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Starting point is 00:00:00 The Boy Scouts Handbook By the Boy Scouts of America Preface The Boy Scout Movement has become almost universal and wherever organized its leaders are glad as we are to acknowledge the debt we all loo to Lieutenant General Sir Robert S.S. Baden Powell who has done so much to make the movement of interest

Starting point is 00:00:30 to boys of all nations. The Boy Scouts of America is a corporation formed by a group of men who are anxious that the boys of America should come under the influence of this movement, and be built up in all that goes to make character and good citizenship. The affairs of the organization are managed by a national council, composed of some of the most prominent men of our country, who gladly and for the first. freely give their time and money that this purpose may be accomplished. In the various cities, towns, and villages, the welfare of the Boy Scouts is cared for by local

Starting point is 00:01:14 councils, and these councils, like the National Council, are composed of men who are seeking for the boys of the community the very best things. In order that the work of the Boy Scouts throughout America may be uniform and intelligent, the National Council has prepared its official handbook, the purpose of which is to furnish to the patrols of the Boy Scouts, advice and practical methods, as well as inspiring information. The work of preparing this handbook has enlisted the services of men imminently fitted for such work, for each is an expert in his own department,

Starting point is 00:01:58 and the editorial board feels that the organization, is to be congratulated, and that such men have been found willing to give their time and ripe experience to this movement. It would be impossible adequately to thank all who by advice and friendly criticism have helped in the preparation of the book, or even to mention their names, but to the authors whose names are attached to the various chapters, we acknowledge a special obligation. Without their friendly help, this book cannot be. We wish especially to express our appreciation to the helpful suggestions made by Daniel Carter Beard. We have carefully examined and approved all the material which goes to make up the manual,

Starting point is 00:02:51 and have tried to make it as complete as possible. Nevertheless, no one can be more conscious than we are. of the difficulty of providing a book which will meet all the demands of such widely scattered patrols with such varied interests. We have constantly kept in mind the evils that confronts the boys of our country, and have struck at them by fostering better things. Our hope is that the information needed for successful work with the Boy Scouts will be found within the pages of this book. In these pages and throughout our organization, we have made it obligatory upon our scouts that they cultivate courage, loyalty, patriotism, brotherliness, self-control, courtesy,

Starting point is 00:03:41 kindness to animals, usefulness, cheerfulness, cleanliness, thrift, purity and honor. No one can doubt that with such training added to his native gifts, the American boy will end the near future as a man, being efficiently leader in the paths of civilization and peace. It has been deemed wise to publish all material, especially for the aid of Scoutmasters, in a separate volume to be known as the Scoutmaster's manual. We send out our official handbook, therefore, with earnest wish that many boys may find it in new methods for the proper use of their leisure time and fresh inspiration in their

Starting point is 00:04:27 efforts to make their hours of recreation contribute to strong, noble manhood in the days to come. The Boy Scouts of America. Editorial Board. William D. Murray. George D. Pratt. A.A. Jameson. Officers and members of the National Council. Boy Scouts of America.

Starting point is 00:04:56 The Fifth Avenue Building, 2005th Avenue, New York City Honorary President, the Honorable William H. Taft. Honorary Vice President, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. President Colin H. Livingstone, Washington, D.C. First Vice President, B. L. Dulaney, Bristol, Tennessee Second Vice President, Milton A. McRae, Detroit, Michigan. Third Vice President, David Starr Jordan, Stanford, California.

Starting point is 00:05:47 Chief Scout Ernest Thompson Seton, Coss Cobb, Connecticut, National Scout Commissioner Daniel Carter Beard Flushing L.I. New York. National Scout Commissioner. Adjutant General William Verbeck. Albany, New York. National Scout Commissioner. Colonel Peter S. Beaumuce. New York City. George D. Pratt, Brooklyn, New York. Members of the Executive Board Colin H. Livingstone, Chairman,

Starting point is 00:06:41 Daniel Carter Beard, Milton A. McRae, Mortimer L. Schiff, Colonel Peter S. Beaumous, William D. Murray, Ernest Thompson, Seaton, B. L. D. L. D. L. Pratt, Seth Sprague Terry Lee F. Hanmer Frank Presbury Adjutant General William Verbet

Starting point is 00:07:08 George W. Hinkley Edgar M. Robinson James E. West Executive Secretary Members of the National Council Charles Conrad Abbott Arthur Adams Dr. Felix Adler

Starting point is 00:07:31 Harry A. Allison Henry Morel Atkinson B. N. Baker Ray Stanard Baker Evelyn Briggs Baldwin Bonds Daniel Carter Beardt Henry M. Beardtley

Starting point is 00:07:51 Martin Bairn August Belmont Ernest P. Bicknell. Edward Bach. Colonel Peter S. Bommus. Honorable Charles J. Bonaparte. William D. Boyce.

Starting point is 00:08:14 H. S. Brocker. Roe. F. Brinkerhoff. Dr. Elmer E. Brown. Luther Burbank. Dr. Richard C. Cabot. Reverend S. Parks Cadden Arthur A. Carey. E. C. Carter.

Starting point is 00:08:36 Richard B. Carter. W. D. Champlin. Thomas Chew. Winston Churchill. G. A. Clark. P. P. Clasxton. Randall J. Condon. C.M. Connelly.

Starting point is 00:08:57 Ernest K. C. C. Walter C. Ward Crampton. George H. Dallery Maple. Dr. George S. Davis. E. B. de Groot. Judge William H. DeLacey. William C. Demarest. Dr. Edward T. Devine. Admiral George Dewey.

Starting point is 00:09:29 Governor John A. Diz. Myron E. Douglas. Benjamin L. Dulani. Honorable T. C. DuPont. Dr. George W. Eller. Griffith Ogden Ellis. Robert Erskine Eli. Henry P. Emerson.

Starting point is 00:09:53 Honorable John J. Esh. J. W. Everman. Eberhard Fabor. Dr. George J. Fisher. Horace Fletcher. Homer Fulkes. Dr. William Byron Forbush. Dr. Lee K. Frankl.

Starting point is 00:10:20 Robert Ives Gamble. Honorable James R. Garfield. Hamlin Garland. Robert Grette William H. Gay Bishop David H. Greer Jesse A. Gregg George B. Grinnell

Starting point is 00:10:44 S. R. Guggenheim Luther Halsey Gullick, M.D. Dr. G. Stanley Hall. Dr. Winfield Scott Hall. Lee F. Hanmer. Dr. Hastings H. Hart. Honorable W. M. Hayes. Professor C. R. Henderson. Clark W. Hetherington. George W. Hinkley. Alan Hoban. Honorable R. P. Hobson. Reverend R. W. W. Hogue.

Starting point is 00:11:24 John Sherman Hoyt C.R.H. Jackson. Professor Jeremiah W. Jeans. G. E. Johnson. Dr. David Starr Jordan. Mayor William S. Jordan. Otto Herman Kahn. Dr. William J. Kirby.

Starting point is 00:11:53 Charles H. Kipp. Dr. J. H. Kirkland. Judge Henry E. Klamrith. Reverend Walter Lalo. Charles R. Lamb. Joseph Lee. Samuel McC. Lindsay. Judge Ben B. Lindsay.

Starting point is 00:12:19 Colin H. Livingstone. Colonel Frank L. Locke. Honorable Neck. Nicholas Longworth, Honorable Frank O. Loudon, Honorable Lee McClung, William McCormick, Honorable Henry B. F. F. Farland, J. Horace McFarland, C. W. McKeat, Honorable William B. McKinley, J. J. S. McLean, Francis H. Milton A. McRae. Charles G. Mathus. George W. Martin. Edgar S. Martin. Frank S. Mason. Frank Lincoln Massac. Dr. William H. Maxwell.

Starting point is 00:13:21 Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles. John F. Moore. Arthur C. Moses. William D. Murray. Dr. Cyrus Northrop. Frank W. Ober. Honorable C.S. Page. Dr. C. H. Parkhurst. Honorable Herbert Parsons. Honorable Gifford Pinkett. David R. Porter. George D. Porter. Edwards Powell Frederick B. Pratt, George D. Pratt, Frank Presby, G. Barrett Rich Jr., Jacob A. Reese, Clarence C. Robinson, Edgar M. Robinson, Colonel Threodore Roosevelt,

Starting point is 00:14:22 Lincoln E. Raleigh. Oliver J. Sands. Dr. D. A. Sergeant. Henry B. Sawyer. Mortimer L. Schiff. Charles Scribner. George L. Seahin. Breer Admiral Thomas Oliver Selfridge. Jefferson Seligman. Jesse Seligman Ernest Thompson Seiden

Starting point is 00:14:58 Samuel Schumann Rear Admiral Charles Dwight Sixby William F. Slocum Fred B. Smith Honorable George Otis Smith Laurelard Spencer

Starting point is 00:15:21 Laurelard Spencer Jr. Judge William H. Stake. Honorable Adly Stevenson. Andrew Stevenson. A. E. Stillwell. C. H. Stoddard. Reverend John Timothy Stone, D.D. Izzedor Strauss. Honorable Oscar Estrauss Josiah Strong Honorable William H. Taff

Starting point is 00:16:03 Edward K. Taylor Graham Romaine Taylor Judge Harry L. Taylor William L. Turham Seth Sprague Terry John E. Tair Reverend James

Starting point is 00:16:28 I. Vance Dr. Henry Van Dyke Adjutant General William Verbeck John Wanamaker Henry L. Ward Lucien T. Warner

Starting point is 00:16:51 Richard Benedict Watrose Rear Admiral J.C. Wattrowse. Rear Admiral J. C. Watson W. D. Watherford, Dr. Benjamin Eid Wheeler, E. Wittney, Mornay Williams, General George Wendgate, A.E. Winship, Henry Rogers Winther. Major General Leonard Wood

Starting point is 00:17:28 Surgeon General Walter Wiseman. Major Andrew C. C. C. C. C. C. a message from the chief scout to the boy scouts of america there was once a boy who lived in a region of rough farms he was wild with the love of the green outdoors the trees the tree-top singers the wood-erbs and the live things that left their nightly tracks in the mud by his springwell he wished so much to know them and learn about them he would have given almost any price in his gift to know the name of this or that wonderful bird or brilliant flower he used to tremble with excitement and intensity of interest when some new bird was seen or when some strange song came from the trees to thrill him with his power or vex him with its mystery, and he had a sad sense of lost opportunity when it flew away, leaving him dark as ever. But he was alone and helpless.

Starting point is 00:18:49 He had neither book nor friend to guide him, and he grew up with a kind of knowledge to hunger in his heart that gnawed without ceasing. But this it also did. It inspired him with the hope that some day he might be. might be the means of saving others from this sort of torment. He would aim to furnish to them what had been denied to himself. There were other things in the green and living world that had a binding charm for him. He wanted to learn to camp out, to live again the life of his hunter-grandfather who knew all the tricks of winning comfort from the relentless wilderness,

Starting point is 00:19:38 the foster-mother so rude to those who fear her, so kind to the stout of heart. And yet he had another hankering. He loved the touch of romance. When he first found Phenimore Cooper's books, he drank them in as one parched might drink at a spring. He reveled in the tales of courage and heroic deeds. He gloated over record, of their trailing and scouting by red man in white he gloried in their woodcraft and lived it all in imagination secretly blaming the writer a little for praising without describing it so it could be followed

Starting point is 00:20:25 some day he said i shall put it all down for other boys to learn as years went by he found that there were books and and most of the things he wished to know. The stars, the birds, the quadrupeds, the fish, the insects, the plants, telling their names, their hidden power or their curious ways, about the camper's life, the language of signs, and even some of the secrets of the trail. But they were very expensive and a whole library would be needed to cover the ground. He wanted what every boy wants, is a handbook giving the broad facts as one sees them in the weakened hike, the open-air life.

Starting point is 00:21:20 He did not want to know the trees as a botanist, but as a forester, not the stars as an astronomer, but as a traveler. His interest in the animals was less that of an anatomist than of a hunter and camper, and his craving for light on the insects was wont to be met by a popular book on bugs rather than by a learned treatise on entomology. So knowing the want he made many attempts to gather the simple facts together exactly to meet the needs of other boys of like ideas, and finding it a mighty task, he gladly enlisted the help of men who, had lived and felt as he did. Young Scouts of America, that boy is writing to you now.

Starting point is 00:22:16 He thought himself peculiar in those days. He knows now he was simply a normal boy with interests and desires of all normal boys. Some of them a little deeper rooted and more lasting, perhaps. And all the things that he loved and wished to learn have now part in the big broad work we call scouting. Scout used to mean the one on watch for the rest.

Starting point is 00:22:45 We have widened the word a little. We have made it to fit the town as well as the wilderness and suited it to peacetime instead of war. We have made the scout an expert in life craft as well as woodcraft, for he is trained in the things of the heart as well as head and hand. Scouting we have made to cover riding, swimming, tramping, trailing, photography, first aid, camping, handicraft, loyalty, obedience, courtesy, thrift, courage, and kindness. Do these things appeal to you? Do you love the woods?

Starting point is 00:23:28 Do you wish to learn the trees as the forester knows them? And the stars not as an astronomer, but as a traveler. Do you wish to have all-round well-developed muscles? Not those of a great athlete, but those of a sound body that will not fail you. Would you like to be an expert camper who can always make himself comfortable out of doors and a swimmer that fears no waters?

Starting point is 00:23:55 Do you desire the knowledge to help the wounded quickly and to make yourself cool and self-reliant in an emergency? Do you believe in loyal? guilty, courage and kindness? Would you like to form habits that will surely make your success in life? Then, whether you be a farm boy or a shoe clerk, Newsboy and Millionaire's son. Your place is in our ranks, for these are the thoughts in scouting. It will help you to do better with your pigs, your shoes, your papers, or your dollars. It will give you new pleasures in life.

Starting point is 00:24:34 it will teach you so much of the outdoor world that you wish to know and this handbook the work of many men each alligator in his field is their best effort to show you the way this is indeed the book i so longed for in those far-off days when i wandered hearts hungry in the woods ernest thompson seaton chief scout Headquarters Boy Scouts of America, 205th Avenue, New York City. June 1, 1911. End of Section 0. Recording by Kangaroo 692. Section 1 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain.

Starting point is 00:25:34 For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Kangaroo 692. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Scoutcraft, Part 1 This chapter is a result of the work of the Committee on Scout Oath, Scout Law, tenderfoot, second class, and first class requirements, the Committee on Badges, Awards, and Equipment, the Committee on Permanent Organization and Field Supervision,

Starting point is 00:26:09 and John L. Alexander, and Samuel A. Muffet. Aim of the Scout Movement By John L. Alexander, Boy Scouts of America. The aim of the Boy Scouts is to supplement the various existing educational agencies and to promote the ability in boys to do things for themselves and others. It is not the aim to set up a new organization to parallel in its purposes others already established. The opportunity is afforded these organizations

Starting point is 00:26:43 however, to introduce into their programs. Unique features appealing to interests which are universal among boys. The method is summed up and the term Scoutcraft. It is a combination of observation, deduction, and handiness, or the ability to do things. Scoutcraft includes instructions in first aid, life-saving, tracking, signaling, cycling, nature study, seamanship, campcraft, woodcraft, chivalry, patriotism, and other subjects. This is accomplished in games and team play, and is pleasure not work for the boy. All that is needed is the out-of-doors, a group of boys, and a competent leader.

Starting point is 00:27:37 What scouting means? In all ages, there have been Boy Scouts, the place of the scout being on the day, danger line of the army or at the outposts, protecting those of his company who confide in his care. The Army Scout was the soldier who was chosen out of all the Army to go out on the skirmish line. The pioneer, who was out on the edge of the wilderness, guarding the men, women, and children in the stockade was also a scout. Should he fall asleep or lose control of his faculties or fail on his watch, than the lives of men, women, and children paid the forfeit, and the scout lost his armor.

Starting point is 00:28:22 But there have been other kinds of scouts besides war scouts and frontier scouts. They have been the men of all ages who have gone out on new and strange adventurers, and through their work, have benefited the people of the earth. Thus Columbus discovered America, the pilgrim fathers found in New England, the early English settlers colonized Jamestown, and the Dutch built up New York. In the same way, the hardy, Scotsch, Irish, pushed west and made a new home for the American people beyond the Alleghenies and the Rockies. These Peace Scouts had to be as well prepared as any War Scouts.

Starting point is 00:29:06 They had to know scoutcraft. They had to know how to live in the woods and be able to find their way anywhere, without other chart or compass, than the sun and stars, besides being able to interpret the meaning of the slightest signs of the forest and the foot tracks of animals and men, they had to know how to live so as to keep healthy and strong to face any danger that came their way and to help one another. These scouts of old were accustomed to take chances with death, and they did not hesitate to give up their lives in helping their con-marits or country. In fact, they left everything behind them, comfort and peace, in order to push forward into the wilderness beyond. And much of this they did because they felt it to be their duty.

Starting point is 00:29:59 These little-known scouts could be multiplied indefinitely by going back into the past ages and reading the histories and stories of the knights of King Arthur, of the Crusaders, and of the great explorers and navigators of the world. Wherever there have been heroes, there have been scouts, and to be a scout means to be prepared to do the right thing at the right moment, no matter what the consequences may be. The way for achievement and big things is that preparing of one's self for doing the big things by going into training and doing the little things well.

Starting point is 00:30:39 It was the characteristics of Livingstone, the great explorer, that made him what he was, and that has marked the career of all good scouts. To be a good scout, one should know something about the woods and the animals that inhabit them, and how to care for oneself when camping. The habits of animals can be studied by stalking them and watching them in their native haunts. The scout should never kill an animal or any other living creature needlessly. there is more sport in stalking animals to photograph them, and in coming to know their habits than in hunting to kill. But woodcraft means more than this, and means not only the following of tracks and other signs, but it means to be able to read them.

Starting point is 00:31:31 To tell how fast the animal which made the tracks was going, to tell whether he was frightened, suspicious, or otherwise. Woodcraft also enables the scout to find his way, no matter where he is. It teaches him the various kinds of wild fruit, roots, nuts, etc., which are good for food, or are the favorite food of animals. By Woodcraft, a scout may learn a great number of things. He may be able to tell where the tracks were made by animal or by man, bicycle, automobile, or other vehicle. By having his power of observation trained, he can tell by the very slight signs, such as

Starting point is 00:32:16 the sudden flying of birds, that someone is moving very near him, though he may not be able to see the person. Through woodcraft, then, a boy may train his eye, and be able to observe things that otherwise would pass unnoticed. In this way, he may be able to save animals from pain, as a horse from an ill, fitting harness. He may also be able to see little things, which may give him the clue to great things, and so be able to prevent harm and crime. Besides woodcraft, one must know something of camp life. One of the chief characteristics of the scout is to be able to live in the open, know how to put up tents,

Starting point is 00:33:07 build huts, throw up a lean-to for shelter, or make a deck-out in the ground. How to build a fire, how to procure and cook food, how to bind logs together, so as to construct bridges and rafts, and how to know his way by night as well as by day in a strange country. Living in open this way, and making friends of the trees, the streams, the mountains, and the stars gives a scout a great deal of confidence and makes him love the natural life around him. to be able to tell the difference between the trees by their bark and leaves as a source of pleasure to be able to make a bed out of rough timber or weave a mattress or mat out of grass to sleep on is a joy and all of these things a good scout should know Then, too, a good scout must be chivalrous. That is, he should be as manly as the knights or pioneers of old. He should be unselfish. He should show courage.

Starting point is 00:34:12 He must do his duty. He should show benevolence and thrift. He should be loyal to his country. He should be obedient to his parents and show respect to those who are his superiors. He should be very courteous to women. One of his obligations is to do a good turn every day to someone. He should be cheerful and seek self-improvement and should make a career for himself. All these things were characteristics of the old-time American scouts and of the King Arthur Knights.

Starting point is 00:34:50 Their honor was sacred. They were courteous and polite to women and children, especially to the aged, protected the weak, and helped others to live better. They taught themselves to be strong, so as to be able to protect their countries against enemies. They kept themselves strong and healthy, so that they might be prepared to do all of these things at a moment's notice, and do them well.

Starting point is 00:35:17 So the Boy Scout of today must be chivalrous, manly, and gentlemanly. When he gets up in the morning, he may tie a knot in his necktie, and leave the necktie outside his vest until he has done a good turn. Another way to remind himself is to wear a scout badge reversed until he has done his good turn. The scout turn may not be a very big thing. Help an old lady across the street. Remove a banana skin from the pavement so that people may not fall. Remove from streets or roads, broken glass, dangerous to automobile or bicycle tires.

Starting point is 00:35:55 give water to a thirsty horse or deeds similar to these. The scout also ought to know how to save a life. He ought to be able to make a stretcher, to throw a rope to a drowning person, to drag an unconscious person from a burning building, and to resuscitate a person overcome by gas fumes. He ought also to know the method of stopping runaway horses, and he should have the presence of mind and the skill

Starting point is 00:36:24 to calm a panic and deal with street or other accidents. This means also that a Boy Scout must always be in the pink of condition. A boy cannot do these things unless he is healthy and strong. Therefore, he must be systematically taking exercise, playing games, running and walking. It means that he must sleep enough hours to give him the necessary strength, and, if possible, sleep very much in the open, or at least with the windows of his bedroom, open both summer and winter. It means also that he should take a cold bath often, rubbing dry with a rough towel. He should breathe through his nose and not through the mouth.

Starting point is 00:37:10 He should at all times train himself to endure hardships. In addition to these things, the scout should be a lover of his country. He should know his country. How many states there are in it? What are the natural resources, scope, and boundaries? He ought to know something of its history, its early settlers, and of its great deeds that won his land. How they settled along the banks of the James River. How Philadelphia, New York, and other great cities were founded. How the Pilgrim fathers established New England and laid the foundation. for our national life. How the Scouts of the Middle West saved all that great section of the country for the Republic. He ought to know how Texas

Starting point is 00:38:02 became part of the United States and how our national heroes stretched out their hands, north and south, east and west, to make one great united country. He ought to know the history of the important wars. He ought to know about

Starting point is 00:38:18 our army and navy flags and the insignia of rank of our officers. He ought to know the kind of government that he lives under, and what it means to live in a republic. He ought to know what is expected of him as a citizen of his state and nation, and what to do to help the people among whom he lives. In short, to be a good scout is to be a well-developed, well-informed boy. End of Section 1.

Starting point is 00:38:52 Recording by Kangaroo 692 Section 2 of the Boy Scouts Handbook This is a Libra Fox recording All Libra Fox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer Please visit Libravox.org Recording by PM438 The Boy Scouts Handbook by this Boy Scouts of America

Starting point is 00:39:24 Section 2 Scoutcraft Part 2 Scout virtues. There are other things which the scout ought to know, and which should be characteristic of him. If he is going to be the kind of scout for which the Boy Scots of America stand, one of these is obedience. To be a good scout, a boy must learn to obey the orders of his patrol leader, scout master, and scout commissioner. He must learn to obey before he is able to command. He should so learn to discipline and control himself. that he will have no thought but to obey the orders of his officers.

Starting point is 00:39:59 He should keep such a strong grip on his own life, that he will not allow himself to do anything which is ignoble, or which will harm his life or weaken his powers of endurance. Another virtue of a scout is as courtesy. A boy scout ought to have a command of polite language. He ought to show that he is a true gentleman by doing little things for others. Loyalty is also a scout virtue. A scout ought to be loyal to all to whom his obligations.

Starting point is 00:40:28 You ought to stand up courageously for the truth, for his parents and friends. Another scout virtue is self-respect. He ought to refuse to accept gratuities from anyone, unless absolutely necessary, he ought to work for the money he gets. For this same reason, you should never look down upon anyone, or may be poorer than himself, or anyone richer than himself. A scout's self-respect would cause him to value his own standing and make him sympathetic toward others who may be, on the one hand, worse off, or on the other hand, better off, as far as what is concerned. Scouts know neither a lower nor a higher class, for a scout is one who is a comrade to all, and was ready to share that which he has with others.

Starting point is 00:41:16 The most important scout virtue is head of honor. Indeed, this is the basis of all scout virtues and is closely allied to that self-respect. When a scout promises to do a thing on his honor, he is bound to do it. The honor of the scout will not permit of anything but the highest and the best and the manliest. The honor of the scott is a sacred thing and cannot be lightly set aside or trampled on. Faithfulness to duty is another one of the scout virtues. When it is a scott's duty to do something, you dare not shirt. A scout is faithful to his own interest and the interests of others.

Starting point is 00:41:54 He is true to his country and is God. Another scout virtue is tearfulness. As the scout law intimates, he must never go about with a sulky air. He must always be bright and smiling, and as the humorous says, must always see the donut and not the whole. A bright face and a cheery word spread like sunshine from one to another. It is the scout's duty to be a sunshine maker in the world. Another scout virtue is that a thoughtfulness, especially to animals, not merely the thoughtfulness that eases a horse from the pain of a badly fitting harness, or it gives food

Starting point is 00:42:32 and drink to an animal that is in need, but also that which keeps a boy from throwing a stone at a cat or tying a tin can on a dog's tail. If a boy scout does not prove his thoughtfulness and friendship for animals, it is quite certain, that he never will be really hopeful to his comrades or to the men, women, and children who may need his care. And then the final and chief test of the scout is the doing of a good turn to somebody every day, quietly and without boasting. This is the proof of the scout. It is practical religion, and a boy honors God best when he hopes others most. A boy may wear all the scout uniforms made, all the scout badges ever manufactured,

Starting point is 00:43:17 all the woodcraft, camp craft, scout craft, and other activities of Boy Scouts, and yet never be a real Boy Scout. To be a real Boy Scout means the doing of a good turn every day, with a proper motive, and if this be done, the boy has the right to be classed, with the great scouts that have been of such service to their country. To accomplish this, a scouts had observed the Scout law. Every boy ought to commit to memory the following abbreviated form of the Scout. The 12 points of the scout law.

Starting point is 00:43:51 A scout is trustworthy, a scout is loyal, a scout is helpful, a scout is friendly, a scout is courteous, a scout is kind, a scout is obedient, a scout is cheerful, a scout is thrifty, a scout is brave, a scout is clean, a scout is reverent. The Boy Scout organization, result of work of committee on permanent organization and field supervision, H. S. Brasher Chairman, Laurelard Spencer, Jr., Callan H. Livingstone, Richard C. Morris, Mortimer Schiff, Dr. George W. Eller, C. M. Connolly, E. B. de Groot, Lee F. Hamner. To do good scouting, a boy must understand the organization of which he is part. The Boy Scouts of America is promoted and governed by a group of men called the National Council. This National Council is made of leading men of the country and it is their desire that every American boy shall have the opportunity of becoming a good scout.

Starting point is 00:44:58 The National Council holds one meeting annually at which it looks to officers and the members of the Executive Board. It copyrights badges and other scout designs, arranges for their manufacture and distribution, selects designs for uniforms and scott equipment, issues scout committee, Issues scout commissioners and scoutmaster certificates and grants charters for local councils. A local council through its officers, president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, and scout commissioner, its executive committee, court of honor, and other committees, deals with all local matters that we lead to scouting. The scout commissioner is the ranking scoundmaster of the local council and presides at all scoutmasters meetings as well as well as to scout commissioners meetings as well as well. is at all scout field meets. It is also the duty of the scout commissioner to report to and advise with the chief scout through the executive secretary concerning the scouts in his district.

Starting point is 00:45:58 The scout commissioner's certificate is issued from national headquarters upon the recommendation of a local council after this council has been granted a charter. The scoutmaster is the adult leader of a troop and must be at least 21 years of age. He should have a deep interest in boys, be genuine in his own life, have the ability to lead, and command the boys respect and obedience. He need not be an expert at scout craft. A good scoutmaster would discover experts for the various activities. His certificate is granted upon the recommendation of the local council.

Starting point is 00:46:35 An assistant scoutmaster should be 18 years of age or over. His certificate is granted by the National Council upon the recommendation of the scoutmaster of his troop and the local council. Chief Scout and Staff The Chief Scout is elected annually by the National Council and has the staff of deputies, each of whom is chairman of a committee of Scout Craft. These deputies are as follows. Chief Scout Surgeon, Chief Scout Director of Health, Chief Scout Woodsman, Chief Scout Athletic Director,

Starting point is 00:47:08 Chief Scout Stalker, Chief Scout Citizen, Chief Scout Master, Chief Scout Director of Chivalry, Chief Scout Camp Master. Scouts are graded as follows. Chief Scout and staff, Scout Commissioner, Scout Master, Assistant Scout Master, Patrol Master, Patrol Leader, Assistant Patrol Leader, Eagle Scout, Star Scout, Life Scout, First Class Scout, Second Class Scout Tenderfoot How to become a Boy Scout

Starting point is 00:47:44 The easiest way to become a Boy Scout is to join a patrol that has already been started This patrol may be in a Sunday school, Boys Brigade, Boys Club Young Men's Christmas Association, Young Men's Hebrew Association, Young Men's Catholic Association or any other organization to which he may belong.

Starting point is 00:48:03 If there is no patrol near you, get some man interested enough to start one. enough to start one but give him all the information. A patrol consists of eight boys, one of whom becomes the patrol leader and another the assistant patrol leader. A troop consists of three or more patrols, and the leader of the troop is called a scout master. There can be no patrols or troops of Boy Scouts without this scout master. The Scout model. The model of the Boy Scouts is be prepared, and the badge of the the boy's guide to his copyright design with this model, be prepared on a scroll at its base.

Starting point is 00:48:42 The model, be prepared, means that the scop is always in a state of readiness in mind and body to do his duty, to be prepared in mind by having disciplined himself to be obedient, and also by having thought out beforehand, any accident or situation that may occur, so that he may know the right thing to do at the right moment, and be willing to do it. To be prepared in body by making himself strong and active and able to do the right thing at the right moment and then do it. The Scout Badge. The Scout Badge is not intended to represent the Flora deletes or an arrowhead. It is a modified form of the sign of the north on the mariner's compass, which is as old as the history of navigation. The Chinese claim its use among them as early as 2634 BC.

