Classic Audiobook Collection - Anno Domini 2071 by Pieter Harting ~ Full Audiobook [scifi]

Episode Date: December 4, 2023

Anno Domini 2071 by Pieter Harting audiobook. Genre: scifi Curious to see how the world was imagined to be 50 years from now? Harting, under the pseudonym Dr. Dioscorides, originally published his steampunk utopian novelette in 1865 under the title Anno 2065, but soon had to publish new editions because of all the changes happening at the time. We have in the catalogue the 1870 edition 'Anno 2070' recorded in Dutch. This is the English translation of that edition, published in 1871, and naturally titled 'Anno Domini 2071'. It isn't free from racial defamation, but it does contain some radical ideas for its time, like the Suffragette movement, the Darwinian Evolution model, and many creatively imagined inventions! For ad-free listening try our premium subscription Chapters (Approximate) (00:00:00) Chapter 00 (00:02:24) Chapter 01 (00:16:57) Chapter 02 (00:33:58) Chapter 03 (00:46:18) Chapter 04 (01:00:21) Chapter 05 (01:12:14) Chapter 06 (01:32:08) Chapter 07 (01:45:33) Chapter 08 (01:54:23) Chapter 09 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Anodominy, 2071 by Peter Harting, Part 1, Anadominy, 2071. When comparing the present condition of society with that of past centuries, the question naturally arises, What will the future be? Will the same progress, which, in our own times especially, has been of such vast dimensions, and manifested itself in so many directions, continue to be progressive? And if so, for who could think of reaction, since the art of printing has guarded against any furrow of the human mind ever being effaced?

Where is to be the ultimate goal of the progress of our successes? Where are we to look for the fruits of those innumerable gems which the present generation is sowing for the benefit of those that will come after them? These and similar questions occupied my mind when seated one afternoon in my comfortable armchair, I allowed my thoughts freely to wander amid the mains of those that preceded us.

I thought of our own Muchenbrück, Gravenzada, Huygens and Steven, and of what would be their surprise were they to reappear on this earth and gaze upon the marvellous works of modern machinery? I passed in review and Newton and Galileo

with so many others founders of an edifice which they themselves would not now recognise. I thought of steam engines and electric telegraphs, of railways and steamboats, of mountain tunnels and suspension bridges, of photography and gasworks, of the amazing strides, lately made by chemistry,

of telescopes and microscopes, of diving bells and aeronautics, and of all the hundred other things, which, in motley array, wildly crossed my mind, though all corresponding in this that they loudly proclaim the vast and enormous difference

between the present and the past. The line of demarcation between the one and the other revealed itself still more clearly to me as my thoughts carried me further back into the past and the ghost of Roger Bacon seemed to rise before my imagination. This 13th century child was a scholar who surpassed all his contemporaries

in sound judgment and knowledge. of natural science. Alas, his fate was the ordinary one in store for all those whose light shone above that of others in those darkest of ages. He was a curse of witchery and cast into a dungeon

there doomed to sigh for ten weary years after which, as the rumor goes, he died in his prison. The memory of that illustrious man called to my mind some passages of his writings, from which it will be seen

how he, as if endowed with a seer's gift, did actually foretell some six hundred years ago, that which since, and chiefly in our own time, has become an array of realities. For example, it is possible, says he, to construct spy glasses by which the most distant objects can be drawn near to us, so that we shall be able to read the most minute writing at an almost incredible distance, to see all kinds of diminutive objects and to make the stars appear wherever we choose. We might make wagons that could move along with great velocity and without being drawn by animals. Similar to other machines might be had as, for example, bridges without pillars or support of any kind. There might be contrivances for the purpose of navigation

without navigators, so that the greatest vessels would be handled by one single man and at the same time move onward with greater speed than those with numerous crews. As I pondered over such remarkable observations as those, I sank into absolute revelry. All surrounding objects seemed gradually to disappear from my sight

until I got into that peculiar condition in which, while everything material about us is at rest and passive, the mind, on the contrary, proves uncommonly active and alert. I felt myself suddenly in the midst of an immense city, where I did not know. But about me I saw a vast square, and in it a stately edifice with a lofty tower, on which I fancied I read the following inscription.

AD 2071 January 1st. I could scarcely believe my own eyes and must have approached the tower with looks highly expressive of curiosity and amazement. For an elderly gentleman, accompanied by a young lady, stepped forward to speak to me. I see, sir, that you are a stranger in Londinia. If any information could be of service to you, these kind words caused me to stop.

I looked at the man who stood before me, and was at once struck and impressed by his thoughtful and noble features. nor was i slow in recognizing him he was the very man with whom i had been for some time past engaged in my thoughts you are roger bacon said i to be sure was his reply at the same time allow me the pleasure of introducing you to this young lady friend of mine miss fantagia i happened to be in that frame of mind to which one might apply the horatian nilmerari Nothing of what I saw surprised me, not even the appearance in the flesh of a man like Bacon, who had taken his departure from our planet some 500 years ago. I therefore simply accepted his obliging offer,

and began by asking for an explanation of the figures and words on the tower. On yonder tower, over the clock face, answered he. Why, that means simply this, that we have arrived at the first day of the new year, "'Two thousand and seventy-one. "'But what is the time? "'I see so many hands and figures on the clock "'that I am perfectly bewildered.

"'What kind of time is it you want to know?' "'He asked in reply. "'True, mean, or elitic time, "'for each of these has its own set of hands and figures. "'I know feel well,' said I, "'what true time is, "'also what is understood by mean time. "'But what on earth is meant by,

by Aleutic time. I will soon explain, spoke my obliging guide, since the whole globe has been encircled by one large net of telegraph lines, and while messages, whether east or westward bound, do the whole round of our planet

in a single moment, it has been found necessary to adopt a kind of time that would apply to any spot of the earth, for I which some contrivance alone, was it possible to avoid a confusion that would have been fatal in many cases, more especially in those of commercial transactions,

when the knowledge of the right time is an object of no mean consideration. By mutual agreement, the several nations, therefore, selected the largest of the Aleutic Islands by way of neutral point or centre. When the sun rises on the east coast of that island, then begins the world day. Nor has the selection of the neutral point being, any way an arbitrary one. For east and west of the meridian which passes over that island are to be found those very latitudes where the confusion of time was formerly at its height,

and for this reason, that according to their discovery, having been accomplished either from Europe in easterly direction round Africa, or westward round America, one whole day has been lost or gained. Now the consequence of this was that, in the the islands of these latitudes, the inhabitants of the eastern coast, and those dwelling in the west, differed four and twenty hours in their calculations of time, owing to the circumference that they belonged to, or were descended from, the one or the other ancient colony. The adoption of the Aleutic time has put a stop to any such confusion. Having thus endeavoured to satisfy my curiosity, my companion went on to say, Do come along with us, we shall have plaitic

plenty of opportunity to show other matters of interest in the city of Londinia. Londinia? Is that the same as London? Not quite. Ancient London formed but a small portion of the present city of Londinia. The latter occupies a considerable part of the southeast of England and has a population of something like 12 millions. As we continued our tour, I chanced to hit upon the trivial remark that we had very mild weather indeed, considering the time of the year, You are mistaken, Bacon said.

On the contrary, it is bitterly cold. Only you forget that we are in town. Just feel the heat of the current of air which rises from the sieve-like plate on which you are walking. And you'll doubtless agree with me that the distribution of warm air society is by no means unfaithful to its obligations. Then look above you. Had the distribution been insufficient, we should still see the glass roof over our our heads covered with this morning snow. I looked up and saw that the street was vaulted over with glass plates of considerable length and width, joined together by thin bars, with here and there

an aperture as means of ventilation. I apprehend then that we are in a so-called arcade. Well, yes, if you mean to apply that name to the greater part of our city, that which in the 19th century was only to be found occasionally in the great towns of Europe has become a regular institution in the 21st, owing to the manufacturer of our inexpensive ver-saint-sauphine, or endless glass, as our people generally call it. I have no doubt that this must be a considerable improvement on your town life throughout winter, but in summertime I should say this must be intolerably hot. Not at all.

The same society which undertakes the supply of warm air in winter also provides us, during the summer months, a cooling draft. Nothing can be easier than that. You are doubtless aware of ice having been manufactured in the middle of summer for at least a couple of centuries. During the warm season the air is made to pass over the glass vault above us before it reaches the pavement through the sieve-like plate. And if the warm air inspectors properly attend to their duties,

there is scarcely any difference in our temperature throughout the year. Then probably you warm your houses by a similar process and you never use any stoves or fireplaces now. neither of my companions could help smiling at these words betraying again as they did my very old-fashioned notions bacon however gave me a kindly nod of assent as he proceeded to explain just as a cold water bath may be heated at pleasure by opening a hot water tap we can warm the air in our apartments by means of a valve which when opened not only affords a supply of warm air but has the additional advantage of producing a most delightful refreshing of the atmosphere without any idea of draft. I really cannot understand, Miss Fantasia, he remarked, how the people in those barbara's times managed to live amid the smoke and ashes and dust

of their horrible fireplaces. And then their chimney's on fire, added Bacon. Thank fate we have done with that too. Poor insurance officers, they don't pay half the premium now of what they used to. One more question, said I, before we leave this subject. What do you call the metal used for those elegant little bars which connect and support the roof of glass above us?

Surely they are not of iron, as they would have been in my time? No, answered my guide. Iron, on account of its greater significant weight, would have been less suitable here than aluminium. The latter not only corresponds in weight with the glass which it supports, but it also withstands the effect of the atmosphere

far better than iron. You will very soon perceive in how many instances the new metal has superseded the old one, an additional proof of which I will just mention the fact that the modern antiquarians do not exclusively now speak of the ages of stone, bronze and iron, but that they have formally recognized the Age of Aluminium. The latter commenced, or dates from the second half of the 20th century, when it was first discovered how to produce aluminium in large, large quantities from common clay, old tiles, pot shards, China and earthenware.

Ah, said I, here then we have another striking example to teach us that discoveries simply arrived at by purely scientific processes searched after from the pure motive of increase of knowledge may often be ultimately productive of the greatest practical use. The same metal for which years after Verla's discovery continue to be a curiosity, so much so that a few grains of it were preserved among the collections of chemical preparations has now become universally beneficial. Nay, a perfect godsend to those districts where clay, that is aluminium or, is the only

underground wealth. End of Part 1. Part 2 of Anno Domini, 20171. This is the Librevox recording. All Librevox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librevox.org. Read by Aitle Anodominy, 271 by Peter Harting, Part 2

Following up this idea, at the risk of being ridiculed or perhaps reprimanded for my impertent gurulessness, I continued in the following strain. Think of the phosphorus discovered by Brand and Kynkel as earlier 1669, yet never getting into common use until the lucifer's fuses and flamers made their appearance some two hundred years afterwards and of chloroform now the greatest alleviation of suffering humanity although dumar when he first compounded it did but little dream of its application then again when sir humphrey davies's remarkable experiments taught him the refrigerating power of metal gas did this not ultimately lead to the invention of the safety lamp and not only has the latter already preserved thousands of human lives, but more than that, the principle of Davy's invention has actually become the basis upon which all steam engines are constructed,

as well as those by which ice can be made at any time. With regard to the invention of the art of photography, how could it have become a reality, a possibility, without the number of purely scientific discoveries that preceded it? I, perfectly scientific discoveries. such as Porter's so-called camera obscure, 16th century. Sheila's discovery of the discoloration of chloride of silver by light, at which he did not arrive until 200 years afterwards,

Cotoir's finding of the iodine, 1811, or the invention of gun cotton, from which Schoenbein learned to make collodian, nor would it be difficult to name several other materials, all found by regular chemical, processes to fix the photographic images and to make them permanent. Encourished by my companion's line of non-intervention, I venture to continue to speak my thoughts aloud.

