Catalyst with Shayle Kann - Ag residue and carbon removal

Episode Date: September 25, 2025

Agricultural byproducts like corn stover, wood chips, and soybean husks typically get left to decompose and release carbon dioxide. Don’t call them “waste” though; some farmers use these byproducts as field cover to improve soil health. And industry uses a fraction of this biomass as feedstock for valuable products like ethanol, electricity, and heat. Theoretically, it’s a vastly underutilized resource.  The problem is that agricultural residue is really hard to collect. The economics of gathering, sorting, processing, and refining are tough. On top of that, it makes for a crappy fuel. It’s low energy density and high carbon, compared to oil, for example. So in what applications does agricultural residue make the most sense? And how do you economically collect the material at scale? In this episode, Shayle talks to Peter Reinhardt, co-founder and CEO of Charm Industrial, a carbon removal startup that collects agricultural residue and refines it in the field into what it calls “bio-oil.” It then injects the bio-oil underground for sequestration. Together, Peter and Shayle discuss the use cases and collection of agricultural residue, covering topics like: How the difficult economics of collecting and transporting biomass have killed centralized biomass projects, except in a few niche examples Why Peter says the processing and densification are key to improving the economics The tradeoffs between big, centralized processing facilities and Charm’s on-field mobile pyrolysis units The case for using agricultural residue for applications where the carbon content matters, like iron-making, sustainable aviation fuel, and carbon removal What’s driving carbon removal buyers and what it takes to build trust with them Resources: Catalyst: Fuzzy math and food competition: The pitfalls of sourcing biomass for carbon removal   Open Circuit: What we learned from the ethanol disaster   Catalyst: Shopify’s head of sustainability on the realities of the carbon removal market   Catalyst: From biowaste to ‘biogold’   Credits: Hosted by Shayle Kann. Produced and edited by Daniel Woldorff. Original music and engineering by Sean Marquand. Stephen Lacey is our executive editor.  Catalyst is brought to you by Anza, a solar and energy storage development and procurement platform helping clients make optimal decisions, saving significant time, money, and reducing risk. Subscribers instantly access pricing, product, and supplier data. Learn more at ⁠go.anzarenewables.com/latitude⁠.  Catalyst is supported by EnergyHub. EnergyHub helps utilities build next-generation virtual power plants that unlock reliable flexibility at every level of the grid. See how EnergyHub helps unlock the power of flexibility at scale, and deliver more value through cross-DER dispatch with their leading Edge DERMS platform by visiting ⁠energyhub.com⁠. Catalyst is brought to you by Antenna Group, the public relations and strategic marketing agency of choice for climate and energy leaders. If you're a startup, investor, or global corporation that's looking to tell your climate story, demonstrate your impact, or accelerate your growth, Antenna Group's team of industry insiders is ready to help. Learn more at ⁠⁠antennagroup.com⁠⁠.

Latitude Media, covering the new frontiers of the energy transition. I'm Shayal Khan, and this is Catalyst. If you looked at, for example, at our wood chips that we process in Colorado, where we're getting in these forest fire prevention thinnings, if we were to stand there and look at it, you'd be like, this is pretty consistent material. Like visually, it's not like, oh, this is all over the place. But nonetheless, you can still get edge cases. You can get a rock that was, like, you know, randomly stuck in a branch.

Or you can get, you know, people talk about, like, bail the head of hand. gun in it. Coming up, we're talking to ag residue, wood chips, and carbon removal with Peter Reinhardt. When utilities need flexible capacity they can count on, they turn to Energy Hub. Energy Hub works with more than 170 utilities, coordinating over 2.5 million devices to manage 3.4 gigawatts of flexibility built for the moments when utilities can't afford uncertainty. Energy Hub builds and operates virtual power plants that utilities actually stake their grid planning on, coordinating EVs, batteries, thermostats, and more through a single platform built for utility scale.