Starting point is 00:49:33 We have definite information that it was used at sea by then as early as 300 AD. Marco Polo brought the compass to Europe on his return from CAFE. The sign of the north on the compass gradually came to represent the north, and pioneers, trappers, woodsmen and scouts, because of this, adopted it as their emblem, through centuries of use that has undergone modification until it has now assumed the shape of our badge. This trefoil badge of the Scouts is now used, but slight local variations in almost every civilized country is the mark of brotherhood, good citizenship, and friendliness. Its skull is turned up at the ends like a scout's mouth, because he does his duty with a smile and willingly. The knot is to remind the scout to do a good turn to someone daily. The Arrowhead part is worn by the tenderfoot, the school part only is worn by the second-class scout, the badge worn by the badge worn in a badge worn by the second-class scout.

Starting point is 00:50:30 The badge worn by the First Class Scout is the whole badge. The official badges the Boy Scots for America are issued by the National Council. It may be secured only from the national headquarters. These badges are protected by the U.S. patent laws, letters of patent numbers 41412 and 41532, and anyone infringing these patents is liable to prosecution at law. In order to protect the Boy Scout movement and those who have qualified to receive badges designating the various degrees in Scoutcraft, it is desired that all interested cooperate with the national headquarters and safeguarding sale and distribution of these badges.

Starting point is 00:51:13 This may be done by observing the following rules. Badges should not be ordered until active boys have actually complied with the requirements prescribed by the National Council and are entitled to receive them. them. All orders for Badger should be sent in by the Scoutmaster with a certificate from the local council that these requirements have been complied with. Blanks for this purpose may be secured on application to the national headquarters. Where no local council has been formed, application for Badgers to be sent direct to headquarters, signed by the registered scoutmaster of the troop, giving his official number. Scout commissioners, scoutmasters,

Starting point is 00:51:55 assistant scoutmaster's badges can be issued only to those registered as such at national headquarters. Tenderfoot badge. Guilt Metal. Patrol Leaders Tenderfoot badge. Oxidized silver finish. These badges are 7-8s of an inch wide and are made either for the buttonhole or with safety pen clasp, price 5 cents. Second-class scout badge. Guilt Metal. Patrol Leader's second-class scout badge oxidized silver. These badges safety pin style to be worn upon the sleeve. Price 10 cents. First class scout badge, gilt metal. Patrol leaders first class scout badge oxidized silver. Both badges safety pin style to be worn upon the sleeve. Price 15 cents. Scout commissioners, scout masters, and assistant

Starting point is 00:52:50 scout masters arm badges. These badges are woven in blue, green and red silk and I'd be worn on a sleeve of coat or shirt price 25 cents buttons the official buttons worn on the scout uniform cell for 10 cents per set for shirt and 15 cents per set for coat merit badges price 25 cents each Boy Scout certificates a handsome certificate in two colors six by eight inches has been prepared for Boy Scouts to have a record of their enrollment. The certificate has the scout oath in law and the official seal upon it. In place with the signature of the scout master, the price is five cents.

Starting point is 00:53:36 Directions for ordering. Important. When ordering supplies, send exact remittance with order. If Chet is used at New York Exchange, make changes in money orders payable to Boy Scots of America. All orders receive without the proper remittance will be shipped COD. or held until remittance arise. End of Section 2, Scoutcraft Part 2. Recording by P.N. 438. Section 3 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording.

Starting point is 00:54:17 All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information, order volunteer, please visit LibraVox.org. Recording by PM438. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America, Section 3 The Scout Oath Before he becomes a scout, a boy must promise, On my honor, I will do my best.

Starting point is 00:54:44 To do my duty, do God and my country, and to obey the Scout law, to help other people at all times, to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight. When taking this oath, the scout will stand, holding up his right hand, palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the little finger, and the other three fingers upright and together. The scout sign. This is the scout sign. The three fingers held up remind him of his three promises in the scalp oath. The scout salute.

Starting point is 00:55:21 When the three fingers thus held are raised to the forehead, it is the scout salute. The scout always salutes an officer. The Scout Law Result of work of Committee and Scout Oath Scout Law Tenderfoot, Second Class, and First Class Scout Requirements Professor Jeremiah W. Jenks

Starting point is 00:55:44 Chairman Dr. Lee K. Frankel George D. Porter E. M. Robinson G. W. Hinkley B. E. Johnson Clark W. Hetheringley W. Hetherington, Arthur A. Carey.

Starting point is 00:56:00 There have always been certain written and unwritten laws regulating the conduct and directing the activities of men. We have such unwritten laws coming down from past ages. In Japan, the Japanese had their Boshito or laws of the old samurai warriors. During the Middle Ages, the chivalry and rules of the knights of King Arthur, the Knights Templar, and the Crusaders were enforced. In Aboriginal America, the Red Indians had their laws of honor. Likewise, the Zulus, Hindus, and the later European nations have their ancient codes. The following laws which relate to the Boy Scots of America are the latest and most up the day. These laws a boy promises to obey when he takes his scout oath.

Starting point is 00:56:49 A scout is trustworthy. A scout's honor is to be trusted. If he were to violate his honor by telling a lie or by cheating or by not doing exactly a given task, when trusted on his honor, he may be directed to hand over his scout badge. A scout is loyal. He is loyal to all to whom loyalty is due. A scout leader, his home, and parents and country. A scout is helpful.

Starting point is 00:57:18 He must be prepared at any time to save life, help injured persons, and share the home duties. He must do at least one good turn to somebody every day. A scout is friendly. He is a friend to all and a brother to every other scout. A scout is courteous. He is polite to all, especially to women, children, old people, and the weak and helpless. He must not take pay for being helpful or courteous. A scout is kind.

Starting point is 00:57:49 He is a friend to animals. He will not kill nor hurt any living creatures. any living creature needlessly, but will strive to save and protect all harmless life. A scout is obedient. He obeys his parents, scoutmaster, patrol leader, and all other duly constituted authorities. A scout is cheerful. He smiles whenever he can. His obedience to orders is prompt and cheery. He never shirks, nor grimples at hardships. A scout is thrifty. He does not want to only destroy property. He works faithfully, waste nothing, and makes the best use of his opportunities.

Starting point is 00:58:30 He saves his money so that he may pay his own way, be generous to those in need and helpful to worthy objects. He may work for pay but must not receive tips or courtesies or good turns. A scout is brave. He has the courage to face danger in spite of fear and has to stand up for the right against the coaxings of friends or the jeers of threats of enemies, and defeat does not down him. A scout is clean. He keeps clean in body and thought, stands for clean speech, clean sport, clean habits, and travels with a clean crowd.

Starting point is 00:59:10 A scout is reverent. He is reverent toward God. He is faithful in his religious duties in respects the convictions of others, and matters of custom and religion. The three classes of scouts. There are three classes of scouts among the boy scouts of America, the tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first-class scout. Before a boy can become a tenderfoot, he must qualify for saying, a tender-fud, therefore

Starting point is 00:59:38 is superior to the ordinary boy because of his training. To be a tenderfoot means to occupy the lowest-green scouting. A tender-foot on meeting certain requirements may become a standard-foot, and may become a second-class scout, and a second-class scout, upon meeting another set of requirements, may become a first-class scout. The first-class scout may then qualify for the various merit badges, which are offered in another part of this chapter, for proficiency in scouting. The requirements of the Tenderfoot, Second-class Scout, and First-class Scout are as follows.

Starting point is 01:00:14 Tenderfoot. To become a scout, a boy must be at least 12 years of age and must pass a tenor-time. in the following. Know the scout law, sign, salute, and significance of the badge. Know the composition and history of the national flag and customary forms of respect due to it. TIEF-4 are the following knots, square or a reef, sheep bend, bowline, fishermen, sheepshank, holter, clove hitch, timber hitch, or two half-hitches. He then takes the scout oath, is enrolled as a tenderfoot, his entitled to wear the tenderfoot badge. Second-class scout. To become a second-class scout, a tenderfoot must pass to the satisfaction of the recognized local scout authorities, the following tests.

Starting point is 01:01:07 At least one-month service as a tenderfoot. Elementary first aid and bandaging. Know the general directions for first aid for injuries. No treatment for fainting, shock, fractures, bruises, sprains, injuries in which the skin is broken, burns and scales, demonstrate how to carry injured, and the use of the triangular and roller bandages and tourniquet. Elementary signaling. Know the seam of 4 or American Morse for Meyer Alphabet.

Starting point is 01:01:41 Track half a mile in 25 minutes, or if in town, described. Satisfactually the contents of one store window out of four observed for one minute each. Go a mile and twelve minutes at Scouts pace, about fifty steps running and fifty walking, alternately. Use properly knife or hatchet. Prove ability to build a fire in the open using not more than two matches. Cook a quarter of a pound of meat and two potatoes in the open without the ordinary kitchen cooking utensils. Utensils. Earned a deposit at least $1 in a public bank.

Starting point is 01:02:19 Now the 16 principal points of the compass. First Class Scout To become a first class scout, the second class scout must pass the following tests. Swam 50 yards. Earn and deposit at least $2 in a public bank. Send and receive a message by Seymophore or American Morse or Meyer outfit, 16 letters per minute. Make a round trip alone or with another scout do a point at least seven miles away,

Starting point is 01:02:50 going on foot or rowing boat, and write a satisfactory account on the trip and things observed. Advanced First Aid Know the methods for panic prevention. What to do in case of fire and ice, electric and gas accidents, how to help in case a runaway horse, mad dog or sneak fight,

Starting point is 01:03:11 Treatment for dislocations, unconsciousness, poisoning, fainting, apoplexy, stunstroke, heat exhaustion, and freezing. No treatment for sunburn, ivy poisoning, bite and stings, nosebleed, earache, toothache, inflammation or grit in eye, cramp or stomach ache and chills, demonstrate artificial respiration. Preparing cooks satisfactorily in the open without regular kitchen utensils. Two of the following articles that may be directed. Eggs, bacon, hunter stew, fish, foul, game, pancakes, whole cake, biscuit, hard tech, or a twist baked on a stick, explained to another board the methods followed. Read a map correctly and draw from field notes made on the spot and until the first.

Starting point is 01:04:08 rough sketch map, indicating by their proper marks important buildings, roads, trolley lines, main landmarks, principal elevations, etc. Point out a compass direction without the help of the compass. Use properly an axe for felling or trimming light timber. Produce an article of carpentry or cabinet making or metal work made by himself. Explain the method followed. Judd's distance, size, number, height, and weight within 25%. Describe fully from observation 10 species of trees or plants, including poison ivy, by their bark, leaves, flowers, fruit, or scent.

Starting point is 01:04:53 Or six species of wild birds by their plumage, notes, tracks, or habits. Or six species of native wild animals by their form, color, call, tracks, or habits. habits, find the north star, and name and describe at least three constellations of stars, furnish satisfactory evidence that he has put into practice in his daily life, the principles of the Scout Oathen Law, enlisted boy trained by himself in the equinements of a tenderfoot. Note, no deviation from above requirements would be permitted unless in extraordinary cases, such as physical inability and the rich of consent of the national headquarters has been obtained, by the recognized local scout authority.

Starting point is 01:05:38 Patrol signs. Each troop of Boy Scouts is named after the place to which it belongs. For example, it is troop number 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. of New York or Chicago. Each patrol of the troop is named after an animal or a bird, but may be given another kind of name if there is a valid reason. In this way, the 27th New York troop, for instance, may have several patrols. which may be respectively the ox, wolf, jackal, raven, buffalo, fox, panther, and rattlesnake. Each scout in a patrol has a number. The patrol leader being number one, the assistant patrol leader number two, and the other scots their remaining consecutive numbers.

Starting point is 01:06:24 Scouts in this way should work in pairs, numbers three and four together, five and six together, seven and eight together. Each scout and patrol should be able to imitate the call at this patrol animal. That is, the scouts of the wolf patrol should be able to imitate a wolf. In this way, scouts the same patrol can communicate with each other when in hiding or in the dark of night. It is not honorable for a scout to use the call of any other patrol except his own. The patrol leader calls up his patrol at will by sounding his whistle by giving the call of the patrol. when the scout makes signs anywhere for others to read he also draws the head of his animal that is to say if he were out scouting and wanted to show that a certain road should not be followed by others he would draw the sign not to be followed across it and add the name of his patrol animal in order to show which patrol discovered that the road was bad and by adding his own number at the left of the head to show which scout had discovered it

Starting point is 01:07:30 each patrol leader carries a small flag on the end of his staff or a staff with the head of his patrol animal shown him both sides thus the tigers of the twenty seventh new york troop should have the flag shown below end of section three recording by p m four three eight section four of the boy scouts handbook this is a librivox recording all libravox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Kangaroo 692. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Scoutcraft Part 4 The Merit Badges Result of Work of Committee on Badges, Awards, and Equipment

Starting point is 01:08:38 Dr. George J. Fisher, Chairman, General George W. Wingate, Dr. C. Ward Crampton, Daniel Carter Beard, C. M. Connolly, A. A. Jameson, Ernest Thompson, Seedon. When a boy has become a first-class scout, he may qualify for the merit badges. The examination for these badges should be given by the Court of Honor of the local council. This examination must not be given any boy who is not qualified as a first-class scout. After the boy has passed the examination, the local council may secure the merit badge for him by presenting the facts to the National Council. These badges are intended to stimulate the boy's interest in the life about him and are given

Starting point is 01:09:38 for general knowledge. The wearing of these badges does not signify that a scout is qualified to make his living by the knowledge gained in securing the award. Scouts winning any of the following badges are entitled to place after their names the insignia of the badges won. For instance, if he has successfully passed the signaling and seamanship tests, he signs his name in this manner. James E. Ward

Starting point is 01:10:07 First Class Scout Signaling. Seamanship. Agriculture To obtain a merit badge, for agriculture, a scout must. 1. State different tests with grains. 2. Grow at least an acre of corn which produces 25% better than the general average. 3. Be able to identify and describe common weeds of the community and tell how best to eliminate them.

Starting point is 01:10:42 4. Be able to identify the common insects and tell how best to handle them. 5. Have a practical. knowledge of plowing, cultivating, drilling, hedging, and draining. Six. Have a working knowledge of farm machinery, haymaking, reaping, loading, and stacking. Seven, have a general acquaintance of the routine seasonal work on the farm, including the care of cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs. Eight, have a knowledge of Campbell's soil, culture, principle, and a knowledge of dry farming and irrigation farming.

Starting point is 01:11:24 Angling. To obtain a merit badge for angling, a scout must. One, catch and name ten different species of fish. Salmon or trout to be taken with flies. Bass, pickerel, or pike, to be caught with rod or reel. Muscalange to be caught by trolling. Two, make a bait rod of three joints, straight and sound, 14 ounces or less in weight, 10 feet or less in length,

Starting point is 01:11:52 to stand a strain of one and a half pounds at the tip, 13 pounds at the griff. 3. Make a jointed fly rod 8 to 10 feet long, 4 to 8 ounces in weight, capable of casting a fly 60 feet. 4. Name and describe 25 different species of fish found in North American waters and gave a complete list of the fishes ascertained by himself.

Starting point is 01:12:23 to inhabit a given body of water. 5. Give the history of the young of any species of wild fish from the time of hatching until the adult stage is reached. Archery To obtain a merit badge for archery, a scout must. 1. Make a bow and arrow which will shoot a distance of 100 feet with fair precision. 2. Make a total score of 350 with 60 shots in 1 or 2.2. meets using standard 4-foot target at 40 yards or 3-foot target at 30 yards. 3. Make a total score of 300 with 72 arrows using standard target at a distance of 50 yards.

Starting point is 01:13:15 4. Shoot so far and fast as to have six arrows in the air at once. Architecture To obtain a merit badge for architecture, Scout must. 1. Present a satisfactory freehand drawing. 2. Write an essay on the history of architecture and describe the five orders. 3. Submit an original design for a two-story house and tell what material is necessary for its construction, giving detailed specifications. Art To obtain a merit badge for art, a scout must, 1.

Starting point is 01:13:58 draw and outline two simple objects, one composed of straight lines and one of curved lines, the two subjects to be grouped together a little below the eye. Two, draw an outline two books a little below the eye, one book to be open, also a table or chair. Three, make an outline an Egyptian ornament. 4. Make an outline, a Greek or Renaissance ornament from a cast or copy. 5. Make an original arrangement or design using some detail of ornament. 6. Make a drawing from a group of two objects placed a little below the eye and show light and shade. 7. Draw a cylindrical object and a rectangular object.

Starting point is 01:14:56 object, grouped together a little below the eye, and show light and shade. 8. Present a camp scene in color. Astronomy To obtain a merit badge for astronomy, a scout must, 1, have a general knowledge of the nature and movements of stars. 2. Point out and name six principal constellations. Find the north by means of other stars than the pole star, in case of that star, be

Starting point is 01:15:28 obscured by the clouds, until the hour of the night by the stars and moon. 3. Have a general knowledge of the positions and movements of the earth, sun and moon, and of tides, eclipses, meteors, comets, sunspots, and planets. Athletics To obtain a merit badge for athletics, a scout must. 1. Write an acceptable article of not less than 500 words. on how to train for an athletic event. 2. Give the rules for one track and one field event.

Starting point is 01:16:11 3. Make the required athletic standard according to his weight, classifications, and conditions as stated in Chapter 8. Automobiling To obtain a merit badge for automobiling, a scout must, 1. Demonstrate how to start a motor explaining what precautions should be taken. 2. Take off and put on pneumatic tires. 3. Know the functions of the clutch, carburetor valves, magneto, spark plug,

Starting point is 01:16:51 differential camshaft, and different speed gears, and be able to explain the difference between a 2-and-4 cycle motor. 4. Know how to put out. burning gasoline or oil. 5. Have satisfactorily passed the requirements to receive a license to operate an automobile in the community in which he lives. Aviation To obtain a mare badge for aviation, a scoutmist, 1.

Starting point is 01:17:25 Have a knowledge of the theory of aeroplanes, balloons, and dirigible. 2. Have made a working model of an aeroplane or dirigible. verigible that will fly at least 25 yards and have built a box kite that will fly. 3. Have a knowledge of the engines used for aeroplanes and dirigible and be able to describe the various types of aeroplanes in their records. B-farming To obtain a merit badge for bee-farming, a scout must. 1. Have a practical knowledge of swarming, hiving, hives, and general apiculture, including a

Starting point is 01:18:07 knowledge of the use of artificial combs. 2. Describe different kinds of honey and tell from what sources gathered. Blacksmithing To obtain a marabash for blacksmithing, a scout must, 1. Upset and weld a 1-inch iron rod. 2. Make a horseshoe. 3. Know how to tire a wheel, use a sledge hammer and forge, shoe a horse correctly and rough shoe a horse.

Starting point is 01:18:42 4. Be able to temper, iron, and steel. Bugling To obtain a merit badge for bugling, a scout must, 1. Be able to sound properly on the bugle the customary United States Army calls. Business. To obtain a merit badge for business, a scout must, 1. Write a satisfactory business and personal. letter. Two, state fundamental principles of buying and selling.

Starting point is 01:19:19 Three, no simple bookkeeping. Four, keep a complete and actual account of personal receipts and expenditures for six months. Five, state how much money would need to be invested at 5% to earn his weekly allowance of spending money for a year. Camping. To obtain a merit badge. for camping a scout must. 1. Have slept in the open or under canvas at different times 50 nights. 2. Have put up a tent alone and ditched it. 3. Have made a bed of wild material and a fire without matches.

Starting point is 01:20:07 4. State how to choose a campsite and how to prepare for rain, how to build a latrine, toilet, and how to dispose of the camp garbage and refuse. 5. Know how to construct a raft. Carpentry. To obtain a merit badge for carpentry, a scout must. 1. Know the proper way to drive, set, and clinch a nail. 2. Know the different kinds of chisels, planes, and saws, and how to sharpen and use them.

Starting point is 01:20:46 3. Know the use of the use of the use of the raft. the rule, square, level, plum line, and mitre. 4. Know how to use compasses for scribing both regular and irregular lines. 5. Make an article of furniture with three different standard joints or splices, with at least one surface of highly polished, hard, or decorative wood. All work to be done without assistance. Chemistry

Starting point is 01:21:19 To obtain a merit badge for chemistry, the scout must be able to pass the following test. 1. Define physical and chemical change. Which occurs when salt is dissolved in water, milk sours, iron rusts, water boils, iron is magnetized, and mercuryic oxide is heated above the boiling point of mercury. 2. Give correct test. tests for oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, and carbon dioxide gases. 3. Could you use the above gases to extinguish fire? How?

Starting point is 01:22:07 4. Why can baking soda be used to put out a small fire? 5. Give tests for chloride, sulfide, sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate. 6. Give the names of three commercial forms of carbon. Tell how each is made and the purpose for which it is used. 7. What compound is formed when carbon is burned in air? 8. Tell process of making lime and mortar from limestone. 9. Why will fresh plaster hard and quicker by burning charcoal in an open vessel near?

Starting point is 01:22:51 it. Civics. To obtain a merit badge in civics, a scout must, one, state the principal citizenship requirements of an elector in his state. Two, know the principal features of the naturalization laws of the United States. Three, know how president, vice president, senators, and congressmen of the United States are elected in their terms of office. Four, know. No. No. Know the number of judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, how appointed, and their term of office. 5. Know the various administrative departments of government as represented in the President's

Starting point is 01:23:34 Cabinet. 6. Know how the governor, lieutenant governor, senators, representatives, or assemblymen of his state are elected, and their terms of office. 7. Know whether the judges of the principal courts in his office. his state are appointed or elected and the length of their terms. 8. Know how the principal officers in his town or city are elected, and for what terms?

Starting point is 01:24:05 9. Know the duties of the various city departments, such as fire, police, board of health, etc. 10. Draw a map of the town or city in which he lives, giving location of the principal public buildings and points of special interest. eleven give satisfactory evidence that he is familiar with the provisions and history of the declaration of independence and the constitution of the united states to obtain a merit badge in conservation a scout must one be able to recognize in the forest all important commercial trees in his neighborhood distinguish the lumber from each and tell for what purpose each is best suited tell the age of old blazes on trees which mark a boundary or trail, recognize the difference in the forest between good and bad logging, giving reasons why one is good and another bad. Tell whether a tree is dying from injury by fire, by insects, by disease, or by a combination of these causes, know what tools to use, and how to fight fires in hilly or in flat country. Collect the seeds

Starting point is 01:25:18 of two commercial trees, clean and store them, and know how and when to plant them. 2. Know the effect upon stream flow of the destruction of forests at headwaters. Know what are the four great uses of water in streams, what causes the pollution of streams, and how it can be best stopped, and how, in general, water power is developed. Three, be able to tell for a given piece of farmland whether it is best suited for use as farm or farm. forest and why point out examples of erosion and tell how to stop it give the reasons why a growing crop pointed out to him is successful or why not and tell what crops should be grown in his neighborhood and why four know where the great coal fields are situated and whether the use of coal is

Starting point is 01:26:20 increasing and if so at what rate tell what are the great sources of waste of coal, in the mines, and in its use, and how they can be reduced. 5. Know the principal game birds and animals in his neighborhood, and seasons during which they are protected, the methods of protection, and the results. Recognize the track of any two of the following. Rabbit, fox, deer, squirrel, wild turkey, rough grass, and quail. Cooking

Starting point is 01:26:53 To obtain a merit badge for cooking. The scout must. 1. Prove his ability to build a fireplace out of stone or sod or logs. Light a fire and cook in the open the following dishes in addition to those required for a first-class scout. Camp stew? Two vegetables. Omelette, rice pudding.

Starting point is 01:27:16 Know how to mix dough and bake bread in an oven. Be able to make tea, coffee, and cocoa. carve properly, and serve correctly to people at the table. Craftsmanship To obtain a merit badge for craftsmanship, a scout must. 1. Build and finish unassisted one of the following articles. A round, square, or octagonal taper it, round or square din, or library table, hall or piano bench, rustic armchair, or swing to be hung with chains, or rustic,

Starting point is 01:27:54 or rustic table. 2. He must also make plans or intelligent rough sketch drawing of the piece selected. Cycline To obtain a merit badge for cycling, a scout must. 1. Be able to ride a bicycle 50 miles in 10 hours. 2. Repair a puncture. 3. Take a part and clean bicycle and put together again properly. 4. Know how to make reports if sent out scout.

Starting point is 01:28:25 on a road. 5. Be able to read a map and report correctly verbal messages. Dairying. To obtain a merit badge for dairying, a scout must, 1. Understand the management of dairy cattle. 2. Be able to milk. 3. Understand the sterilization of milk and care of dairy utensils and appliances. 4. Test at least 5 cows for 10 days each with about TABcock test and make proper reports. Electricity To obtain a merit badge for electricity, a scout must. 1.

Starting point is 01:29:08 Illustrate the experiment by which the laws of electrical attraction and repulsion are shown. 2. Name three uses of the direct current and tell how it differs from the alternating current. 3. Make a simple electromagnet. 4. Have an elementary knowledge of the action of simple battery cells and of the working of electric bells and telephones. 5. Be able to remedy fused wire and to repair broken electric connections. 6. Construct a machine to make static electricity or a wireless apparatus. 7. Have knowledge of the method of resuscitation and rescue of a person insensible from shock. Firemanship.

Starting point is 01:29:59 To obtain a merit badge for firemanship, a scout must. 1. Know how to turn in an alarm for fire. 2. Know how to enter burning buildings. 3. Know how to prevent panics and the spread of fire. 4. Understand the use of hose unrolling, joining up, connecting two hydrants, use of nozzle, etc. 5. Understand the use of escape. lads, and shoots, and know the location of exits and buildings which he frequents. 6.

Starting point is 01:30:35 Know how to improvise ropes and nets. 7. Know what to do in case of panic. Understand the fireman's lift in drag, and know how to work in fumes. 8. Understand the use of fire extinguishers. How to rescue animals. How to save property.

Starting point is 01:30:55 How to organize a bucket brigade. and how to aid the police in keeping back crowds. First aid. To obtain a merit badge for first aid, a scout must, 1. Be able to demonstrate the Sylvester and Schaefer methods of resuscitation. 2. Carry a person down a ladder. 3. Bandage head and ankle. 4. Demonstrate the treatment of wound of the neck

Starting point is 01:31:26 with severe arterial emmerage. 5. Treat mangling injury of the leg without severe hemorrhage. 6. Demonstrate treatment for rupture of varicose veins of the leg with severe hemorrhage. 7. Show treatment for bite of a finger by Mad Dog. 8. Demonstrate. rescue of person in contact with electric wire. 9. Apply tourniquet to a principal artery. 10. State chief differences between carbolic poisoning and intoxication.

Starting point is 01:32:11 11. Explain what to do for snake bite. 12. Past first aid test of American Red Cross Society. First aid to animals. To obtain a merit badge for first aid to animals, a scout must. 1. Have a general knowledge of domestic and farm animals. 2. Be able to treat a horse for colic. 3. Describe symptoms and give treatment for the following wounds, fractures and sprains, exhaustion, choking, lameness.

Starting point is 01:32:49 4. Understand horseshoeing. Forestry. To obtain a merit badge for forestry. A scout must. 1. Be able to identify 25 kinds of trees when in leaf or 15 kinds of deciduous broadleaf trees in winter, and tell some of the uses of each. 2. Identify 12 kinds of shrubs. 3. Collect and identify samples of 10 kinds of wood, and be able to tell some of their uses. 4. Determine the height and estimate the amount of the amount of the 1.5. of timber approximately in five trees of different sizes.

Starting point is 01:33:33 5. State laws for transplanting, grafting, spraying, and protecting trees. Gardening. To obtain a merit badge for gardening, scout must. 1. Dig and care for during the season a piece of ground containing not less than 144 square feet. 2. Know the names of a dozen plants pointed out. in an ordinary garden.

Starting point is 01:34:03 3. Understand what is meant by pruning, grafting, and maruring. 4. Planting grow successfully 6 kinds of vegetables or flowers from seeds or cuttings. 5. Cut grass with scythe

Starting point is 01:34:18 under supervision. Handicraft. To obtain a mare badge for handicraft, a scout must, 1, be able to paint a door. 2. Whitewash a seat. 3. Repair gas fittings, sash lines, window and door fastenings. 4. Replace gas mantles, washers, and electric light bulbs. 5. Sotter. 6. Hang pictures and curtains. 7. Repair blinds.

Starting point is 01:34:53 8. Fixed curtains, portier rods, blind fixtures. 9. Lay carpets and mend clothing and upholstery. 10. Repair furniture in China. 11. Sharpen knives. 12, repair gates. 13, fixed screens on windows and doors. Horsemanship. To obtain a merit badge for horsemanship, a scout must. 1. Demonstrate riding at a walk, trot, and gallop.

Starting point is 01:35:26 2. Know how to saddle and bridle a horse correctly. 3. Know how to water and feed, and to what amount. And how to groom a horse properly. 4. Know how to harness a horse correctly and single or double harness and to drive. 5. Have a knowledge of the power of endurance of horses at work, and know the local regulations concerning driving. 6. Know the management and care of horses. 7. Be able to identify unsoundness and blemishes. 8. Know the evils of bearing or check reins and of ill-fitting harness or sound. Sattelry.

Starting point is 01:36:06 9. No two common causes of and proper remedies for lameness, and no to whom he should refer cases of cruelty and abuse. 10. Be able to judge as to the weight, height, and age of horses. No three breeds and their general characteristics. Interpreting To obtain a merit badge for interpreting, a scout must, one, be able to characterize.

Starting point is 01:36:37 on a simple conversation. Two, write a simple letter on subject given by examiners. Three, write and translate a passage from a book or newspaper in French, German, English, Italian, or any language that is not of his own country. Invention. To obtain a mere badge for invention, a scout must. One, invent and patent some useful article. Two, show a working drawing or model of the.

Starting point is 01:37:07 the same. Leatherworking. To obtain a merit badge for leatherworking a scoutmist. One, have a knowledge of tanning and curing. Two, be able to sole and hear a pair of boots, sewed or nailed, and generally repair boots and shoes. Three, be able to dress a saddle, repair traces, strip, leathers, etc. and know the various parts of harness. Life-saving. To obtain a merit badge for life-saving, the scout must, one, be able to dive into from 7 to 10 feet of water and bring from bottom to surface a loose bag of sand weighing 5 pounds.