If any art more than other, said I, is calculated to illustrate the fact that the most important discoveries, such as have been most universally brought to bear upon the joint social condition of mankind, have simply resulted from the inventions of scientific men who never dreamt of the practical application of their discoveries. If any such thing exists, surely it is the telegraph. Could these magic wires have lurked in the minds of Thal's when he found out? Now, 25 centuries ago, that a piece of amber, when rubbed, attracts the light bodies, even though it led him to discover the very first of those phenomena,

the cause of which must be sought in that mysterious power, which we now call electricity. Did Galvani think of the telegraphic art? when he noticed how the muscles of his frogs contracted under the influence of electricity, or Volta, when following up Galvani's experiments, he produced the pile that bears his name, and yet that was, so to speak, the embryo of those modern batteries of ours whence precedes the marvellous action along the wire,

nor is it in any way presumable that Ersted ever thought of the application of his discovery to telegraphy, when he first noticed that the magnetic needle is deflected, under the influence of electricity, no more than Adagor, who found that iron becomes magnetic when an electric current runs along it through the metal wire. No, no, cried I. None of those men could ever have foreseen the ultimate beneficial results of these discoveries of natural truths.

You are perfectly right in your remarks, said Bacon, as I paused. From my own personal knowledge of what has come to pass in the field of industry During the last two centuries, I could adduce a good many more examples to show that many of your 19th century discoveries, which for a long time afterwards merely bore a purely scientific significance or character, have now become prolific sources of material benefit to society at large. Nor does anyone nowadays doubt the importance of pure science. All governments look upon it as an urgent duty of their part

to promote the same wherever they can, nor is it too anxiously asked whether it does bear, in every instance, immediate results to benefit the material condition of society. Moreover, it should not be here forgotten that every man of judgment and discrimination has long since learned to see

the furtherance of material advantages as the aim and end of human endeavours is an idea as narrow in itself as it is unworthy of rational beings. Surely there exists another, an infinitely higher mainspring of happiness in the enjoyment of gathering such knowledge as will enable us to perceive the casual connection between the phenomena of nature or teach us the history of man and all his surroundings.

The pursuit of material gratification is essentially a thing which man shares with the brute but our desire to ennoble that which is spiritual or immaterial in us that is exclusively human, the gratification of such desire that is a genuine trademark of real civilization. So much is the bulk of modern society already convinced of these truths that no government could nowadays afford to neglect the encouragement of scientific pursuit,

although the utmost discretion be left to the men of science themselves with regard to the other question. How, and in what direction the extension of knowledge ought to take place? Then you hear nothing more now. of what was once termed official science? I really do not know, said Bacon, what you are alluding to.

But if you use the word official in its usual acceptation, meaning that which can no longer be doubted, since it demanded from the responsible government, then, my dear sir, you will pardon me the remark that the expression is anything but felicitous. Nay, very shallow indeed. A government may protect, support and promote science, but it can never stamp it with the seal of genuineness.

Such seal is held by truth alone. Somewhat ashamed of my apparent antiquated notions and childish observations, I walked on in silence. Until Miss Fantasia all of a sudden exclaimed, Here we have actually got to the exhibition of heliocrams. Oh, do let us go in. I should very much like to know whether they come at all up

to those enormous golden placards outside, and whether the highest of the fine arts is here equaled by reality. There was something spiteful in the remarks of the young lady, and at my question of what was meant by Heliocrims, she again sarcastically replied, "'Oh, nothing but photographs in the natural colours of the objects "'as penciled by the sun himself. "'So at least, in her extravagant style,' says my friend Rialia,

"'ha!' exclaimed I, "'the ultimate triumph of the lifelong endeavours of that plucky Frenchman De Saint-Victor, final fruits of the Prietremont, awarded him by the French Academy. Bacon looked at me with a smile clearly indicative of his contempt for my helpless ignorance. But all he said was this. Come inside, please, and you will have something else to see than those rude and perishable experiments of Victor of the 19th century. We entered, and I could not trust my eyes.

The walls of the building were covered with innumerable pictures, landscapes, portraits, genre pieces. Some of the figures life-size, and all these pictures were mere photographs, yet photographs differing as much from those that I was familiar with as an oil painting does from a crayon drawing. Unhappy artists, poor art, I exclaimed, what have you come to at last? But Miss Fantasia appeared to share my delight no more than my sympathy. Unhappy artists indeed, was her reply. If by such an honourable name you designate those knights of the brush, whose sole aim and end is the faithful imitation of reality, but do not say poor arts, they have by no means died out.

The worthy successes of Raphael and Correggio, of Rubens and Arambard, of those whose calling was not to imitate nature, but to idolize it. And that is the vocation of art. Simple imitation is mere handicraft, and although the monuments and statues of living persons are now mechanistic, taken from photographs, I, by a common workman who has no notion of art, yet have we sculptures who are genuine artists, creators of the idea. I quietly accepted the rebuff, and rejoiced to think that those treasures of art,

of which my country is so proud, had not then, after all, deteriorated in worth. On the other hand, it was to me a matter of little moment that mediocre talents, incapable of rising above the imitation of reality, had been compelled. to exchange the brush for the camera obscura, and I had no doubt that their productions would thereby gain in faithfulness. As we left the exhibition building, I saw a huge wagon without any horses, but simply governed by one man,

in spite of which it seemed to roll on as easily as possible, and to pull up at pleasure. The wagon was loaded, with all sizes of black-colored cylinders, resembling casks or barrels. I was perfectly aware of the numerous successful experiments, made long ago in England and elsewhere with the construction of steam engines destined to run not along iron rails but along ordinary roads. I could not, however, help noticing that this wagon differed totally from those old locomobiles inasmuch as there was no sign of steam about the novelty.

Once more I turned to my amiable guide for an explanation, but although he immediately prepared to comply with my request, Still, I am obliged to confess that not everything was quite clear to me. I imagine this was partly owing to Bacon's making use of the names of engines and materials with which I was unfamiliar. But this is about what I understood him to say. So long as we had abundance of coal, the use of steam was found to be amply sufficient for the locomotion of all kinds of engines, wagons or carriages. But about the beginning of this century, the quantity of coal in the different countries of Europe,

had decreased to such an extent that the price of the article became by far too high for daily and ordinary use. True, the supply of North America was far from being exhausted, but of course the exportation from Thence could not but influence the cost. The same inconvenience further presented itself with such engines where the locomotive power was produced by continually reoccurring explosions of a mixture of light gas and common atmospheric air, since the cost of light gas naturally increased with the decrease of coal, from which it was printably made.

Under these circumstances, recourse was had to the electromagnetic machines, which could not be used to advantage so long as coal were inexpensive. Now, however, these were not only able to compete with the different kinds of steam engines, but they had this advantage over the latter, that they were entirely free from the danger of explosive boilers. Nevertheless, the electromagnetic power, with all its improvements, was, and remained, a more expensive one than that formerly produced through coal. And the consequence of this was a decrease in the produce of a great many things

which had not only grown into matters of daily necessity, but even into a sine qua non of a progressive and lasting civilization. Then it was, since necessity is the mother of invention, that everyone contrived to devise a new means of locomotion until after innumerable's unsuccessful experiment, a power was finally arrived at in every way practical and satisfactory, whilst inexhaustible in its source. It was, namely, this.

From time immemorial, people knew two motive forces of flowing water and of steaming air, or wind. When the steam engines came into use, the latter had gradually superseded the former, partly because rapidly flowing or falling water is not always procurable, partly because of the supply of water, as well as its power, depends on the quantities of rain falling in the higher districts. The latter inconvenience, the variability of power, made itself still more strongly felt in the application of the wind.

The most absolute quietness in the air may be followed, by a tempers so dangerous that the skipper is obliged to furl his sails, and the miller finds it necessary to stop his mill, in order to avoid the most disastrous consequences. Now, when the mill stops, it becomes a useless machine, for then the work of the men is stopped, and ultimately their wages. Much valuable time is lost, and time is known to be money. Add to this, that a steam engine may be worked unremittingly,

so that the manufacturer can be sure to finish any given work in a stipulated time, and it must be clear enough why the powers of water and wind got to be superseded by steam power, on account of the latter's superior regularity. Meanwhile, it is impossible to overlook the double fact that water and wind may be had for nothing, and that steam involves expense. Moreover, so immense is the quantity of vital or working power of the waterfall in the world, down on the service of our earth, and also the atmospheric currents, that the locomotive power of all existing steam engines is comparatively trifling by the side of them. One single

great cataract has more working power than all the steam engines of Europe together, and one single thunderstorm may produce such frightening destruction that it would be ridiculous to measure them by horsepower. As therefore steam became more and more expensive, one naturally looked for means by which, without losing the regularity and stability of steam power, one might turn to account the forces of wind and falling water. The question had really come to this. How to regularly distribute over a certain period of time a force or power so intensely variable. It seemed as if the working power of water and wind had to be collected and saved up so as to have a regular provision of such forces in case of need. In like

manner, nature had saved her working power when she caused the forest to grow, from whence resulted, the coal layers. Art had already done the same in preparing gunpowder and other explosive matters. Why then could the experiment not be tried in analogous form, namely, by temporary imprisonment or detention of that vital power which appeared to be so inexhaustible? That was the problem. With regard to its solution, I could not well follow the details. All I could learn from Bacon was this, that the black cylinders on the wagon already referred to bore the name of energy ethics, forceholders or energy preservers, that one of these set the wagon in motion, whilst the others were to be delivered either at private houses for domestic purposes of hoisting, raising or carrying,

or to blacksmiths, turners, and other artisans, who wanted motive powers not so extensive as regular large manufacturers of, Similar energy ethics, only of greater power and dimensions. Some of these, in mountainous districts, collected the power of falling water. Others, situated in lower districts, utilized the wind. With regard to the construction, etc., of those cylinders, I could do nothing more than to form a faint idea. Thus I thought of compressed air,

or some other gas, which, by some strong pressure or other, might have been turned into a liquid or hard substance retaining the capability of rendering a gain its deposit of force on subsequent explosion, but I merely give this hypothesis for what it is worth. End of Part 2. Part 3 of Anno Domini, 20171. This is a Librevox recording.