Predictive, verifiable, and designed to perform when it counts. Learn more at Energy Hub.com. Trillions of dollars are flowing into clean and critical infrastructure, but those investments aren't driven by technology alone. They're shaped by markets, by policy, by capital, and by the institutions that connect them. I'm Alfred Johnson, CEO of Crux, and host of a brand new podcast, Critical Capital. Each episode, I talk with people deploying capital, shaping policy and building the clean

economy. Tune in as we unpack how progress is actually made. Listen to critical capital on Spotify, Apple, or wherever you get your podcasts. Catalyst is supported by Fish Tank PR, an award-winning PR firm focused on climate and energy tech, renewables, and sustainability. Fish Tank is known for generating prominent and effective media coverage for the brands they work with. If you want a PR partner that's thoughtful, shoots straight, and gets results, you'll like Fish Tank PR. To learn more about fish tanks approach, visit fish tankpr.com. That's F-I-S-C-H-Fish-Tankpr.com. I'm Shale Khan. I invest in early-stage companies at energy impact partners. Welcome. So here's the cycle. We humans grow crops, a lot of them, because there are a lot of us.

Those crops contain carbon that has been sucked up from the atmosphere. Mostly, they're either consumed or burned to produce energy. But along the way, a lot, like really a lot of them, parts of most of every plant that we grow, actually, are wasted, so to speak. There was a DOE study a couple years ago that estimated the amount of ag residue alone, that's a subset of this category, at around 200 million dry tons per year. So those ones generally decompose, of course, releasing greenhouse gases back into the atmosphere. But what if they didn't? There's a whole class of ideas around utilizing that so-called waste biomass, either to displace something else that might generate greenhouse gases like fuels, or just locking it up so that

the CO2 is never released into the atmosphere in the first place. The latter category is what Charm industrial has focused on. Charm turns waste biomass into what they call bio oil and then injects it back underground to be stored for thousands of years. Peter Reinhart, who is the founder and CEO of Charm, is a friend of mine, and I've always thought came into this space with a refreshing perspective. Prior to Charm, he was a wildly successful software founder. He founded the company's segment, which was acquired for over $3 billion by Twilio in 2020. So he has this startup experience and actually carbon removal buyers experience. But this was his first foray, a charm into hard tech, into carbon markets as a producer,

into the realities of waste biomass. So that's what I wanted to talk to him about, what he's learned out there in the fields, It's what works, what's hard, and where we are in the carbon removal markets. Here's Peter. Peter, welcome. Thanks for having me. All right. Give me a tour of ag waste to start.

Like, where is it, what is it, how much of it is there? Give me the quick high level. Yeah, I think many people would maybe push back first on the word waste there. For the most part, when you have ag residues, it's mostly things that are unutilized or very underutilized. And so in some sense there's waste there, but really I would think of it as sort of extremely underutilized and has a lot of value maybe that is going to waste or getting lost. But, you know, there's an enormous amount in the United States, which maybe is where we can

focus for now. You know, just cornstover, for example, obviously concentrated in the Midwest and particularly the northern part of the Midwest. It's about 90, 95 million acres of corn grown in the U.S. every year. Just order magnitude four dry tons of stover per year on each of those acres. And so, you know, you're just on corn stover. You're looking at 400 megatons of ag residues that don't really get used. They just rot on the field and return to the atmosphere. What is stover, actually, like on the corn stock?

What is the stover? I think you just answered this question, but in a default scenario, corn is harvested, the stover just continues to sit on the field and eventually decomposes. That's what happens to it. That's right. And there's some geographical diversity to that, so we can get further into the nuance here. But the stover itself is the stalks, the leaves. Depending on the harvest method, you may actually have cobs in the mix, too.

So it's everything basically kind of minus the kernels, because the kernels are really where the value lies, whether as animal feedstock or human consumption or high-fructose corn syrup or ethanol, the kernels is really what we grow corn for today. But the actual practices around what happens to that stover are very pretty widely. There are a few places where it's used for cellulosic ethanol production, but it's really tiny. That's never really taken off. And as you get sort of farther north, you can have very moist soils that hold a lot of water.

and as you got farther north, those will sometimes stay frozen, you know, deep into the spring when they actually need to plant it. So depending on the place, there can be quite different practices actually around whether, you know, you need to remove it so that you can actually plant in the spring

and not be dealing with frozen soil. Or in other places where actually, say, like the Great Plains in western Kansas and Colorado, where you actually want to keep it on because it's more of it on because it's going to help retain the soil moisture, which is a huge problem there. So there's geographic diversity to that.