Starting point is 01:37:53 To be able to swim 200 yards, 100 yards on back without using the hands, and 100 yards by any other stroke. 3. Swim 50 yards with clothes, on, shirt, long trousers, and shoes as a minimum. For demonstrate A, on land, five methods of release, B, and the water, two methods of release. C, the Schaefer method of resuscitation. Prom pressure. Machinery. To obtain a merit badge for machinery, Scout must one state the principles

Starting point is 01:38:29 underline the use and construction of the lathe, steamboiler, and engine. drill plers and planar 2 Make a small wood or metal model illustrating the principles of either levers, gears, belted pulleys, or block and fall Marksmanship

Starting point is 01:38:52 To obtain a merit badge for marksmanship A Scout Must 1 Qualify as a marksman in accordance with the regulations of the National Rifle Association Masonry To obtain a merit badge for masonry A scoutmust, one, lay a straight wall with a corner.

Starting point is 01:39:12 Two, make mortar and describe process. Three, use intelligently a plum line, level, and trowel. Four, build a stone oven. Five, demonstrate a knowledge of various uses for cement. Six, build a drywall. Mining. To obtain a merit badge for mining, a scoutmast, one, know and name 50 minerals. Two, no name and describe the four.

Starting point is 01:39:40 14 great divisions of the Earth's crest, according to Geiki. 3. Define watershed, delta, drift, fault, glacier, terrace, stratum, dip, and identify 10 different kinds of rock. 4. Describe methods for mind, ventilation, and safety devices. Music To obtain a mirror badge for music a scout must, one, be able to play a standard musical instruments satisfactorily. 2. Read simple music.

Starting point is 01:40:14 3. Write a satisfactory essay of not less than 500 words on the history of American music. Ornithology To obtain a merit badge for ornithology, a scout must. 1. Have a list of 100 different guidance of birds personally observed on exploration in the field. 2. Have identified beyond question by appearance or by note, 45 different kinds of birds in one day. Three, have made a good clear photograph of some wild bird, the bird image to be over one-half inch in length on the negative.

Starting point is 01:40:57 Four, have secured at least two tenants in bird boxes erected by himself. Five, have daily notes on the nesting of a pair of wild birds from the time the first egg is laid until the young have left the nest. Six, have attracted at least three kinds of birds, exclusive of the English sparrow, to a lunch counter, which he has supplied. Painting To obtain a maripatch for painting, a scout must one have knowledge of how to combine pigments in order to produce paints in shades and tints of color.

Starting point is 01:41:39 2. Know how to add positive colors to a base of white lead or of white zinc. 3. Understand the mixing of oils, turpentine, etc. to the proper consistency. 4. Paint a porch floor or other service. Evenly and without laps. 5. Know how and when to putty up. nail holes, and uneven surfaces. 6. Present for inspection a panel covered with three coats of paint,

Starting point is 01:42:17 which panel must contain a border of molding, the body of the panel to be painted in one color. Pathfinding. To obtain a merit badge for pathfinding, a scout must, one, know every lane, bypass, and shortcut for distance of at least two miles in every direction around the local scouts headquarters in the country. Two, have a general knowledge of the district within a five-mile radius of his local headquarters,

Starting point is 01:42:48 so as to be able to guide people at any time by day or night. Three, know the general direction and population of the five principal neighboring towns and be able to give strangers correct directions how to reach them. 4. No in the country in the 2-mile radius approximately, but the number of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs owned on the five neighboring farms, or in a town, must know, in a half-mile radius what livery, stables, garages, and blacksmiths there are. Five, know the location of the nearest meat markets, bakeries, groceries, and drugstores. 6. No, where the nearest police station hospital, doctor fire alarm, fire hydrant, telegraph, and telephone offices, and railroad stations are. 7.

Starting point is 01:43:46 Know something of the history of the place, its principal public buildings, such as town or city hall, post office, schools, and churches. 8. As much as possible of the above information should be entered on a large-scale map. Personal health To obtain a merit badge for personal health, the scout must 1. Write a statement on the care of teeth. 2. State of principle to govern an eating. And state in the order of their importance,

Starting point is 01:44:18 5 rules to govern the care of his health. 3. Be able to tell the difference in effect of a cold and hot bath. 4. Describe the effect of alcohol and tobacco on the growing boy. 5. Tell how to care for the feet on a mark. 6. Describe a good, healthful game and say dismarit. 7. Describe the effects of walking as an exercise. 8. Tell how athletics may be overdone. Photography.

Starting point is 01:44:47 To obtain a merit badge for photography, a scoutmist. 1. Have a knowledge of the theory and use of lenses of the construction of cameras and the action of developers. 2. Take, develop, and print 12 separate subjects. three interiors, three portraits, three landscapes, and three instantaneous action photos. Three, make a recognizable photograph of any wild bird larger than a robin, while on its nest, or a wild animal in its native haunts, or a fish in the water. Pioneering. To obtain a merit badge for pioneering, a scout must. One, fell a nine-inch tree or pole in a prescribed direction neatly and quickly.

Starting point is 01:45:36 to tie six knots of knots quickly. 3. Lash spars properly together for scaffolding. 4. Build a modern bridge or Derek. 5. Make a camp kitchen. 6. Build a shack of one kind or another suitable for three occupants. Plumbing. To obtain a merit batch for plumbing, a scout must one be able to make wiped and brazed joints to repair a burst pipe.

Starting point is 01:46:06 3. Mendeball or Fawcet Tap. 4. Understand the ordinary, hot and cold water system of the house. Poultry farming. To obtain a merit badge for poultry farming, a scout must. One, have a knowledge of incubators, foster mothers, sanitary foul houses, and coops and runs. Two, understand rearing, feeding, killing, and dressing of birds for market. 3. Be able to pack birds and eggs for market. 4. Raise a brood of not less than 10 chickens.

Starting point is 01:46:43 5. Report his observation and study of the hen, turkey, duck, and goose. Printing. To obtain a merit badge for printing a scout must. 1. Know the names of 10 different kinds of type and 10 sizes of paper. 2. Be able to compose by hand or machines. 3. Understand the use of hand or power printing machines. 4. Print a hand. hand bill set up by himself. 5. Be able to read and mark proof correctly.

Starting point is 01:47:20 Public health. To obtain a merit badge for public health, a scout must, 1. State what the chief causes of each of the following disease are, tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria. 2. Draw a diagram showing how the house fly carries disease. 3. Tell what should be done to a house which has been occupied by a person who has had a contagious disease.

Starting point is 01:47:48 4. Tell how a scout may cooperate with the Board of Health in preventing disease. 5. Describe the method used in his community in disposing of garbage. 6. Tell how a city should protect its foods. Milk, meat, and exposed foods. 7. Tell how to plan the city. sanitary care of a camp. 8. State the reason why school children should undergo a medical examination.

Starting point is 01:48:22 Scholarship Note. The requirements for the merit badge for scholarship had not been decided upon when this book was published. Information about same may be secured upon application to national headquarters. Sculpture. To obtain a merit badge for sculpture, a scout must one make clay model from an A&T.N. design. Two, make a drawing and a model from nature. These models to be faithful to the original and of artistic design. Seaman ship. To obtain a meribage for seamanship, a scout must, one,

Starting point is 01:49:01 be able to tie rapidly six different knots, two splice ropes, three, use a palm and needle, four, flink a rope coil, five, be able to row, pull, skull, and steer a boat. Also bring a boat properly alongside and make fast. 6. Know how to box the compass, read a chart, and show use of parallel rules and dividers. 7. Be able to state direction by the stars and sun. 8. Swim 50 yards with shoes and clothes on. 9. Understand the general war cane of steam and hydraulic winches, and have a knowledge of weather windstim and of tides.

Starting point is 01:49:44 Signaling. To obtain a marabatch for signaling, a scout must, one, send and receive a message in two of the following systems of signaling. Simaphor, Morse, or Meyer, not fewer than 24 letters per minute. Two, be able to give and read signals by sound. Three, make correct smoke and fire signals. Stalking, to obtain a marabash for stalking, a scout must, one, make a series of 20 photographs of wild animals of birds from life and develop and print them. Two, make a group of 60 species of wild flowers, ferns, or grasses, dried and mounted in a book, and correctly named.

Starting point is 01:50:30 Three, make colored drawings of 20 flowers, ferns, or grasses, or 12 sketches from life of animals or birds, original sketches as well as the finished pictures to be submitted. Surveying To obtain a merit badge for surveying a scout must 1. Map correctly from the country itself, the main features of half a mile of road, with 440 yards each side to a scale of 2 feet to the mile, and afterward draw same map from memory.

Starting point is 01:51:07 2. Be able to measure the height of a tree, telegraph pole, and church steeple, describing method adopted. 3. Measure width of a river. 4. Estimate distance a part of two objects. A known distance away and unapproachable. 5. Be able to measure a gradient. Swimming.

Starting point is 01:51:31 To obtain a merit badge for swimming, a scout must. 1. Be able to swim 100 yards. 2. Dive properly from the surface of the water. 3. Demonstrate breast, crawl, and side stroke. swim on the back 50 feet. Taxidermy. To obtain a merit badge for taxidermy, a scout must one, have a knowledge of the game loss of the state in which he lives, to preserve and mount the skin of a game bird or

Starting point is 01:52:03 animal killed in season. Three, mount for a rug, the pelt of some for animal. End of Section 4. Recording by Kangaroo. Section 5 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is the Librevox recording. All Librevox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librevox.org.

Starting point is 01:52:39 The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 5. Scoutcraft Part 5 Life Scout The Life Scout badge will be given to all first-class scouts who have qualified for the following five married badges, First Aid, Athletics, Life Saving, Personal Health and Public Health. Star Scout The Star Scout badge will be given to the First Class Scout who has qualified for 10 merit badges. The 10 include the list of badges under Life Scout. Eagle Scout. Any first class scout qualifying for 21 married badges

Starting point is 01:53:22 will be entitled to wear the highest Scout married badge. This is in Eagle's Head in silver and represents the all-round perfect scout. Honor medals. A boy who is awarded any one of the following medals is entitled to wear the same on the left breast. Bronze medal. Cross in bronze with first-class scout badge superimposed upon it and suspended from a bar by a red ribbon.

Starting point is 01:53:51 This is awarded to a scout who has saved life. Silver Medal Silver Cross with the Silver Crossed with the Silver. first-class scout badge superimposed upon it and suspended from bar by blue ribbon. This medal is awarded to a scout who saves life with considerable risk to himself. Gold Medal Gold Cross with first-class scout badge superimposed upon it and suspended from bar by white ribbon. This medal is the highest possible award for service and heroism.

Starting point is 01:54:25 It may be granted to a scout who has saved life at the greatest possible risk to his own life, and also to anyone who has rendered service of peculiar merit to the Boy Scouts of America. The Honor Medal is a national honor and is awarded only by the National Council. To make application for one of these badges, the facts must be first investigated by the Court of Honor of the Local Council and presented by that body to the Court of Honor of the National Council. The local Court of Honor may at any time invite experts to share in their examinations and recommendations. When the National Court of Honor has passed upon the application, the proper medal will be awarded. Bages of rank. The following devices are used to distinguish the

Starting point is 01:55:15 various ranks of scouts. Patrol Leader Patrol Leader The Patrol Leader's arm badge consists of two bars. one and a half inches long and three-eighths inch wide of white braid worn on the sleeve below the left shoulder in addition he may wear all oxidized silver tenderfoot second-class or first-class scout badge according to his rank the assistant patrol leader wears one bar service stripes for each year of service as a boy scout he will be entitled to wear a stripe of white braid around the sleeve above the wrist three stripes being changed for one red one. Five years of scouting would be indicated by one red stripe and two white stripes. The star indicates the position for wearing married badges. Scoutmaster. The badge of the scout commissioner, scoutmaster and assistant scoutmaster is the first-class scouts badge reproduced in blue, green, and red respectively, and are worn on the sleeve below the left shoulder.

Starting point is 01:56:19 Chief Scout The badge of the Chief Scout is the first-class scout badge. with a five-pointed star above it embroidered in silver. Chief Scout Surgeon The badge of the Chief Scout Surgeon is the first-class scout badge with a caduceus above it, embroidered in green. The Chief Scout staff wear the badge of rank

Starting point is 01:56:39 in the same manner as the Chief Scout. Chief Scout Woodsman The badge of the Chief Scout Woodsman is the first-class scout badge with two crossed axes above it embroidered in green. Chief Scout Stalker. The badge of the Chief Scout Stalker is the first-class scout badge with an oak leaf above it embroidered in blue. Chief Scout Director of Health

Starting point is 01:57:03 The badge of the Chief Scout Director of Health is the first-class scout badge with tongues of fire above it embroidered in red. Chief Scout Campmaster The badge of the Chief Scout Campmaster is the first-class scout badge with a moccasine above it embroidered in green. Chief Scout of Athletics The badge of the Chief Scout Director of Athletics is a first-class scout badge with a winged mercury foot above it embroidered in green. Chief Scout Director of Chivalry The badge of the Chief Scout Director of Chivalry

Starting point is 01:57:38 is the First Class Scout badge with the Scout sign above it embroidered in gold. Chief Scout Citizen The badge of the Chief Scout Citizen is the First Class Scout badge with the United States flag above it in silver. appropriate badges for national and local councilmen may be secured from the national headquarters. Equipment It should be clearly understood by all interested in the scout movement that it is not necessary for a boy to have a uniform or any other special equipment to carry out the scout program.

Starting point is 01:58:16 There are a great many troops in the country which have made successful progress without any equipment whatever. However, for the convenience of boys who wish to secure a uniform or other equipment, the National Council has made arrangements with certain manufacturers to furnish such parts of the equipment as may be desired by the boys. Such arrangements have been made with these manufacturers only after a great number of representative firms have been given an opportunity to submit samples and prices, the prices quoted to be uniform throughout the country. These manufacturers are given the privilege of using for a limited period an imprint of the official badge as an indication that the Committee on Equipment is willing to recommend the use of that particular article.

Starting point is 01:59:04 The official badge is fully protected by the U.S. patent laws, and anyone using it without expressed authority from national headquarters is subject to prosecution at law. considerable difficulty has been experienced in the selection of the material used in making coats breeches and shirts the material used in the boy scout coat breeches and shirt has been submitted to a thirty-day sun test the acid and strength test and is guaranteed to be fast color and durable to show the result of the selection made the manufacturer of these articles have been given the privilege of using the imprint of the official seal and the right to use the official seal and the right to use the official We recommend the purchase of the articles having this imprint through any local dealer or through national headquarters. However, where a local council exists, buttons will be supplied on order of the executive committee for use on such uniforms as the committee may desire to have made locally. In communities where no local council has been formed, they may be supplied on order of a registered scoutmaster. Prices of the buttons per set for coat is 15 cents, and per set for shirt, 10 cents.

Starting point is 02:00:21 Every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment available to scouts through local dealers. If such arrangements have not been made in a community, the national headquarters will be glad to help in making such an arrangement. Many scoutmasters prefer to order uniforms and other supplies direct from national headquarters. In order to cover the expense involved in handling these supplies, the manufacturers have agreed to allow national headquarters the same trade discount allowed to local dealers. Trade through national headquarters, if sufficiently large, will help to meet a part of the current expenses of the national organization. Any combination desired may be made from this list. A fairly complete equipment may be secured at the very nominal sum of $2.15. For instance, the summer equipment which consists of

Starting point is 02:01:13 hat, 50 cents, shirt, 75 cents, short, 50 cents, belt, 40 cents. Where it is desired to equip the members of the troop with a standard uniform, the following equipment is suggested. Hat, shirt, coat, breeches or knickerbockers, belt, leggings or stockings, shoes, haversack. Any combinations may be made according to the resources of. of the boys forming the troop. However, it is recommended that each troop decide upon a definite combination to be worn by its members, so that all of the scouts in the troop may dress alike.

Starting point is 02:01:51 Each boy should pay for his own supplies and equipment. Soliciting donations for this purpose should be prohibited. A complete list of all supplies and equipment with full information about places where the same can be secured is given in the appendix of this book. Nots Every Scout Should Know By Samuel A. Moffat, Boy Scouts of America Every Scout knows what a rope is. From the earliest moment of his play life,

Starting point is 02:02:21 he has used it in connection with most of his games. In camp life and on hikes, he will be called upon to use it again and again. It is therefore not essential to describe here the formation of rope, its various sizes and strength. The important thing to know is how to use it to the best advance. To do this an intelligent understanding of the different knots and how to tie them is essential. Every day sailors, explorers, mechanics and mountain climbers risk their lives on the knots that they tie.

Starting point is 02:02:55 Thousands of lives have been sacrificed to ill-made knots. The scout, therefore, should be prepared in an emergency or when necessity demands to tie the right knot in the right way. There are three qualities to a good knot. One, rapidity with which it can be tied. Two, its ability to hold fast when pulled tight. And three, the readiness with which it can be undone. The following knots recommended to scouts are the most serviceable because they meet the above requirements

Starting point is 02:03:29 and will be of great help in scoutcraft. If the tender foot will follow closely the various steps indicated in the diagrams, he will have little difficulty in reproducing them at pleasure in practising not tying a short piece of hemp rope may be used to protect the ends from fraying a scout should know how to whip them the commonest method of whipping is as follows lay the end of a piece of twine along the end of the rope hold it to the rope with the thumb of your left hand while you wind the standing part around it and the rope until the end of the twine along the end of the rope until the end of the rope has been covered. Then with the other end of the twine lay a loop back on the end of the rope and continue winding the twine upon this second end until all is taken up. The end is then pulled back tight and cut off close to the rope. For the sake of clearness a scout must constantly keep in mind these three principal parts of the rope. The standing part. The long unused portion

Starting point is 02:04:34 of the rope on which he works. The bite. The loop formed whenever the rope is turned back upon itself and the end, the part he uses in leading. Before proceeding with the tenderfoot requirements, a scout should first learn the two primary knots, the overhand and figure of eight knots. The overhand knot. Start with the position shown in the preceding diagram. back the end around the standing part and up through the bite and draw tight the figure of eight knot make a bite as before then lead the end around back of the standing part and down through the bite after these preliminary steps the prospective tenderfoot may proceed to learn the required knots

Starting point is 02:05:25 square or reef knot the commonest knot for tying two ropes together frequently used in first-aid bandaging never slips or jams easy to untie false reef or granny if the ends are not crossed correctly when making the reef knot the false reef or granny is the result this knot is always bad sheet bend or weaver's knot this knot is used in benders knot this knot is used in benders the sheet to the clue of a sail or in tying two rope ends together make a bite with one rope a b then pass and c of other rope up through and around the entire bite and bend it under its own standing part the bole-in a noose that neither jams nor slips used in lowering a person from a burning building etc form a small loop on the standing part leaving the the end long enough for the size of the news required. Pass the end up through the bite around the standing part and down through the bite again. To tighten, hold news in position and pull standing part. Halter, slip or running knot. A bite is first formed and an overhand knot made with the end around the standing part. Sheepshank. Used for shortening ropes. Gather up the amount

Starting point is 02:06:54 to be shortened, then make a half hitch round each of the bends, as shown in the diagram. Clove hitch. Used to fasten one pole to another in fitting up scaffolding. This knot holds snugly. It is not liable to slip laterally. Hold the standing part in left hand, then pass the rope around the pole, cross the standing part, make a second turn around the pole, and pass the end under the last turn. The fisherman's bend

Starting point is 02:07:25 Use the board yachts for bending on the gaff top sail, Halliards. It consists of two turns around a spar or ring, then a half hitch around the standing part and threw the turns on the spar, and another half hitch above it around the standing part. Timber hitch. Used in hauling timber. Pass the end of the rope around the timber. Then lead it around it around it.

Starting point is 02:07:52 standing part and bring it back to make two or more turns on its own part the strain will hold it securely two half hitches useful because they're easily made and will not slip under any strain their formation is sufficiently indicated by the diagram blackwall hitch used to secure a rope to hook the standing part when haul tight holds the end firmly becket hitch for joining a cord to a rope may be easily made from diagram. The fisherman's knot. Used for tying silkworm gut for fishing purposes.

Starting point is 02:08:34 It never slips. It is easily unloosed by pulling the two short ends. The two ropes are laid alongside one another. Then with each end an overhand knot is made around the standing part of the other. Pull the standing parts to tighten. Carrick bend. Used in Uniting. hossers for towing. It is easily untied by pushing the loops inwards. Turn the end of one rope A

Starting point is 02:09:02 over its standing part B to form a loop. Pass the end of the other rope across the bite thus formed, back of the standing part B over the end A, then under the bite at C, passing it over its own standing part and under the bite again at D. The Mariners Compass. Boxing the compass consists in enumerating the points beginning with north and working around the circle as follows. North. North by east. North, northeast. Northeast by north. Northeast. Northeast by east. East, northeast by east, northeast. East, northeast by south. East-southeast. Southeast by east. South, southeast, south by east, south. South by west, south, southwest. Southwest by south, southwest.

Starting point is 02:10:09 Southwest by west, west, southwest, southwest, west by west, west, northwest, northwest, north-northwest, north-northwest, north-north-west, north-north-west, north-north-west, north-north-west, north-north-west, north-north-west. North. Notes. End of Section 5. Scoutcraft, Part 5. Section 6 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org.

Starting point is 02:10:57 Recording by Arthur Flabel. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America, Section 6. Chapter 2. Woodcraft. Woodlore by Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout. The Watch for a Compass. From Boy Scouts of America by Ernest Thompson Seton, copyright 1910 by Doubleday Page and Company. The watch is often used to give the compass point exactly. Thus, point the hour hand to the sun. Then, in the morning, halfway between the hour hand and noon is due south.

Starting point is 02:11:41 If afternoon, one must reckon halfway backward. Thus, at 8 a.m., point the hour hand to the sun and reckon forward halfway to noon. The south is at 10. If at 4 p.m., point the hour hand at the sun and reckon back halfway. The south is at 2 o'clock. The halfway is because the sun makes a course

Starting point is 02:12:06 of 24 hours, and the clock of but 12. If we had a rational timepiece of 24 hours, it would fit in much better with all nature, and with the hour hand pointed to the sun would make 12 o'clock noon always south. If you cannot see the sun, get into a clear open space, hold your knife point upright on your watch dial, and it will cast a faint shadow, showing where the sun really is, unless the clouds are very heavy. Finding your latitude by the stars. The use of the stars to the scout is chiefly to guide him by showing the north, but the white man has carried the use a step farther.

Starting point is 02:12:51 He makes the pole star tell him not only where the north is, but where he himself is. From the pole star, he can learn his latitude. It is reckoned an exploit to take one's latitude from the north star with a cartwheel or with two sticks and a bucket of water. The first attempt I made was with two sticks and a bucket of water. I arranged the bucket in the daytime so that it could be filled from rim to rim. That is, it was level, and that gave me the horizon line.

Starting point is 02:13:23 Next, I fastened my two sticks together at an adjustable angle. Then, laying one stick across the bucket as a base, I raised the other till the two sight notches on its upper edge were in straight line for the pole star. The sticks were now fastened at this angle and put away till the morning. On a smooth board, the board is allowable because it can be found either far on the plains when you have your wagon or on the ship at sea, I mapped out first a right angle by the old plan of measuring off a triangle whose sides were six, eight, and ten inches, and applied the star angle to this. By a process of equal subdivision,

Starting point is 02:14:04 I got 45 degrees, 22 and a half degrees, finally, 40 degrees, which seemed to be the latitude of my camp. Subsequent looking it up showed it to be 41 degrees, 10 minutes. Of course, it is hard to imagine that the boys will ever be so placed that it is important for them to take their latitude with homemade implements.

Starting point is 02:14:26 But it is also hard to imagine circumstances under which it would be necessary to know that the sun is 92 million miles away. It is very sure, however, that a boy who has once done this has a larger idea of the world and his geography, and it is likely to help him in realizing that there is some meaning to the lines and figures on the border of his school maps, and that they are not put there merely to add to his perplexities. Sundial or Hunter's Clock To make a scout's sundial, prepare a smooth board about 15 inches across with a circle divided into 24 equal parts

Starting point is 02:15:05 and a temporarily hinged pointer whose upper edge is in the middle of the dial. Place on some dead level solid post or stump in the open. At night, fix the dial so that the 12 o'clock line points exactly to north, as determined by the pole star. Then, using two temporary sighting sticks of exactly the same height so as to permit sighting clear above the edge of the board, set the pointer exactly pointing to the pole star, that is, the same angle as the latitude of the place, and fix it there immovably.

Starting point is 02:15:39 Then remove the two siding sticks. As a timepiece, this dial will be found roughly correct for that latitude. The angle of the pointer or style must be changed for each latitude. Building a log cabin from Country Life in America, May 1905. There are as many different kinds of log cabins as of any other architecture. It is best to begin with the simplest. The tools needed are a sharp axe, a cross-cut saw, an inch auger, and a spade. It is possible to get along with nothing but an axe.

Starting point is 02:16:17 Many settlers had no other tool, but the spade saw an auger save much work. for the site select a high dry place in or near the woods and close to the drinking water it should be a sunny place and with a view preferably one facing south or east clear off and level the ground then bring your logs these are more picturesque with the bark left on but last longer peeled eight feet by twelve feet outside makes a good cabin for three or four boys cut and carry about twelve logs each 10 feet long and 12 more each 14 feet long. The logs should be at least six inches through. Soft wood is preferable as it is easier to handle. The four ground logs or sills at least should be a cedar, chestnut, or other wood that does not rot. Lay two of the 14 foot logs on the ground at the places for the long sides and seven feet apart. Then across them at the end lay two short ones 11 feet apart. This leaves about a foot projecting from each log. Roll the last two into their

Starting point is 02:17:30 resting places and flatten them until they sit firmly. It is of prime importance that each log rest immovably on the one below. Now cut the upper part of each end log to an edge over each corner. Refer to figure one. Next, put on two long logs, roll them into the middle taking care to change off, so the big end at a given corner may be followed next time by the small end and ensure the corner rising evenly. Roll one of these large logs close to where it is to be placed, and then cut on its upper surface at each end a notch corresponding with the ridge on the log it is to ride on. When ready, half a roll drops it into place. The log should be one to three inches above the one under it and should not touch except at the ends.

Starting point is 02:18:20 Repeat the process now with the other sides, then the two ends, etc., always keeping the line of the corner plumb. As the walls rise, it will be found necessary to skid the larger logs, that is, rolling them up on two long logs or skids leaning against the wall. Refer to figure two. When the logs are in place to the height of four and a half feet from the ground, it is time to decide where the door and window are to be. And at that place, while the next long log is lying on top, bottom up, cut out a piece four feet long and four inches deep. Roll this log into place. Refer to figure three. One more log above this, or certainly two, will make your shanty high enough for boys. Put on final end logs, then two others across the shanty. Refer to figure four.

Starting point is 02:19:15 Roll up the biggest, strongest log of all for the ridge, sometimes two are used side by side. It should lie along the middle of the four cross pieces shown in figure four. The two cross logs, B and C, and the ridge log should be very strong, as the roof is heavy. Now we are ready to cut the doorway and window. First, drive in blocks of wood between each of the logs, all the way down from A to the ground,

Starting point is 02:19:46 and from B down to D and C to E, refer to figure 5. Saw down now from A halfway through the ground log F, then from B down to halfway through the log D. Now continue from G cutting down to half through the ground log. Use the axe to split out the upper half of the ground log between the saw cuts and also the upper half of the log D. Hue a flat piece of soft wood, five or six inches wide,

Starting point is 02:20:20 about two inches thick, and as long as the height of this doorway. Set it up against the ends of the logs A to F. Boar and auger hole threw it into the end of each log. These holes must not be in line lest they split the jam, including the top and bottom ones, and drive into each a pin of oak. This holds all safely.

Starting point is 02:20:45 Do the same on the other side, H to E, and put a small one down B, D, which is the side of the window. Now we're ready to finish the roof. Use the axe to bevel off the corners of the four cross logs, A and B, refer to figure six. Then get a lot of strong poles about five feet long and lay them close together along the two sides of the roof till it is covered with poles,

Starting point is 02:21:11 putting a very heavy one or a small log on the outer edge of each and fastening it down with a pin into the ridge log. Cut two long poles and lay one on each of the lower ends of the roof poles as at A, B, and C, refer to figure 7, pinning them to the side logs. Cover this roof with a foot of hay or straw or grass and cover that again evenly with about four inches of stiff clay. pack this down it will soon squeeze all that foot of straw down to a little more than an inch and will make a warm and watertight roof as the clay is very heavy it is wise before going inside to test the roof by jumping on it if it gives too much it will be well to add a center prop now for the door hue out planks two should be enough fasten these together with two cross pieces and one angle-pings

Starting point is 02:22:11 using oak pegs instead of nails, if you wish to be truly primitive. For these, the holes should be bored partway with a gimlet, and a peg used larger than the hole. The lower end of the back plank is left projecting in a point, refer to figure 8. This point fits into a hole pecked with a point or bored with an auger into the door cell. Boar another hole near the top of the door, A, and a corresponding one through the door, jam between two logs. Set the door in place. A strip of rawhide leather, a limber willow branch, or a strip of hickory put through the auger hole of the door and wedged into the hole in the jam, makes a truly wildwood hinge. A peg in the front jam prevents the door going too far out,

Starting point is 02:23:02 and a string and peg inside answer for a latch. The window opening may be closed with a glass sash, with a piece of muslin, or with raw height of an animal, scraped clear of hair and stretched on a frame. It now remains to chink and plaster the place. Chinking is best done from the inside. Long triangular strips and blocks of wood are driven in between the logs and fastened there with oak pins driven into the lower log till nothing but small crannies remain.

Starting point is 02:23:33 Some cabins are finished with moss plugged into all the crannies, but mud worked into plaster does better. It should be put on the outside first and afterward finished from the inside. It is best done really with two plasterers working together, one inside and one out. This completes the shanty, but a bunk and fireplace are usually added. The fireplace may be in one corner or in the middle of the end. It is easiest to make in the former. Across the corner peg three angle braces each about three feet long.