All Librevox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librivox.org. Read by Eitel Anno Domini, 2071 by Peter Harding Part 3 While Bacon had thus been endeavouring to enlighten me

on a subject which, after all, I did not profess to understand, we had reached the aluminium railings of an elegant and lofty edifice, bearing the inscription, National Library, Naturally enough, I evinced a strong desire to enter, but Bacon remarked that a visit to such a place would take up a good deal of valuable time that might be turned into a much more pleasurable and profitable and profitable account,

to which Miss Fantasia added that if the gentleman chose to enter that labyrinth of learning, she, for her part, preferred a walk in the square, the latter crossed in all directions by parks and avenues and flower beds, was moreover crowded with the most exquisite works of ancient and modern sculptures, living illustrations of her former assertion

that genuine works of art had not quite died out. As soon as we had arrived at the opposite side of the square, I fully understood the wisdom of Bacon's remarks. As far as my eyes reached, I could see a dense cluster of buildings, more resembling a moderately sized town than a depository of literature. You see, my friend, said Bacon,

it is imperative here to make up your mind what to see, or else our lady friend will be tired of waiting. Which branch of human knowledge do you give the preference to? I answered that I was especially interested in works of natural science. Impossible to think of visiting the buildings in which all these are deposited. You will have to restrict yourself considerably. Well, then, let us confine ourselves to zoology. Too much even for the most curious glance.

It would take us hours to have a mere walk-through. Select a subsection of zoology. Shall we say the literature of entomology? That won't do either. You must keep to one single order of insects. Well, then, be good enough to select for yourself, said I. I'll follow you. We entered one of the buildings,

how I was surprised to see the crowd, of offices and attendance, some anxious to direct and assist the still greater mass of visitors, others busily engaging in making out tickets, and extracts for those scholars who had not time enough to do any such manual work themselves. I felt that this was an admirable school for young students, who were here able not only to gather a valuable knowledge of books, but also to form themselves into independent thinkers and writers. 19th century books As I looked around, I saw one of the junior attendants engaged in gumming the leaves of a musty book on sheets of Collodian, so that one side of the leaf remained at least legible.

I remembered that this was the way in which the pepperous scrolls of Pompeii and Herculaneum were preserved from utter destruction. How great was my astonishment to see that the title page of the musty book bore the year mark 1860, Amsterdam. So it is with most of the 19th century books, said Bacon. Going to the bleaching properties of chlorine, the paper on which they have been printed got so thin and mouldy and worm-eaten that we have but few works of those days now left, and that is really to be regretted, for many writings of that time were quite worth preserving.

I must confess that I was sorry to hear this little bit of information, so distressing to an author of that age, But of course I was silent And kept on following my guide Through rows and rows of apartments Until we arrived at last at a vast hall Literally crammed with books from top to bottom There we paused

And Bacon turned round to address me Now we are among the literature Of those two winged insects What work do you wish to see But staring at those thousands of volumes of treatises On gnats and flies I was too much afraid again to betray my ignorance. I felt sure I would hit upon some title or other

to convince my guide how little I was, Eucharant of the 21st century. I limited myself to expressing my gratification at what I had already seen and added that I would not trespass any further upon the obliging courtesy of my friend. And thus we left the National Library, an institution which I might safely have called

the bibliopolis, for indeed it was like a city of books. As we passed once more through the front gate on our return, we came across a crowd of men who were about to enter, in whom I judged by their dress and appearance to belong to the class of artisans. I asked Bacon what business had those people there. These are workmen from a neighbouring factory, answered he. They come here in turns for an hour every day, in order to read in yonder room, especially set apart for them.

Such books as the library committee has judged to be adapted to their wants. Such workmen's libraries exist in all the several quarters of the city, but they are most numerous in the densely populated districts where most factories are to be found. And are they well frequented? And who employers allow their workmen to make use of them? And have they reduced their wages in consequence? Are they not afraid that their men,

will thus become too clever, too well educated? With regard to your first two questions, yes, with regard to the latter to, no. So far as employers aren't concerned, they have long been taught by experience that by allowing their employees one hour's relaxation daily, they act in their own interest,

that is to say, when such an hour's holiday, be turned to good account by the men themselves, by learning something more about their business and contributing to their mental development generally. Besides, what else could have happened since the continual invention of new machinery has done away with so much about manual labour.

Naturally enough, a greater demand has set in among the working classes for knowledge and intellectual culture, and this has shown itself in the same proportion as the demand for mere handicraft has subsided. "'Pity, though,' said I, "'for those who cannot make use of the library.' "'Cannot!' exclaimed my guide.

"'But the doors are open to everyone.' "'Except those who are unable to read, I suppose.' "'Unable to read,' retorted Began. "'But we are in Europe, my dear sir, "'not among the hottentots, or bushmen. "'There is not one man or woman amongst us, "'but what can read and write, "'and even do some arithmetic.

"'Surely these elements of knowledge "'are the very first steps, of the field of culture and the sine qua non of a person's being a useful member of society do i then understand from your remarks that you have arrived at last at a system of compulsory education most decidedly sir how could you doubt that for a moment if parents are obliged to maintain their children with food and the necessities of life why should they not be compelled to look after the nurturing of their minds why because the one is a moral obligation whereas, if I rightly understand you, school education has been made compulsory by the law, and this would appear to me to me an infringement of individual liberty and of the rights of parents. You did understand me rightly, so far as the law is concerned. But permit me, sir, to point out to you that you have taken a very one-sided view of the question of compulsion.

You will probably admit that for any properly managed society, to exist, every member of the same has to sacrifice a portion of his individual liberty in the interests of the whole of which he forms part. In many cases, such sacrifices are born without any reluctance or opposition, then, namely, when they are visibly and amply compensated by the many advantages involved in our living in a well-regulated society. With regard to the much-voted rights of parents, it should never be lost sight of that the children have their rights as well. Aye, from the moment they enter upon this world, and one of these rights is that they, born in civilized society, where ignorance is excluded as a foreign element, must be somehow enabled to appropriate

some culture to themselves. If now the parents abuse their rights by sheer force, it becomes the duty of the state to intervene on behalf of the weaker, and by legal exactions protect their children in their future welfare. This is, at the same time, in the interest of the state, for the experience of preceding centuries when compulsory education was not universally recognised, has taught us again and again that the jails of Europe were mostly filled with those that could neither read nor write. One more question, permit me. That's not the introduction of compulsory education being accompanied by great, almost insuperable obstacles? That these obstacles were at least not insuperable.

You may easily gather from the fact that even in the 19th century, the compulsory measure existed in some parts of Germany and met with no opposition. Of course, on its application to other countries, some difficulties had at first to be surmounted. For all novelties met with opposition somewhere, and all changes are fraud with more or less evil somehow. At first the measure had to be occasionally enforced by the arm of the law, but a very few years sufficed for the legal cause to grow into a popular habit

and the present generation, grown up under its beneficent influence, is so deeply convinced of the indispensability of some elemental knowledge in every member of society that the law might be safely repealed without fear that any school would lose a single pupil. Bacon's arguments were by no means lost on me. Nay, it seemed now most strange and inexplicable to me that in an age when the word progress proceeded and was re-echoed from lip to lip,

so absolute a sine qua non of progress could have found opponents. But then I remembered at the same time that the word progress admitted of more acceptations than one. I was about to inquire of Bacon in what sense the term was taken in the 21st century when my eye fell upon another row of buildings

far greater an extent than those constituting the National Library I was informed by my guide that we had arrived at the National Museum Here, said he, I preserved some glorious works of art and all the most remarkable objects of nature

I easily understand said I, that even the ordinary tourists would require a couple of days to gratify his morbid curiosity in this ence. But could I not see some small department at least of all the sightworthy productions? Well, answered Miss Fantasia, let us see the collection in the genealogical museum, that is my hobby, continued she, and she stopped before one of the edifices. End of Part 3. Part 4 of Anno Domini, 27. This is a Librivox recording. All Librivox recordings are in the public domain.

For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librivox.org. Read by Eitel Enno Domini, 271 by Peter Harting, part four. Could I trust my ears? A young lady's favourite study was genealogy? Old parchments, coat of arms and heraldry her hobby? However, I could but follow her, and as I did sir, and arrived at our destination, I saw none of her hobbies at all.

From one single centre, spreading into innumerable directions and ramifications, I observed a collection of skeletons. Several of them were indeed old acquaintances, such as the elephant, the mammoth, the mastodon, the rhinoceros, the horse, the hippotherium, the ankytherium. the Paleotherium, the Lofidon, etc., etc. But a far greater number apparently represented the remains of creatures altogether unknown to me. They were arranged, not only according to their general dates of discovery,

but also on the basis of organic relationship, so that those forms nearest to each other showed the nearest approach in outward appearance, whereas the extreme forms on both sides bore the most astonishing contrast. now became clear to me in what sense our fair companion had used the qualification of genealogical, not as referring to the noble trees of families, but to indicate the various ways by which the animal species that have at one time lived on this earth had developed one from the other. Miss Fantasia appeared to attach great value to this genealogical collection, but I could not

help remarking to her that this process of exhibiting the fossils of animal species did by no means prove what it was intended to do. For, said I, up to the present day, there are to be found on our globe, and alive, all sorts of mutually related forms and intermediate varieties. Ah, well, exclaimed our bright-eyed, lively damsel, you would think differently if you were acquainted

with all the new discoveries of our age. Perfectly agreeing, with Miss Fantasia, so far as my ignorance went, I thought I had better drop the subject altogether. Still I ventured to ask her one more question. Did this museum at the same time contained the ancestors of the human race? In reply, she pointed to a row of veiled figures in the background of the hall. But as she took my hand to conduct me thither, Bacon stepped between us and said,

Let not my fair friend tempt you. You would not be able to see anything in that dark corner over there. The evening is falling. Go you to your hotel. We too are homeward bound. Indeed the evening was falling, but only in the building. For as soon as we got outside, we found ourselves apparently in broad daylight. I looked about me for gas flames and lamp-hursts, but I could discover nothing of the kind. At last I looked up to the sky, and then I saw far above the houses a dazzling light, somewhat like the sun, spreading his rays in all directions, and several more of these.

suns at considerable distances from one another. Don't you even know the solar light? Bacon asked. That surprises me. For as far back as the second half of the 19th century, it was used to illuminate both here and in Paris some of the public edifices. Here it has been generally introduced for some time past, ever since the streets have been covered with our endless glass. But then that light is too brilliant and too white. That can't be gas light. Nor is it.

Gas is now only burned in those isolated districts where the houses stand far apart from each other. But the central part of the city is chiefly lighted up by the burning of magnesium and sometimes also by electric light

or any of the numerous lights with which we are now acquainted. The apparatus, consisting of mirrors and lenses, to collect the light and to make the beams parallel, that is equal to sunlight, is the same for all those different kinds of public illumination. Rather expensive, though, was my sudden reply.

Not as expensive as you think, continued Bacon. Especially not in the case of magnesium, for there is an abundance of magnesium ore in the form of dolomite, etc., from which we get the metal in a way as inexpensive as that followed in the preparation of aluminium. To this must be added the process of burning this metal, yields a hard substance, which, by a suitable arrangement of the apparatus, can be collected again and re-reduced to magnesium. Speaking theoretically, a certain quantity of magnesium

is a source of light quite as inexhaustible as the oil jar of the widow of Serapar, of which we read in the Book of Kings. The more I looked about, the more I arrived at a humiliating conclusion that we of the bursting 19th century, of which I still felt to be a child, were really very much benighted, and I could almost forgive Miss Fantasia for speaking of the semi-barbarous condition

of society in my time. It seemed as if Bacon read my thoughts by my features, but he continued as follows, I see that you are desirous of increasing your acquaintance with the present state of affairs. Well then, if you have been able to put up with our company today, you had better join us tomorrow, in our contemplated Ariel Voyage.