Yeah, I mean, I have a feeling a lot of this. Part of the conversation is going to be like there is no uniformity in general, and that's one of the challenges with doing anything at scale with ag residue. I'll stop saying waste. So the end, because you're even just talking about specifically cornstover, right? And like that's going to be different from almond shells in California, from whatever soybean husks or whatever else it is. From a practical standpoint, I mean, okay, so let's view ag resists.

to do as a resource. It should be a resource, right? It has value. It has various things you could do with it. And we're going to talk about, like, highest and best use. But one of the things that you and I have talked about a little bit that I think you have insight into that people don't often appreciate is like just the practical challenge of aggregation and utilization of that resource. Like, talk me through, what does it take? Say you want it to do something. Forget what you're doing with it. Say you want to do something with it at scale. Like, what does it? What does it take? What does it take? that actually entail? There is, again, some diversity depending on the residue, but if we stick with corn stover for a second and say you want to use the corn stover somewhere, typically you're not going to be

able to use it on the field, typically if you're going to take some portion of it, whether that's 70% or 30% depending on the sort of agricultural zone that you're in, you need to get it off the field. And so there's actually a lot of steps to get the biomass off the field in a sort of usable format at a usable distance where typically people are building centralized plants. And so, you know, that actually dominates the cost of the biomass, which is, you know, something that we're trying to, we're trying to invert this at charm by eventually operating on field to cut this all out. But, you know, you have, let's say you have a field that's all laid flat.

You know, a forge harvester came through and cut it all down. Now you need to first windrow it into a pile. Then you're going to bail it. Then once you have bales, you're going to have, you know, you're going to bring a machine. that's going to stack the bills and bring them over to the edge of the field where put them in piles. And then you're going to need something like telehandler to load it onto a truck, and they need to drive the truck, and they need to unload the truck.

And so every one of those pieces of equipment is a big CAPEX piece and OPEX to run. You need people to actually do every step of that labor. So it's a huge portion of the cost structure, right? So if you're looking at getting corn stover, say, delivered to, you know, like Abingola Hugutton was a huge cellulosic ethanol plant that failed in western Kansas because they were transporting their biomass 50 to 100 miles, they expected to pay maybe $60 a ton. They found, in fact, that they were paying north of $120 a ton.

And, you know, the actual dollars that were getting delivered to the farmer for the stover that they had was maybe in the low tens of dollars. And all the rest of it was bundled up in the consolidation and transport of the biomass. So it's quite an operation to do it and requires sort of like specialized equipment. for each different type of feedstock as well. So it's quite complicated. And there's some companies that do an incredible job of this, like Pacific Ag,

has a large operation in the panhandle kind of region. But yeah, it's tough. Isn't it also, when you talk about dollars per ton, like things in delivered biomass world get priced in dollars per bone-dry ton, right? But actually the part of the problem also is that what you're getting off the field is not, like one ton is not one bone-dry ton.

and so there's more material. It gets priced both ways. Yeah, it gets priced both ways. But like... There's no standard there. But I guess isn't that... Well, the bigger point is part of the cost that's loaded in there is that either you're transporting something that it has partial value, right?

Some piece of the stuff that you're transporting is actually valuable. And another piece of it is not. And so you're carrying dead weight along with you. Or you have to go process it before you transport it, in which case there's a different piece of capital equipment that you need at the site in order to avoid transporting this stuff that is waterlogged or has whatever other stuff in it. Yeah, that's true.

The water content of Stover, Stover dries on the field pretty effectively into the like 15 to 20% range. So you're not carrying that much water. I mean, there is water in there, but the thing that kills you on the transport less than more than the dead weight there is actually the volume. So when you're trying to transport Stover, you cube out, meaning volumetrically, you run out of space,

a lot faster than you weigh out. And I mean, that's why you see these like insane trailers where it's like coming out all over the place trying to haul the biomass. It's like the volume just literally you can't, you can't fit it all in there because it's so fluffy. So from a cost perspective, at least for cornstover, that dominates.

But for wood is quite different actually. Wood can easily be 50% water if it's young growth and hasn't aged for a year post-cutting. So when you look at like wildfire thinnings, for example, oftentimes we get wood that's in the 50% range. And there, yeah, it sucks because half what you're transporting is useless. Right. What about heterogeneity? I mean, I think also this probably depends what you want to do with it.