Starting point is 02:24:07 These are to prevent the chimney falling forward. Now begin to build with stone using mud as mortar. A fireplace is shape, refer to figure 9. Make the opening about 18 inches across, carrying it up two feet high, drawing it in a little and then lay a long stone across the front, after which build up the flue behind the corner braces right up to the roof. The top corner piece carries the rafter that may be cut off to let the flew out.

Starting point is 02:24:39 Build the chimney up outside as high as the highest part of the ridge. But the ideal fireplace is made with the chimney on the outside of the cabin, at the middle of the end farthest from the door. For this, you must cut a hole in the end log, like a big, low window, pegging a jam on the ends as before. With stones and mud, you now build a fireplace inside the shanty, with the big chimney carried up outside, always taking care that there are several inches of mud or stone between the fire and any of the logs.

Starting point is 02:25:15 In country where stone cannot be found, the fireplace is often built of mud, sustained by an outside cribbing of logs. If the flu is fair size, that is, say, one quarter the size of the fireplace opening, it will be sure to draw. The bunk should be made before the chinks are plastered, as the hammering is apt to loosen the mud. Cut eight or ten poles a foot longer than you need the bunk. Cut the end of each into a flat board and drive these between the long logs at the right height and place for the bunk,

Starting point is 02:25:49 supporting the other end on a cross piece from a post to the wall. Put a very big pole on the outer side and all is ready for the bed. Most woodsmen make this of small fur boughs. There are two other well-known ways of cornering the logs. One is simply flattening the logs where they touch. This, as well as the first one, is known in the backwoods of Canada as hogpen finish. The really skillful woodsman of the north always dovetail the corners and saw them flush. Refer to figure ten.

Starting point is 02:26:24 Sometimes it is desirable to make a higher gable than that which one ridge log can make. Then it is made thus, refer to figure eleven. This is as much slope. as a clay roof should have, with any more the clay would wash off. This is the simplest way to build a log cabin, but it illustrates all the main principles of log building. Shingle roofs and gables, broad piazzas outside, and modern fitting inside are often added nowadays in summer camps.

Starting point is 02:26:57 But it must be clear that the more towny you make the cabin, the less woodsy it is, and less likely to be the complete rest in chumpery. change that is desired. For fuller instructions, see Log Cabins and Cottages by William S. Wicks 1900, publisher Forest and Stream, New York. Also, the Jack of All Trades by Dan C. Beard, Scribner's, and Field and Forest Handybook. End of Section 6. Section 7, Woodcraft, part two, of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a a Libervox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to

Starting point is 02:27:49 volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Debbie Baker-Robinson, Davy, Florida. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 7, Woodcraft, Part 2. Measuring distances. See Two Little Savages, 1903. The height of a tree is easily measured when on a level open place by measuring the length of its shadow, then comparing that with your own shadow or that of a 10-foot pole. Thus, the 10-foot pole is casting a 15-foot shadow, and the tree's shadow is 150 feet long. Apply the simple rule of 3. 15 is to 150 as 10 is to x equals 1.5.

Starting point is 02:28:42 100. But it is seldom so easy, and the good old rule of the triangle can be safely counted on. Get a hundred or more feet from your tree on open ground as nearly as possible on the level of its base. Set up a 10-foot pole, A, B. Then mark the spot where the exact line from the top of the tree over the top of the pole touches the ground, C. Now measure the distance from that spot, C to the foot of the 10 foot pole, B. Suppose it is 20 feet. Measure also the distance from that spot C to the base of the tree, D. Suppose it is 120 feet. Then your problem is 20 is to 10 as 120 20 is to x equals 60. I.e. If at that angle, 20 feet from the eye gives 10 feet elevation,

Starting point is 02:29:43 120 feet must give 60. To make a right angle, make a triangle whose sides are exactly 6, 8, and 10 feet, or inches each, or multiples of these. The angle opposite the 10 must be a true right angle. There are many ways of measuring distance across rivers, etc., without crossing. The simplest, perhaps, is by the equilateral triangle. Cut three poles of exactly equal length. Peg them together into a triangle. Lay this on the bank of the river, so one side points to some point on the opposite bank.

Starting point is 02:30:22 Drive in three pegs to mark the exact points of this triangle, A, B, C. Then move it along the bank. until you find a place, F, E, G, where its base is on line with the two pegs, where the base used to be, and one side in line with the point across the river, D. The width of the river is seven-eighths of the base of this great triangle. Another method is by the Asosceles triangle. Make a right-angle triangle as above with sides 6, 8, and 10 feet, A, B, C, then after firmly fixing the right angle, cut down the 8-foot side to 6 feet and saw off the 10-foot side to fit. Place this with the side D-B on the riverbank in line with the side object X across. Put three pegs to mark the three

Starting point is 02:31:18 corner places. Then take the triangle along the bank in the direction of C. until C, D are in line with the side object, while B, C is in line with the pegs B, C. Then the length of the long base, B, C, will equal the distance from B to X. To measure the space between two distant objects, D and E, line A-B on one, then move this right-angle triangle until F-G is lined on the other with B-G. in line with G H. B, G equals the space between D and E then. If the distance is considerable, it may be measured sometimes by sound. Thus, when a gun is fired, a man is chopping, or a dog barking,

Starting point is 02:32:12 count the seconds between the sight and the hearing of the sound, and multiply by 1100 feet, which is the distance sound travels in a second. occasionally the distance of an upright bank, cliff, or building can be measured by the echo. Half the seconds between shout and echo, multiplied by 1,100 gives the distance in feet. The usual way to estimate long distances is by the time they take to cover. Thus, a good canoe on dead water goes four to five miles an hour. A man afoot walks three and a half miles an hour on good roads. A pack train goes two and a half miles an hour, or perhaps one and a half on the mountain trails.

Starting point is 02:32:57 A man's thumb is an inch wide. Span of thumb and longest finger nine inches. Brisk walking pace is one yard for men. What to do when lost in the woods? Ladies Home Journal, October 1902. Did you ever get lost in the woods? I once asked a company of 20 campers. Some answered, yes, once or twice. Others said many a time. Only two said, no, never. Then I said, turning to the two,

Starting point is 02:33:34 I know that all the others here have had plenty of experience and that you two are the tender feet and never lived in the woods. It is quite certain to come sooner or later. If you go camping, you will get lost in the woods. Hunters, Indians, yes, birds and beasts get lost at times. You can avoid it for long by always taking your bearings and noting the landscape before leaving the camp, and this you should always do. But still, you will get lost some time, and it is well to be ready for it by carrying matches, knife, and compass. When you do miss your way, the first thing to remember is, like the Indian, you are not lost. It is the teepee that is lost. It isn't serious. It cannot be so unless you do something foolish. The first and most natural thing to do is to get on a hill, up a tree, or other high lookout,

Starting point is 02:34:27 and seek for some landmark near camp. You may be sure of this much. You are not nearly so far from camp as you think you are. Your friends will soon find you. You can help them best by signaling. The worst thing you can do is to get frightened. The truly dangerous enemy is not the cold or the hunger so much as the fear. It is fear that robs the wanderer of his judgment and of his limb power. It is fear that turns the passing experience into a final tragedy. Only keep cool, and all will be well. If there is snow on the ground, you can follow your backtrack. If you see no landmark, look for the smoke of the fire. Shout from time to time and wait, for though you have been away for hours, it is quite possible you are within earshot of your friends. If you happen to have a gun,

Starting point is 02:35:23 fire it off twice in quick succession on your high lookout. Then wait and listen. Do this several times and wait plenty long enough, perhaps an hour. If this brings no help, send up a distress signal, that is, make two smoke fires by smothering two bright fires with green leaves and rotten wood and keep them at least 50 feet apart, or the wind will confuse them. Two shots or two smokes are usually understood to mean, I am in trouble. Those in camp on seeing this should send up one smoke, which means camp is here. If you have a dog or a horse with you, you may depend upon it he can bring you out all right,

Starting point is 02:36:07 but usually you will have to rely on yourself. The simplest plan, when there is fresh, snow and no wind is to follow your own track back. No matter how far around or how crooked it may be, it will certainly bring you out safely. If you are sure of the general direction to the camp and determined to keep moving, leave a note pinned on a tree if you have paper. If not, write with charcoal on a piece of wood and also make a good smoke so that you can come back to this spot if you choose. But make certain that the fire cannot run by clearing the ground around it, and by banking it around with sods.

Starting point is 02:36:46 And mark your course by breaking or cutting a twig every 50 feet. You can keep straight by the sun, the moon, or the stars, but when they are unseen, you must be guided by the compass. I do not believe much in guidance by what are called Nature's compass signs. It is usual to say, for example, that the north side of the tree has the most moss, or the south side the most limbs, etc. While these are true in general, there are so many exceptions that when alarmed and in doubt as to which is north, one is not in a frame of mind to decide with certainty on such fine points.

Starting point is 02:37:24 If a strong west wind, for example, was blowing when you left camp and has blown ever since, you can be pretty sure it is still a west wind, but the only safe and certain natural compass guides are the sun, moon, and stars. The pole or North Star and the Great Bear, also called the Dipper and the Pointers, should be known to every boy as they are to every Indian. The pointers always point out the pole star. Of course, they go around it once in 24 hours, so this makes a kind of clock. The stars then will enable you to keep straight if you travel. But thick woods, fog, or clouds are apt to come up, and without something, thing to guide, you are sure to go around in a circle. Old woodsmen commonly follow down the streams. These are certain to bring you out somewhere, but the very worst traveling is along the edges of the streams, and they take you a long way around. All things considered, it is usually best to stay

Starting point is 02:38:31 right where you are, especially if in a wild country where there is no chance of finding a farmhouse. Make yourself comfortable for the night by gathering plenty of good wood while it is daylight and building a windscreen on three sides with the fire in front and something to keep you off the ground. Do not worry, but keep up a good fire, and when day comes, renew your two smokes and wait. A good fire is the best friend of a lost man. I have been lost a number of times, but always got out without serious trouble. because I kept cool. The worst losing I ever got was after I had been so long in the West that I

Starting point is 02:39:14 qualified to act as a professional guide and was engaged by a lot of Eastern farmers looking for land locations. This was in the October of 1883 on the upper Assiniboine. The main body of the farmers had remained behind. I had gone ahead with two of them. I took them over hundreds of miles of wild country. As we went northward, the country improved. We were traveling with oxen, and it was our custom to let them graze for two hours at noon. One warm day while the oxen were feeding, we went in our shirt-sleeves to a distant butte that promised a lookout. We forgot about the lateness till the sun got low. Even then, I could have got back to camp, but clouds came up and darkness fell quickly.

Starting point is 02:40:01 knowing the general direction I kept on, and after half an hour's tramp, we came to a canyon I had never seen before. I got out my compass and a match and found that I had been circling, as one is sure to do in the dark. I corrected the course and let off again. After another brief turn, I struck another match and learned from the compass that I was again circling. This was discouraging, but with corrected course we again tramped. I was leading, and suddenly the dark ground ten feet ahead of me turned gray. I could not make it out, so went cautiously nearer. I lay down, reached forth, and then slowly made sure that we were on the edge of a steep precipice. I backed off and frankly told the man I did not know where we were.

Starting point is 02:40:52 I got out my matchbox and compass and found I had but one match left. Any of you got any matches? I asked. no left em all in our coats was their answer well said i i have one shall i use it to get a new course from the compass or shall we make a fire and stay here till morning all voted to camp for the night there was now a cold rain we groped into a hollow where we got some dead wood and by using our knives got some dry chips from the inside of a log when all was ready we gathered close around and i got some dry chips from the inside of a log when all was ready we gathered close around and i got a got out the one match. I was about to strike it when the younger of the men said, Say, Seton, you are not a smoker. Jack is. Hadn't you better give him that match? There was sense in this. I have never in my life smoked. Jack was an old stager and an adept with matches. I handed it to him. And in a minute, we had a fire. With the help of the firelight,

Starting point is 02:42:01 we now found plenty of dead wood. We made three blazing fire side by side, and after an hour we removed the center one, then raked away all the hot ashes, and all laid down together on the warm ground. When the morning came, the rain ceased. We stretched our stiffened limbs and made for camp. Yes, there it was, in plain view,

Starting point is 02:42:23 two miles away across a fearful canyon. Three steps more on that gloomy night, and we should have been over. the edge of that canyon and dashed to the bottom. End of Section 7. Woodcraft Part 2. Recording by Debbie Baker-Robinson, Davy, Florida. Section 8 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording.

Starting point is 02:42:58 All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibraVox.org. Arthur Flabel. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 8. How to make fire by rubbing sticks? How do Indians make a fire without matches? asked a boy who loved to play Indian. Most of us have heard the answer to this. The Indians used a flint and steel, as our own fathers and mothers did 100 years ago. And before they had flint and steel, they used rubbing sticks. We've all read about bringing fire out of two sticks by rubbing them together. I tried it once for an hour, and I know now I never would have got it in a thousand years as I was doing it.

Starting point is 02:43:52 Others have had the same experience. Consequently, most persons look upon this as a sort of fairy tale. Or if they believe it to be true, they think it is so difficult as to be worth no second thought. All scouts, I find, are surprised and greatly interested to learn that not only is it possible, it is easy to make a friction fire if you know how, and hopeless if you don't. I have taught many boys and men, including some Indians, to do it, and some have grown so expert that they make it nearly as quickly as with an old-fashioned sulfur match. When I first learned from Walter Huff, who learned from the Indians, it took me from five to ten minutes to get a blazing fire,

Starting point is 02:44:39 not half an hour as some books have it. But later I got it down to a minute, then to 31 seconds, from the time of taking up the rubbing sticks, to having a fine blaze, the time in getting the first spark being about six seconds. My early efforts were inspired by book accounts of Indian methods, but unfortunately I have never yet seen a book account

Starting point is 02:45:03 that was accurate enough to guide anyone successfully in the art of firemaking. All omit one or other of the absolute essentials, or dwell on some triviality. The impression they leave on those who know is that the writers did not. The surest and easiest method of making a friction fire is by use of the bow drill. Two sticks, two tools, and some tender are needed. The two sticks are the drill and the fireboard, or fire block. The books generally tell us that these must be of different kinds of wood.

Starting point is 02:45:39 This is a mistake. I have uniformly gotten the best results with two pieces of the same kind. All the better indeed if they are parts of the same stick. What kind of wood? This is a very important question. As woods that are too hard, too soft, too wet, too oily, too gummy, too gummy, or too resinous will not produce fire. The wood should be soft enough to wear away, else it produces no punk, and hard enough to wear slowly, or the heat is not enough to light the punk, and of course

Starting point is 02:46:17 it should be highly inflammable. Those that I have had the best luck with are the balsam fur, cottonwood roots, tamarack, European larch, red cedar, white cedar, Oregon cedar, basswood, cypress and sometimes second-growth white pine it should always be a dry sound stick brash but not in the least punky in each part of the country there seems to be a kind of wood well suited for fire-making the eastern indians use cedar the northern indians cedar or balsam fir the plains indians use cottonwood or sagebrush roots perhaps the most reliable of all is dry and seasoned balsam fur. Either the species in the north woods or in the Rockies will do.

Starting point is 02:47:11 It gives a fine big spark or coal in about seven seconds. When in the grinding the dust that runs out of the notch is coarse and brown, it means that the wood is too soft. When it is very fine and scanty, it means that the wood is too hard.

Starting point is 02:47:29 Refer to the illustration, the rubbing sticks for firemaking. 1. The simplest kind of bow. A bent stick with a stout leather thong fastened at each end. It is about 27 inches long and 5.8 inch thick. 2. A more elaborate bow with a hole at each end for the thong. At the handle end it goes through a disc of wood. This is to tighten the thong by pressure of the hand against the disc while using. 3. Simplest kind of drill socket.

Starting point is 02:48:03 a pine or hemlock knot with a shallow hole or pit in it. 3A is underview of the same. It is about 4.5 inches long. 4. A more elaborate drill socket. A pebble cemented with gum in a wooden holder. 4A is the underview of the same. 5.

Starting point is 02:48:25 A very elaborate drill socket. It is made of tulip wood, carved to represent the Thunderbird. It has eyes of green fell spar cemented in with resin. On the underside, in 5A, is seen in the middle, a soapstone socket let into the wood and fastened with pine gum, and on the head a hole kept filled with grease to grease the top of the drill before use. 6. The drill. 12 to 18 inches long and about 3 quarters inch thick.

Starting point is 02:49:00 It is roughly eight-sided, so the thong will not slip. and pointed at each end. The best wood for the drill is old, dry brash, but not punky balsam fir or cottonwood roots. But basswood, white cedar, red cedar, tamarack, and sometimes even white pine, will do. 7. Fireboard or block. About three-quarters-inch thick and any length handy.

Starting point is 02:49:28 A is the knot with pit just begun. B shows the pit at. after once using and in good trim for the second time. C shows the pit bored through and now useless. The notch is one-half-inch wide and three-quarters-inch deep. 8. shows the way of using the sticks. The block A is held down with one foot. The end of the drill B is put in the pit.

Starting point is 02:49:56 The drill socket, C, is held on top in the left hand. One end of the bow D is held in the right hand, while the bow is drawn back and forth. 9 is a little wooden firepan, not essential but convenient. Its thin edge is put under the notch to catch the powder that falls. I have made many experiments to determine

Starting point is 02:50:19 whether there is anything in the idea that it is better to have the block and drill of different woods. But no hybrid combination was so successful as two of a kind. The drill and the bow and socket are fully dissoned, described in the illustration. The preparing of the fireboard is one of the most important things. At the edge, cut a notch half an inch wide in about three-fourths of an inch deep. At the top of this notch make a pit or shallow hole, and the board is ready. The importance of this notch is such that it is useless to try firemaking without it. While these are the essentials, it is well to get

Starting point is 02:51:01 ready, also some tender. I have tried a great many different kinds of lint and punk, including a number that were artificially prepared, soaked with saltpetre or other combustibles. But these are not really fair play. The true woodcrafter limits himself to the things that he can get in the woods, and in all my recent firemaking I have contended myself with the tender used for ages by the red men, that is, cedar wood, finally shredded between two stones. some use the fringes that grow on birch improving it by rubbing it in powdered charcoal now that he has the tools and the material ready it will be an easy matter for the matchless castaway to produce a fire pass the leather thong once around the drill and this should make the thong taut put the lower point of the drill in the pit at the top of the notch in the fireboard and hold the socket with the left hand on top of the drill The notch of the fireboard should be resting on a chip or a thin wooden tray.

Starting point is 02:52:06 Hold the bow by the handle in the right hand, steady the board under the left foot, and the left arm against the left knee. Now, draw the bow back and forth with steady even strokes, its full length. This causes the drill to turn in the pit and bore into the wood. Ground-up wood runs out of the side of the notch, falling on the chip or tray. At first it is brown.

Starting point is 02:52:34 In two or three seconds it turns black, and then smokes. In five or six seconds, it is giving off a cloud of smoke. A few more vigorous strokes of the bow, and now it will be found that the smoke still comes from the pile of black wood dust on the chip. Fan this gently with the hand, the smoke increases, and in a few seconds you see a glowing cold in the middle of the dust. there are never any visible flying sparks now take a liveral pinch of the cedar tender about a teaspoonful wrap this in some bark fiber or shredded rope to keep it from blowing away

Starting point is 02:53:13 hold it down on the coal and lifting tray and all blow or fan it until in a few seconds it blazes carefully pile over it the shreds of birch bark or splinters of fat pine prepared beforehand and the fire is made If you have the right wood and still cannot get the fire, it is likely because you do not hold the drill steady or have not cut the side notch quite into the middle point of the little fire pit. The advantages of learning this method are threefold. First, firemaking by friction is an interesting experiment in woodcraft. Second, a boy is better equipped, having learned it. He can never afterward freeze to.

Starting point is 02:53:59 death for lack of matches if he has wood in an old shoelace. Third, for the very reason that it is difficult, compared with matches, it tends to prevent the boys making unnecessary fires, and thus reduces the danger of their setting the woods ablaze or of smoking the forbidden cigarette. There is such fascination in making the rubbing-stick fire that one of my western cooks, becoming an expert, gave up the use of mass of the use of mass. for a time and lit his morning fire with the fire drill, and indeed he did not find it much slower than the usual way.

Starting point is 02:54:37 Walter Huff told me a story of an Apache Indian who scoffed at the matches of white men, and claimed that he could light a fire with rubbing sticks faster than Huff could with matches. So each made ready. They were waiting for the word go when the Indian said, Wait, I see of him right. He gave a few strokes with the drill. and called, Stop, stop, stop, him no good.

Starting point is 02:55:03 He rearranged the sticks and tried a few more strokes. Just as Mr. Huff was going to strike the match, he said, Stop, stop, him no good. He did this three times before he called ready. Then the word go was given. The white man struck the slow, sizzling match. The Indian gave half a dozen twirls to the drill, the smoke burst forth,

Starting point is 02:55:27 He covered it with tender, fanned a few seconds, and then a bright flame arose, just before the white man got his twigs ablaze. So the Indian won, but it was by an Indian trick. For the three times when he pretended to be trying it, he was really warming up the wood, that is, doing a large part of the work. I'm afraid that deft as he was, he would have lost in a fair race. Yet this incident shows at least that in the point of speed, The old rubbing sticks are not very far behind the matches, as one might have supposed. It is indeed a wonder that the soldiers at West Point are not taught this simple trick,

Starting point is 02:56:08 when it is so easily learned, and might someday be the one thing to save the lives of many of them. End of Section 8 Section 9 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is the Librivox recording. All Librevox recordings are in the public domain. or to volunteer, please visit Librivox.org The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America Section 9, Woodcraft Part 4

Starting point is 02:56:43 Archery No woodcraft education is complete without a knowledge of archery. It is a pity that this noble sport has fallen into disuse. We shall find it essential to some of our best games. The modern hunting gun is an irresistible weapon of wholesale murder, and is just as deadly no matter who pulls the trigger. It spreads terror as well as death by its loud discharge, and it leaves little clue as to who is responsible for the shot. Its deadly range is so fearfully great as to put all game at the mercy of the clumsiest Tyro. Woodcraft, the oldest of all sciences and one of the best, has a lot of the best, has,

Starting point is 02:57:29 steadily declined since the coming of the gun, and it is entirely due to the same unbridled power that America has lost so many of our fine game animals. The bow is a far less destructive weapon, and to succeed at all in the chase, the bowman must be a double reed forester. The bow is silent and it sends the arrow with exactly the same power that the bowman's arm puts into it, no more, no less. So it is really his own power. power that speeds the arrow. There is no question as to which hunter has the right to the game, or is responsible for the shot when the arrow is there to tell.

Starting point is 02:58:11 The gun stands for little skill, irresistible force supplied from an outside source, overwhelming unfair odds, and sure death to the victim. The bow, on the other hand, stands for all that is clever and fine in woodcraft, so no guns or firearms of any kind are allowed in our Boy Scout camp. The Indian's bow was short because, though less efficient, it was easier to carry than a long one. Yet it did not lack power. It is said that the arrowhead sometimes appeared on the far side of the buffalo it was fired into, and there is a tradition that Wanata, a Sioux chief, once shot his arrow through a cow buffalo

Starting point is 02:58:53 and killed her calf that was running on the other side. But the long bow is more effective than the short one. The old English bowman, the best the world has ever seen, always shot with a long bow. The finest bows and arrows are those made by the professional makers, but there is no reason why each boy should not make his own. According to several authorities, the best bow-woods are a mulberry, osage orange, sassafras, southern cedar, black locust, apple, black walnut. slippery elm, ironwood, mountain ash, hickory, California U and hemlock.

Starting point is 02:59:34 Take a perfectly sound, straight, well-seasoned stick five or six feet long. Your bow should be about as long as yourself. Mark off a five-inch space in the middle for the handle. Leave this round and a full inch thick. Shave down the rest, flat on one side for the front and round on the other for the back, until it is about one inch wide and a full inch wide and a full inch thick. in three-fourths of an inch thick. Next the handle, tapering to about one half-that at the ends, which are then knocked, nicked, or notched, as shown in cut one. These notches are for the string, which is to be put on early. Draw the bow now, flat side out, not more than the proper distance, and note carefully

Starting point is 03:00:19 which end bends the most. Then shave down the other side until it bends evenly. the middle scarcely bends at all. The perfect shape when bent is shown in cut too. Trim the bow down to your strength and finish smoothly with sandpaper and glass. It should be straight when unstrung, and unstrung when not in use.

Starting point is 03:00:45 Fancy curved bows are weak affairs. The bow for our boy should require a power of 15 or 20 pounds shown on the spring balance, to draw the string twenty-three inches from the bow, not more. The best string is of hemp or linen. It should be about five inches from the middle of the bow when strung, cut two. The notches for the string should be two-thirds the depth of the string. If you have not a bought string, make one of strong, unbleached linen thread twisted together. At one end the string, which is heaviest at the ends, should be fast knotted to the bow notch, cut five. At the other it should have a loop as shown in cut four.

Starting point is 03:01:30 In the middle it should be lashed with fine silk and wax for five inches, and the exact place marked where the arrow fits it. The arrow is more important than the bow. Anyone can make a bow. Few can make an arrow, for as a seminal Indian expressed it to Maurice Thompson, Any stick do for bow, good arrow, much heap work, oak. Heawata went all the way to Dakota to see the famous arrow maker. In England, when the bow was the gun of the country, the bowmaker was called a bowier,

Starting point is 03:02:05 and the arrow maker of Fletcher, from the Norman Fletcher and Arrow. So when men began to use surnames, those who excelled in arrow-making were proud to be called the Fletchers, But to make a good bow was not a notable achievement, hence few took bowyer as their name. The first thing about an arrow is that it must be perfectly straight. Straight as an arrow refers to the arrow itself, not to its flight. That is always curved. The archery outfit, not all on scale. 1. The 5-foot bow is finished with sections at the point shown. 2. The bow brow braced.

Starting point is 03:02:48 raised or strung. 3. The bow unstrung, showing the loop slipped down. 4. The loop that is used on the upper end of the bow. 5. The timber hitch always used on the lower end or notch of the bow. 6.

Starting point is 03:03:06 A turkey feather with split midrib, all ready to lash on. 7. End view of arrow, showing notch and arrangement of three feathers. 8. Part of arrow. showing feathering and lashing. 9. Sanger hunting arrow with wooden point,

Starting point is 03:03:24 25 inches long. 10. Sanger war arrow with nail point and extra long feathers. It is also 25 inches long. 11. Quiver with Indian design, 20 inches long.

Starting point is 03:03:40 12. The brazier or arm guard of heavy leather for left arm with two laces to tie it on. It is six inches long. The Indians made arrows of reeds and of straight shoots of viburnum or arrowwood and of elder, but we make better arrows out of the solid hardwood of hard pine for target use and of hickory or ash for hunting. The arrow should be 25 inches long, round and 3 eighths of an inch thick,

Starting point is 03:04:10 and have three feathers set as shoning cut six about an inch from the notch. The feather B that stands out at right angles to notch A should always be away from the bow in shooting. This is called the cock feather and it is usually marked or colored in some way to be quickly distinguished. Correct form in shooting. The diagram at bottom is to show the centers of the heels in line with target. Turkey and goose wing feathers are the best that grow in our country for arrow feathers.

Starting point is 03:04:44 The Indians mostly use turkey. With a sharp knife cut a strip of the midrib on which is the vein of the feather. Make three pieces each two to three inches long. White men glue these onto the arrow. The Indians leave the midrib projecting at each end, and by these lash the feathers without gluing. The lashed feathers stand the weather better than the glued, but do not fly so well.

Starting point is 03:05:11 The Indians use sharp flint arrowheads for war and for big game, but for birds and small game they make arrowheads with a knob of hard wood or the knucklebone of some small animal. The best arrowheads for our purpose are like the furl of an umbrella top. They receive the end of the shaft into them and keep it from splitting. One of the best arrows I ever shot with was 28 inches long, 5.16th of an inch thick and had a feral head and very small feathers. The finishing touch of an arrow is painting it. This is done for several purposes. First, to preserve it from damp, which would twist the arrow and soften the glue that holds the feathers.

Starting point is 03:05:55 Second, each hunter paints all his arrows with his mark so as to know them. Third, they are thus made bright-colored to help in finding them when lost. There are four other things required by our archer. smooth, hard arm guard or bracer, usually of hard leather. The Indians who use one make it of wood, grass or raw hide. In photographs of famous Indians you may often see this on the left wrist and will remember that it was there as a protection from the blow of the bow cord. Some archers can shoot with the wrist bent so as to need no guard. The three middle fingers of the right hand also need protection. An old leather glove with thumb and little finger cut away will do very well

Starting point is 03:06:46 for this, though the ready-made tips at the archery stores are more convenient. Some archers who practice all their lives can shoot without protecting the fingers. The bowcase and quiver are important. Any kind of cover that will keep them from the rain and hang on your back will do, but there are many little things that help to make them handy. When the cover is up, the arrows should project three or four inches so that they may be more easily drawn out. The Indians often carried very beautiful quivers of buckskin ornamented with quills and beads. One day out west I saw an Omaha brave with a bowcase and quiver covered with very odd material, a piece of common red and white cotton print.

Starting point is 03:07:35 When allowed to examine it, I felt some other material underneath the print. After a little dickering he sold me bow, arrows, quiver, and all for a couple of dollars. I then ripped open the print and found my first suspicions confirmed, for underneath the quiver was of buckskin, beautifully embroidered, with red feathers and porcupine quills of deep red and turquoise blue. The Indian was as much puzzled by my preference for the quill work as I was by he's for the cotton print. The standard target for men is four feet.

Starting point is 03:08:11 across with a nine-inch bull's eye and around that four rings each four and three-quarter inches wide the bull's eye counts nine the other rings seven five three one the bought targets are made of straw but a good target may be made of a box filled with sods or a bank covered with sacking on which are painted the usual rings now comes the most important point of all how to shoot there are several ways of holding an arrow, but only one good one. Most boys know the ordinary finger and thumb pinch or grip. This is all very well for a toy bow, but a hunter's bow cannot be drawn that way.