How I thrilled with inward delight at the prospect of such a tour! Of course I accepted the kind offer without hesitation, although I could not help raising a slight doubt with regard to the state of the weather. Don't you trouble your mind about that? said my amiable guide. Early this morning I was at the Meteorological Institute, and I have ascertained that the weather will be fine for a fortnight at all events. The reports from the different meteorological stations are all equally propitious. the sky will be bright and the wind favourable.

I should be surprised if the aeronaut would have any occasion to use the energy ethics, which, however, will accompany us as preventatives. We parted company, but not until I had made a note of the spot where it was intended we should meet on the following morning. I hailed one of the numerous cabs on the stand and ordered the driver to take me to my hotel. As I drove on, I was agreeably surprised not to hear anything of that rattling noise over the pavement,

which is alike obnoxious to the person inside the vehicle, to ower the pass of eyes, and to the inmates of houses situated in public thoroughfares. I heard nothing, indeed, but the melodious tinkling of our four little bells tied round the horse's neck, and forming a musical chord. I am sorry to say that I was not fortunate enough

to discover whether this gentle process was attributable to the nature of the pavement or to certain hoops, not iron ones, round the wheels. Probably it was one as much as the other. The telephone. Arrived at my hotel, I was at what struck with its extreme quietness, more so as the apartments were all but taken by some thousands of travellers. The cause of this, however, I soon discovered on entering the elegant and spacious conversation room.

We thought I heard a kind of music, feeble, yet melodious in the extreme. The sound approached as near as possible, that of the human voice, but still the quality was altogether different. Besides, no artist male or female was to be seen in the room. The only clue that I could get to the mystery was through a box of small dimensions. This instrument was placed on the table right in the centre of the room, and thence the sound appeared to proceed, taking the affair to be an ordinary musical box,

worked in the usual way, I gaze with no little contempt and surprise upon the crowd of serious-looking, enthusiastic men and women who had clustered round the table. As soon as the music eased, I ventured to approach the spectators, at the same time asking one among the crowd for some information with regard to the musical instrument in which they all seem to be so much interested. On the number of pairs of eyes that stared at me, full of amazement, if not indignation.

At last one of the enthusiasts condescended to break the silence, What, sir? A musical instrument? Where did you ever know such tones to proceed from a musical instrument? Jolly, sir, as a gentleman, you must have heard of the telephone. I now remembered that a machine bearing that name, and answering that description, had been invented as far back as 1861 by a certain raise, also that it was based upon the following law, as discovered and laid down by page, namely that when an electric current passes through a wire coiled round an iron bar and the current is continually interrupted, there arises a sound or a tone,

the height or depth of which is entirely dependent on the number of vibrations produced by the interruptions of the current, according to their succeeding each other with more or less velocity. This recurring to my mind, I now replied that the telephone was indeed not quite familiar to me. In proof of which I went back to the history of its first invention. I also gave a description of rice little instrument by which the sound of the human voice could be transmitted through very great distances.

And finally, I added my surmise, or natural conviction, that such an instrument must have been considerably improved upon in the course of more than two centuries. I was happy to notice the excellent impression visibly produced by my words. There now arose a tolerably general murmur of whoever now would have taken the telephone to be so old an affair.

As for me, I was complimented on my antiquarian knowledge, and thanks to the amiable disposition of the visitors towards me, I was not long in discovering what had been going on. That which everyone now was so anxious to explain to me amounted in a few words to this. The North American papers of the late have been indulging in the most extravagant terms of praise with regard to a lady's singer, who, according to the Yankee country, critics was possessed of a voice as such no more to have ever heard of, surpassing in compass and quality everything that could be imagined,

a talent whereby all the artists of former ages, if history could be relied on, ladies like Catalini, Malibra, Henriette de Sontag, Jenny Lind, or the patties were really no more in comparison than a cricket to a nightingale. Of course, as might be imagined, these reports from across the Atlantic had created an immense stir in the musical world of Londinia. From all directions, the managers of concerts and operas had been induced to negotiate with this marvelous talent so that it should no longer be hidden

from the musical inhabitants of Londinia. But then all these reports emanated from the States, the Fonzi Orijo of Hamburg, and probably taught by experience, the managers had all clubbed together and at their joint expense dispatched a telegram to the gifted artist requesting her to allow her marvelous power to be tested by means of the telephone.

That would, at all events, enable them to judge of the compass and quality of her voice. To this the lady had consented, and thereupon the managers had hired one of the transatlantic telegraph cables on which the experiment had been made. As a clear indication of the compass of the voice, I was shown sundry slips of black paper on which could be seen numerous curved white lines, The latter had been traced upon the paper by the phonetographer standing behind the telephone, and were supposed to mark the musical scales within compass of the lady's voice.

An impression of these slips of paper was to appear on the following morning in the musical journal Panharmonia, in order that the eyes of the inhabitants of Londinia might anticipate the glorious treat in store for the musical ears of the great metropolis. For, added the editor of Panharmonia, all connoisseurs of music know the meaning of these little waves. Won't they be astonished when they see a tone like this? Saying this, he pointed with his fingers to the very extreme line

where the little curves met as near as possible. Of course I was longing to examine the construction of the telephone. I was just about to ask one of the gentlemen present to give me some explanation on the subject when there was a general demand for silence. The American lady was to afford us another treat. This time she sang an air from Mozart's Don Giovanni. And I was delighted to find that this masterpiece of the great maestro

was not forgotten even three centuries after the composer's death. At the close of her examination, the lady was unanimously declared worthy to appear before the critical public of Londinia, and she received what we might term a musical ovation by means of another telephone working in opposite direction, and here the matter was allowed to rest, it being left to the different managers to endeavour to engage her services.

All in each of these gentlemen looked as if they were in possession of some secret or other wherewith to outvay their competitions. They parted, however, on the best of terms, and I retired to my room. End of Part 5 of Anno Domini, 20171. This is the Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org

Annoidominy, 2071 by Peter Harding, Part 5. The following morning I was down very early, and, having enjoyed my breakfast, I walked slowly towards the place where I expected to meet my companions of the preceding day. No guide was required in this apparently immense labyrinth, for nothing indeed was easier than to find one's

way. All the streets, squares, etc., were namely marked, not by names as formerly, but by a particular set of figures, which, with the assistance of a map, directed me to any given spot. All that was required to know was two figures, indicating the point of destination, pretty much as with the latitude and longitude at sea. I was still a considerable distance away from it, when I caught sight of a vast building, on which I read an inscription in gigantic characters. General Balloon Company. I had expected to find our starting point in some open space, or at least in one of the squares, and was therefore not a little surprised to see that this building was situated in one of the most densely populated neighborhoods. Perhaps, thought I, this is merely

the office where tickets have to be taken, but when I got nearer, I perceived that the building differed essentially from other houses in this respect, that it had an entirely flat, roof, which contained a kind of conveyance, not unlike a ship, but the precise outline of which I could not discover owing to the glass vault over the street. Bacon and Miss Fantasia were already on the spot, and after the customary morning greetings, we entered to secure our seats. The first thing now was to be weighed, for the price of the passage naturally depended on the volume of our bodily organization. It need not be said that the young lady came on. off cheapest. We then passed through a door into a small parlor, or waiting room, where we found a few more

passengers. In the center of the room, I noticed the staircase, and up at the ceiling a kind of trap. Against the walls were several cushioned seats, as in a first-class railway carriage. After a short time, the whole apartment seemed to move. I heard a gentle rustling along the walls, as if something were sliding down the paper hangings. But even before I had to do it, time to think on the subject, there was a lowering of the trap in the ceiling and a cheerful greeting of welcome a hi, ladies and gentlemen. We got upstairs through the aperture and found ourselves on the flat roof of the building, but precisely underneath the airship. We entered, however, the open trap constructed in the ladder, for we soon found out that the weather was bitterly cold. This,

unfortunately, prevented me from becoming more intimately acquainted with the outward appearance of the balloon, and with its locomotive powers. On the other hand, Apple Opportunity was afforded us for examining its internal arrangements. As soon as we came into what I can but turn the hold of the vessel, Bacon called my attention to the long narrow cylinder, which ran across the whole length of the ship. Therein lies, said he, the whole secret of aeronautics. In order that I may explain this to you, I must remind you of this, that it was formerly impossible to steer any balloon except before the wind. An ordinary vessel, when the keel cuts through the water, can sail half or quarter wind because she moves in the two intermediate matters of air

and water, the latter offering a greater resistance than the former, and thereby supporting the vessel in her movements, to which must be added that the resistance operates in a definite direction, namely in that of the motion of the ship, so that by supplying the craft with a rudder or helm one is able to turn her at pleasure to the right or the left. But continued Bacon, this becomes quite a different matter when a vessel is merely surrounded by air. Driven onward by the wind, which means carried along by the atmospheric current, she meets with no resistance, and therefore lacks every point of support whereby to turn herself. She will always offer the largest of her sides to the wind, which falls upon it at right angles.

just the same as on a light piece of paper or cloth whirled around by the wind in order then to render such balloon voyage as possible at all it was necessary in the first place to afford the machine its required support its resistance and this was accomplished in the following manner the long cylinder which runs along the whole of the ship is a bar of malleable iron surrounded by a spiral copper wire which has been coated with an insulating substance If, now, a voltaic current is made to pass along that wire, the bar becomes the most powerful electromagnet, which, when freeing its movements, like the needle of a compass, adopts a direction from south to north, with a slight easterly deviation, and also a certain inclination. When driven out of its natural direction by another power, the needle will endeavor to resume its original inclination. As, now, the magnet and the vessel are so joined together.

as virtually to form but one body the balloon or rather the ship is in itself a giant compass the inclination is removed just the same as with the needle of the compass one has merely to alter the center of gravity and this can be done in several ways thus all that remains is the direction in the magnetic meridian if now the wind blows in the same direction that one wishes to travel then the apparatus is not worked that is to say no current is passed through the wind wire. Should the wind, however, be unpropitious, then the ship is at once changed into a magnet. For example, suppose the wind to be due west, and the sails to be placed at right angles with the wind. Then the vessel will be driven neither east nor northward, but towards a point intermediate. Just as a vessel at sea, when pushed north by the current of the water, and westward by the wind, does not follow either of these directions exclusively, but an intermediate one. It is not difficult, therefore, to perceive that the aeronaut, by the proper joint working of his sails and of the electromagnetic apparatus, is enabled to turn his ship into any direction he chooses. Nor is that all.

The apparatus also serves as a helm or rudder, for as soon as I press this knob, the current is at once reversed. The north pole becomes the south pole and vice versa. It stands to reason that the vessel must turn under the circumstances, and, of course, of course, of the sea. according to pleasure, for at any moment the helmsman may interrupt the current whereby the ship ceases to be a magnet. Now, as indeed at sea, the case may be that the wind is too strong, and that the power of the magnet insufficient to properly govern the airship. In that case, we have recourse to those energy ethics of which I spoke yesterday. These tend to set in circular motion the four-winged screws which you see here and there peeping out of the sides, and this is always done as near as possible at right angles with the direction in which the vessel has a tendency to deviate.