There's probably some things that you can do with it that are going to be super sensitive to heterogeneity in the actual feedstock and other things that won't be. But how big an issue is that in general? It's an issue, but it's an issue because you encounter edge case. at volume as opposed to it being like you know if you looked at for example at our wood chips that we process in in Colorado where we're getting in these taking these stuff from forest fire prevention thinnings that the Colorado State Forest Service and US Forest Service are running and we work at the forestry contractors they would power burn this stuff otherwise they send this sort of thinning material to us which nominally should have a lot of heterogeneity to it because it's it's effectively a waste product that they would have to burn if we if we were to stand there and look at it, you'd be like, this is pretty consistent material. Like, visually, it's not like, oh, this is all over the place. But nonetheless, you can still get edge cases. You can get a rock that was like, you know, randomly stuck in a branch or you can get, you know,

people talk about, like, bail that had a handgun in it, you know, like, it happens. And so if you're processing it at scale, you do have to have things in place to ensure that that doesn't happen, but it's the exception. Like, the heterogeneity is problematic in its exceptions, as opposed to, like, some sort of, like, continuous variability. Variability in moisture content is interesting. That can really affect processes. And so having strong controls around drying or measurement of moisture content. Or depending on your process, the form factor of the actual material going into a biomass processing system can matter a lot.

Like aspect ratio, like a long twig often is way more problematic than the same amount of mass in like a well-rounded chip. just because you can create bridges and other things like that in equipment. So, okay, if we want to, let's just assume that we as a society or as entrepreneurs or whoever want to utilize this residue. Let's focus on ag residue here, though we could talk about wood chips or whatever else too. Let's assume that we want to use it. It has some use. What are the things that you think then need to be true to make it work? In other words, I assume that basically the tradeoff here is you can.

can either do what the ethanol plant you described failed was trying to do, which is aggregate, centralized, build a big centralized processing facility to go make something with it. And that you get the economies of scale on the processing facility, so that's good because you want that. But you have to source from a wider aperture geographically, and so you end up paying these transport costs and logistics costs that kind of kill you. Or you do something at the edge, which I think is closer to what you're. doing because you then don't have to do with the transport costs, but you trade off the

economies of scale on the processing side. So how do you think about that balance? In some of the sense, this is the fundamental thesis of charm, which is you can't bring biomass to market in its broadly heterogeneous, like highly distributed, fluffy current existing capacity. You just can't do it. It doesn't work. People have tried it so many times, and it just doesn't work. So the things that do work today are when people have large, centralized sources of biomass. That could be rice holes coming out of a plant

or it could be sawdust coming out of a plant. Those are the places where it works. But that's a tiny fraction. It's a tiny, tiny, tiny fraction of the total biomass. And so to your point, if you want to get it to scale, you do have to be able to go out into the field and convert it into some kind of format that actually is more homogeneous and transportable.

And so that is basically the thesis of charm. which is can we take that material and instead of people have tried pellet, people have tried, like all these things. But the problem is your density, your starting density is maybe like 100 to 200 kilograms per meter cubed. And even if you get that up via pelleting

to like 400, 600, you're still, it's still really, really hard. And so our fundamental thesis is can we go out into the field with pyrolysis equipment and consolidate that biomass by removing a bunch of stuff that isn't useful? So sort of reducing the total mass to what is the useful component in bio oil and biochar, and can we increase the density

dramatically? So the density of bio oil is 1,200 kilograms per meter cubed. So, you know, almost more than a 10x in terms of consolidation. And so now actually you're weighing out your tanker, and you have a pumpable fluid instead of having to deal with moving around bales that are, you know, super fluffy. And so the sort of fundamental thesis there is like, can you make it transportable and can you densify it such that the economics fundamentally change around your ability to centralize it for further processing or for consumption? So that's our fundamental thesis with pyrolysis and people have tried a lot of other ways to do it, but we think this one will work. How much do economies of scale matter on pyrolysis? Like would it be, the trade you're

making is you're saying, I'll do a small pyrolysis unit, but in exchange for that, I will get this high density, I will drive down logistics costs and transportation costs and all these things that blow up the economics of every other use of waste biomass, or I'm sorry, ag residue or whatever it is. Presumably you believe that to be the right trade to make, but how much of a trade-off is it, really? Like, if you were doing paralysis at a 10x scale relative to what you are doing it at, would it be notably cheaper? It can get notably cheaper up to a point. So, you know, like we today operate two ton per day systems. It is significantly cheaper to operate like a 20 ton per day system, right?