Starting point is 03:08:55 No one has strength enough in his fingers for it. The true archer's grip for the arrow is shown in the cut. The thumb and little finger have nothing to do with it. The archer's grip As in golf and all such things there is a right form. You attend to your end of the arrow's flight and the other will take care of itself. Stand perfectly straight. Plant your feet with the centers of the two heels in line with the target.

Starting point is 03:09:25 Cut page 78. Gasp the bow in the middle with the left hand and place the arrow on the string at the left side of the bow. Hold the bow plumb and draw as above till the notch of the arrow is right. right under your eye and the head of the arrow back to the bow. The right elbow must be in the same line with the arrow. Let go the arrow by straightening the fingers a little, turning the hand outward at the bottom and drawing it back one inch. Always do this in exactly the same way, and your shooting will be even.

Starting point is 03:10:00 Your left hand should not move a hair's breadth until the arrow strikes the target. To begin shooting, put the target very, near, within 15 or 20 yards. But the proper shooting distance when the archer is in good practice is 40 yards for a 4-foot target and 30 yards for a 3-foot target. A good shot, shooting 12 arrows at this, should score 50. The Indians generally used their bows at short range, so that it was easy to hit the mark. Rapid firing was important. In their archery competitions therefore the price was given to the one who could have the most arrows in the air at once their record according to kathlin was eight end of section nine section 10 of the boy scouts handbook

Starting point is 03:10:57 this is a libravox recording all libravox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit libravox dot org recording by our Flaville. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 10. The Stars as Seen with a naked eye. The chief works referred to in this are C. Flamarian's popular astronomy, Gorge translation, and Garrett P. Service's astronomy with an opera glass. Those who wish to go farther a sky are referred to these books. Whether he expects to use them as guy, or not, every boy should learn the principal constellations and the important stars. A non-scientific friend said to me once,

Starting point is 03:11:52 I'm always glad that I learned the principal star groups when I was young. I have never forgotten them, and no matter in what strange country I find myself, I can always look up at night and see the old familiar stars that's shown on me in my home in my own country. All American boys know the Dipper or Great Bear. This is perhaps the most important star group in our sky because of its size, peculiar form, and the fact that it never sets in our latitude, and last that it always points out the pole star, and for this reason it is sometimes known as the pointers.

Starting point is 03:12:31 It is called the dipper because it is shaped like a dipper with a long bent handle. Why it is called the Great Bear is not so easy to explain. The classical legend has it that the nymph Callisto, having violated her vow, was changed by Diana into a bear, which after death was immortalized in the sky by Zeus. Another suggestion is that the earliest astronomers, the Chaldeans, called these stars the shining ones, and their word happened to be very like the Greek arctos, a bear. Another explanation, I do not know who is authority for,

Starting point is 03:13:11 either, is that vessels in olden days were named for animals, etc. They bore at the prow the carved effigy of the namesake, and if the Great Bear, for example, made several very happy voyages by setting out when a certain constellation was in the ascendant, that constellation might become known as the Great Bear's constellation. Certainly there is nothing in its shape to justify the name. Very few of the constellations indeed are like. the thing they are called after. Their names were usually given for some fanciful association with the namesake rather than for resemblance to it. The pole star is really the most important of the stars in our sky. It marks the north at all times.

Starting point is 03:13:58 It alone is fixed in the heavens. All the other stars seem to swing around it once in 24 hours. It is in the end of the little bear's tail. But the The pole star, or Polaris, is not a very bright one, and it would be hard to identify but for the help of the dipper or pointers. The outside, alpha and beta, of the dipper, points nearly to Polaris, at a distance equal to three and one-half times the space that separates these two stars of the dipper's outer side. Various Indians call the pole star the home star, and the star that never moves, and the dipper

Starting point is 03:14:39 they called the broken back. The last star but one in the dipper, away from the pole, that is the star at the bend of the handle, is known to astronomers as Mizar, one of the horses. Just above it, and tucked close in, is a smaller star known to astronomers as Alcor, or the rider. The Indians call these two the old squaw and the papoose on her back. In the old world, from very ancient times, these have been used as tests of eyesight. To be able to see Alcor with the naked eye means that one has excellent eyesight. So also on the plains, the old folks would ask the children at night,

Starting point is 03:15:24 can you see the papoose on the old squaw's back? And when the youngsters saw it and proved that he did by a right description, they rejoiced that he had the eyesight which is the first requisite of a good hunter. The Great Bear is also to be remembered as the pointers for another reason. It is the hour hand of the Woodman's clock. It goes once around the North Star in about 24 hours, the same way as the sun, and for the same reason, that it is the earth that is going around and leaving them behind.

Starting point is 03:15:57 The time in going around is not exactly 24 hours, so that the position of the pointers varies with seasons, but as a rule this for woodcraft purposes is near enough. The bowl of the dipper swings one and one-half times the width of the opening, i.e. 15 degrees, in one hour. If it went a quarter of the circle, that would mean you had slept a quarter of a day, or six hours. Each 15 days, the stars seem to be an hour earlier.

Starting point is 03:16:30 In three months, they gain one-fourth of the circle, and in a year gain the whole circle. According to Flamarian, there are about 7,000 stars visible to the naked eye, and of those, but 19 are stars of the first magnitude. 13 of them are visible in the latitude of New York, the other six belong to the south polar region of the sky. Here is Flamarian's arrangement of them in order of seeming brightness,

Starting point is 03:16:59 those that can be seen in the southern hemisphere only, are in brackets. 1. Sirius the Dog Star. 2. in the southern hemisphere. Canopus of Argo. 3. Southern Hemisphere. Alpha of the Centaur. 4. Arturus of Boates.

Starting point is 03:17:23 5. Vega of the lyre. 6. Rigel of Orion's foot. 7. Capella of Auriga 8 Procyon or the Little Dog Star 9

Starting point is 03:17:39 Beetlejuice of Orion's right shoulder 10 Southern Hemisphere Beta of the Centaur 11 Southern Hemisphere Akernar of Aridness 12 Aldebaran of Taurus The Bull's Right Eye

Starting point is 03:17:58 13 Ante Antares of Scorpio 14 Southern Hemisphere Alpha of the Southern Cross 15 Altair of the Eagle 16

Starting point is 03:18:13 Speaka of Virgo 17 Phomelot of the Southern Fish 18 Southern Hemisphere Beta of the Southern Cross 19 Regulus of the Lion

Starting point is 03:18:29 Orion Orion, with its striking array of brilliant stars, Beetlejuice, Rigel, the Three Kings, etc., is generally admitted to be the finest constellation in the heavens. Orion was the hunter giant who went to heaven when he died, and now marches around the great dome, but is seen only in the winter, because during the summer he passes over during daytime.

Starting point is 03:18:58 Thus, he is still the hunter's constellation. The three stars of his belt are called the Three Kings. Sirius, the great dog star, is in the head of Orion's hound, and following farther back is the little dog star, Procyon. In old charts of the stars, Orion is shown with his hound, hunting the bull taurus. Pleiades. Pleiades can be seen in winter as a cluster of small stars between aldebaran and algalus. or a line drawn from the back bottom through the front rim of the dipper.

Starting point is 03:19:35 About two dipper lengths touches this little group. They are not far from aldebaran being on the shoulder of the bull, of which al-debron is the right eye. They may be considered the seven arrow wounds made by Orion. They are nearer the pole star than al-debron is, and on the side away from the dipper. Also, they are nearly on a line between beta of the dipper, front bottom, and Capella.

Starting point is 03:20:03 Service tells us that the Pleiades have a supposed connection with the Great Pyramid, because about 2170 BC, when the beginning of spring coincided with the culmination of the Pleiades at midnight, that wonderful group of stars was visible just at midnight through the mysterious southward pointing passage of the pyramid. The Moon The Moon is one-fifth diameter of the Earth. Earth, about one-fifieth of the bulk, and is about a quarter million miles away. Its course, while very irregular, is nearly the same as the apparent course of the sun.

Starting point is 03:20:42 But in winter, the full moon is at an altitude in the sky near the limit attained by the sun in summer, and even at certain times, five degrees higher. It is the contrary in summer, a season when the moon remains very low. The moon goes around the earth in twenty-sixthes. seven and one-quarter days. It loses nearly three-fourths of an hour each night. That is, it rises that much later. Birdcraft by the National Association of Audubon Societies. Any boy who cares enough for outdoors to be a scout is sure to want a good acquaintance with the birds. Even dull people cannot help taking notice of our little brothers of the air on account of their

Starting point is 03:21:27 beauty, their songs, and their wondrous flight. But most folks never take the trouble to try and learn the names of any except a few common birds. Scouts whose eyes are sharp and ears are keen will find the study of birds of fascinating sport, which may prove to be the best fun that the woods provide. Knowing the birds It is no easy matter, this trying to get to know the birds. But scouts are not looking for the easiest jobs, and it is great sport for them to follow some shy songster through the briary thicket until a really good look can be had. To sit stock still for half an hour to watch some unknown bird come home to her nest, or to wriggle on all fours through the grass to have a glimpse

Starting point is 03:22:13 over the top of the knoll at ducks in the pool beyond. The only equipment necessary for bird study is an opera or field glass, a notebook, and a good bird reference book. as soon as you get a good look at a strange bird notice its colors and markings and then if it moves follow it up until you have seen practically all of its most prominent features it will be impossible to carry these facts in your head and unless some definite memorandum is made at the time you will probably be hopelessly perplexed when you go to consult the bird book later As it is hard to jot down satisfactory notes in the field, while catching fleeting glances of some timid bird, a handy little booklet has been prepared in which observations can be recorded very rapidly. These can be procured for 15 cents apiece

Starting point is 03:23:06 from the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City. Location, date, hour, weather, wind. size smaller than wren between wren and sparrow between sparrow and robin between robin and crow larger than crow seen near ground or high up in heavy woods bushy places orchard garden swamp open country near water name order order order order order order order family, genus, species. Each booklet contains outlined figures of the five leading types of birds. One, small perching birds. Two, hawks. Three, snipes.

Starting point is 03:24:05 Four, herons. Five, ducks. On the page opposite is a list of numbers corresponding to colors. You can quickly mark on the outline the proper numbers and note with your pencil any marks on the bird. Then check the other data on the page, add any additional memoranda, and you have your bird in the hand,

Starting point is 03:24:27 ready to take back and look up at your leisure. Careful observation. Notice particularly the range of the birds in your reference book, and eliminate all those not stated as occurring in your territory. Notice, too, dates of the birds coming and going, and do not expect to find species at any other time of year than within the dates mentioned. By thus narrowing down the possibilities, the task is much simplified. As a final resort, the National Association of Audubon Societies stands ready to help all scouts

Starting point is 03:25:04 who are positively stumped, and if the descriptive slips are mailed with return envelopes to the Secretary of the Association, 1974 Broadway, New York City, an identification will be made if the information furnished renders it in any way possible. The next time you see a bird that you have once identified, you will probably remember its name, and in this way you will be surprised to find how rapidly your bird acquaintance will grow. After a time, even the flight of a bird or its song

Starting point is 03:25:36 will be enough to reveal an old acquaintance, just as you can often recognize a boy friend by his walk or the sound of his voice, without seeing his face. And what a new joy in life there is for anybody that really knows the birds about him. He can pick from the medley of birds' songs, the notes of the individual singers. He knows when to look for old friends of the year before. No countryside is ever lonely for him, for he finds birds everywhere and knows that at any moment he may make

Starting point is 03:26:08 some rare discovery or see a bird before unknown to him. Bird lists. A scouts should make a list of all the birds he has positively identified. This is his life list and is added to year by year. In addition, he will keep daily lists of the birds seen on special trips in the field. Two or more patrols can enjoy a friendly rivalry by covering different regions and seeing which can observe the largest variety

Starting point is 03:26:38 birds. Hundreds of well-known ornithologists often have fun of this kind of competition, sending in their list to a central bureau. As many as 120 different kinds of birds have been counted in a single day by one energetic band of bird lovers. Such a list is, however, attainable only under exceptionally favorable circumstances, and by skilled observers who know their country thoroughly. For most Scouts, 30 to 40 species on a summer day, and 50 to 60 during the spring migration, would be regarded as a good list. End of Section 10 Section 11 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is the Librivox recording.

Starting point is 03:27:30 All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visitlibrivax.org. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America Section 11 Woodcraft Part 6 Nesting Season Undoubtedly the most interesting season to study birds is during the nesting period

Starting point is 03:27:54 which is at its height in June It takes a pair of sharp eyes to find most birds nests in the first place And once found there are dozens of interesting little incidents which it is a delight to watch. Only a foolish scout would rob himself of his chance to observe the secrets of nest life by stealing the contents, or would take any delight in piling up a collection of eggshells whose value at its best is almost nothing,

Starting point is 03:28:21 and whose acquisition is necessarily accompanied by genuine heart pangs on the part of the rightful owners. It is more exciting to try to hide yourself near the nest so skillfully that the birds will carry on their domestic duties as though you were not near. A blind made of greencloth and set up near the nest like a little tent will often give opportunity for very close observation. It is surprising how near many birds will allow one to come in this way. Even though the blind looks very strange and out of place,

Starting point is 03:28:56 the birds soon seem to get used to it, so long as it is motionless and the inmate cannot be seen. A simple type of blind can be constructed by sewing the edges of long pieces of green cloths together, drawing in the top with a cord and then draping it over an open umbrella. How to photograph. From such a hiding place, photographs can often be secured of timid birds at their nests. In attempting to take photographs it must be remembered that cameras of the pocket variety or fixed box type are almost useless. Most of them cannot be worked without special attachments at closer range than six feet, and even if the focus is correctly guessed, the

Starting point is 03:29:40 image is apt to be very small. In this work it is far better to invest in a cheap camera, secondhand if need be, with which one can obtain a definite image on the ground glass where the plate or film is to be. Focus the camera on some spot where it is expected the bird will come. Usually this is on the nest or young, sometimes it is a food, a phase, favorite perch or some form of decoy. The next requisite is patience. If the coveted opportunity arrives, set off the shutter by hand in the blind, or, where this is not possible, by means of a long thread, after carefully hiding the camera with

Starting point is 03:30:22 bows, leaves, sods, etc. How to know. An idea of the details of a bird's life which a scout may come to know may be had from the following table. 1. Description. Size, form, color and markings. 2. Haunts. Upland, lowland, lakes, rivers, woods, fields, etc.

Starting point is 03:30:47 3. Movements. Slow or active. Hopes, walks, creeps, swims, tail wagged, etc. 4. Appearance. Alert, listless. Crest erect, tail drooped, etc. 5. Disposition. solitary, flocking, weary, unsuspicious, etc.

Starting point is 03:31:08 6. Flight Slow, rapid, direct, undulating, soaring, sailing, flapping, etc. 7. Song. Pleasing, unattractive, long, short, loud, faint, sung from the ground, from a perch in the air, etc. Season of song. 8. Call notes. Of surprise, alarm, protest, warning, signaling, signaling. etc.

Starting point is 03:31:35 9. Season. Spring, fall, summer, winter with times of arrival and departure and variations in numbers. 10. Food. Beries, insect, seeds, etc. How secured. 11. Mating. Habits during courtship. 12. Nesting. Choice of sight, material, construction, eggs, incubation, etc. 13. The young. Food and care of, time in the nest, notes, actions, flights, etc.

Starting point is 03:32:13 So varied is a bird's life that there is still plenty to be learned about even our common birds. It is quite possible for a scout to discover some facts that have never yet been published in books. What one boy did. A boy once originated the idea of varying the usual bird's nesting craze. into a systematic study of the breeding of our common birds. In one spring he found within the limits of a single village 170 robin's nests. 100 were in suitable situations on private places.

Starting point is 03:32:50 41 were in woods, swamps and orchards. Eight were placed under bridges, two being under the iron girders of the railroad bridge. Four were in quarries, 16 were in barns, sheds under piazzas, etc., and one was on the ground at the foot of a bush. In addition to searching out the birds in their natural haunts, there is a great fascination in trying to attract them to our homes.

Starting point is 03:33:15 During winter evenings, Boy Scouts can busy themselves making nesting boxes. Even an old cigar box or a tomato can with a hole in it, the size of a quarter, will satisfy a house run. Other boxes, which are suitable for bluebirds, chickadees, tree swallows, purple margins and starlings, will, if set up in March, often have tenants the very first season. In many cases it is feasible to have hinged doors or sides on the nesting boxes, so that they may occasionally be opened and the progress of events within observed. It is needless to add, however, that great caution must be exercised to prevent desertion of the nest

Starting point is 03:33:57 or other disturbance of the bird's home life. Under favorable circumstances, even some of the shire inhabitants of the woods, such as woodpeckers, owls and ducks, can be induced to patronize artificial cavities if they are made right and erected right. Caring for birds. Another way of attracting birds in summer is by providing drinking and bathing places. A little artificial pool protected from cats will be a source of joy to the birds and of delight to the observer from morning. to night. Apply to the National Association of Audubon Societies for information as to where ready-made nest boxes and fountains can be procured, also books on this subject, as well as on the subject of making friends of the birds through feeding. The bird lunch counter.

Starting point is 03:34:51 How best to feed the birds is almost an art in itself. A winter lunch counter spread with sweat, nuts, hempseed, meat, and crumbs, will attract nut hatches, chiggadies, downy and hairy woodpeckers, creepers, blue jays, etc. Canary seed, buckwheat, oats and hay chaff scattered on the ground beneath will provide an irresistible banquet for other feathered borders. A feeding place of this sort can be arranged for convenient observation from a window and afford no end of diversion and instruction. But whether close at home or far a field, the great secret of success in such work is regularity. Begin to put the food out early in November, and let the birds get to know that they are always

Starting point is 03:35:38 sure to find a supply of dainties in a certain spot, and the news will soon spread among them. In wintry weather especially, it is amazing what can be accomplished by feeding the birds regularly, and at least the following birds have been induced to feed from the human hand. chickadee-a-dreasted nut hatch, red-breasted nut-hatch, brand creeper, Carolina Wren, Cardinal, evening gross beak, tufted titmouse, Canada J, Florida J, Oregon J and Redpoll. Even in spring untiring patience has resulted in the gratification of this supreme ambition of the bird lover. And bluebird, robin, catbird, chipping sparrow, ovenbird, brown thrasher, and yellow thresher, and yellow throated Vireo have been known to feed from the hand of a trusted friend, even with plenty of food

Starting point is 03:36:30 all around. What scout can add to this list? Protecting the birds. Many a boy thinks that just because a bird is alive and moves, it is a proper target for his air rifle or his slingshot. Let us be thankful that there has now arisen a new class of boys. The scouts who, like the knights of old, are champions of the defenseless, even the birds. Scouts are the birds' police, and woe betide the lad who is caught with the nest and

Starting point is 03:37:03 eggs, or the limp corpse of some feathered songster that he has slaughtered. Scouts know that there is no value in birds that are shot, except a few scientific specimens collected by trained museum experts. Scouts will not commend a farmer for shooting a hawk or an owl as a harmful bird, even though it were seen to capture a young chicken. They will be able to. They will post themselves on the subject, and find that most hawks and owls feed chiefly on field mice and large insects, injurious to the farmer's crops, and that thus, in spite of an occasional toll on the poultry, they are as a whole of tremendous value. The way the birds help mankind is little short of a marvel. A band of nut hatches worked all winter in a pear orchard

Starting point is 03:37:51 near Rochester and rid the trees of a certain insect that had entirely destroyed the crop of the previous summer. A pair of rose-breasted grass beaks were seen to feed their nests of youngsters 426 times in a day, each time with a bill full of potato bugs or other insects. A professor in Washington counted 250 tent caterpillars in the stomach of a dead yellow bill cuckoo, and what appeals to us even more, 500 bloodthirsty mosquitoes inside of one night hawk. It must not be forgotten that large city parks are among the best places for observing birds. As an example of what can be accomplished, even with limited opportunities, there was a boy who

Starting point is 03:38:40 happened to know where some owls roosted. Now all owls swallow their prey whole, and in digesting this food they disgorge the skulls, bones, fur, and feathers in the form of hard, dry pellets. This boy used to go out on Saturday or Sunday afternoon and bring home his pockets full of pellets, and then in the evening he would break them apart. In this way he learned exactly what the owls had been eating, without killing them,

Starting point is 03:39:08 and he even discovered the skulls of certain field mice that naturalists had never known existed in that region. He let the owl be his collector. Patrol work It is a good idea to keep at patrol headquarters a large sheet on the wall where a list of the year's bird observations can be tabulated. Each time a new bird is seen, its name is added, together with the initial of the observer,

Starting point is 03:39:36 and after that its various occurrences are noted opposite its name. The keenest-dyed scouts are those whose initials appear most frequently in the table. In addition, the tables will be able to be able. show the appearance and relative abundance of birds in a given locality. For patrols of young boys, a plan of tacking up a colored picture of each bird as soon as it is thoroughly known has been found very successful, and the result provides a way to decorate the headquarters. Such pictures can be obtained very cheaply from the Perry Pictures Co., Boston, Massachusetts, or the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974,

Starting point is 03:40:19 Broadway, New York City. End of Section 11. Section 12 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librivox.org. Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA. The Boy Scouts Handbook.

Starting point is 03:40:55 By the Boy Scouts of America. Molusca, shells and shellfish, by Dr. William Healy-Dol of the United States Geological Survey. Figure 1, White Lips, Snail, Polygira, Albo-Labris. Among the shy and retiring animals which inhabit our woods and waters, or the borders of the sea, without making themselves conspicuous to man, except when he seeks the larger ones for food, are the mollusca, usually confounded with crabs and crayfish, under the popular name of shellfish, except the few which have no external shell, which are generally called slugs. Hardly any part of the world, except deserts, is without them, but shy as they are, it takes

Starting point is 03:41:50 pretty sharp eyes to find them. Some come out of their hiding places only at night, and nearly all our American kinds live under cover of some sort. The mollus can be conveniently divided into three groups, those which inhabit fresh water, those which breathe air and live on dry land, and lastly, those which are confined to the sea. The land shells, or snails, have generally thin shells of spiral form

Starting point is 03:42:22 and live upon vegetable matter. many of them laying small eggs which look like minute pearls. Their hiding places are under leaves in shady or moist places, under the bark of dead trees or stumps, or under loose stone. They creep slowly and are most active after rain. Some of our larger kinds are an inch or two in diameter, the white-lipped, but from this size there are others diminishing in size to the smallest. which are hardly larger than the head of a pin.

Starting point is 03:42:58 In collecting them, the little ones may be allowed to dry up. The big ones must be killed in boiling water, when the animal can be pulled out with a hook made of a crooked pin, leaving the shell clean and perfect. The slugs are not attractive on account of the slime, which they throw out and can only be kept in spirits. Some of the species found in California are as large, as a small cigar, but those of the states east of the Rocky Mountains are smaller and have

Starting point is 03:43:30 mostly been introduced from Europe, where they do a lot of mischief by eating such garden plants as lettuce. Many of the freshwater snails are abundant in brooks and ponds, and their relations, the freshwater mussels, are often very numerous in shallow rivers. They have a shell, frequently beautifully pearly, white, or purple, and sometimes have the brown outer skin prettily streaked with bright green. Figure two, Welk, Buchinum, Amatum, Figure three, pond snail, lemnea, palustrous. The principal freshwater snails are the pond snail, the lemneaea, the phyza, which is remarkable for having the coil turn to the left instead of the right, and the orb snail, Plinorbus, which has its coil flat.

Starting point is 03:44:34 All of these lay minute eggs in a mass of transparent jelly, and are to be found on lily pads and other water plants, or crawling on the bottom, while the muscles bury themselves more or less in the mud, or lie on the gravelly bottom of streams. There is also a very numerous tribe of small bivalve shells, varying from half an inch to very minute in size, which are also mud lovers and are known as spherium or pisidium, having no common English name, since only those who hunt for them know of their existence.

Starting point is 03:45:13 On the seashore, everybody knows the muscle, mytellus, the soft clam, the round, clam and the oyster, as these are sought for food, but there is a multitude of smaller bivalves which are not so well known. The seashells, best known on the coast north of Chesapeake Bay, are the Welk, Buchinum, the sand snail, or Nattaca, which bores the round holes often found in clamshells on the beach, in order to suck the juices of its neighbors, and the very kinds of periwinkles, rock snails, or Littorina, found by the millions on the rocks between tides. These, as well as the limpet's, small

Starting point is 03:46:02 boat-shaped or slipper-shaped conical shells, found in similar places, are vegetable feeders. Altogether, there are several hundred kinds found on the seashore and the water near the shore, and a collection of them will not only contain, many curious, pretty, and interesting things, but will have the advantage of requiring no preservative to keep them in good condition after the animal has been taken out. Figure 4. Orb shell. Planorbis. Trivolvis. Figure 5. Black muscle. Mitilus.

Starting point is 03:46:42 Figure 6. Bubble snail. Fiza. Heterostropha. The squids. fishes, octopus, and their allies are also mollusks, but not so accessible to the ordinary collector and can only be kept in spirits. Books which may help the collector to identify the shells he may find are, for the land and freshwater shells, mollusk of the Chicago area, and the Limneida of North America by F.C. Baker, published by the Chicago Academy of Sciences. For the American Marine Shells, Bulletin No. 37, published by the United States National Museum at Washington. For shells in general, the shell book published by Doubleday Page and Company,

Starting point is 03:47:35 Garden City, New York. On the Pacific Coast, the West Coast shells by Professor Josiah Keep of Mills, will be found very useful. Reptiles by Dr. Leonard Stegger, Curator, National Museum. By reptiles, we understand properly a certain class of vertebra or backboneed animals, which on the whole may be described as possessing scales or horny shields, since most of them may be distinguished by this outer covering, as the mammals by their hair and the birds,

Starting point is 03:48:14 by their feathers. Such animals as thousand legs, scorpions, tarantulas, etc., though often erroneously referred to as reptiles, do not concern us in this connection. Among the living reptiles, we distinguish four separate groups, the crocodiles, the turtles, the lizards, and the snakes. The crocodiles resemble lizards in shape, but are very much larger and live only in the tropics and the adjacent regions of the temperate zone. To this order belongs our North American Alligator, which inhabits the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the coast country along the Atlantic Ocean,

Starting point is 03:48:57 as far north as North Carolina. They are hunted for their skin, which furnishes an excellent leather for traveling bags, purses, etc. And because of the incessant pursuit are now becoming quite rare in many localities where formerly they were numerous. The American crocodile, very much like the one occurring in the River Nile, is also found at the extreme southern end of Florida.

Starting point is 03:49:25 The turtles are easily recognized by the bony covering which encases their body and into which most species can withdraw their heads and legs for protection. This bony box is usually covered with horny plates, but in a large group the so-called soft-shelled turtles, the outer covering is a soft skin, thus forming a notable exception to the rule that reptiles are characterized by being covered with scales or plates. While most of the turtles live in fresh water or on land,

Starting point is 03:50:01 a few species pass their lives in the open ocean, only coming ashore during the breeding season to deposit their eggs. Some of these marine turtles grow to an enormous size, sometimes reaching a weight of over 800 pounds. One of them is much sought for on account of the delicacy of its flesh, another because of the thickness and beauty of its horny plates, which furnish the so-called tortoise shell, an important article of commerce. Turtles appear to reach a very old age, specimens having been known to have lived several hundred years. years. The box tortoise of our woods, the musk turtles, the snapping turtles, are familiar examples of this order, while the terrapin, which lives in brackish ponds and swamps along our sea coasts, is famous as a table delicacy.