Thus it is usually possible to keep the ship in the direction required, but should the aeronaut fail in his attempt to do so, even then he has another resource left him which the seaman lacks. He rises or descends with his airship in search of a more favorable wind, nor does he do so at haphazard. For the Meteorological Institute has long since issued charts upon which are marked, the directions of all the air currents that will probably be found at any given altitude for any given time. These charts are arranged in the same manner as those formerly published by the Institute, which, however, merely showed the probable direction of the wind in the immediate vicinity of the Earth's surface. With regard to the modes of ascent and descent, they differ somewhat according to the nature of the various apparatuses,

and for these, to explain them to you in detail, by the way to the sense and to detail, detail, by which alone you would understand the differences, we should have to go on deck, and it is so bitterly cold there that we are better where we are. Suffice it to say that the old clumsy process of throwing out ballast for the purpose of rising has long been dispensed with, since it was found that the measure was merely a partial or momentary one, and slightly unacceptable to the denizens of the earth below. The most appropriate method we have learned from nature. It consists, namely, of an imitation of the operation of the swim bladder in fishes.

The latter accomplished their ascent and descent in the water by a greater or lesser compression of that bladder, or of the air contained in it. Some of them having even special compression apparatus for that object. From this you will easily conclude the application of the aquatic locomotion to that of the navigation in the air. This, I must confess, I did not quite see. many other points in Bacon's explanation remained to be cleared up. Not a few questions were on the tip of my tongue, but I asked no more. I felt that I was a child of the 19th century, too little

occurant of the science of modern times to understand all that had been accomplished during the last 200 years. Moreover, I feared that by putting more silly questions, I should lower myself in the estimation of my friend. Traveling Dialect. Miss Fantasia was of two mercurialesia, was of two mercurial a temperament to listen to lengthy descriptions. She had already ascended the steps that led to the saloon, and we now followed her. The compartment looked neat enough, though not comfortable. Everything pointed to the endeavors of rendering all the furniture as light as possible, and this, of course, applied to the whole affair whenever it did not interfere with the necessary solidity. Bamboo canes cut thin and twisted together appeared to be the chief material, and of the metals,

aluminum was the only one to be seen. On our entering the waiting room, I had already noticed that all the passengers conversed with one another in the same tongue, in a dialect of which I certainly recognized a word or two, but yet a foreign idiom to me. On asking my companion what countrymen those gentlemen were, I received the following reply. They belong to all sorts of nations, that burly-looking gentleman yonder is a Russian, that ridiculous little man playing with his mustache and ogling all the ladies can only be a Frenchman. The other truculent figure who has paid the highest fare is one of your own countrymen, a Dutchman. Those two blue-eyed, flaxen-haired youngsters are Germans, and all the rest are English. But how, then, is it that they all speak the

same language? They speak the traveling dialect. In our modern days, when many people spend the greater portion of their time in traveling, and all nationalities continually mingled together, such an idiom was created almost spontaneously. True, it is as yet, but a language in its infancy, and it will probably, at no great distance of time, become the universal tongue. I listened as attentively as I dared and could, and I observed very soon that the so-called traveling dialect was a mixture of various tons. English, though preponderating, and this I ascribe to the fact of the majority of the traveling public being generally Englishmen. End of Part 5

Part 6 of Anodominy 2071 This is a Libravox recording All Libravox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer Please visit Libravox.org Anodominee 271 By Peter Harding

Part 6 No More War As I looked about me It so happened that my eye fell upon Some wide tubes peeping out from the sides in the hold of the vessel. I first thought that these were a new kind of cannon, so I asked whether we were on board a man of war? Miss Fantasia smiled, but her smile was a bitter one immediately followed by a sigh. War, she echoed, those chivalrous times we only know from history. Our modern

men are manufacturers, merchants, engineers, scholars, legislators, and so forth. But as for soldiers, Well, you may see them on the stage occasionally, but our numerous force of constables is the only approach to soldiery we have. Is it possible, cried I, no more war, and no more standing armies? At last then the idea has triumphed of the peacemen, Cobden, Bright, and their followers. At last the present generation has acknowledged that war was an eternal disgrace to humanity, reducing reasoning men to the level of the unreasoning brute, and causing them to destroy each other's lives. in the blindest fury. Instead, alas, of dwelling together on this beautiful earth in unity,

peace, and concord, for the promotion of mutual happiness. I doubt very much indeed, muttered Bacon in his teeth, whether any such considerations as those have brought about the reign of peace. Mankind, my dear sir, is still swayed by passion. Quite as much I venture to say as in bygone days. Men still deserve the epithet, once served upon them by a foreign poet. Angel half, half, And so it will be in the future, although it can never be denied that society as a whole progresses in a moral sense. But for this, that circumstances alter cases. I am afraid there would be war still. Only circumstances are altered, and war has become an impossibility.

In the first place, our present condition of peace has been chiefly brought about by the universal state bankruptcy at the close of the 19th century, when the combined debts of the would-be civilized nations, in consequence of the immense expense involved in the large standing armies, had become to surpass the joint national capitals. In the second place, the present state of affairs is due to the marvelous improvements lately made in the weapons of attack and defense. When, in the last war, now about a century ago, the navies of England, France, Russia, and America had mutually destroyed one another, when, through a bombardment from both sides of the channel, the capitals of england and france had simultaneously been set on fire when the losses on both sides had become incalculable not to say irreparable then but not until then people began to ask themselves whether even a victory was worth such enormous sacrifices and it finally dawned in the public mind that in all wars the conqueror is likewise the loser but that which has mainly contributed to render war gradually a matter of rare occurrence and which we trust will ultimately lead to its complete abolition as the vastly increased intercourse between the peoples of various nationalities by which all those silly inherited national antipathies have slowly become absorbed then again we have had the application of the principles of free trade the removal of all those barriers that separated nations from nations a universal system of coinage and weights and measures an increase in the means of locomotion and communication and the fusion of the individual

interests of particular nations into one great, universal, public wheel. Nations have ceased to stand opposite against one another. They flourish side by side. By thousands and thousands of bonds, they are joined and held together. And if the 19th century has witnessed the introduction of the principle of nationality, ours has made another step in the right direction and produced the recognition of the principle of humanism. Footnote 11.

It is embarrassing to render the original German coinage, Humanitat, which, we believe, is due to the grand idea of lesson, but it is a dedicated fallacy, current even among literati, that the absence of a certain word in a certain language indicates the absence of the idea embodied in the word among the nations by whom that language is spoken. This vulgar error, the prolific source of so many idle boasts and unjust charges, and national vanities, we have endeavored to refute in a paper on the philosophy of verbal monopoly printed in the transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Art Science and Literature 1868 free trade universal

locomotion I was much impressed with the justness of the last words of my companion and now became clear to me how every new railroad every new telegraph line the removal of every obstacle in the process of exportation and importation does not only directly promote the general interest and welfare, but that they are as many links in the great chain by which men are united together in brotherhood, as members of one and the same household. And yet methought I perceived a threatening cloud at this bright horizon. If then, said I, all wars have ceased to be, and if in consequence thereof, as well as through other propitious circumstances of various kinds, commerce and industry have been

constantly progressing. surely you must have witnessed an alarming increase of population, and the production of the necessary food can hardly have kept pace with its consumption. If you suppose that we have now, as formerly, many indigent people and others occasionally starving in some of the overpopulated districts, then of course you are right. But I do not grant that, on the whole, pauperism has been on the increase. I am rather inclined to believe the contrary, although during the last two hundred years the population of Europe has almost doubled itself. Two things you should not lose sight of.

In the first place, the increase in the means of transport having brought about a more equal distribution of food, and secondly, of nothing nowadays being wasted, but on the contrary, everything finding its way to where necessity exists. In consequence of a now universal free trade, every country produces exactly that which thrives best in its own soil and climate. Then, again, Numberless acres of waste land have long been and are still being cultivated. Whilst progressive science has rendered imperishable services to the practical agriculturist by pointing out to him various new modes and processes whereby to increase the crops and fruits of his fields. Thus, for example, we know now everything connected with the quality and quantity of all matters used in the cultivation of vegetables.

Moreover, every agriculturist has become, in our days, a manufacturer. To him the plants are the tools through means of which the so-called inorganic matter embedded in the soil and atmosphere is to be worked and shaped into organic matter, i.e., into matter fit for consumption. And therefore, as with any other manufacturer, his efforts are constantly directed towards obtaining the original rude material as cheap and as good as possible. Among this rude material, not a little is to be found that was formerly looked upon as mere waste. or, worse than that, mix with the water or the soil of the towns, to the great injury of the public health. We are wiser now in the 21st century. Everything by which the produce of the fields can be increased is carefully collected, and life is thereby much better protected.

Modern telescopes I had already noticed during the conversation that our aerial conveyance had assumed a gentle swinging motion, and when Bacon paused in his remarks, Miss Fantasia cried to me, Do now apply your eye to these pseudocannons and tell us pray where we are. I found at once that those tubes which I had mistaken for cannons were enormous telescopes, but my mistake was pardonable enough, so far as their outward appearance went. They were certainly much wider, from which I concluded a priori that they must be powerful machines. But when I came to look through them, I discovered that their great width did in no way interfere with the sharp outlines of the images.

and I was not only very much struck by their immense magnifying power, but at the same time with their great extent of the field of vision. Following Miss Fantasia's finger direction, the first thing I saw before me through the telescope at the stern of the vessel was an immense city, which I fancied could be no other than Lundinia from once we had started. A vast cluster or massive houses presented itself with the sharpest outline in the somewhat dull background,

but no idea of smoke. I had therefore concluded that wherever coals were still used, no one knew how to pass the smoke through the cowl or fire grate in accordance with the wise act of Parliament passed in 1850. As I looked through the different telescopes, which we had on board, I could not help admiring the scenery around and about us, which seemed to rush and rush on before our eyes whilst the ship was apparently lying still. Ascending, it was as if the earth went down beneath us. Shortly after, after we caught the first glance of the sea and right before us opposite we perceived the belgian and french coasts a black wire seemed to cross the narrowest straight of the channel so as to join the two opposite shores together channel bridge as we came nearer i began to suspect that this wire might be a tubular bridge of some kind and this surmise grew into certainty when bacon assured me that a company had already been formed for the purpose of constructing a second one four added my informant this

one has become utterly inadequate to the extensive communication between England and the continent. North Holland submerged. A slight north-northeasterly direction, and a few minutes suffice to bring us near to my native home, which to us, from our vessel, looked like its outline in an atlas. Only how terrified I was to see that there was something wanting on the map. The whole province of North Holland, minus a few diminutive islands, seemed to have disappeared. not even trusting my eyes i asked the truculent figure who bagan said was my countryman was the whole of north holland embedded in the sea footnote twelve so little do we know of a country so worth knowing that we daily commit ourselves by speaking of it as holland the kingdom of the netherlands as now constituted is divided into ten counties or provinces and two of these are respectively called north and south holland

the former is the territory here alluded to it includes neither lyden nor the hag nor rotterdam to speak of the netherlands as holland corresponds to calling england devonshire or cheshire and this particular terminology is the more amusing to the natives because with them it is a shibboleth of vulgarity there never was a kingdom of holland except from eighteen o six to eighteen ten under napoleonic rule when the dutch had lost their independence through that most dangerous scourge of nations, internal division. So it is, was the answer. That's the result of not heeding the advice of common sense, prudent people. A handful of bragging citizens of Amsterdam insisted upon it, that they should have a canal right across into the sea. They had one already, in which they might have made some improvements, but that would not satisfy them. Well, after a good deal of agitation, they got their canal. How much it may have cost them, I do not pretend to know. doubt a good deal more than many of them must have liked. However, now that they had it,

it proved, after all, a fair weather jack. For as soon as the wind lost its temper, and such things do happen along our coast, the skippers did not venture to come too near the shore. At the first November storm, the harbor became full of sand, to clear which would have been to wash the negro. Thus the canal had little power to benefit navigation. Still, matters did not come to the worst until, in 1980, the spring tide fell in simultaneously, with a storm such as the memory of living man could not trace. Sluces and Dykes gave away, and North Holland, the greater portion of which was situated from one to five meters below the mean level of the sea, was rapidly swallowed up by the raging element. Shortly after, the playgoing public of Rotterdam

enjoyed a new drama, entitled The Horse of Troy. Footnote 13. The Dutch adopted the symmetric system for weights and measures simultaneously with the French, that is to say, at the close of the 18th century. Their meter is little more than three English feet. Footnote 14. In order to make this allusion to Rotterdam intelligible to our English readers, we have to state a few facts. While Rotterdam has an excellent harbor, Amsterdam has not.