You can, and that's what we're working towards. It's like you'll have the same, basically the same amount of labor operating something with 10 times the throughput, maybe 15 times the throughput, and you've got a lot of leverage out of that. You start to see some dis-economies on top of that. When you go beyond, we think that sort of equipment, farm equipment form factor, when you start moving away from a mobile piece of equipment into a fixed facility, you do get some economies of the construction,

but you actually take on a lot more risk in every facility that you build. You have all the balance of plant. You have permitting. You have just more risk because you're going to build many fewer of them. And each one is going to be uniquely sized. And so there's actually,

I think there's a, you actually break the unit economics in some sense break and jump beyond that mobile form factor. and that's part of our thesis is like how much throughput can we jam into a large combine kind of form factor is what we're ultimately going to be shooting for and we think that there's great economics and continuing to push that throughput

but if we look at the CAPEX, for example, of our system today on a dollars capx per ton basis and compare it to say like state-of-the-art pyrolysis facilities we are already less than half of that cost on a dollar per capita basis, and that will decline drastically as we increase the throughput. So that's where you would expect to see the most economy there in labor,

and we already are realizing an economy relative to where you would expect to see an economy, and sort of through this concept of mass production, the other place where you'd expect to see economy is on the labor side, and I think we won't beat that aside from sort of through automation and reliability that just requires fewer people over time per machine. But the CAPEX thing is surprising to me, actually. When I went around those numbers, I was surprised that we were already under the CAPEX per ton.

Is that a function of like, the power of else's market is not enormous and it's not like the most mature in the world? Like, is it just in part there has been room for innovation because it's not like totally optimized? Yeah, it's also the case that there are some processes that benefit drastically from sort of a surface area to volume change.

change, right? Like a lot of these world-scale chemical plants have like massive volumes inside their reactors. And so as they scale up the sort of like metal cost, physical metal cost of the reactor vessel is declining because the surface area to volume ratio is is declining. I think that there are some process, I think pyrolysis in some senses is less influenced by that because you're sort of putting heat in and taking heat out. And so you're, you almost have like a surface area to surface area scaling law. So maybe also that pyrolysis is somewhat unique relative to other chemical processes.

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resonate with the media, Fish Tank can help. Check out fish tankpr.com. That's F-I-S-C-H-Fish-Tankpr.com. All right, so let's assume you can get your ag residue. You can get your biomass off the field. You can do it in a manner that is sufficiently dense and that is economic to do something with. And the next question then is, okay, so what should we do with it? Like, what's the highest and best use? So I know you have opinions on this, but talk me through the, I guess, to start the suite

of options. Like, what are the things you think of as being potential uses for that biomass once you get it off the field? historically biomass has been primarily used for industrial heat you know sort of alongside an existing plant or for electricity production in some cases or for like car fuel production like ethanol these are not actually very good uses for biomass

they don't really take advantage of the best properties that biomass has what really distinguishes biomass is not necessarily its energy content which is actually quite low right so like on a per kilogram basis, like the energy content of biomass, is about one-third that of crude oil. So it's pretty energy poor. What's interesting about it is that relative to almost everything else, it's very carbon-rich. And so the use cases that rely either on the chemical availability of carbon or on the sort of

physical availability of carbon, those, or like in the case of carbon removal, like literally on the amount of carbon in there, those are the use cases actually that have the highest and best use over time. So carbon removal is obviously the market that we have gone into first, where we can do bio-oil sequestration and pump the carbon underground in a liquid form. That's actually a pretty high-value use case for it because you're directly monetizing the carbon embedded in the biomass. There are other use cases where the carbon is really critical from a chemical perspective. So these are things like iron making. When you reduce iron oxide to iron, you need carbon monoxide. and you can use hydrogen, but it's endothermic.

So if you really, if you want to make it sort of work on a reliable basis, you probably need carbon monoxide. You need that carbon. Well, great, we have a carbon source. So iron making is a pretty compelling use case. Another one actually is SAF, is jet fuel. We don't have a lot of great dense energy carriers that can actually do long haul flights. And there it is. So, you know, we're going to need probably for a long time going to need carbon there.