Starting point is 03:51:00 Picture, harlequin snake. The lizards are four-legged reptiles, usually of small size, living on the ground or in the trees. Very rarely voluntarily entering water. The so-called water lizards are not lizards at all, but belong to the salamanders and are distinguished by having a naked body not covered with scales. Most of the true lizards are of very graceful form, exceedingly quick at running. Others display the most gorgeous coloration, which in many of them, such as the chameleons, changes, of course. to the light or the temperature or the mood of the animal. Not all of them have four legs, however. There being a strong tendency to develop legless species,

Starting point is 03:51:50 which then externally become so much like snakes that they are told apart with some difficulty. Thus, our so-called glass snake, common in the southern states, is not a snake at all, but a lizard, as we may easily see by observing the ear openings on each side of the head, as no snake has ears. This beautiful animal is also known as the joint snake,

Starting point is 03:52:19 and both names have referenced to the exceeding brittleness of its long tail, which often breaks in many pieces in the hands of the enemy trying to capture the lizard. That these pieces ever join and heal together is, of course, a silly fable. As a matter of fact, the body in a comparatively short time grows a new tail, which, however, is much shorter and stumpier than the old one. The new piece is often of a different color from the rest of the body, and greatly resembles a horn being conical and pointed, and has thus given rise to another equally silly fable,

Starting point is 03:53:00 viz, that of the horn snake, or hoop snake, which is said to have a sting in its tail and to be deadly poisonous. The lizards are all perfectly harmless, except the sluggish Gila monster, pronounced Gila, named from the Gila River in Arizona, which lives in the deserts of Arizona and Mexico, and whose bite may be fatal to man. The poison glands are situated at the point of the lower jaw, and the venom is taken up by the wound while the animal hangs on to its victim with the tenacity of a bulldog. All the other lizards are harmless in spite of the dreadful stories told about the deadly

Starting point is 03:53:47 quality of some of the species in various parts of the country. Picture rattlesnake pallet. The snakes form the last group of the reptiles, universally legless, though some of the boas and pythons have distinct outer rudiments of hind limbs, they are not easily mistaken, and it is perhaps well so, for, unless one is an expert at distinguishing between the poisonous and the harmless kind, it is just as well to keep at a respectful distance from them. It is safest not to interfere with them, especially as those that are not poisonous are usually very useful in destroying rats and mice and other vermin, except perhaps those living in trees and feeding on

Starting point is 03:54:40 eggs and young birds, which certainly do not deserve our protection. Of course, the rattlesnake is not to be mistaken. The horny appendix to its tail, with which it sounds the warning of its presence, is enough to distinguish it. It should here be explained that both lizards and snakes at various intervals shed the outer layer of their skin, the so-called epidermis. This transparent layer, after a certain length of time, loosens and is usually stripped off hole by the animal crawling out of it and turning it inside out as a tight glove is turned. Now, at the end of a rattlesnake's tail, there is a horny cap which is called the button, and being narrowed at the base and more strongly built than the rest of the epidermis,

Starting point is 03:55:31 it is not shed with the rest of the skin, but remains attached. Thus for each shedding, a new joint or ring is added to the rattle. How often the shedding takes place depends on various circumstances and may occur an uncertain number of times each year. Such a rattle, loose-jointed as it is, is rather brittle, and the tip of the sounding instrument is easily broken and lost. It will therefore be easily understood that the common notion that a rattlesnake's age can be told by the number of rings in its rattle is absolutely erroneous. Another equally common and equally erroneous notion relates to the tongue of the snake, which the ignorant often term its sting, and which they believe to be the death-dealing instrument. Of course, the soft-forked tongue,

Starting point is 03:56:28 which constantly darts out and in of the snake's mouth, is perfectly harmless. It serves rather as a feeler than as a taste organ. The wound is inflicted by a pair of large curved teeth, or fangs in the upper jaw. These fangs are hollow and connected by a duct with the gland on the side of the head in which the poison is formed. Pressure on this gland at the time of the strike, for our poisonous snakes strike rather than bite, squirts the poison into the wound like a hypodermic syringe. The fangs, when shed or damaged, are replaced within a short time. with new ones, so that a poisonous snake can only be made harmless for a short period by breaking

Starting point is 03:57:22 them off. Only in exceptional cases need snake bites prove fatal. It is estimated that in North America, only about two persons in a hundred bitten are killed by the poison, though many more die from carelessness or bad treatment, the worst of which is the filling up with whiskey, which aids the poison rather than counter-ax it. The essential things in case of snake-bite are, one, keeping one's wits. Two, tying a string or the like, tightly around the wounded limb between the wound and the heart,

Starting point is 03:58:02 and loosening it about once in 15 minutes, so as to admit the poison slowly into the circulation. Three, making the wound bleed freely by enlarging it with a knife or otherwise. Four, if promenonade of potash be handy, it should at once be applied to the wound. Five, treat the wound as antiseptically as it is possible with the means at hand and hurry to a doctor.

Starting point is 03:58:32 Picture, copperhead. The danger depends greatly on the amount of the poison injected, hence upon the size of the snake. It is for this reason that the big Florida rattlesnakes, which grow to six feet and over, are more to be feared than are other poisonous snakes. Of these we have in our country besides the rattlesnakes, the water moccasin, or cottonmouth, the copperhead, and the coral snake. The latter is a bright-colored snake of red, yellow, and black rings found in the south,

Starting point is 03:59:10 but it is usually small and not aggressive so that but few cases of poisoning are known. The other two are common enough, the former from Norfolk, Virginia, south, the other all over the eastern country from Texas to Massachusetts. They are usually confounded, however, with two perfectly harmless snakes, the cotton mouth with the common water snake, the copperhead with the so-called spreading adder, but as their differences have to be learned from actual inspection and are very hard to express in a description which would help to identify living specimens, it is wisest to keep away from all of them.

Starting point is 03:59:56 See the Poisonous Snakes of North America by Leonard Stegger, published by Government Printing Office Washington. Picture, Water Mocasson. End of Section 12. Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA. Section 13 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is the Librivox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org.

Starting point is 04:00:38 The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Woodcraft Part 8 Insects and Butterflies United States Bureau of Entomology Illustrations are copies from Comstocks How to Know the Butterflies Through courtesy of D. Appleton and Company There is an advantage in the study of insects

Starting point is 04:01:02 over most other branches of nature expecting perhaps plants in that there is plenty of material You may have to tramp miles to see a certain bird or wild animal, but if you will sit down on the first patch of grass you're sure to see something going on in the insect world. Butterflies. Nearly all insects go through several different stages.

Starting point is 04:01:26 The young bird is very much like its parent, so is the young squirrel or a young snake, or a young fish or a young snail. But with most of the insects the young is very different from its parents. All butterflies and moths lay eggs, and these hatch into caterpillars, which when full-grown transformed to what are called pupae or chrysalids, nearly motionless objects with all of the parts soldered together under an enveloping sheath. With some of the moths the pupae are surrounded by silk cocoon spun by the caterpillars just before finally transforming to pupae.

Starting point is 04:02:06 With all butterflies, the chrysalids are naked, except with one spruce-lids. which occurs in Central America, in which there is a common silk cocoon. With the moths, the larger parts been cocoons, but some of them, like the owlet moths whose larvae are the cutworms, have naked pupae, usually under the surface of the ground. It is not difficult to study the transformations of the butterflies and moths, and it is always very interesting to feed a caterpillar until it transforms, in order to see what kind of butterfly or moth comes out of the chrysalis. Take the monarch butterfly, for example.

Starting point is 04:02:45 This is a large, reddish-brown butterfly, a strong flyer, which is seen often flying about in the spring and again in the late summer and autumn. This is one of the most remarkable butterflies in America. It is found all over the United States. It is one of the strongest flyers that we know. It passes the winter in the southern states as an adult butterflyed, probably hidden away in cracks under the bark of trees or elsewhere.

Starting point is 04:03:12 When spring comes, the butterflies come out and begin to fly toward the north. Wherever they find the milkweed plant, they stop and lay some eggs on the leaves. The caterpillars issue from the eggs, feed on the milkweed, transformed to chrysalids. Then the butterflies issue and continue the northward flight, stopping to lay eggs farther north on other milkweeds. By the end of June or June, July, some of these southern butterflies have found their way north into Canada and begin the return flight southward. Along in early August they will be seen at summer resorts in the Catskill Mountains, and

Starting point is 04:03:50 by the end of October they will have traveled far down into the southern states where they pass the winter. The caterpillar of the monarch or milkweed butterfly is a very striking creature. It is nearly two inches long when fully grown. Its head is yellow striped with black. This body is white with narrow black and yellow cross stripes on each segment. On the back of the second segment of the thorax there is a pair of black whip lash-like filaments and on the eighth joint there is a similar shorter pair.

Starting point is 04:04:23 When this caterpillar gets ready to transform to chrysalis, it hangs itself off by its tail end, the skin splits and gradually draws back and the chrysalis itself is revealed, pale, pea-green in color with golden spots. Anyone by hunting over a patch of milkweed anywhere in the United States during the summer is quite up to find these caterpillars feeding. It will be easy to watch them and see them transform and eventually to get the butterfly. The same thing may be done with any one of the 652 different kinds of butterflies in the United States.

Starting point is 04:05:00 Moths When it comes to moths, there is much greater variety. Instead of 652, there are 5,970 in Dr. Dreyer's Big Catalog. Perhaps the most interesting of these caterpillars are the big native silkworms, like those of the synchropia moth, the lunamoth, the polyphemous moth, or the Prometheamoth. These caterpillars are very large and are to be found feeding upon the leaves of different trees, and all spin strong silken cocoons. People have tried to reel these cocoons thinking they might be able to use a silk

Starting point is 04:05:39 to make silk cloth as with the domestic silkworm of commerce, but they have been unable to reel them properly. The polyphemous moth, for example, has been experimented with a great deal. It is found over a greater part of the United States, and its caterpillar feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs such as oak, butternut, hickory, basswood, elm, maple, birch, chestnut, sycamore and many others. The caterpillar is light green and has raised lines of silvery white on the side. It grows to a very large size and spins a dense hard cocoon, usually attached to leaves. There are two generations in the southern states and one in the northern states.

Starting point is 04:06:23 The moth which comes out of the cocoon has a wing spread of fully five inches. It is reddish-gray or somewhat buff in color with darker bands near the edge of the wings, which themselves are pinkish on the outside and with a large clear spot near the center of the forewing and a regular eye spot, clear in part and blue in the rest, in the center of the hind wing. One wishing to know about butterflies and moths should consult a book entitled How to Know the Butterflies by Professor J. H. Comstock of Cornell University and his wife, Mrs. Comstock, published by Dee Appleton and Co., of New York, or The Butterfly Book. by Dr. W. J. Holland of Pittsburgh, published by Doubleday, Page and Co., of New York,

Starting point is 04:07:11 and the Moth book, also by Dr. Holland, and published by the same firm. Other insects. There are many more different kinds of insects than there are of flowering plants, and if we were to add together all of the different kinds of birds, mammals, reptiles, fishes, crabs, mollusks, and all of the lower forms of animal life, they would not altogether amount to so many different kinds as there are insects. This makes the classification of insects quite complicated. There are 18 or 19 main orders, and each one is subdivided almost indefinitely. There is not one of these that is not full of interest.

Starting point is 04:07:54 The habits of ants, for example, living in communities by themselves, afford a tremendous opportunity for interesting observation. A good book about them has been recently written by Dr. W. M. Wheeler of Harvard, entitled Aunts, Their Structure, Development and Behavior, published by the Columbia University Press, New York. Many insects live in the water, and to follow their life histories in small, homemade aquaria, is one of the most interesting occupations one could have, and there is a lot to be learned about these insects. Go to any stagnant pool, and you will find it swarming with animal life. Larvae,

Starting point is 04:08:35 or wigglers of mosquitoes and a number of other aquatic insects will be found feeding upon these wigglers. Water bugs of different kinds will be found and the life histories of most of these were until quite recently almost unknown. Beetles and wasps. The order coloptera, comprising what we know as beetles, has thousands of species, each one with its own distinctive mode of life. Some of them feeding upon other insects, others boring into wood, others feeding upon flowers, others upon leaves, and so on in endless variety. The wasps also will bear study. Here too there is a great variety, some of them building the paper nests known to everyone,

Starting point is 04:09:22 others burrowing into the surface of the ground and storing up in these boroughs grasshoppers and other insects for food for their young, which are grub-like in form. Others still burrowing into the twigs of bushes and others making mud nests attached to the trunks of trees or to the clapboards of houses or outbuildings. This is just a hint at the endless variety of habits of insects. The United States National Museum publishes a bulletin by Mr. Nathan Banks entitled

Starting point is 04:09:54 Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, which gives a general outline of the classification. and should be possessed by everyone who wishes to take up the study from the beginning. Fishes By Dr. Hugh M. Smith, Deputy Commissioner United States Fisheries There is no more fascinating and profitable study than the fish life of the lakes, ponds, rivers, brooks, bays, estuaries and coasts of the United States. And no more important service can be rendered our American boys than to teach them to become familiar with our native food and game fishes, to realize their needs, and by example and precept to endeavor to secure for

Starting point is 04:10:37 the fishes fair consideration and treatment. Classes of fish. Fishes may be roughly classified as one, freshwater, two, migratory between fresh and saltwater, and three, marine. Among the families of American freshwater fishes that are conspicuous on account of their size, abundance or economic importance, or all of these. There may be mentioned the sturgeons, the catfishes, the suckers, the minnows or carps, the pikes, the killifishes, the trouts, salmon and white fishes, the perches and the basses and sunfishes.

Starting point is 04:11:19 Migratory fish. The migratory fishes fall into two groups, the anodromus and the catatomas. The anodromous fishes pass most of their lives in the sea, run upstream only for the purpose of spawning, and constitute the most valuable of our river fishes. In this group are the Shads and the alewives or river herrings, the white perch, the striped bass or rockfish, some of the sturgeons and the Atlantic salmon, all of which go back to sea after spawning, and the Pacific salmon's five species, all of which died. after spawning. Of the catadromous fishes, there is a single example in our waters, the common eel. It spends most of its life in the fresh waters

Starting point is 04:12:08 and sometimes becomes permanently landlocked there, and runs down to the sea to spawn, laying its eggs offshore in deep water. Marine fish. The marine fishes that are found in the coastal waters of the United States number many hundred species, some of them of great value as fish. food. Among the most important are cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flounder, herring, bluefish,

Starting point is 04:12:32 mackerel, weak fish, or squetogy, mullet, snapper, drum, and rock fishes. Studying fish. The study of living fishes is most entertaining and is rendered somewhat difficult by the medium in which they live, by their shyness, and by the necessity of approaching closely in order to obtain any accurate view. The spawning, feeding, swimming and other habits of very few of our fishes are so well known that further information thereon is not needed, and the Boy Scouts' patience, skill, and powers of observation will be reflected in the records that may be and should be kept about the different fishes met with. Fishes may be studied from a bank, wharf or boat, or by wading, and the view of the bottom and the fishes on or adjacent there too may be greatly

Starting point is 04:13:22 improved by the use of a water bucket, an ordinary wooden pail, whose bottom is replaced by a piece of window glass. A more elaborate arrangement for observation is to provide at the bow of a rowboat a glass bottom box over which may be thrown a hood so that the student is invisible to the fishes. Identification of specimens While many of the fishes in a given section are easily recognizable, there are in every water fishes which, on account of their small size, rarity, retiring habits or close similarity to other fishes, are unknown to the average boy. These latter fishes often afford the most interesting subjects for study, and in all parts of the country it is possible for energetic observers and

Starting point is 04:14:10 collectors to add to the list of fishes already recorded from particular districts. When fishes cannot be identified in the field, the larger ones may be sketched and and notes taken on their collar, while the smaller ones may be preserved with salt, formalin, or any kind of spirits. Specimens and drawings may be forwarded for identification to the sociological department of the local state university, to the state fish commission, to the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D.C., or to the United States National Museum in the same city. Angling

Starting point is 04:14:48 This most delightful of outdoor pastimes requires for its enjoyment no elaborate or expensive paraphernalia. A rod cut on the spot, a cork float, an ordinary hook baited with angleworm, grasshopper, grub, may fly, or any of a dozen other handy lures will answer for most occasions. At the same time, the joys of fishing will often be increased if one possesses and learns how to use a light-jointed rod with real, fine line and artificial baits. The necessary equipment for a scientific angling is so light and compact that it should form a part of the outfit of everyone who spends much time in the open air. It should be the invariable practice of anglers to return to the water all an injured fish that are not needed for food or study.

Starting point is 04:15:39 It is not all of fishing to fish, and no thoughtful boy who has the interests of the country at heart and no lover of nature will go fishing merely for the purpose. of catching the longest possible string of fish, thus placing himself in the class of anglers properly known as fish hogs. Special service by Boy Scouts. Valuable service may be rendered by boy scouts in all parts of the country by bringing to the attention of the proper state, county or municipal authorities matters affecting the welfare of the fishes. Among the subjects that should be reported to fish commissioners, fish wardens or local fish officers are one. All, all, cases noticed where fish are being killed by dynamite, poisons, or other illegal and improper means. 2.

Starting point is 04:16:28 Threatened destruction of fish by the drying of streams and ponds. 3. The existence of obstructions to the passage of fish on their way to their spawning grounds. All dams in streams in which are migratory fish should have fishways or fish ladders. End of Section 13. Section 14 of the voice. Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org.

Starting point is 04:17:09 Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA. The Boy Scouts Handbook. By the Boy Scouts of America, Section 14. Aquarium William Leland Stowell, MD. Every boy should have an aquarium. The aquarium will give ten times as much pleasure as annoyance, and the longer time you have one undisturbed, the greater will be its revelations.

Starting point is 04:17:38 A simple tank can be made from a large water bottle or demijon. File a line around the top and carefully break it off. For the backyard, cut a paint barrel into, or coat a tub inside with spire varnish, anything that will hold a few gallons of water, water, two inches of clean sand and some water plants will be a suitable home for fish and other creatures. A boy handy with tools can make a frame and with plate glass and proper cement construct a large tank. Starting the aquarium. You can balance your aquarium by plenty of plants.

Starting point is 04:18:19 As they grow, they give off oxygen, which purifies the water and is breathed by the fish. The water need not be changed for years. The swamps and slow streams afford great numbers of plants. If you know the plants, get pond weeds, Canadian waterweed, Ludwigia, Willow Moss, or Tapegrass. Look in the dictionary for official names of the plants or get special books from the library. Take some tapegrass, valisnaria, to your teacher or doctor,

Starting point is 04:18:54 and ask him to show you under his microscope how the sap flows and the green coloring matter is deposited. The simplest form of vegetation is algae which grows on the sides of the tank. Lest this grow too thick, put in a few snails. Watch the snail's eggs develop in clusters. Buy, if you cannot find, bandaged swamp snails that give birth to their young instead of laying eggs. Any pond or stream will furnish fish that are beautiful or interesting to watch, e.g. Killies, sunfish, catfish, carp, shiners, black-nosed dath, minnows, the mud minnow that seems to stand on its tail, darters, etc. If you get your supply from dealers, buy goldfish, of which there are several varieties,

Starting point is 04:19:47 fan-tailed, comets, fringe tails, and telescope-eyed. Mirror carp are lively. Paradise fish are as beautiful as butterflies. Picture. A balanced aquarium. Fish nests. Everyone knows something of fish nests. Did you ever watch sticklebacks build their barrel-like nest? Or the paradise fish is floating nest,

Starting point is 04:20:14 and the father fish take all the care of the young? Did you ever see the newt roll her eggs in small leaves, or the caddice fly make a case of bits of stick, leaves, and stand? For a real marvel, watch a pair of diving spiders weave their balloon-like nest underwater and actually carry air down to it so that the young may be dry, though submerged. Put in a few freshwater clams and insects in variety. water boatmen, diving spiders, and whirligigs. A tank of beetles will be full of interest.

Starting point is 04:20:53 Always add two or three tadpoles as scavengers and watch their legs grow out as the tail grows short, and they become frogs. You can find or buy a variety of turtles, which will soon be tame and eat from your fingers. Do not keep turtles with fish. On every hike or tramp carry a wide-mouth bottle for specimens and a piece of rubber cloth in which to bring home water plants. Fish can be carried wrapped in damp moss for hours and will be found well and lively when put in the aquarium.

Starting point is 04:21:32 Fish food. Fish require very little food other than the minute creatures that develop in the water. The dealers supply proper foods for aquaria or use. can prepare your own. Fine vermicelli is good for goldfish. Scraped lean beef is just what the sunfish and paradise fish want. Ant eggs suit mini fish and powdered dog biscuit will fill many mouths. It is evident that an article so brief as this is only suggestive. The libraries contain many books, of which two are recommended. Home Aquarium and How to Care for It?

Starting point is 04:22:13 by Eugene Smith, 1902, published by Dutton, New York. Book of Aquaria by Bateman and Bennett, 1890, published by L. Upcott Gill, 170-strand, W.C. London. Rocks and Pebbles. United States Geological Survey. Geologists study the materials of the Earth's crust. The process is continually changing its surface, and the forms and, it forms and, structures thus produced. In a day's tramp, one may see much under each of these heads. The earth's crust is made up chiefly of the hard rocks, which outcrop in many places, but are

Starting point is 04:22:58 largely covered by thin, loose surface materials. Rocks may be igneous, which have cooled from a melted condition, or sedimentary, which are made of layers spread one upon another by water currents or waves, or by winds. Igneous rocks, while still molten, have been forced into other rocks from below or poured out on the surface from volcanoes. They are chiefly made of crystals of various minerals, such as quartz, feldspar, mica, and pyrite.

Starting point is 04:23:33 Granite often contains large crystals of feldspar or mica. Some igneous rocks, especially lavas, are glassy, others are sort of, so fine-grained that the crystals cannot be seen. In places one may find veins filling cracks in the rocks, and made of material deposited from solution in water. Many valuable minerals and ores occur in such veins, and fine specimens can sometimes be obtained from them.

Starting point is 04:24:04 Picture, fold in stratified rock. Picture wearing the soft and hard beds by rain and wind. Picture, quartz vein in red, rock. Sedimentary rock are formed of material usually derived from the breaking up and wearing away of older rocks. When first deposited, the materials are loose, but later when covered by other beds, they become hardened into solid rock. If the layers were of sand, the rock is sandstone. If of clay, it is shale. Rocks made of layers of pebbles are called conglomerate or pudding stone, Those of limy material, derived perhaps from shells, are limestone.

Starting point is 04:24:51 Many sedimentary rocks contain fossils, which are the shells or bones of animals, or the stems and leaves of plants living in former times, and buried by successive beds of sand or mud spread over them. Much of the land is covered by a thin surface deposit of clay, sand, or gravel, which is yet loose material and which shows the mode of formation of sedimentary rocks. Some rocks have undergone since their formation great pressure or heat and have been much changed. They are called metamorphic rocks. Some are now made of crystals, though at first they were not.

Starting point is 04:25:35 In others, the minerals have become arranged in layers, closely resembling the beds of sedimentary rocks, Still others, like slate, tend to split into thin plates. The earth's surface is continually being changed. The outcropping hard rock is worn away by wind and rain, and is broken up by frost, by solution of some minerals, etc. The loose material formed is blown away or washed away by rain and deposited elsewhere by streams in gravel bars, sandbeds, and mudflats. The streams cut away their beds, aided by the sand and pebbles washed along.

Starting point is 04:26:17 Thus, the hills are being worn down and the valleys deepened and widened, and the materials of the land are slowly being moved toward the sea, again to be deposited in beds. Picture. Wave-cut cliff with beach and spit built by waves and currents. Along the coast, the waves with the pebbles washed out, are wearing away the land and spreading out its materials in new beds elsewhere. The shore is being cut back in some places and built out in others.

Starting point is 04:26:53 Rivers bring down sand and mud and build deltas or bars at their mouths. Volcanoes pour out melted rock on the surface, and much fine material is blown out in eruptions. Swamps are filled by dead vegetable matter and by sand and mud washed in. these materials form new rocks and build up the surface. Thus the two processes, the wearing down in some places, and the building up in others, are tending to bring the surface to a uniform level. Another process, so slow that it can be observed only

Starting point is 04:27:29 through long periods of time, tends to deform the earth's crust and to make the surface more irregular. In times past, layers of rock, once horizontal, have been bent and folded into great arches and troughs and large areas of the earth's surface have been raised high above sea level picture rock ledge rounded smooth and scratched by ice picture sand dune with wind rippled surface at almost any rock outcrop the result of the breaking up process may be seen the outer portion is softer more easily broken and of different color from the fresh rock as shown by breaking open a large piece. The wearing away of the land surface is well shown in rain gullies, and the carrying along and depositing of sand and gravel may be seen in almost any stream.

Starting point is 04:28:24 In the northern states and Canada, which at one time were covered by a great sheet of ice, moving southward and grinding off the surface over which it passed, most of the rock outcrops are smoothly rounded, and many show scratches made by pebbles dragged along by the ice. The hills, too, have smoother and rounder outlines, as compared with those farther south, where the land has been carved only by rain and streams. Along the coast, the wearing away of the land by waves is shown at cliffs, found where the coast is high, and by the abundant pebbles on the beaches, which are built of material torn from the land by the waves. Sandbars at tidal flats show the deposition of material brought.

Starting point is 04:29:12 streams and spread out by currents. Sand dunes and barrens illustrate the carrying and spreading out of fine material by the wind. Picture slab-containing fossil shells. Picture conglomerate or pudding stone. In many regions, the beds of sedimentary rocks, which must have been nearly horizontal when formed, are now found sloping at various angles or standing on edge, the result of slow deformed. of these beds at an earlier time. As some beds are more easily worn away than others, the hills and valleys in such regions owe their form and position largely to the different extent

Starting point is 04:29:54 to which the harder and softer beds have been worn down by weather and by streams. The irregular line of many coasts is likewise due to the different hardness of the rocks along the shore. It is by the study of the rocks and of the remains of life found in them, by observing the way in which the surface of the earth is being changed in examining the results of those changes, and by concluding that similar results were produced in former times in the same way, that geologists are able to read much of the past history of the earth, uncounted years before there were men upon it. End of Section 14.

Starting point is 04:30:37 Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA. Section 15 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Librivox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Catherine The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 15

Starting point is 04:31:09 Woodcraft Part 10 Plants, Furns and Grasses By Dr. L. C. Corbett, Horticulturist, United States Bureau of Plant Industry The appearance of the blossoms and fruits of the fields and forests in any locality note the advent in progress of the seasons more accurately than does the calendar. Plants and seeds which have lain asleep during the winter

Starting point is 04:31:39 are awakened not by the birth of a month, but by the return of heat and moisture in proper proportions. This may be early one year and late another, but no matter what the calendar says, the plants respond to the call and give evidence of spring, summer or autumn, as the case may be. The surface of the earth is not flat. We have valleys and we have mountains. We have torrid and we have temperate zones. The plant life of the world has been adjusted to these varied conditions, and as a result we have plants with certain characteristics growing in the tropics at sea level,

Starting point is 04:32:19 but a very different class of plants with different habits and characteristics inhabiting the elevated regions of this same zone. It must be remembered that even under the tropics, some of the highest mountains carry a perpetual snowcap. There is therefore all possible gradations of climate from sea level to the top of such mountains, even at the equator, and plant life is as a result as varied as is climate. Each zone, whether determined by latitude or by altitude,

Starting point is 04:32:52 possesses a distinctive flora. But altitude and latitude are not the only factors which have been instrumental in determining the plants found in any particular locality. This old earth of ours has not always been as we see her today. The nature we know and observe is quite different from that which existed in earlier ages of the earth's history. The plants, the trees and the flowers that existed upon the earth during the age when our coal was being deposited were very different from those we now have. There has been a change, but, strange as it may seem, there are in some places upon the earth today

Starting point is 04:33:31 some of the same species of plants which were abundant during the coal-forming periods. These are among the oldest representatives of the plant world now extant. Then we are told that there was a period when the north temperate zone was covered with a great ice field which crowded down as far as southern Pennsylvania and central Ohio. This naturally brought about a profound change in the location and character of the plants of this region. There are in the Black Hills of Dakota species of plants which have no relatives anywhere in the prairie region, and no means is known by which these representatives of a rocky mountain family could find their way into the Black Hills, save that, previous to the Ice Age, this species

Starting point is 04:34:20 was generally scattered over the territory, and that during the Ice Age, the species was perpetuated in the hills, but was killed out between there and the Rocky Mountains where it is found in abundance. These are some of the natural reasons for the existence of varied plants in different localities. They are sufficient to explain the reason for the existence of local floras. But nature has provided untold ways for the perpetuation as well as the dispersal of plants, for the purpose of, so far as possible, enabling the plants of the world to take possession of all parts of the earth's surface.

Starting point is 04:35:00 If this adjustment were complete, the plants would be practically alike all over the surface of the earth, but we have already explained why this cannot be and why we have a different flora in each zone, whether it be marked by lines of latitude or height of the mountains. Plants are perpetuated by seeds, by bulbs, and by woody parts. Some seeds are highly perishable and must be sown as soon as ripe. Others remain years without losing their power to produce plants. Some grow as soon as they come in contact with the soil. Others must fall, be buried and frozen before they will germinate.

Starting point is 04:35:42 Some plants are perpetuated by bulbs, tubers or roots in which a supply of food material is stored away to carry the plant over a period when its above-ground parts cannot thrive owing to frost or drought. Upon the return of favorable conditions, these resting parts throw out shoots and again make the round of growth, usually producing both seeds and underground parts for the preservation of the species. There are both wild and cultivated plants in nearly all sections which illustrate these methods of preservation. Besides plants which have bulbs, tubers or perennial roots, we have the large woody plants which live many years and so perpetuating. themselves, not only as individuals the same as plants with perennial roots, but they too, as a rule, produce seeds for the multiplication of their kind.

Starting point is 04:36:36 The agencies which serve to spread plants about over the earth's surface are very varied and interesting. Nature has provided seeds with many appendages which assist in their dispersal. Some seeds have wings and some parachutes to take advantage of the wind. Some seeds are provided with hooks and stickers by which they become attached to the fur of animals and are in this way enabled to steal a free ride. Other seeds are provided with edible coverings to attract birds, but the seeds themselves are hard and not digestible. The fruit is eaten and the seeds rejected, and so plants are scattered.

Starting point is 04:37:17 Besides these methods of perpetuation and dispersal, some plants are perpetuated as well as dispersed by vegetables, vegetative reproduction, i.e. by cuttings, as in the case of willows, by runners as in the case of strawberry, and by stolons as with the black raspberry. For further information on this point, see Bailey's Lessons with Plants. Some plant characteristics, however, of greatest interest to the scout may be enumerated. Plants not only mark zones, but they indicate soils with certain characteristics, and the crop-wise say that the soil on which chestnut abounds is suitable for buckwheat or peaches. Plants also indicate the influence of local conditions such as lakes, ponds, or even

Starting point is 04:38:05 variations in contour. A knowledge of the local flora of a region will at once tell one, whether he is upon a northern or southern hillside by the plants of the area. A creek bottom will abound with species not to be found on the hillside, but species common to both. plain and mountain will mark the progress of the season up the slope. In the north temperate zone, the moss, if any, will be found growing upon the north side of the tree trunk. Each hundred feet of elevation in a given latitude makes from one to two days difference in time of blooming of plants. The character of the vegetation of a region is an index to its climate. Certain plants are adapted to frigid regions, others to temperate, and still

Starting point is 04:38:52 others to tropical areas. Some plants are adapted to humid sections, while others are admirably adjusted to desert conditions. A knowledge of these differences in plants will be of the greatest value to the scout, and if this is supplemented by information about the value in uses of the various plant products, many hardships can be avoided. Many plants produce valuable juices, gums, and resins, while others yield as valuable timber for building and cabinet uses. While it is impossible to even suggest the great variety of plants found within the confines of the United States, the following books on botany will be found helpful in each of the different sections for which they are designed. Bibliography

Starting point is 04:39:39 For the Botany of the Northeastern United States use New Manual of Botany, 7th edition, Asa Gray Illustrated Flora of the United States and Canada N. L. Britain, an honorary Addison Brown. For the botany of the southern United States, use Flora of the Southern United States, A. W. Chapman. Southern wild flowers and trees,

Starting point is 04:40:08 Alice Lunsbury. For the botany of the Rocky Mountain region, use New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains, John M. Coulter, revised by Avon Nelson. Rocky Mountain Wildflower Studies. Burton O. Longyear. The Trees of California. Willis Lynn Jepson.