From time to time, the citizens of the latter city have devised all kinds of means whereby to remedy the natural disadvantage under which they labor. There is no lack of petty jealousies between the two great rival commercial cities of the Netherlands, and hence the illusion of dramatic rejoicings in Rotterdam at the misfortune of the competitor. Terrible! Terrible! I could not refrain from exclaiming, although the man who supplied me with the terrible information did not appear to see it. I had already inferred from the latter part of his remarks that he was a native of Rotterdam, and this suggested to me the idea of once more than the idea of once more than. or looking through the telescope, and turning my looks towards the city where I had passed

the earlier part of my youth. At first I did not feel at home at all. So much had the city of the Muse enlarged itself into every direction, and so densely populated was the whole province of South Holland that the towns of Leiden, the Hague, Delft, Shiedem, and Rotterdam seemed to form but one large city. Utrecht, too, appeared to have grown an extent. My eye fell accidentally on a dazzling spot, lighted up by the rays of Phoebus, and, anxious to find out what that was, I applied a stronger ocular to the telescope, and soon recognized the golden sun of justice, the well-known memorial bearings of the Utrecht University, on the top of a large and magnificent building.

I thought that must be the university building, and inquired of the truculent figure, but the latter answered curtly, that's entirely out of my line, sir. those are things which I have nothing to do. Fortunately for me, Bacon had heard my question, and he at once supplied me with the necessary information. You have guessed rightly, said he, when, after many years waiting, there came at last the bill regulating the higher education in the Netherlands, some wealthy inhabitants of the city of Utrecht, at their own expense, founded this magnificent and imposing building, and by so doing,

furnished a living illustration of their interests in science, and of their affectionate. for the alma mater, to which many of them owed their education and social position. Thanking Bacon for this valuable piece of information, I further ventured to inquire whether in the new educational bill the principal had been recognized, that it is a matter of perfect indifference where any candidate had obtained the knowledge required by the law, and that the state had no other right but to demand this of the candidate, that he satisfy the government examiners with regard to his abilities. Here you are doubtless touching a knotty point, answered my companion, for this has been a matter of discussion for some time.

And, strange to say, those that have given the most definite opinions on it are exactly those that were least competent to judge in the matter of public examinations. At first sight, the principle you have laid down certainly appears reasonable enough. Those who, with you, appear to have accepted it, argue mathematically as follows. given a certain quantity of linseed, then by the same press and with the same amount of pressure, it will yield a certain amount of oil, and the latter will consequently indicate the exact relative value of the different kinds of linseed. It all amounts to this. To find a good press, one in regular working order, it is not otherwise with public examinations. These two are a kind of press, under which are to be brought the persons to be examined, and out of them are to be squeezed a dose of these. knowledge prescribed as the sine qua non of their admission. It only requires to have a good

examination press, and the results will always admit of comparison, that is to say, they will be just and fair. But here a curious difficulty had to be surmounted. It is easy enough to construct presses from iron or wood that will work regularly, but with examination presses, that is altogether a different affair, especially with regard to those for the higher branches of education the matter is not so easily procurable. And then there is another thing. Neither are the examiners composed of wood and iron, nor are the students that have to be examined usually made of linseed. Both classes of persons are more likely to be rational beings. The contract between them entails action and reaction, with thousand-fold variations, so that there can never be any

question of absolutely comparable results. At least of all when the examiners and the examined are more or less strangers to each other. Leaving out other difficulties, there would still remain the very natural resistance which such heterogeneous elements would exercise towards each other, a resistance which will always be commensurate with the greater or lesser difference of interests in the parties concerned. In order now to overcome this difficulty and to save the principle that those aspiring to equal rights should satisfy equal conditions, the government issued certain textbooks in the

form of examination guides. And what was the consequence? Industrial persons arose and contrived to invent means by which to make these works essentially practical, and the examinations as light as possible. They composed little books containing questions and answers, something like catechisms, for every branch of science. This appeared to some people to be the height of examinatorial equality, but when, in spite of all this, the same complaints continue to be heard about the unfairness and arbitrary ways of the examiners, the still more novel idea was mooted, whether it was

not possible to solve the examination problem by a direct method, viz, physico-mechanically. For a long time past, we had had speculums for the eye, for the ear, for the throat, etc. Why should we not succeed in inventing a speculum for the brain? There were already self-registering thermometers, barometers, magnetometers, photometers, etc. why should we not have the self-registering and kephalometer machines which in a few minutes and by means of a few figures would indicate the exact degree and amount of knowledge acquired by the individual to whose cerebrum the instrument might be applied what a splendid invention both for examiners and candidates this would have been unfortunately the thing always proved impractical and the idea now ranks with the visions of perpetual motion and squaring of the circle End of Part 6. examination had led to some experience, beneficial, though rather unpleasant, it gradually became

to be noticed by competent persons that in proportion as the students prepared for the required and enforced government examinations, there grew a dislike or decline of free study, an aversion to pure science, which is more dependent upon clear judgment than practiced memory, and thus was lost the principal aim of all higher instruction, which is not the training for certain professions, but the complete and entire development of all the slumbering faculties of men. The Dutch people began to see that they had been following the example of the Chinese, who surpass every nation under the sun in the length of their examinations. Indeed, they found that they had run great risk of becoming the Chinese of Europe. It became generally recognized that

every principle, however good in itself, may be overdone, that examinations, however difficult to dispense with altogether, will always remain a sad necessity. and that it is perfectly chimerical to think of government examinations so arranged as to not only produce an universal and incontestable standard or measure of knowledge, but also to be a means of judging the theoretical and practical abilities of the candidates. It was further discovered that it was a gross error to suppose the government examinations were to be the stimulants for university study. In fact, that what was wanted was not means of discouragement, but of encouragement. The human mind is like a liquid given to fermentation. Without leaven, there cannot be any fermentation,

and the latter is promoted by heat, depressed by cold. What you want in order to stimulate higher education in the higher sense of the word is a staff of competent tutors supplied with ample means for advancing and furthering knowledge in every possible direction. Encouragement for all efforts to cultivate sound science, and nothing but the most beneficial results will accrue to society at large. universities at the dawn of their existence were as a rule endowed with certain rights and privileges like moral corporations but these were swept away through the tide of progress having ceased to be adapted to the conditions of modern society one right let's say one duty only remained invested in the universities that of conferring degrees on its scholars after the passing of certain examinations but the latter were subject like all other examinations to this that they could never give

a sufficiently satisfactory guarantee. Yet, while the defects of these were largely advertised, their advantages were often overlooked, until they were ultimately abolished, or replaced by the examining authority of government commissions. When at last it was found after endless experiments that people had been jumping from the frying pan into the fire, one gradually began to recognize the truth of the French proverb that, Better is the enemy of good, and one came back to the old system slightly altered and improved. At the same time, additional means were devised to render access to the universities as seats of learning. More easy to deserving men, the fees were considerably lowered, and distinguished students received henceforth pecuniary assistance and support from those who were

morally convinced that in the knowledge which they would acquire, they would repay to society at large, both capital and interest. And hence the number of scholars has so increased lately at your universities, that there no longer exists the semblance of necessity for admitting others to the exercise of the learned professions than those who have enjoyed academic education. If to this some persons were to reply that such a restriction of the professional cyclist is rather hard upon those who have acquired their knowledge elsewhere, independent of the recognized universities, I would meet them with the counter-remark that the interests of the individual must give way to those of society at large, and that there is an intimate connection between the latter and the

continuing prosperity of the universities. I looked about me to see whether I could discover any more places of my native land, so far as I could see, the northern and northeastern districts had almost doubled their population, for the towns looked twice their original size, but what struck me most was that the city of Arnhem looked apparently deserted. I was the more surprised at this, because I remembered quite well that about the middle of the 19th century the place had been rapidly increasing, both in extent and prosperity, owing to the many old residents who, having returned with colossal fortunes from India, purposed to pass the remainder of their days in this beautiful neighbourhood. I must have allowed a suppressed cry of astonishment to escape me on noticing

the crippled state of the city, for the trunculent figure once more addressed me in the native tongue. Yes, sir, said he, you are rightly surprised. From a large city, aren't him has become a third-rate town. Such things will happen when children attempt to govern their parents. I did not exactly see the drift of this common-sense remark until my countrymen continued as follows. I'm going to tell you a story. Loss of Dutch colonies.

Quote. Once upon a time, a gentleman had a beautiful bird, and the beauty of this beautiful bird was this, that he laid every year a golden egg. Naturally enough, the man was very much a friend. that this bird should escape or perhaps be stolen from him. He therefore first cut its wings, then put it into a solid cage. When the children of that gentleman grew up, they gradually became of opinion that the bird had not been properly treated by their father. One thought that some

portion of the golden egg got to be used in ornaments on the cage of the bird. Another hinted that not only should the cage be embellished, but also enlarged. The bird would then enjoy more liberty and might perhaps lay two golden eggs in a twelve-month. In which case, whispered he, I myself might come in for a little windfall. The third sun went another step further. He would like to see the cage not only enlarged and gilded, but completely renewed as well.

It ought to have much thinner bars to allow the bird more light and more air. This was its natural birthright, for no bird was ever created to drag along its dreary existence in the dark. Finally, the fourth of the suns went so far as to say that it was a burning shame to have cut the bird's wings. That was simply misusing the right of the stronger and showed great want of foresight in him that had entrusted his governor with the bird. The old gentleman was not a little embarrassed. He was not blind to the danger of all these

juvenile councils, but he was an indulgent parent and never turned a deaf ear upon his children. First then, the cage was gilded, then enlarged, and ultimately replaced by another brand new and as light as light could be. Meanwhile, the bird's wings had been daily growing, and the animal at last managed to do that which every other bird would have done in its place. It escaped, through the thin bars, and flew away. End quote. I fully understand. The bird's name was Java? Exactly so, replied the trunculent figure. But what became ultimately of the bird, I inquired? Ah, sir, it was after all a silly thing for the bird to fly away. It was not so badly off in its master's house, but birds will be birds. It had not flown far yet when it was attacked by two enormous birds

of prey. They pulled it right and left with their sharp talons and thereby injured one and others severely. Of course, the weaker bird lost a good deal of its plumage and was bandied from the talons of one vulture into those of the other. At last the two monsters dropped their prey on the ground in piteous condition whilst they pursued the combat between them with their own weapons, until both were so crippled and exhausted that there could have been no question on either side of looking after the weaker bird. If I then rightly understand your metaphor, France and England have both been compelled to let the island slip

and the Javanese are free people by this time. Oh, free, of course, so is the Dormouse, answered the Dutchman. I suggested that his former remarks appear to me to be more liberal. Those concerned the land, but not the people. Well, the Javanese will never change their skin. Those of the present day are simply a few grades lazier than their progenitors. Since the last great war, Java has been declared a neutral territory, all nationalities have equal rights to trade on it.