So those are some of the cases, they're like asphalt, plastics. There's a bunch of these places where the carbon is an integral part, either of being an energy carrier or being chemically involved in the process or structurally involved as an atomic element. Those are the places where, and World Resources Institute would agree with this in their analysis, I think. Which is like, that's where we need the carbon. And other use cases like car fuel are like pretty poor economic fits. Is your view on why historically we've used biomass as an energy source

rather than a carbon source predominantly just a function of like the market has been there for energy. The market has not really been there for the carbon stuff, certainly not for carbon removal historically. SAF is a relatively new thing. Is it just like a market maturity thing or is there some other reason why we've gone down the wrong road historically? Yeah, I think it's a market maturity thing. I think also for the industrial heat and electricity use cases, often that's when you have a concentrated flow of biomass. And now we're... And you just want to co-fire with something else.

Yeah, you might as well. It's like buying down your total cost. Yes, a facility owner is like, well, I have this thing. Why don't I use it? Whereas the sort of biomass that we're talking about maybe is like a different type of biomass, which is like, okay, but then there's like five gigatons of this stuff all over the world. And like, you know, it rots or burns today, which is a different... Yeah, maybe the more...

Right, probably the more accurate way to put it is that like a lot of the stuff has not been used, actually, historically. It's not that it's been used for this other stuff. To the extent that it has, like, if it's being used to, produce ethanol, we've sort of distorted a market into existence for ethanol that is tax credit driven predominantly. And so there's an economic reason to do that that doesn't speak to the underlying rationality of like leveraging it for energy. Yeah. To be clear, there's like geopolitical reasons also to ensure that we have massive amounts of corn and food grown in the United States. So like,

it's maybe gets more complicated than just what's the highest and best use of biomass. But yes. Okay, so I've seen the analysis too that basically suggests that, like, look, the, from a, okay, so let's just assume we care about CO2 emissions. Let's assume we care about greenhouse gas emissions and climate change in general. Then, and then if you look at biomass, if you look at waste biomass, clearly, if you could do it cheaply enough, the highest and best use of it is carbon removal. Like, you just get the most bang for your buck, even over the other things that leverage the carbon, SAF or, with, whatever else, which is where you guys have started. The question then is like, it is less, I think in my mind, what is the highest and best use of the material? And rather, what is the market for that, right? Which is the sort of underlying question in CDR. So I want to transfer to talking about that a little bit, because you've been a kind of, I think you've delivered more tons of permanent CDR than anybody else in the world, or at least that was true at one point. And the other thing that I think you've done that has been interesting to me is that you've found a more diverse set of buyers for CDR than most other folks.

I think listeners this podcast probably know that if you just look at overall tons purchased in the CDR market, it's basically Microsoft, followed by like an order of magnitude lower frontier, which is the Stripe Coalition, followed by a bunch of little minnows in relative, terms. And so a lot of the CDR market, to the extent that they have actually generally pre-sold tons, as opposed to selling tons, which as you've done, that's the buyer universe for them, essentially. But you know, you have found some others on that list. So just give me your overall take on like how the CDR demand side has evolved and what your approach has been to finding those buyers. I think I have a little bit of a unique perspective here also as an ex-buyer. the reason that I'm in this market at all is because previously built a software company

called Segment, which sold in 2020, and along the way, we were trying to figure out how to offset our carbon or remove our carbon. And I was really pissed off at the quality of what was there. And so I come from like a perspective of sitting in the buyer's seat, you know,

beyond the folks that have gotten really excited and have driven forward the carbon removal industry, you know, the stripes and Shopify's and Microsofts and Googles and Facebook, like, you know, sort of like core tech group. Beyond that, I feel a little bit of some of the pain that the broader market has encountered in trying to buy offsets historically because I went through it. And specifically, my experience was I went and bought some offsets in Indonesian rainforest

and the Amazon rainforest. And it was like 20K or something. And then I came back a year later and I was like, wait a second. Like, what happened? What happened when I bought those offsets? Like, is there any clarity of, you know, can I look up? like which acres exactly did I protect? And like, did it have an impact?

Is it still there? You know, then you'll see in the news, like the Amazon is on fire and you're like, oh, shoot, like maybe I need to go rebuy something. Like, you know, did my protection totally fail here? And so the deeper that I got into that, the more I was like, this is bad, this is really bad. There's no clarity on it. There's no trail of evidence.