Starting point is 04:40:31 For general information regarding the shrubby plants in the United States, use Our Shrubs of the United States, Austin C. Apgar. Our northern shrubs. Harriet Louise Keeler. For the wild. Wild flowers outside of those already mentioned for the southern United States and the Rocky Mountain region use Our Garden Flowers, Harriet Louise Keeler. How to Know the Wild Flowers, Francis Theodora Parsons.

Starting point is 04:41:03 Field Book of American Wild Flowers, F. Schuiler Matthews. For the ferns and grasses it will be found worthwhile to consult how to know the ferns, Francis Theodora Parsons. The fern collector's guide, Williard Nelson Clute, New England ferns and their common allies, Helen Eastman, the grasses, sedges, and rushes of the North United States, Edward Noble.

Starting point is 04:41:33 For the study of the monarchs of our forests, the following books will be found exceedingly useful. Manual of the Trees of North America, Charles Bragg Sargent. Trees of the Northern United States, Austin C. Abgar. Handbook of the trees of the Northern United States and Canada. Rahman Beck Ho.

Starting point is 04:41:56 North American trees. N. L. Britain. Familiar trees and their leaves. 1911. F. Schuiler Matthews. Besides these, several states have issued through their state Experiment Station bulletins dealing with the local plant inhabitants. In some instances, these public.

Starting point is 04:42:16 publications cover forest trees, grasses and shrubs, either native or introduced. Several of the educational institutions, as well as the experiment stations, now regularly issue nature study leaflets or bulletins which treat of popular subjects of interest in connection with outdoor things. It would be well to write the state experiment station in your state for literature of this nature. End of section 15. Section 16 of the Boy Scouts Handbook This is the Librivox recording

Starting point is 04:42:54 All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer Please visit LibriVox.org The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America Section 16 Woodcraft Part 11 Mushrooms, Fungi and Toadstools

Starting point is 04:43:13 By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout Revised by Dr. C. C. C. Curtis. There are thousands of different kinds of toadstools or mushrooms in the world. Most of them are good to eat, yet all have a bad reputation, because some are deadly poisonous. False tests. First of all, let us dispose of some ancient false tests that have led many into disaster. Cooking or otherwise trying with silver proves absolutely nothing. It is believed by many that the poisonous mushrooms turn silver black. Some do, some do not,

Starting point is 04:43:53 and some eatable ones do. There is nothing in it. Bright colors on the cap also mean nothing. Many gorgeous toadstools are wholesome food. But the color of the pores means a great deal, and this is determined by laying the fungus cap gills down on gray paper for six or eight hours under a glass. Poisonous toadstools.

Starting point is 04:44:17 Of all the poisonous kinds, the deadliest are the Emonitis. Not only are they widespread and abundant, but they are unhappily much like the ordinary table mushrooms. They have, however, one or two strong marks. Their stock always grows out of a poison cup, which shows either as a cup or as a bulb. They have white or yellow gills and white spores. The worst are these.

Starting point is 04:44:44 Death cup, destroying angel, Sure death or deadly Amanita. Amanita Falloidis. One and a half to five inches across the cup, three to seven inches high. White, green, yellowish olive or greyish brown. Smooth but sticky when moist. Gills white.

Starting point is 04:45:05 Spores white. On the stem is an annulus or ring just below the cap. Fly Amanita. Ammonita Muscaria. About the same size. Mostly yellow, but ranging from orange-red, two or almost white, usually with raised white spots or scales on the top. Gills white or tinged yellow, spores white, flesh-white.

Starting point is 04:45:34 Haite Damanita Amanita spretta 4 to 6 inches high, cap 3 to 5 inches across. White, tinged with brown in places, especially in the middle of the cap, where it sometimes has a bump. There are over a score more of Emanita's varying in size and color, but all have the general style of mushrooms and the label marks of poison, that is, white or yellow gills, a poison cup, and white spores.

Starting point is 04:46:06 Emetic Rassula Rosula Emetica In a less degree this rossula is poisonous. It is a short-stemmed mushroom, two to four inches high, about the size of the fly aminita. Its cap is rosy red, pinkish when young, dark red when older, fading to straw color in age. Its gills and spores are white. Its peppery taste when raw is a fair notice of danger. Symptoms of poisoning.

Starting point is 04:46:37 Vomiting and purging. The discharge of the bowels being watery with small flakes suspended and sometimes containing blood, cramps in the extremities. The pulse is very slow and strong at first, but later we're, weak and rapid, sometimes sweat and saliva pour out. Dizziness, faintness and blindness, the skin clammy, cold and bluish, or livid, temperature low with dreadful titanic convulsions and finally stupor. Remedy. Take a medic at once and send for a physician with instructions to bring hypodermic syringe and atropine sulfate. The dose is one one hundred and eighty-th of a grain,

Starting point is 04:47:18 and doses should be continued heroically until one-twentieth of a grain is administered or until, in the physician's opinion, a proper quantity has been injected. Where the victim is critically ill, the one-twentieth of a grain may be administered. McGilvane and Macadam. Wholesome toadstools

Starting point is 04:47:42 Important notice Experimenting with mushrooms is dangerous. It is better not to eat them, unless gathered under expert direction. The common mushroom. Agaricus Campestris. Known at once by its general shape and smell, its pink or brown gills, white flesh, brown spores and solid stem.

Starting point is 04:48:08 Coprinous. Also belonging to the gild or true mushroom family are the ink caps of the genus. They grow on dung piles and rich ground. They spring up overnight and perish in a day. In the last stage, the gills turn as black as ink. Inky coprinus. Coprinus atramentarius.

Starting point is 04:48:31 This is a species illustrated. The example was from the woods. Often it is less tall and graceful. The cap is one inch to three inches in diameter, grayish or grayish brown, sometimes tinged lead color. Wash and stew. Stew or bake from 20 to 30 minutes

Starting point is 04:48:48 after thorough washing, being the recognized mode. All the calavari's or coral mushrooms are good, except Calavaria dicotomayoma, which is white, and has its branches divided in pairs at each fork. It grows on the ground under beeches and is slightly poisonous. It is rare. The delicious moral.

Starting point is 04:49:12 Mortella Delisiosa One and a half to three inches high, greenish with brown hollows. There are several kindred species of various colors. This is known by the cylindrical shape of its cap. Wash, slice, and stew. Puff balls. Lycopterdakai The next important and safe group are the puff balls before they begin to puff.

Starting point is 04:49:38 All our puff balls when young and solid white inside are good, wholesome food. Some of them, like the brain puff ball or the giant puff ball, are occasionally a foot in diameter. and yield flesh enough to feed a dozen persons. They are well known to all who live in the country. Their smooth, rounded exterior, without special features, except the roots, and their solid white interior are easily remembered. Peel, slice, and fry.

Starting point is 04:50:07 Bibliography The following are standard and beautifully illustrated works on mushroom and toadstools. They have been freely used for guidance and illustrations in the preparation of the above. Edible fungi of New York by Charles H. Peck, published by New York State Museum, Albany, 1900. The Mushroom Book by Nina L. Marshall, published 1902 at New York by Double Day, Page & Co. $3.50. 1,000 American fungi by McIlvane and Macadam. Published by the Bob Smarrow Company of Indianapolis, 1902.

Starting point is 04:50:47 $3. Add 40 cents express. Mushrooms G. F. Atkinson, Houghton Co. The mushroom, M. E. Hard, the Ohio Library Co., Columbus, Ohio. Common North American trees. White pine. Pinos Strobos. A noble evergreen tree up to 175 feet high.

Starting point is 04:51:17 This is the famous famous. pine of New England, the lumberman's price. Its leaves are in bunches of five and are three to five inches long, cones, four to six inches long, wood pale, soft, straight-grained, easily split, Newfoundland to Manitoba and south to Illinois. There are many different kinds of pines. They are best distinguished by their cones. Hamlock, Tsuga-Canadensis Evergreen 60 to 70 feet high

Starting point is 04:51:50 Wood pale, soft, coarse, splintery not durable Bark full of tannin Leaves half to three quarters inches long Cones about the same Its knots are so hard That they quickly turn the edge of an axe Or gap it as a stone mite

Starting point is 04:52:07 These are probably the hardest Vegetable Growth in our woods Its topmost twig Usually points easterly Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware and Michigan. Red Cedar Uniperus Virginiana Evergreen, any height up to 100 feet.

Starting point is 04:52:30 Wood, heart a beautiful bright red. Sap wood, nearly white. Soft weak but extremely durable as posts, etc. Makes a good bow. The tiny scale-like leaves are 3 to 6 to the inch. The berry-like cones are light blue and a quarter of an inch in diameter. It is found in dry places from Nova Scotia to Florida and west to British Columbia. Cottonwood. Popolos deliotas.

Starting point is 04:53:00 Small and rare in the northeast, but abundant and large in the west, even 150 feet high. Leaves three to six inches long, found from Quebec to Florida and west to the mountains. Shagbark or white hickory, hickoria and vata, a tall forest tree up to 120 feet high, known at once by the great angular slabs of bark hanging partly detached from its main trunk, forced off by the growth of wood, but too tough to fall. Its leaves are eight to fourteen inches long, with five to seven broad leaflets. Black walnut Yuglands Nigra A magnificent forest tree up to 150 feet high Wood, a dark purplish brown or grey

Starting point is 04:53:51 Hard, close-grained, strong, very durable in weather or groundwork And heavy, fruit round, one and three quarters inches through Leaflets 13 to 23 and 3 to 5 inches long Found from Canada to the Gulf White walnut or butternut Joglans in the rea. A much smaller tree than the last, rarely hundred feet high, with much smoother bark, leaves similar but larger and coarser, compound of fewer leaflets,

Starting point is 04:54:24 but the leaflet stalks and the new twigs are covered with sticky down. Leaves 15 to 30 inches long. Leaflets 11 to 19 in number and 3 to 5 inches long. Fruit oblong, 2 to 3 inches long. New Brownswick in Dakota and south to Mississippi Common birch or aspen-leaved birch Betula popolifolia A small tree on dry and porous soil, rarely 50 feet high

Starting point is 04:54:54 Wood soft, close-grained, not strong, splits in drying, useless for weather or groundwork. A cubic foot weighs 36 pounds. Leaves two to three inches long. It has a black tribut. triangular scar at each armpit. The canoe birch is without these black marks. New Brunswick to Ontario, to Pennsylvania and Delaware.

Starting point is 04:55:20 Black birch, sweet birch or mahogany birch. Betula Lenta. The largest of the birches, a great tree, in northern forests up to 80 feet high. The bark is scarcely birchy, rather like that of cherry, very dark and aromatic. leaves 2.5 to 6 inches long. Newfoundland to West Ontario and south to Tennessee.

Starting point is 04:55:46 Beach. Fagos Americana In all North America there is but one species of beach. It is a noble forest tree. 70 to 80 and occasionally 120 feet high, readily distinguished by its smooth, ashy gray bark. Leaves three to four inches long. It shares with hickory and sugar maple the honor of being a perfect firewood.

Starting point is 04:56:12 Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. Chestnut. Castaneda den tata. A noble tree, 60 to 80 or even 100 feet high. The most delicious of nuts. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long. Maine to Michigan and south to Tennessee. Red oak.

Starting point is 04:56:35 Quercos rubra. A fine forest tree, 70 to 80 or even 140 feet high. Hard, strong, coarse-grained, heavy. It checks, warps and does not stand for weather or groundwork. The acorn takes two seasons to ripen. Leaves four to eight inches long. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Texas and Florida. White oak, Quercos Alba.

Starting point is 04:57:03 A grand forest tree. over 100, up to 150 feet high. Wood, pale, strong, tough, fine-grained, durable and heavy, valuable timber. Cold white from pale color of bark and wood. Leaves, five to nine inches long. Acorns ripen in one season. Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. White elm or swamp elm.

Starting point is 04:57:31 Ulmus Americana. A tall splendid forest tree, commonly hundred hundred, occasionally 120 feet high. Wood, reddish-brown, hard, strong, tough, very hard to split, coarse, heavy. Soon roots near the ground. Leaves two to five inches long. Flowers in early spring before leafing. Abundant.

Starting point is 04:57:55 Newfoundland and Manitoba to Texas. Sycamore, plain tree, buttonball or buttonwood. Platanos Occidentalis. one of the largest of our trees, up to 140 feet high, commonly hollow, little use for weather work. Famous for shedding its bark as well as its leaves, leaves 49 inches long, Canada to golf. Black or yellow locust silver chain. Robinia Soudocacia. A tall forest tree up to 80 feet high, leaves 8 to 14 inches long, leafletes.

Starting point is 04:58:34 9 to 19, 1 to 2 inches long, pods 2 to 4 inches long, 4 to 7 seeded. This is the commonest locust so often seen about old lawns. Red, scarlet, water, or swamp maple. Aser rubrum. A fine tall tree, often over 100 feet high, noted for its flaming crimson foliage in fall, as well as its red leaf stalks, flowers and, fruit earlier. Leaves two to six inches long. Like all the maples it produces sugar, though in this case

Starting point is 04:59:12 not much. Western North America. The sugar maple is a larger, finer tree. White ash. Fraxinous Americana. A fine tree on moist soil, 70 to 80 or even 130 feet high. Yellow in autumn, noted for being last to leaf and first to shed in the forest. called white for the silvery underside of the leaves. These are 8 to 12 inches long, each leaflet 3 to 6 inches long. Nova Scotia to Texas. For a full unbotanical account of 120 of our finest trees with their uses of wood, their properties and the curious and interesting things about them,

Starting point is 04:59:58 see The Forester's Manual, or Forest Trees that every scout should know, by Ernest Thompson Seton. End of Section 16. Section 17 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is the Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org.

Starting point is 05:00:28 Recording by Mary Ann Bodorf. The Boy Scouts Handbook, by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 17. Native Wild and Wild and... animals. Every scout ought to know the principal wild animals that are found in North America. He need not know them as a naturalist, but as a hunter, as a camper. Here is a brief account of 24 of them, and those who wish to know more will find the fullest possible account in Life Histories of North America by E.T. Seton, Scribner's 1909. These two volumes are found in all

Starting point is 05:01:06 large libraries. Elk Orwapati, surface canadensis. This is smaller than the moose. It stands four to five feet at the shoulder and weighs 400 to 800 pounds. It is known by its rounded horns and the patch of yellowish white on the rump and tail. At one time this splendid animal was found throughout tempered America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north to Massachusetts, the Ottawa River, the Peace River and British Columbia, and south to Georgia, Texas, and Southern California. It is now exterminated except in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Vancouver Island, Washington, Wyoming, and a few localities in the mountain states and in parks where it has been reintroduced. The elk of Washington is very dark in color. That of the southwest is very pale and small.

Starting point is 05:02:02 White-tailed deer Odecoilus, Virginia, Amos. This is the best known of the commandeer of America. It is distinguished by the forward bent of the horns, with the snags pointing backward, and by its long tail which is brown or blackish above and pure white below. Its face is gray, its throat white. A fair-sized buck weighs 200 pounds, live weight. A few have been taken of over 350 pounds weight.

Starting point is 05:02:33 In the southern states they run much smaller. Several varieties have been described. It was found formally in all the timber states east of the Rockies, also in Ontario, south of Lake Napiseng, in South Quebec and South New Brunswick. At present it is exterminated in the highly cultivated states of the Middle West, but has spread into northern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba. Mule Deer Odecoilus Hymionis

Starting point is 05:03:03 This is the commonest deer of the hill country in the center of the continent. It's found in the mountains from Mexico to British Columbia, and northeasterly Saskatchewan, and the Lake of the Woods. It is known by its double-forked horns, its large ears, the dark patch on the forehead, and the rest of the face being whitish, also by its tail, which is white with a black bunch on the end. This is a larger deer than the white tail. There are several varieties of it in the south and the west. Moose. Alcesa Americanaus. This is the largest of the deer tribe. It stands five and a half feet to six and a half feet at the Witters and weighs 800 to 1,000 pounds. It is readily distinguished

Starting point is 05:03:49 by its flat horns and pendulous hairy muzzle. It is found in all the heavily timbered regions of Canada and Alaska and enters the United States in Maine, Adirondacks, Minnes. Minnesota, Montana, Iowa, and northwestern Wyoming. Those of Alaska are of gigantic stature. In all our deer, the antlers are grown and shed each year, reaching perfection in autumn for the mating season. They are found in the males only, except in the caribou, and which species of females also have small horns.

Starting point is 05:04:22 Antelope Antilaquapra Americana The antelope is famous as the swiftest quadruped native in America. It is a small creature, less than a common deer. A fair-sized buck weighs about a hundred pounds. It is known by its rich buff color with pure white patches, by having only two hoofs on each foot, and by the horns which are of true horn, like those of a goat,

Starting point is 05:04:47 but have a snag or branch and are shed each year. In the female the horns are little points about an inch long. Formerly the antelope abounded on all the high plains from Manitoba to Mexico and west to Oregon and California. It is now reduced to a few straggling bands in the central and wildest part of the region. Mountain Goat Ariamnos Montanais The mountain goat is known at once by its pure white coat of wool and hair,

Starting point is 05:05:17 its black horns and peculiar shape. It is about the size of a common deer. That is, a full-grown male weighs 250 to 300 pounds. the female a third less. It is famous for its wonderful power as a rock climber and mountaineer. It is known in the higher rockies, chiefly above timber lines, from central Idaho to Alaska. Woodchuck, Marmotamonics The common woodchuck is a grisly brown on the back, chestnut on the breast, blackish on the crown and paws, and whitish on the cheeks. Its short ears and bushy tail are important characteristics.

Starting point is 05:05:57 It measures about 24 inches of which the tail is 5.5 inches and weighs 5 to 10 pounds. It is found in all the wooded parts of Canada from the Rockies to the Atlantic and south in the eastern states to about 40 degrees latitude. Beaver Castor Canadensis The beaver is known by its great size, weighing from 25 to 50 pounds, its chestnut color, darker on the crown, its webbed feet, its broad, flat, naked, scaly tail. The pelt of this animal is a valuable fur. The creature is famous for building dams and digging canals. It was found wherever there was water and timber in North America, north of Mexico, but is now exterminated in much highly settled regions.

Starting point is 05:06:47 Muskrat. Fibre subethicist. The muskrat is about the size of a cat, that is, it is 21 inches long, of which the tail is ten inches. In color, it somewhat resembles the beaver, but its feet are not conspicuously webbed. Its tail is long and flattened vertically, not horizontally. This abundant animal is filmed throughout North America, within the limit of trees, wherever there is fresh water. It is the most abundant on the market. Jackrabbit, Lepus Californicus. The Jack Rabbit, famous for its speed and its ears is known by its size, which about doubles that of a common rabbit, and the jet-black stripe running from its back onto its tail. It is found on the plains from Nebraska to Oregon and south to Mexico. There are several different varieties. Cotent

Starting point is 05:07:42 Tail, Civilicus Floridonus. The common eastern cotton tail is known from the snowshoe by its smaller feet and its much larger, longer tail, which is gray above and snow-white underneath. sometimes the common tame rabbit resembles the cotton tail in general color but the latter has the top of its tail black the cotton tails do not turn white in winter they are found in most parts of the united states entering canada only in the ontario principal and southern saskatchewan cougar cougar the cougar has been called the american lion it is the largest cat in the western world except the jaguar or american tiger it is known by its unspotted brown coat its long heavy tail and its size a male cougar weighs one hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds a few have been taken over that the females are a third smaller the young in first coat have black spots the cougar never attacks man but preys on deer horses calves etc there are several different forms one or other of these is or was found from ottawa minnesota and vancouver island to pantagonia wild cat or bobcat lynx rufus this is somewhat like the canada lynx but it is more spotted has smaller feet and the tail has several dark bars above and is pure white on the underside of the tip there are several species of bobcats they covered the timbered states and inner canada in ontario going north to lake simcoe fox

Starting point is 05:09:23 vulpies fulvis the fox is about four feet from snout to tail tip of this the tail is sixteen inches or more it stands about fifteen inches of the shoulder it rarely weighs over fifteen pounds and sometimes barely ten the fox is known by its bright sandy red coat black ears and paws its white throat and the white tip at the end of the tail at a distance the fox's ears and tail look very large the silver or black fox is a mere color streak with black coat and white tail-tip red foxes are found throughout the heavily tempered parts of north america north of latitude thirty-five degrees gray wolf cana soxedentalis the wolf is simply a big wild dog with exceptionally strong jaws in general gray color becoming dirty white on the under part the wolf is found in all parts of north america except where settlements has driven it out and varies in color with locality. The Florida wolves are black, Texan wolves are reddish, and Arctic wolves are white. Wolves weigh from 75 to 120 pounds and are distinguishable from coyotes by the heavy muscle and jaws, greater size, and comparatively small tail, which is often held aloft.

Starting point is 05:10:44 Wolves nowadays rarely molest man. Coyote Canis Latrans The common coyote is like a small and delicate addition of the gray wolf. It is much smaller, weighing only 20 to 30 pounds, and is distinguished by its sharp fox-like muzzle and large, bushy tail, which is rarely raised to the level. And colored is much like the ordinary gray wolf, but usually more tinged with yellow. It is found in all the interior country from Wisconsin to Oregon and from Mexico to Great Slave Lake.

Starting point is 05:11:18 There are several different varieties. It never attacks man. Otter. Lutra Canadensis The otter is a large water weasel with close, dense, shiny fur and webbed feet. It is known by its color, dark brown above shaded into dark gray below and white on the cheeks, without any markings, and by its size. It is about 40 feet long and weighs about 20 pounds. It is found throughout North America within the limit of trees. its fur is very valuable it feeds on fish weasel potorius nova borisenses the common weasel of new england is about the size of a big rat

Starting point is 05:12:00 that is it is sixteen inches long and all brown with the exception of white chin throat breast and paws and black tip to the tail in winter it turns white except the tail tip that does not change the whole continent is inhabited by weasels of one kind or another To the north there is a smaller kind with shorter tail. On the prairies, a large kind with a very long tail, but all are of the same general style and habits. A very small one, the least weasel, is only six inches long. It is found chiefly in Canada. Mink. Petorius Vison

Starting point is 05:12:37 The mink is simply a water weasel. It is known by its size, larger than that of a common weasel, as it is 24 inches long, of which the tail is seven inches. also by its deep brown colour all over except the throat and chin which are pure white its fur is brown harder and glossier than that of the martin and worth about a quarter as much it does not turn white in the winter one form or another of mink is found all over the unerid parts of north america from the north tree limits to the gulf of mexico skunk mafidas mafitika the skunk is known at once by its black coat with white stripes its immense pushy tail tipped with white and its size nearly that of a cat it weighs three to seven pounds it ranges from virginia to hudson bay in the northwest is a larger kind weighing twice as much and with black tip to tail various kinds range over the continent south of latitude fifty-five degrees it is harmless and beautiful the smell gun for which it is famous is a liquid musk. This is never used except in the extreme of self-defense.

Starting point is 05:13:50 Badger. Taxidia Taxis The common badger is known by its general whitish-gray color, the black and white markings on the head, the black paws, and the strong claws for digging. It weighs from 12 to 22 pounds, that is, it is about the size of a coon. It is found in all of the prairie and plain states from the Saskatchewan Valley to Mexico and from Wisconsin to the Pacific. Raccoon. Procy and Loder The coon looks like a small gray bear, with a bushy ring tail and a large black patch on each eye. Its paws look like hands, and it has the full number of five fingers and toes

Starting point is 05:14:31 on each extremity. It is found in all wooded regions from Manitoba, south to Mexico, and from Atlantic to Pacific, except the desert and Rocky Mountain regions. O possum Dottle Fies Marsopelius The O possum is famous for carrying its young in a pouch in front of the body It may be known by its sturdy white woolly fur Its long naked prehensile tail Its hand-like paws

Starting point is 05:14:57 Its white face and sharp muzzle And the naked pink and blue ears In size it resembles a cat The possum is found from Connecticut to Florida And westerly to California Gray squirrel Sayyris Carolinensis America is particularly

Starting point is 05:15:14 rich in squirrels. Not counting ground squirrels or chipmucks, we have over 75 different forms on this continent. The widest spread is probably the red squirrel, but the best known in the United States is the common gray squirrel. Its gray coat, white breast, and immense bushy tail are familiar to all eastern children. It is found in most of the hardwood timber,

Starting point is 05:15:37 east of the Mississippi, and south of the Ottawa. River and the state of Maine. Most of the nut trees in the woods of this region were planted by the gray squirrel. Black bear. Ursus Americanaus. This is the common bear of America. It is known at once by its jet black color and brown nose. Its claws are short, rarely over an inch long, and curved, serving better as climbers than do the long claws of the grizzly. Two hundred pounds would be a good-sized female, 300 a male, but Florida black bears have been taken weighing 500 pounds. Sometimes freaks with cinnamon brown coats are found. This bear is found throughout North America wherever there is timber.

Starting point is 05:16:23 End of Section 17. Section 18 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Rick Vena The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America Section 18

Starting point is 05:17:00 Chapter 3, Camp Craft In treating of camping, there has been an intentional omission of the long-term camp. This is treated extensively in the books of reference given at the close of this chapter. Hiking in Overnight Camp By H. W. Gibson, Boys' Work Secretary, Young Men's Christian Association, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Several things should be remembered when going on a hike. First, avoid long distances.

Starting point is 05:17:42 A foot-weary, muscle-tired and temper-tried, hungry group of boys is surely not desirable. There are a lot of false notions about courage and bravery and grit that read well in print, but fail miserably in practice, and long hikes for boys as one of the most glaring of these notions. Second, have a leader who will set a good, easy pace, say two or three miles an hour, prevent the boys from excessive water drinking, and assign the duties of pitching camp, etc. Third, observe these two rules given by an old woodsman. One, never walk over anything you can walk around.

Starting point is 05:18:36 2. Never step on anything that you can step over. Every time you step on anything, you lift the weight of your body. Why lift extra weight when tramping? Fourth, carry with you only to things absolutely needed. Rolled in blankets, poncho army style. Before starting on a hike, study carefully the road map. and take them with you on the walk for frequent reference. The best maps are those of the United States Geological Survey, costing five cents each.

Starting point is 05:19:19 The map is published in Atlas Sheets, Each sheet representing a small, quadrangular district. Send to the Superintendent of Documents at Washington, D.C., for a list. For trapping, the boy needs the right kind of a shoe. or the trip will be a miserable failure. A light-sold or a light-built shoe is not suited for mountain work, or even for an ordinary hike. The feet will blister and become road-weary. The shoe must be neither too big, too small, nor too heavy,

Starting point is 05:20:00 and be amply broad to give the toes plenty of room. The shoe should be watertight, A medium-weight, high-topped lace shoe is about right. Bathing the feet at the springs and streams along the road will be refreshing, if not indulged in, too frequently. See Chapter on Health and Endurance for Care of the Feet and Proper Way of Walking. It is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back, with the sleeves tied around the neck. Change when the shirt you are wearing becomes too wet with perspiration. The most practical and inexpensive pack is the one made for the Boy Scouts of America.

Starting point is 05:20:52 Price 60 cents. It is about 14 by 20 inches square and 6 inches thick, made of waterproof canvas with shoulder straps, and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping trip. A few simple remedies for bruises, cuts, etc., should be taken along by the leader. You may not need them, and some may poke fun at them, but as the old lady said, you can't always sometimes tell. The amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the locality and habitation.

Starting point is 05:21:36 The lean-to. Figure 1. Frame of Lean 2 Reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of time to build your lean-to and make your bed for the night. Select your camping spot with reference to water, wood, drainage, and material for your lean-to. Choose a dry, level place. The ground just sloping enough to ensure the water running away from your lean-to in case of rain. In building your lean to, look for a couple of good trees, standing from 8 to 10 feet apart,

Starting point is 05:22:20 with branches from 6 to 8 feet above the ground. By studying the illustration, number 1, you will be able to build a very serviceable shack, affording protection from the Jews and rain. While two or more boys are building the shack, another should be gathering. firewood and preparing the meal, while another should be cutting and bringing in as many soft, thick tips of trees as possible for the roof of the shack and the beds. How to Thatch the lean-to is shown in illustration number two. If the campsite is to be used for several days, two lean-toes may be built facing each other, about six feet apart. This will make a very

Starting point is 05:23:11 comfortable camp, as a small fire can be built between the two, thus giving warmth and light. Figure 2, method of thatching. The bed On the floor of your lean-to lay a thick layer of the fans or branches of a balsam or hemlock, with the convex side up, and the butts of the stems toward the foot of the bed. Now, thatch this over with more fans by thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle toward the head of the bed, so that the soft tips will curve toward the foot of the bed, and be sure to make the head of your bed away from the opening of the lean-to and

Starting point is 05:24:03 the foot toward the opening. this bed, spread your rubber blankets or ponchos with rubber-side down, your sleeping blanket on top, and you will be surprised how soft, springy, and fragrant a bed you have, upon which to rest your weary frame, and sing with the poet. Then the pine boughs, croon me a lullaby, and trickle the white moonbeams to my face on the balsam where I lie, while the owl hoots at my dreams. J. George Frederick. Hot stone wrinkle

Starting point is 05:24:47 If the night bids fair to be cold, place a number of stones about six or eight inches in diameter near the fire, so that they will get hot. These can then be placed at the feet, back, etc., as needed, and will be found good bed warmers. When a stone loses its heat, it is replaced near the fire and a hot one taken. If too hot, wrap the stone in a shirt or sweater, or wait for it to cool off. Boys desire adventure. This desire may be gratified by the establishment of night watchers in relays of two boys each, every two hours. There are imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attraction of the campfire and the sound of the

Starting point is 05:25:43 creatures that creep at night. Observation practice. Many boys have excellent eyes, but see not, and good ears, but hear not, all because they have not been trained to observe or to hear quickly. A good method of teaching observation while on a hike or tramp is to have each boy jot down in a small notebook or diary of the trip, the different kinds of trees, birds, animals, tracks, nature of roads, fences, peculiar rock formation, smells of plants, etc., and thus be able to tell what he saw or heard, to the boys upon his return to the permanent camp or to his home. Camera Snapshots One of the party should take a small folding camera.