What do you think has been the result? That of the few hundred weights of coffee and sugar which the island continues to produce, scarcely anything finds its way to our own market, most of it goes to Marseilles and other parts of the Mediterranean. At this point, Bacon interrupted our conservative friend and spoke as follows. I am no traitor, sir, but unless I am improperly informed, the Javanese people feel much happier now than when they were under the rule of the East Indian Company or the culture system. It appears to me that possessions which are not colonies proper

impose peculiar obligations on the temporary possessor, and that the latter is hardly justified in dealing with the inhabitants as the leached does with the patient. Wherever a superior race holds sway over an inferior one, it is the duty of the former to raise its inferiors to any such state of culture as they may prove themselves susceptible of. From the nature of things, such rule is always temporary as history is often taught us. Time must come when the bonds will be rent asunder, but they will hold so much longer together and be so much more easily dissolved as the government has less borne the character of oppression. a moral ascendancy is on the whole the most powerful,

and that maintains itself best by fair and just treatment of the weaker by the stronger. I, for one, feel perfectly convinced that the only reason why your country has even kept the island as long as it has was exclusively owing to the few necessary reforms which your government consented to make in the 19th century. But for those concessions, Java would have been lost to you long before, and with regard to the shifting of the market, don't you think yourself, sir, that that was chiefly. brought about by the suez canal perhaps so replied the hollander not very good-naturedly i won't argue the point with you you're an englishman and you fellows think that you know everything better than we do this however i maintain that if this kind of thing is to continue we shall go down as fast as we can I silently rejoiced to think that my telescopical observations had more than convinced me of this, that my countrymen had by no means so visibly yet come down,

and I was inclined to conclude from this consoling fact that they had known in time how to apply the old Dutch proverb, quote, when the tide turns, turn your beacons, end quote. However, I did not venture to set my thoughts to words, for I should certainly have given offense to the trunculent figure, whose solitary line of conduct apparently went along with his own individual interests, and whose knowledge of political economy and of the rights of man was evidently at a very low ebb. Railway nets During this somewhat prolonged conversation we had slightly deviated from our former course. We now moved along in southeasterly direction, and the native towns gradually disappeared from my sight.

Looking towards the east, I observed a small black speck, which obviously moved with great rapidity along the surface of the earth and seemed to advance nearer and nearer to us. It became larger and larger as it approached our conveyance under which it finally glided away. I had just had sufficient time to recognize an immense train of huge wagons in the fleeting meteor below us. From where, asked I, did this train start? Bacon consulted his railway guide. That's the morning train, replied he, which left Picking the day before yesterday and runs along the great central east-west line. From Peking, right across or over the high mountains of

Central Asia and Euro? Oh, my friend, such obstacles have ceased to exist in the 21st century. Surely you yourself remember the piercing of Mount Sainis. You will soon observe that what was done in your time between France and Italy has since been accomplished between Italy and Switzerland. There could be no doubt in the matter, for the white-coated tops of the Alps already appeared at the horizon. the mountains themselves had not been affected by the hand of time or civilization, but the route went no longer across the Spudin, the Simplen, or the St. Bernard, but underneath the mountain range, so that the same trains which we saw enter the tunnels on the Swiss side,

made their appearance very shortly afterwards on the Italian side, and proceeded in their course through the plains of the valley of the Po. I was in hopes that we should touch Rome on our way, for I was anxious to know what had become of that most venerable and ancient of cities, but I was sadly disappointed in my expectations. End of Section 7, read by Sandra, Montreal, 2022. Part 8 of Anno Domini, 2071. This is a Librevox recording.

All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Ano Domini, 20171 by Peter Harting, part eight. geographical changes in europe we floated over venice where the italian standard waved from the top of st marx although i could recognize a few austrian vessels by their immense double eagle now ascending then again descending it was often impossible for us to discover where we found ourselves until I noticed Constantinople, but nowhere could I descry a single crescent, nor any other emblem that might have led me to conclude what government had got possession of the ancient capital of the Eastern Empire.

Crossing the Black Sea and leaving the Caucasus behind us, we got a full view of the valley of the Euphrates, but I was again disappointed in as far as I did not get anything to see in the shape of Eastern scenery. All the districts over which we traveled had quite a European cut about them. Nothing was there to show us that we were on another continent. Among the buildings which I could clearly distinguish, one struck me as being in quite peculiar style. The numerous and large domes would have led me to suspect that it was a church or a mosque, but for the side wings and adjacent buildings which looked like ordinary European houses, except that they were surrounded by colonnades. This edifice, or shall I say this cluster of buildings, was situated on a rocky hill, whence the view was a

most extensive one. Astronomical observatories. I asked Bacon, did he know what this edifice was intended for? He looked through the telescope and replied, Why, that is the famous observatory of Oromaya. I know it by an illustration of the building which I have in my library. I have not been there myself, but it must be well worth seeing. But how did they come to erect a building of such gigantic dimensions, so far beyond the circle of civilization? Simply for the sake of saving time was the answer. Nowadays, only those spots are selected for astronomical observations where they can be made most conveniently and in the shortest possible time. In Europe, the nights are scarcely ever-sufficiently clear to use our now so powerful glasses to advantage. There, on the contrary, during several

months of the year, the sky is so bright and transparent that one can even with the naked eye observe the moons of Jupiter in the phases of Venus. This had been known many years ago to the American Stoddard, who even called Herschel's attention to the fact, but that was not the time for taking advantage of such excellent opportunities. Not until the beginning of this century was the foundation stone to be laid of the Central Observatory, as it's called. The glorious building was erected at the joint expense of all civilized nationalities, the latter, including the Persians themselves, who have long ceased to be behind us, Europeans. I need scarcely assure you that this institution is amply provided with the most excellent instruments, and that it has a staff of

scientific men second to none for making the necessary observations. Calculatoria. Then at last, said I, the science of astronomy has wandered back to the cradle of its infancy, the soil of Chaldea, but what has become of the once-so-celebrated observatories of Leiden, Greenwich, the Poccova, etc., etc. They have been changed into calculatoria, as in fact they had already been for some time past among them are distributed the observations made at the central observatory and these they have to work out at the same time these calculatoria continued to be of some use to the young astronomer having there to encounter no end of difficulties he may learn the value of the latin adage per ardua ad astera and so grow ultimately into a hard-working and accurate observer With regard to the practical results already obtained at the Arumaya Observatory, in consequence of our knowledge of the celestial bodies having so considerably increased,

I merely wish to call your attention for a moment to yonder map and the words printed underneath. I will rather not offend you by giving you any warning or advice in the matter. Tin Mines in the Moon I followed the direction of his finger and saw an immense poster on which I recognized at a glance the well-known lunar district of Tycho. Of course I was acquainted with its ring mountains and the bright silver beams radiating as from a common center. These were the words on the placard.

Greatest discovery of the age, inexhaustible tin mines in the moon. Whosoever means to get rich had better associate himself with the newly established moon tin exploration company, Tyco. I had already risen from my seat in order to examine the map and to convince myself that the words were actually there.

As I turned round, Bacon must have guessed or gauged the degree of my astonishment, for he addressed me as follows. You apparently do not believe in this kind of discoveries. Yet there is some truth in the first part of the announcement, nay, more perhaps, than it is intended to convey, for those tin mines are incontestably inexhaustible, and for this simple reason that they will never admit of being explored at all. Tin mines, however, they are.

careful observation with the great parabolic reflector provided with a hyperbolic ocular and a spectrum analysis system for the reflected rays have abundantly proved that those brilliant stripes radiating from tycho are nothing but metallic tinned you will be less surprised to hear this when you remember that the moon has neither water nor atmosphere so it is that metals which on our earth generally present themselves in an oxidal condition of some kind or other on the contrary preserve their glossy surface the moon, just as with us, silver, gold, and platinum. I now perfectly remembered that through the invention of spectrum analysis in the latter half of the 19th century, it had indeed become possible to discover metals and several

other elements in the different celestial bodies, and I conceived some faint idea of the possibility of recognizing that the aid of greatly improved apparatus, even the chemical character of such small portions of the lunar surface as, for example, the Tycho stripes. The only thing quite inexplicable to me was this. How could there be people left in the 21st century so credulous as to believe in the exploration of tin mines in the moon by us, the inhabitants of the earth? When I put this question to Bacon, the following was his reply, My dear sir, on this point, as on many others, men have not much altered. At all times there have been dupes, the victims of those. that preyed upon them and of their own cupidity.

The originators of this unlimited liability company know full well that there is no possibility of getting at the tin mines in the moon. All they want to explore is the checkbooks of the public at large. In former centuries, we've had the same speculations. At that time, in the shape of tin, copper, and lead mines that existed nowhere except on imaginary maps, or in the form of landed estates, which on closer examination of the facts often dwindled down into pigsties, or in the cultivation of fertile soil, which turned out to be mere wildernesses, very often a clever array in combination of figures was resorted to, and people were often brought

to believe that one and one are four, and that two times two are ten. So it has been, and always will be, think of the very old maxim, Mundus volt de Kepi. All that is required for such adventurers is an elastic conscience, a good deal of brass, and a certain knack not to squeeze people's credulity too much, but to blind the masses by an artificial coating of truth. In former times, before science had to dispose of its enormous resources, had anyone proposed to fetch tin from the moon, the commonest clown would have looked upon him as an adalpate. But nowadays so great is the number of recent discoveries and inventions, which, to the uneducated mind, savour almost of miracles, that many end in believing almost anything, and to my mind,

that is not to be wondered at. Start a company for parcel delivery by electric telegraph, issue a prospectus stuffed with learned twaddle, and an elaborate quasi-scientific demonstration of your scheme. Above all, hold out hopes of a wonderful profit, and you're sure to find shareholders enough. End of Part 8, read by Sandra, Montreal, 2022. Part 9 of Anno Domini, 2071. This is a Librevox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org.

Anodominee, 2071 by Peter Harting. Part 9. Universal suffrage, etc. Poor children of man, I thought. will you then always remain the same, always and forever, always the slaves of your passions, and thereby the tools of those who take advantage of your weaknesses? But my thoughts wandered into a different direction as soon as I noticed another placard, simply containing this, although in monstrous figures and characters. Anti-1-2 League

Again, I asked my companion for an explanation. This is simply to call a meeting. for the purpose of forming a league to oppose the one-two men. I was just as wise as before, but Bacon continued his explanation with his wanted courtesy. No mean introduction, however, was required to make the affair intelligible to me. I first gathered then from him that the right of universal suffrage had long since been entrusted to men and women alike. At first, the privilege had been solely restricted to such persons as were of age, but since then the very consistent remark had been made that this restrictive measure was very inconsistent indeed.