There's no, like, FedEx style delivery history of, like, what happened there. And so I think there's a few things that have differentiated charm and sort of appealing to a broader set of buyers. The first is extreme transparency. So you can go to the website, and this comes from that experience. If you can go to the website, Traumindustrial.com slash ledger, and you can see a complete history of every delivery. You can click in and you can see where the biomass came from and so on. I still think it's a really crappy V-Zero. I want to get to a point where you can, like when the DoorDash Deliverer takes a picture of the food on your doorstep, like every picture, every step of the process, I want to have photo evidence of what happened

and make that public. So that's one thing that still is extremely differentiated. We've made a big point of it over the years and I've tried to push other suppliers to do that and for whatever reason

it's still differentiated. And so from a risk perspective, right, if you're a buyer and you've been feeling all this risk of these like junkie offsets that you maybe got burned by, that's a pretty different feel

in the sort of broader market. And the other is just all the co-benefits associated with Charms process. There are many other processes that are sort of arbitrage. of like, you know, delivering tons in a cheap fashion that are real but probably can't get to climate scale. What's different is not only can try and kind of get to a very large scale due to the feedstocks that we're going and getting access to, but the potential wildfire impact, the potential orphaned well cleanup, you know, there's a bunch of things along the chain that I think are big co-benefits to human health and communities that buyers want to, you know, help support.

So is your view that there's like a significant volume of latent, I don't know whether this is the right way to put it, but latent demand for CDR that has not been unlocked largely because, one, a sort of lack of trust in the market, which I 100% agree with you. I worked in the carbon market world, the voluntary carbon market world like 15 years ago now. And it's the legacy carbon offset world is a disaster, in my opinion.

So there's definitely some repair that needs to be done there. But so your view is that a combination of trust and co-benefits deliver this big wave of demand that we haven't seen fully show up yet outside of just that core group. You said the tech companies, et cetera. I think so. And like why? What are they driving toward?

Is it net zero commitments that they're trying to meet? Is it like what's the underlying motivation for corporates at least, do you think? underlying motivation for corporates is impact and they want to trust that that impact is actually happening in a measurable way and climate impact is great but they also if they can double dip simultaneously into having climate impact as well as health impact because there isn't particulate coming out of a wildfire

and into community impact because homes aren't getting burnt down and into community impact because a well is getting cleaned up and like it's not spewing radioactive brine at the surface anymore or methane like you know it's just it's just their goal is having a positive impact with these kinds of purchases,

that's a lot more, right? There's just more there on the bone. As opposed to, you know, some other approaches often have tradeoffs in this sense, whether that's like, you know, consuming a lot of power or other kinds of things, right?

Where it's like, that can be less appealing. Are there other categories of buyers that you think are likely to scale? I mean, I guess the way I think about it is right now it's been the tech industry first and foremost, followed maybe by the five,

financial sector, where there have been a few buyers who've stepped, like, some of the big banks have made some larger volume purchases. Is that the next big beachhead for CDR? Yeah, I'd say certainly we started in high tech or technology, big software companies, AI hyperscalers. We see a lot of activity in banking, financial services. We see a lot of activity in consulting, have a lot of consulting companies as customers. We're starting to see more activity in advanced manufacturing. sets, you know, like aircraft, chips, pharmaceuticals. Like, you know, if you look at a sort of chart of like profitability per ton or EBITDA per ton,

like it's the companies that have a lot of EBITDA per ton that are going to lead the way on helping things down. Per ton of emissions in this case. Per ton of emissions, yeah. It's like, yeah, how much money do they make, well? It's basically saying like how hard is it for them to afford to purchase credits to offset a significant chunk of their emissions? Yeah. I will say, though, that there are some companies that have done the analysis, right, of like they've reduced all their obvious emissions in terms of just buying clean electricity and so on.

And they're getting down to the point where they're like, hold on, like, it's going to cost like $2,000 a ton for me to go, like, tear down a building and rebuild it with like a proper HVAC system that does, like, heat pumps. You know, it's like, and have clean concrete. Like, you know, at some point you get down to this like baseload of like amortized embodied emissions. and things that are like in the built structures and it's really hard and really expensive. And as they get down there, it's like, well, maybe this is just cheaper to remove. All right, Peter, this was fun.

Thanks for talking through ag residue and carbon removal with me. But appreciate the time. Thanks for having me. Peter Reinhardt is a co-founder and CEO of Charm Industrial. This show is a production of Latitude Media. You can head over to Latitudemedia.com for links to today's topics. Latitude is supported by Prelude Ventures. This episode was produced by Daniel Waldorf, mixing and theme song by Sean Marquand.

Stephen Lacey is our executive editor. I'm Shail Khan, and this is Catalyst.