about for our guts, we think about them probably more often for our brain health or for other organs, are exercise and sleep. Well, it turns out those are incredibly important for our guts as well. Regular exercise, like the kind you do long term, sustain, it becomes a habit. That's associated with increased motility of your gut, which will give you an easier, more quickly passing stool in the long term. If you just go for a walk once in the morning, Just that movement alone will start to stimulate contractions. We have big holiday dinners around Christmas or Thanksgiving or whatever the big holiday Easter's coming up. You might say, you know, after a big family meal like that, what I really want to do is lie down on the couch. And it turns out that even just sitting upright allows intestinal gas and contents to move

about 30, 33 percent more effectively than lying down. So really our bodies are not primed to be like in this prone position or even ideally sitting down on a desk chair like we do all day. We know that's not great for our heart health. We know that's not necessarily great for our brains, but it's actually not great for your guts either. And then sleep. Having a predictable rhythm, like I mentioned, your gut operates on a circadian rhythm. It will respond to the patterns that you've set. So if you're, you sleep at different times, you wake up at different times, you're some days you eat breakfast, some days you don't, all of this will feel like chaos to your colon. Your colon wants to sleep.

at the same time, wake up and get these predictable cues of like, okay, we're going to have coffee in the morning and I'm going to have a nice large meal that's going to stretch my stomach a little bit, and that stretch is going to cause a reflex that'll make my colon contract. And if you don't do those things predictably, it'll be harder for you because you then have to do the work that your colon's not doing. But the flip side of this, which is great news for people of constipation, is that you can train your colon. Like your colon can be trained into developing a new pattern. developing those responses to the external cues in your environment that you're going to give it. Let's say I'm thinking about this also in terms of saying, well, I would like to keep my brain function as well as possible.

And maybe what I want to do is try and minimize anxiety and depression, sort of lift mood and energy. Is there anything out of your research that suggests what you would want to do? So a lot of my patients will come in and they'll say, I'm feeling stress, like I'm having an anxiety attack. And that's when I feel these like horrible knots in my stomach. What do I do in those moments? And that's sort of the acute issue. And what I tell them to do in those moments is tapping into the vagus nerve because the vagus nerve when it starts to ramp up, it starts to slow things down. So that colon that's rapidly emptying and moving and saying we're having a problem, if you tap into the vagus,

vagus nerve, it kind of just relaxes a little bit. So sometimes I think if you're having this like a cute moment of crisis, doing something as simple as box breathing, which is like where you take a deep breath in, one, two, three, four, and then you hold it. One, two, three, four. Then you exhale. One, two, three, four. And then you hold it one, two, three four. If you do that three times, that can stimulate the vagus nerve. And yes, you calm down. Like your heart rate will slow down, but your gut will actually relax a little bit too. So I think that's a helpful maneuver. If I could pick just one thing, it would be to eat fewer ultra-processed foods. And the reason is that ultra-processed foods are crowding out our opportunity to eat whole foods.

And we found that there's certainly a link between mood and ultra-processed foods. There's a strong connection between irritable bowel syndrome and ultra-processed foods, such that in studies when people cut down those ultra-processed foods, their IBS symptoms get better. And with it, we know go hand-in-hand a lot of these mental health issues. the more you're eating whole foods, the more you're incorporating fruits and vegetables and whole grains and these things to your diet, the better your mood's going to be because that's really strongly supported by the epidemiological studies. I would love to do a quick summary if that's right and just correct me if I get anything wrong. And I just focus maybe on things that really spring to mind. The first thing, which is like strongest is if you bring your mobile phone into the toilet with you, you have a 46% higher chance of getting hemorrhoids, which is pretty stunning.

So I think the message is don't or at least don't switch it on until you're finished and you put the toilet seat back down. Second thing is, it's a myth to say that you have to poo once a day to be healthy. In fact, if you're eating like a really healthy diet and it's going to have lots of fiber, you might even be going two or three times a day and there's not a problem with that. The key is like, is it comfortable? Is it effortless? And, you know, have you got, I love this, a Bristol four sausage, which I think your description, which almost sounds like. like something you would buy in the supermarket, but you probably would want to.

You do want to look at it because color matters. Every day. And, you know, if it's red or black, actually, you should go and talk to your doctor. Yeah. And you are saying, particularly think about that if maybe you're younger and you just assume that, of course, there can't be any problems because there is this rising rates of cancer. And this is one of the ways that you can see what's going on in a place otherwise you wouldn't know anything about. Then we talked about this connection between the brain and the guts and this amazing fact that this comes from the research that you're doing in your lab.

You know, Parkinson isn't really a brain disease. It's actually a gut disease that ends up having these terrible brain symptoms. And it could well be because we now understand this very strong link between our gut and our brain that things like Alzheimer's may also very much be influenced by things that are going on our guts much earlier, but this is not yet proven. This is still like a hypothesis, but I see you nodding. So you're clearly like this seems really interesting. And then I think we talked about the fact that like one in three people struggle with constipation.

And that's obviously a huge number. It's related to the sort of food that we're eating. And we talked about, you know, what do you need to do? And I think the one thing that comes through all the way through this conversation is fiber, which is another way of talking about plants and all these things that we don't have. We touched on the fact that you really want to reduce your ultra-process food as well. it's implicated in so many of the things that you talked about. Interesting, I thought there were a number of things that you talked about that weren't

obvious. So, for example, you said, like, your colon has its own body clock. So it goes to sleep at night. It wakes up. So you really want to have this pattern. If you have a good pattern, it's just going to make it easier. And if you're constantly saying, no, now isn't a good time, you're actually going to create these challenges.

And if you are constipated, clearly eating lots of plants, you talked about, I think, 30 grams of fiber, but you had a couple of specific tricks, which I'm not. I loved. Prunes is definitely what my grandmother said, but apparently there's an upgraded offer, two Kiwis a day, has the same effect, avoids bloating. And then things you might be surprised about, think about exercise and sleep as well. It's not just about diet. It's also about the other things you can do that will support you. Yes, the perfect summary. I'll end this episode with something I think you'll like, a free Zoe gut health guide. If you're a regular listener, you know just how important it is to take care of your gut. Your gut microbiome is the gateway

to better health, better sleep, energy and mood. The list just goes on. But many of us aren't sure how to best support our gut. I wasn't sure before doing Zoe, which is why we've developed an easy-to-follow gut health guide. It's completely free and offers five simple steps to improve your gut health. You'll get tips from Professor Tim Specter, Zoe's scientific co-founder and one of the world's most cited scientists, plus recipes and shopping lists straight to your inbox, we'll also send you ongoing gut health and nutrition insights, including how Zoe can help. To get your free Zoe gut health guide, head on over to zoey.com slash gut guide. Thanks for tuning in and see you next time.