Why had the money qualification been abolished? Because it was ostensibly unfair that a man paying taxes to the amount of two pounds should have a vote, and another paying only £1.19, shillings 11 pence should be excluded from the poll. If the difference of one penny constituted no vital distinction, why not still further dissent until we arrived at zero? Now the clear-headed and farceing people gradually learned to perceive that the question of being or not being of age was in itself a time qualification, and these pioneers of progress began to argue as follows. Why do you grant the right of voting, of influencing for good or for evil, the interests of country and town, to doting old men, and you withhold it from young persons in the vigor of intellect, merely because the law has

deemed proper to call them infants? You would not scruple to enlist them as soldiers, and they should have no vote in matters concerning their own interests. Why should a man at one and twenty be better than he was at twenty? Was not Pitt, England's prime minister on his coming of age? Is it not the height of folly and absurdity to attempt to determine by law at what period of life a man will just have enough sense to be entrusted with the performance of a duty which is the birthright of every freeborn citizen? Such laws are arbitrary and obsolete, a logical inconsistency, diametrically of a momentarily opposed to the grand and fundamental principle of equality before the law. I, and a last remnant of those forms of paternal government, which already in the 19th century began to be ridiculed and condemned.

What could be opposed to such conclusive arguments? Some efforts were made, but those that attempt the struggle were cried down as unprincipled persons, weathercocks, etc. A kind of compromise was arrived at. The period of coming of age was recoiled, but still nothing yet would satisfy the zealots for the principle of logical consistency. Once more, the date of majority was moved back until even the babies were admitted by law to come into their birthright. The principle had been saved. The principal, and that was everything with the agitators. Difficulties there were involved in the principal, no doubt, for some of the newly enfranchised babies could not walk, and others could not speak, and none could read or write. Under these doleful circumstances,

the mothers claimed the right to go to the poll for those youthful. interesting voters, and this exorbitant demand, the League proposed to counteract. One was one, and not two. The most learned mathematicians went out of their way to prove that either was wrong and neither was right, meaning that both were nonsense, but the mothers laughed heartily at such ironical demonstrations, and added Bacon, the female party is by far stronger now than the male party. Women's Rights male and female parties, exclaimed I, in utter astonishment, have those then become the two contending parties in politics? Naturally enough, replied he, nothing else could have happened. It is the direct and natural consequence of the emancipation of women, whereby all rights have been granted them that were formerly exclusively accorded to men.

I could not help expressing my surprise at such a result, and added that I was afraid that it must have materially affected the relation between the sexes. A sarcastic smile seemed for once to ruffle the placid features of bacon as he laconicly answered. Perhaps so. But Miss Fantasia, who suddenly, from a listener, became a speaker, made the following oral affidavit. Quote, I will just tell you the truth of the matter. I, for one, am heartily tired of the present state of affairs, and so are many of my sisters. When our mothers and grandmothers first agitated and ultimately carried these so-called women's rights, they certainly knew but half what they were about. Equal rights suppose equal duties and equal obligations

impose equal burdens. Woman, demanding as a right that which men had hitherto withheld from her, forfeited thereby the privileges at one time exceeded to her by men. In the old works of fiction, which to us are the sources whence we draw the morals of bygone days, the man figures conspicuously is the protector of woman. Any man laying any claim to the title of a gentleman, treated a woman with respect and affability. Hers was the place of honor in society. She was both loved and respected, respected on account of her belonging to the weaker sex,

loved as a man's helpmate, not his competitor or rival. All this has changed nowadays. We wish to protect ourselves and we are less protected than ever. We have not taken our places by the side of the men, but against them as they stand opposite us. Women's weakness, once her strength, is no longer regarded by rival man, and now we begin to feel it. That which was formerly given us freely and willingly has now to be

wrenched from our male opponents. The old feeling of chivalry has given way to the habit of rudeness. Politeness, though the word is not quite expunged from men's vocabulary, is seldom extended towards our sex. You must have noticed how on going upstairs this morning the men rudely pushed us aside so as to secure the best seats for themselves. This is a slight specimen of what happens and is tolerated in modern society. Opposite man's violence is to be found woman's cunning, and the ultimate chances of success are pretty well balanced on both sides, but to whichsoever victory may fall, it can only be bought at the price of domestic peace and bliss, and of all those nobler qualities which then only will be properly developed when both sexes keep within the sphere

allotted them by nature and disposition. Whatever we have gained in direct political influence, we've lost in the indirect influence on the hearts of men, and it remains to be seen whether the gain has been greater than the loss. No, Stuart Mill, you who two hundred years ago were the first to put the dormant idea of female emancipation into the shape of words, and supported the agitation with all the weight of your name, you may have been a great philosopher, you may have known every possible thing about political economy,

but you did not understand the human heart. And with regard to us, women, you have played, played us a very bad trick." End quote. That Miss Fantasia was earnest in her conviction was evinced by the unusual warmth with which she had spoken. Yet it appeared to me that she was a little too hard upon Mill. All that he and his followers undoubtedly intended to carry was that the right of voting should be extended to unmarried women and to those that were possessed of some property.

They could not be blamed for the extremes rushed into by their junior adherents, but there recurred to my mind the dreadful qualification scale which had been lowered and lowered again, and I began to recognize that, here as elsewhere, all arguments have to give way before the so-called principles and logical consistency. During our political conversation, we had entirely lost sight of the Oromaya Observatory, nor was I slow in observing that all the surrounding objects were gradually decreasing in size, the barometer too which depended from the ceiling of the saloon had considerably gone down whence I concluded that we were ascending rapidly, no doubt for the purpose of seeking a more propitious current in the higher atmospheric regions. Our ascent was unfortunately,

but naturally attended with disappointing circumstances for all the places over which we traveled became more and more indistinct to our vision. It was not, however, until after some considerable time had elapsed that the surface of our planet became altogether of a greenish-blue color. No doubt we were passing over the Indian Sea. Of course, the scene in the saloon was anything but lively under the circumstances. Most of the passengers ventured upon their slumbers, and I observed that with them as with myself, respiration began to quicken, owing to the higher air in which we breathed. The snoring of the trunculent figure was utterly objectionable, not to say more.

even Miss Fantasia, lively and excitable as she was, had by this time fallen asleep, thereby depriving me of her animated dialogue with a pretty French lady, with whom she had been discussing her pet subjects, poetry, and define arts. Bacon alone seemed absorbed in the reading of a learned dissertation concerning the possibility of intercommunication between the various spheres of the universe by means of optic telegraphic signals. As for me, I recapitulated in undisturbed silence all the wonderful things which I had seen and heard of during the last two days, and I could not help saying to myself, If two single centuries can bring about such radical revolutions, what will the work of ages be?

The New Zealand of the future At last I ventured to interrupt Bacon in the perusal of his learned work, where do you think I asked we are going to? he answered perfectly dryly. I suppose we cannot be very far from New Zealand. We've made a considerable detour through the upper air in order to take advantage of the atmospheric current which arises between the tropics, and then extends to the north and south and east successively. But now we are descending again. See how the barometer is going up. Thinking on Bacon's words, I looked once more through one of the telescopes, and at some considerable distance, I viewed two large islands, barely separated by a very narrow strait.

Now we are among our antipodes, continued Bacon. New Zealand is the Great Britain of the Southern Pacific. But still she has not anything like a population so wealthy, powerful, and civilized. Still a better one than you would have imagined. Already, New Zealand has several large cities with the same institutions for education and science and art as are to be found in Europe. She possesses an important commercial navy, has plenty of ore and coal mines, of splendid agriculture, innumerable herds of cattle, a flourishing industry, and an energetic population, chiefly of English descent. What has become of the Māoris?

They have utterly disappeared. No one really knows where, too, according to some New Zealand naturalists, they've died out. Others imagine that they have migrated somewhere. Others again are inclined to believe that a portion of the native inhabitants are of lineal-mauric descent. If this were the case, they must have considerably improved as a race, for the people here are now extremely peaceful. Should you ever visit Londinia in your travels again, you ought not to omit paying a visit to the National Museum,

where you will find two embalmed Māoris, a male and a female, the former, beautifully tattooed. you will see them side by side with other embalmed specimens of the aboriginals, such as New Hollanders, American Redskins, etc., all of whom have long become extinct. Does the same apply to the inhabitants of all countries where Europeans have settled? No, only to those that are situated beyond the tropics, for the tropical regions, with the exception of the cooler mountain districts, are in the long run unsuited to the Caucasian race.

The interior of Africa has still its original. Negro population, New Guinea is still inhabited by the Papoos, and many other islands of tropical climb are still occupied by the descendants of the ancient aboriginals, although they are rather on the decrease. Have those tribes that belong to the so-called inferior races improved at all in civilization? Not much, with all of them progress is slow, extremely slow. Some even hold the opinion that their progress is, after all, more imaginary than real, that is to say that it merely consists of their aping some of the European manners in customs, and of these rarely the best. Still, I believe I have sufficient ground to admit that they, too, are progressing, only that their progress

differs essentially in its character from that of the Caucasian races. Meanwhile, we had reached so far the northern island of New Zealand that I was able to see through the telescope not only the mountain tops, but even the most densely populated districts. Our fellow passengers woke up one after the other, and Miss Fantasia asked me, would I stay at the same hotel with them at Melbourne? We go to the old England, continued she. We've already ordered our dinner. I answered, of course, that I could never, too late, part with such excellent company.

Bacon called the steward and gave orders for us to be put down near Cape Maria van Deman, from which a telegram would be sent to Melbourne. Shortly afterwards, we floated over New Zealand, and I was obliged to confess that Bacon had not said too much of that country. Few districts in this world have been so largely favored by nature. The large bays and gulfs were crowded with innumerable vessels, apparently belonging to all nations. Of cities, towns, and villages there was no end,

and everything indicated the highest degree of prosperity. Among the most conspicuous flags, I noticed one very liberally represented. It had 12 suns on a blue field. Not knowing what they meant, I once more inquired of my guide. What country did they represent? That is the standard of the twelve United States of New Holland, which together form a federal republic, answered Bacon. A republic, was my reply. I always thought that New Holland belonged to the British crown. Such was the case, replied Bacon, at one time. But the child has outgrown the mother. For ever so long the New Hollanders managed their own affairs.

They are, as you are doubtless aware, of European descent. That is the great difference between New Holland and the East Indian Islands, which at one time were yours. We have therefore parted on the very best of terms, and the only bond that still joins us together is that of reciprocal commercial interests. The vast Southland has become a powerful government, and if ever improbable as it is, civilization should migrate from old Europe, it still would know where to find a centre. you will soon become aware of this on our landing. We were rapidly moving. New Zealand disappeared from our horizon, and in opposite direction,

other districts seemed to emerge from the sea. That was New Holland, the great southland, the goal of our voyage. Every passenger began to look after his luggage. The long, extensive coastline lay before us. We were slowly and obliquely descending. The objects on the surface of the earth grew in size and distinctness, It was evident that we were approaching a large city.

Melbourne it was. A few moments afterwards we heard a bustle and a kind of confused noise, only to be compared with the unfurling of sails and the untying of ropes. A violent shock followed, and I woke up in my armchair. The end of Part 9 and the end of Anno Domini, 2071 by Peter Harting.