Starting point is 05:26:45 Photographs of the trip are always of great pleasure and memory revivers. A practical and convenient method of carrying small folding cameras represents an ordinary belt to which a strap with a buckle has been attached. which is run through the loops at the back of the camera case. The camera may be pushed around the belt to the point where it will be leased in the way. Camp Lamp A very convenient lamp to use on a hike

Starting point is 05:27:19 is the Baldwin Camp Lamp made by John Simmons Company 13 Franklin Street, New York City. It weighs only 5 ounces when full, is charged with carbide and is but four and three-quarters inches high. It projects a strong light, 150 feet through the woods. A stiff wind will not blow it out. It can be worn comfortably in your hat or belt.

Starting point is 05:27:50 Handy articles A boy of ingenuity can make a number of convenient things. A good drinking cup may be made from a piece of bark, cut in parallelogram shape, twisted into pyramid form, and fastened with a split stick. A flat piece of bark may serve as a plate. A potlifter may be made from a green stick about 18 inches long, allowing a few inches of a stout branch to remain. By reversing the same kind of stick and driving a small nail near the other end, or cutting a notch in it, it may be used to suspend a kettle over a fire. A novel candlestick is made by opening the blade of a knife,

Starting point is 05:28:41 and jabbing it into a tree. Upon the other upturned blade, put a candle. A green stick having a split, which will hold a piece of bread, or meat, makes an excellent broiler. Don't pierce the bread or meat. Driving a good-sized steak into the ground at an angle of 45 degrees, and cutting a notch on which may be suspended a kettle over a fire, will provide a way of boiling water quickly. Building the fireplace. Take two or three stones and build a fireplace,

Starting point is 05:29:22 a stick first shaved and then, whittled for shavings, a lighted match, a little blaze, some bark and dry twigs added, a few small sticks. Place the griddle over the fire, and you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle cakes. After the cakes are cooked, fry slices of bacon upon the griddle, and the surplus fat fry slices of bread, then some thinly sliced sliced raw, potatoes, done to a delicious brown. Here is a breakfast capable of making the mouth of a camper water. Another way, place the green logs side by side, closer together at one end than the other. Build the fire between. On the logs, over the fire, you can rest a frying pan, kettle, etc.

Starting point is 05:30:22 up. To start the fire, have some light, dry wood split up fine. When sticks begin to blaze, add a few more of larger size, and continue until you have a good fire. To prevent the rekindling of the fire after it is apparently out, pour water over it and soak the earth for the space of two or three feet around it. This is very important. for many forest fires have started through failure to observe this caution. Cooking receipts Cooking for hikes and overnight camps The following tested receipts are given for those who go on hikes and overnight camps.

Starting point is 05:31:15 Gridle Cakes Beat one egg, tablespoonful of sugar, one cup, diluted, condensed, milk or new milk. Mix enough self-raising flour to make a thick cream batter. Grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for each batch of cakes. Be sure to have the griddle hot.

Starting point is 05:31:43 Bacon Slice bacon quite thin. Remove the rind which makes slices curl up. Fry on griddle or put on a shirt. sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot coals. Or better yet, remove the griddle and put on a clean, flat rock in its place. When hot, lay the slices of bacon on the rock and broil. Keep turning so as to brown on both sides. Canned salmon on toast. Dip slices of stale bread into smoking hot lard. They will brown at once. Drain them. Heat a pint of salmon, picked into flakes, season with salt and pepper,

Starting point is 05:32:33 and turn in a tablespoonful of melted butter. Heat in a pan. Stir in one egg, beaten light, with three tablespoonfuls evaporated milk, not thinned. Pour the mixture on the fried bread. Wash and dry potatoes thoroughly. Burry them deep in a good bed of coals. Cover them with hot coals until well done. It will take about 40 minutes for them to bake. Then pass a sharpened hardwood sliver through them from end to end. And let the steam escape and use immediately,

Starting point is 05:33:19 as a roast potato soon becomes soggy and bitter. Baked fresh fish. Clean well. Small fish should be fried whole, with the backbone severed, to prevent curling up. Large fish should be cut into pieces, and ribs loosened from back bone so as to lie flat in pan. Rub the pieces in cornmeal or powdered crumbs, thinly and evenly. That browns them. in plenty of hot fat to a golden brown, sprinkling lightly with salt just as the color turns.

Starting point is 05:34:02 If fish has not been wiped dry, it will absorb too much grease. If the frying fat is not very hot when fish are put in, they will be soggy with it. Frog's legs First, after skinning, soak them an hour in cold water, to which vinegar has been added. or put them for two minutes into scalding water that has vinegar in it. Drain, wipe dry, and cook. To fry, roll in flour, season with salt and pepper, and fry not too rapidly, preferably in butter or oil.

Starting point is 05:34:46 Watercress is a good relish with them. To griddle, prepare three tablespoonsful, melted, butter, one half-tablespoonful salt, and a pinch or two of pepper, into which dip the frog's legs, then roll in fresh breadcrumbs and broil for three minutes on each side. Eggs Boiled Have water to boiling point. Place eggs in carefully.

Starting point is 05:35:20 Boil steadily for three minutes if you wish them soft. If wanted hard-boiled, put them in cold water. Bring to a boil, and keep it up for 20 minutes. The yolk will then be mealy and wholesome. Fried. Melt some butter or fat in frying pan. When it hisses, drop in eggs carefully. Fry them three minutes.

Starting point is 05:35:50 Scrambled. First, stir the eggs up, and after putting some butter in the frying pan, stir the eggs in it after adding a little condensed milk. Poached. First, put in the frying pan sufficient diluted condensed milk, which has been thinned with enough water to float the eggs in, and let them simmer three or four minutes.

Starting point is 05:36:19 Serve the eggs on slices of buttered toast, pouring on enough of the milk to moisten the toast. Coffee For every cup of water, allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee. Then add one extra. Have water come to boiling point first. Add coffee. Hold it just below boiling point for five minutes.

Starting point is 05:36:47 And settle with one-fourth of a cup of cold water. Serve. Some prefer to put the coffee in a small muslin bag, loosely tied. Coco. Allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water. Mix the powdered cocoa with water or boiled milk, with sugar to taste. Boil two or three minutes. These receipts have been tried out.

Starting point is 05:37:21 Biscuit and bread making have been purposely omitted. Take bread and crackers with you from camp. Amateur biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness. Pack butter in small jar. Coco, sugar, and coffee in small cans or heavy paper. Also, salt and pepper. Wrap bread in a moist cloth to prevent drying up. Bacon and dried or chipped beef

Starting point is 05:37:55 in wax paper. Pickles can be purchased, put up in small bottles. Use the empty bottle as candlestick. Sample menu for an overnight camp in a day hike or tramp. Breakfast. Grittle cakes, fried bacon and potatoes, bread, coffee, preserves. Dinner. Creamed salmon on toast.

Starting point is 05:38:25 Baked potatoes, bread, pickles, fruit. Supper. Fried eggs, creamed or chipped beef. Cheese, bread, cocoa. Ration list for six boys. Three meals. Two pounds bacon, sliced thin. One pound butter.

Starting point is 05:38:52 One dozen eggs. Half pound cocoa Half pound coffee One pound sugar Three cans salmon 24 potatoes Two cans condensed milk One small package of self-raising flour

Starting point is 05:39:16 Salt and pepper Utensels Small griddle small stew pan, small coffee pot, large spoon, plate and cup, matches and candle, dish washing. First, fill the frying pan with water, place over the fire and let it boil. Pour out water and you will find the pan has practically cleaned itself. Clean the griddle with sand and and water. Greasy knives and forks may be cleaned by jabbing them into the ground. After all grease is gotten rid of, wash in hot water and dry with cloth. Don't use the cloth first

Starting point is 05:40:11 and get it greasy. End of Section 18. Section 19 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Librevox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Rick Vina The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America Section 19 Camp Craft Part 2

Starting point is 05:40:56 Leadership The most important thing about a camping party is that it should always have the best of leadership. No group of boys should go camping by themselves. The first thing a patrol of scouts should do when it has determined to camp is to insist upon the scoutmaster accompanying the members of the patrol. The reason for this is that there is less likely to be accidents of the kind that will break up your camp and drive you home to the town or city. When the scoutmaster is one of the party, all of the boys can go in swimming when the proper time comes for such exercise, and the scoutmaster can stay upon the bank

Starting point is 05:41:47 or sit in the boat for the purpose of preventing accidents by drowning. There are also a hundred and one things which will occur in camp when the need of a man's help will show itself. A scout ought to insist on his scoutmaster going to camp. The scoutmaster, and patrol leader, should be present in order to settle the many questions which must, of necessity, arise, so that there may be no need of differences or quarrels over disputed points, which would be sure to spoil the outing. Scout Camp Program In a Scout Camp, there will be a regular daily program, something similar to the following.

Starting point is 05:42:39 6.30am. Turnout, bathe, etc. 7 o'clock a.m. Breakfast. 8 o'clock a.m. Air bedding in sun, if possible, and clean campground. 9 o'clock a.m. Scouting games and practice. 11 o'clock a.m. swimming. 12 o'clock p.m. dinner. 1 o'clock p.m. Talk by leader. 2 o'clock p.m. water games, etc.

Starting point is 05:43:20 6 o'clock. O'clock p.m., supper. 7.30 p.m. Evening council around campfire. Order of business. 1. Opening council. 2. Roll call. 3. Record of last council.

Starting point is 05:43:44 4. Reports of Scouts. 5. Left over business. 6. Complaints. 7. Honors. 8. New Scouts. 9. New business. 10. Challenges. 11.

Starting point is 05:44:07 Social doings. Songs. Dances. Dances. Stories. 12. Closing Council. Devotional services when desired. 8.45. Lights out. Water supply. Dr. Charles E.A. Winslow, the noted biologist, is authority for the following statement.

Starting point is 05:44:37 Quote, the source of danger in water is always human or animal pollution. Occasionally, we find water which is bad to drink on account of passage through the ground, or, on account of passage, through lead pipes, but the danger is never from ordinary decomposing vegetable matter. If you have to choose between a bright, clear stream, which may be polluted at some point above, and a pond full of dead leaves and peaty matter, but which you can inspect all around and find free from contamination,

Starting point is 05:45:18 choose the pond. Even in the woods, it is not easy to find surface waters that are surely protected, and streams particularly are dangerous sources of water supply. We have not got rid of the idea that running water purifies itself. It is standing water which purifies itself, if anything does. For in stagnation, there is much more good. chance for the disease germs to die out. Better than either a pond or stream, unless you can carry out a rather careful exploration of their surroundings, is groundwater from a well or spring, though that again

Starting point is 05:46:07 is not necessarily safe. If the well is in good, sandy soil, with no cracks or fissures, even water that has been polluted may be well purified and safe to drink. In a clayey or rocky region, on the other hand, contaminating material may travel for a considerable distance under the ground. Even if the well is protected below, a very important point to look after is the pollution from the surface. I believe more cases of typhoid fever from wells are due to surface pollution than to the character of the water itself. There is danger which can, of course, be done away with by protection of the well from surface drainage,

Starting point is 05:47:00 by seeing that the surface wash is not allowed to drain toward it, and that it is protected by a tight covering from the entrance of its own waste water. If good water cannot be secured in any of these ways, it must in some way be purified. Boiling will surely destroy all disease germs. The Indians had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by digging a hole about one foot across and down about six inches below the water level. a few feet from the pond. After it was filled with water, they bailed it out quickly, repeating the bailing process about three times.

Starting point is 05:47:54 After the third bailing, the hole would fill with filtered water. Try it. Sanitation. A most important matter when in camp, and away from modern conveniences, is that of sanitation. This includes not only care as to personal cleanliness, but also as to the water supply and the proper disposal of all refuse through burial or burning. Carelessness in these matters has been the cause of serious illness to entire camps

Starting point is 05:48:35 and brought about many deaths. In many instances, the loss of life and the armies has been greater through disease in the camp than on the battlefields. Typhoid fever is one of the greatest dangers in camping, and is caused by unclean habits, polluted water, and contaminated milk and food. The armies of the world have given this disease the most careful study,

Starting point is 05:49:07 with the result that flies have been found to be its greatest spreaders, Not only should all sources of water supply be carefully examined, an analysis obtained, if possible before use, but great care should also be taken when in the vicinity of such a supply, not to pollute it in any way. In districts where typhoid is at all prevalent, it is advisable for each scout to be immunized before going to camp, a scout's honor will not permit him to disobey in the slightest particular the sanitary rules of his camp. He will do his part well. He will do everything in his power to make his camp clean, sanitary, and healthful from every standpoint. General hints.

Starting point is 05:50:08 Two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats. Don't ring out flannel. or woolens. Wash in cold water, very soapy, hang them up dripping wet, and they will not shrink. If you keep your head from getting hot and your feet dry,

Starting point is 05:50:32 there will be little danger of sickness. If your head gets too hot, put green leaves inside of your hat. If your throat is parched, and you cannot get water, put a pebble in your mouth. This will start the saliva and quench the thirst. Water hints.

Starting point is 05:50:56 If you work your hands like paddles and kick your feet, you can stay above water for some time, even with your clothes on. It requires a little courage and enough strength not to lose your head. Many boy swimmers make the mistake of going into the water too soon after eating. The stomach and digestive organs are busy preparing the food for the blood and body. Suddenly they are called upon to care for the work of the swimmer. The change is too quick for the organs.

Starting point is 05:51:33 The process of digestion stops. Congestion is apt to follow. And then paralyzing cramps. Indian bathing precaution. The Indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps. Coming to a bathing pool, an Indian swimmer, after stripping off and before entering the water, vigorously rubs the pit of the stomach with the dry palm of his hands. This rubbing probably takes a minute.

Starting point is 05:52:09 Then he dashes cold water all over his stomach, and continues to rubbing for another minute. and after that he is ready for his plunge. If the water in which you are going to swim is cold, try this method before plunging into the water. Good bathing rule. The rule in most camps regarding entering the water is as follows. Quote,

Starting point is 05:52:40 No one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing, except at the time in plighting. place designated and in the presence of a leader." End quote. Lactity in the observance of this rule will result disastrously. Clouds Every cloud is a weather sign. Low clouds, swiftly moving, indicate coolness and rain.

Starting point is 05:53:11 Hard-edged clouds, wind. Rolled or jagged clouds, strong. wind. Macarole Sky. Twelve hours day. Look out for rain when a slack rope tightens. Smoke beats downward.

Starting point is 05:53:33 Sun is red in the morning. There is a pale yellow or greenish sunset. Rains. Rain with east wind is lengthy. A sudden shower is soon over. A slow rain lasts long. Rain before seven, clear before eleven. A circle round the moon means storm. The evening red, the morning gray, sets the traveler on his way. The evening gray, the morning red, brings down showers upon his head.

Starting point is 05:54:17 When the grass is dry at night, look for rain before the light. When the grass is dry at morning light, look for rain before the night. Clear. When the dew is on the grass, rain will never come to pass. A heavy morning fog generally indicates a clear day. East wind brings up. rain. West wind brings clear, bright, and cool weather. North wind brings cold. South wind brings heat. Direction of the wind. The way to find which way the wind is blowing is to throw up little bits of dry grass,

Starting point is 05:55:15 or to hold up a handful of light dust, and let it fall, or to suck your thorn. Or to suck your thorn. thumb, wet it all around, and let the wind blow over it, and the cold side of it will then tell you which way the wind is blowing. Weather flags. The United States Weather Bureau publishes a classification of clouds in colors, which may be had for the asking. If you are near one of the weather signal stations, daily bulletins will be sent to camp upon request. Also, the weather map. A set of flag signals run up each day will create interest. The flags are easily made or may be purchased. Keep a daily record of temperature. A boy in charge of the Weather Bureau will find it to be full of interest, as well as offering an

Starting point is 05:56:20 opportunity to render the camp a real service. He will make a weather vein, post a daily bulletin, keep a record of temperature, measure velocity of wind, and rainfall. How to get your bearings. If you have lost your bearings and it is a cloudy day, put the point of your knife blade on your thumb nail, and turn the blade around until the full shadow of the blade is on the nail. This will tell you where the sun is, and decide in which direction the camp is. Face the sun in the morning. Spread out your arms straight from body. Before you is the east, behind you is the west, to your right is the south, the left-hand-hand-hand-hand. your right is the south. The left hand is the north. Grass turns with the sun. Remember this when

Starting point is 05:57:24 finding your way at night. End of Section 19. Section 20 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Librevox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, recording by joseph tabler the boy scouts handbook by the boy scouts of america section twenty building a camp fire there are ways and ways of building a campfire an old indian saying runs white man heap fool make em big fire can't get near engine make em little fire get close ugh good make it a service privilege for attentive boys to gather wood and build the fire. This should be done during the afternoon. Two things are essential in the building of a fire, kindling and air. A fire must be built systematically. First, get dry, small, dead branches, twigs, fur branches, and other inflammable material. Place these on the ground, be sure that air can draw under it and upward through it. Next,

Starting point is 05:58:47 Place some heavier sticks and so on until you have built the campfire the required size. An interesting account of how to build a fire by rubbing sticks by Ernest Thompson-Seton will be found in Chapter 11. In many camps, it is considered an honor to light the fire. Never build a large campfire too near the tent or inflammable pine trees. Better build it in the open. Be sure and use every precaution to prevent the spring. of fire. This may be done by building a circle of stones around the fire, or by digging up the earth,

Starting point is 05:59:25 or by wetting a space around the fire. Always have the buckets of water near at hand. To prevent the rekindling of the fire after it is apparently out, pour water over it and soak the earth for a space of two or three feet around it. This is very important for many forest fires have started through failure to observe this caution. to remember. First, it is criminal to leave a burning fire. Second, always put out the fire with water or earth. A fire is never out, says Chief Forrester H.S. Graves, until the last spark is extinguished. Often a log or snag will smolder unnoticed after the flames have apparently been conquered, only to break out afresh with a rising wind. Be sure to get a copy of the laws of your

Starting point is 06:00:17 state regarding forest fires, and if a permit is necessary to build a fire, secure it before building the fire. Kepart, in his book on Camping and Woodcraft, page 28, says, When there is nothing dry to strike it on, jerk the head of the match, forward through the teeth, or face the wind. Cup your hands back toward the wind, remove the hand just long enough to strike the match on something very close by, then instantly resume former position, flame of match will run up stick instead of blowing away from it. The campfire I cannot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire.

Starting point is 06:00:59 Our city houses do not have it, not even a fireplace. The fireplace is one of the greatest schools the imagination has ever had or can ever have. It is moral, and it is always a tremendous stimulus to the imagination. And that is why stories and fire go together. You cannot tell a good story unless you tell it before fire. You cannot have a complete fire unless you have a good storyteller along. There is an impalpable, invisible, softly stepping delight in the campfire which escapes analysis.

Starting point is 06:01:35 Enumerate all its charms, and still there is something missing in your catalog. Anyone who has witnessed a real campfire and participated in its fun as well as seriousness, never forget it. The huge fire shooting up its tongue of flame into the darkness of the night, the perfect shower of golden rain, the company of happy boys and the great dark background of piney woods, the weird light overall, the singing, the yells, the stories, the fun, and then the serious word at the close is a happy experience long to be remembered. Campfire stunts. The Campfire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories. Good stories told well.

Starting point is 06:02:22 Indian legends, war stories, ghost stories, detective stories, stories of heroism, the history of life. A talk about the stars. Don't draw out the telling of a story. Make the story lifelike. College songs always appeal to boys. Let some leader start up a song in a natural way, and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody and harmony. As the fire dies down, let the songs be of a more quiet type, like My Old Kentucky Home, and ballads of similar nature.

Starting point is 06:03:00 When the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marshmallows. Get a long stick, sharpened to a point, fasten a marshmallow on the end, hold it over the embers, not in the blaze, until the marshmallow expands. Oh, the deliciousness of it. Ever tasted one? Before roasting corn on the cob, tie the end of the husk firmly with string or cord. Soak in water for about an hour, then put into the hot embers. The water prevents the corn from burning, and the firmly tied husks enable the corn to be steamed, and the real corn flavor is thus retained.

Starting point is 06:03:37 In about 20 minutes, the corn may be taken from the fire and eaten. Have a bowl of melted butter and salt at hand, also a pastry brush, to spread the melted butter upon the corn. Try it. End of Section 20. Section 21 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain.

Starting point is 06:04:07 For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Rick Sanborn, Alexandria, Virginia. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 21. Storytelling For an example of a good story, to be told around the campfire, this excellent tale by Professor F.M. Burr is printed by permission. How men found the great spirit.

Starting point is 06:04:35 In the olden time, when the woods covered all the earth, except the deserts and the river bottoms, and men lived on the fruits and berries they found, and the wild animals which they could shoot or snare. When they dressed in skins and lived in caves, there was little time for thought. But as men grew stronger and more cunning, and learned how to live together, they had more time to think and more mind to think with. Men had learned many things.

Starting point is 06:05:02 They had learned that cold weather followed hot and spring, winter, and that the sun got up in the morning and went to bed at night. They said that the great water was kindly when the sun shone, but when the sun hit its face and the wind blew upon it, it grew black and angry and upset their canoes. They found that knocking flints together or rubbing dry sticks would light the dry moss and that the flames which would bring back summer in the midst of winter, and day in the midst of night, were hungry and must be fed, and when they escaped, devoured the woods, and only the water could stop them. These and many other things men learned, but no one knew why it all was or how it came to be. Man began to wonder, and that was the beginning of the path which led to the great spirit.

Starting point is 06:05:48 In the ages when men began to wonder, there was born a boy whose name was woe, which meant in the language of his time, whence. As he lay in his mother's arms, she loved him and wondered, his body is of my body, but from whence comes the life, the spirit which is like mine and yet not like it. And his father, seeing the wonder in the mother's eyes, said, whence came he from? And there was no one to answer, and so they called him woe to remind them that they knew not from whence he. he came. As woe grew up, he was stronger and swifter afoot than any of his tribe. He became a mighty hunter. He knew the ways of all the wild things and could read the signs of the seasons. As he grew older, they made him a chief and listened while he spoke at the council board. But woe was not satisfied. His name was a question, and questioning filled his mind. Whence did he come? Whither

Starting point is 06:06:44 was he going? Why did the sun rise and set? Why did life burst into leaf and flower with the coming of spring? Why did the child become a man, and the man grow old and die? The mystery grew upon him as he pondered. In the morning he stood on a mountain top, and stretching out his hands cried, whence. At night he cried to the moon, whither. He listened to the soffing of the trees and the song of the brook and tried to learn their language. He peered eagerly into the eyes of little children and tried to read the mystery of life. He listened at the still lips of the dead, waiting for them to tell him whither they had gone. He went out among his fellows, silent and absorbed, always looking for the unseen and listening for the unspoken. He sat so long silent at the council

Starting point is 06:07:34 board that the elders questioned him. To their questioning, he replied like one awakening from a dream. Our fathers, since the beginning, have trailed the beasts of the woods. There is none so cunning as the fox, but we can trail him to his lair, though we are weaker than the great bear in buffalo, yet by our wisdom we overcome them. The deer is more swift of foot, but by craft we overtake him. We cannot fly like a bird, but we snare the winged one with a hair. We have made ourselves many cunning inventions by which the beasts, the trees, the wind, the water, and the fire become our servants. Then we speak great swelling words, how great and wise we are. There is none like us in the air, in the wood, or in the water. But the words are false. Our pride is like that of

Starting point is 06:08:24 a partridge drumming on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him. Our sight is like that of the mole, burrowing under the ground. Our wisdom is like a drop of dew upon the grass. Our ignorance is like the great water which no eye can measure. Our life is like a bird coming out of the dark, fluttering for a heartbeat in the tepee, and then going forth into the dark again. No one can tell whence it comes or whither it goes. I have asked the wise men and they cannot answer.

Starting point is 06:08:55 I have listened to the voice of the trees and wind and water, but I do not know their tongue. I have questioned the sun and the moon and the stars, but they are silent. But today in the silence, before the darkness gives place to light, I seem to hear a still, small voice within my breast, saying to me, whoa, the questioner, rise up like the stag from his lair, away alone, to the mountain of the sun. There thou shalt find that which thou seekest.

Starting point is 06:09:25 I go, but if I fail by the trail, another will take it up. If I find the answer, I will return. Waiting for none, woe left the council. of his tribe and went his way toward the mountain of the sun. For six days he made his way through the trackless woods, guided by the sun by day, and the stars by night. On the seventh day, he came to the great mountain, the mountain of the sun on whose top, according to the tradition of his tribe, the sun rested each night. All day long he climbed, saying to himself, I will sleep tonight in the tepee of the sun, and he will tell me whence I come and whither I go. But as he

Starting point is 06:10:05 climbed, the sun seemed to climb higher and higher, and as he neared the top, a cold cloud settled like a nightbird on the mountain. Chilled and faint with hunger and fatigue, Woe struggled on. Just at sunset he reached the top of the mountain, but it was not the mountain of the sun. For many days' journey to the west, the sun was sinking in the great water. A bitter cry broke from Woe's parched lips. His long trail was useless. There was no answer to his questions. The sun journeyed farther and faster than men dreamed and of wood and waste and water, there was no end. Overcome with misery and weakness he fell upon a bed of moss with his back toward the sunset and the unknown, and woe slept, although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known before, and as he

Starting point is 06:10:52 slept he dreamed. He was alone upon the mountain waiting for the answer. A cloud covered the mountain, but all was silent. A mighty wind rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the crags, but there was no voice in the wind. Thunder peeled, lightning flashed, but he whom woe sought was not there. In the hush that followed up the storm, woe heard a voice, low and quiet, but in it all the sounds of the earth and sky seemed to mingle, the song of the bird, the whispering of the trees, and the murmuring of the brook. Woe, I am he whom thou seekest. I am the great spirit. I am the all-father.

Starting point is 06:11:34 ever since i made man of the dust of the earth and so child of the earth and brother to all living and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life thus making him my son i have waited for a seeker who would find me in the fulness of time thou hast come woe the questioner to the answerer thy body is of the earth and to the earth returns thy spirit is mine it is given thee for a space to make according to thy answerer thy body is of the earth and to the earth returns thy spirit is mine it is given thee for a space to make according to thy well, then it returns to me, better or worse, for thy making. Thou hast found me because thy heart was pure, and thy search for me tireless. Go back to thy tribe, and be to them the voice of the great spirit. From henceforth I will speak to thee, and the seekers that come after thee in a thousand voices, and appear in a thousand shapes. I will speak in the voices of the woods and streams, and of those you love. I will appear to you in the sun by the world. I will appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night.

Starting point is 06:12:37 When thy people and mine are in need and wish for the will of the great spirit, then shall my spirit brood over thine, and the words that thou shalt speak shall be my words. And woe awoke, facing the east and the rising sun. His body was warmed by its rays. A great gladness filled his soul. He had sought and found, and prayer came to him like the song to the bird. O great spirit, Father of my spirit, the sun is thy messenger, but thou art brighter than the sun. Drive thou the darkness before me, be thou the light of my spirit.

Starting point is 06:13:16 As woe went down the mountain and took the journey back to the home of his people, his face shone, and the light never seemed to leave it, so that men called him he of the shining face. When Woe came back to his tribe, all who saw his face knew that he had found the answer. and they gathered again about the council fire to hear. As woe stood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of the fire, he remembered that the great spirit had given him no message, and for a moment he was dumb. Then the words of the great spirit came to him again.

Starting point is 06:13:52 When thy people in mine shall need to know my will, my spirit shall brood over thine, and the words that thou shalt speak shall be my words, Looking into the eager faces of longing and questioning, his spirit moved within him and he spoke. I went. I sought. I found the great spirit who dwells in the earth as your spirits dwell in your bodies. It is from him the spirit comes. We are his children. He cares for us more than a mother for the child on her breast,

Starting point is 06:14:23 or for the father for the son that is his pride. His love is like the air we breathe. It is about us. It is within. us. The sun is the sign of his brightness, the sky of his greatness, and mother love and father love, and the love of man and woman are the signs of his love. We are but his children. We cannot enter into the council of the great chief until we have been proved, but this is his will, that we love one another as he loves us, that we bury forever the hatchet of hate, that no man shall take what is not his own, and the strong shall help the weak. The chiefs did not wholly understand the words of woe, but they took a hatchet and buried it by the fire, saying, thus bury we hate between man and his

Starting point is 06:15:11 brother, and they took an acorn, and put it in the earth, saying, thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak, and it became the custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring should bury the hatchet and plant the acorn. Every morning the tribe gathered to greet the rising sun, and with right hand raised and left upon their hearts prayed, Great Spirit hear us, guide us today, make our wills thy will, and our ways thy way. And the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other tribes. But that is another story. End of Section 21.

Starting point is 06:15:50 Recording by Rick Sanborn, Alexandria, Virginia. this is a libervox recording all livervox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox dot org read by judy derby the boy scouts handbook by the boy scouts of america section twenty two tent making made easy the accompanying sketches show a few of the many different tents which may be made from any available piece of cloth or canvas. The material need not be cut, nor its usefulness for other purposes impaired, except that rings or tapes are attached at various points as indicated. For each tent, the sketches show a front elevation with a ground plan or a side view, also a view of the material laid flat, with dotted lines to indicate where creases or folds will occur. Models may be made from stiff paper, and will prove as interesting to the kindergartner in geometry as to the old campaigner in camping.

Starting point is 06:17:09 In most of the tents a ring for suspension is fastened at the center of one side. This may be supported by a pole or hung by means of a rope from any convenient fastening. Both methods are shown in the sketches. Guy ropes are required for a few of the different models, but most of them are pegged down to the ground. after making paper models find a stack cover a tarpaulin a tent fly an awning or buy some wide cotton cloth say ninety inch all the shapes may be repeatedly made from the same piece of material if the rings for changes are left attached in numbers three four six seven eight nine eleven a portion of the canvas is not used and may be turned under to serve as sod cloth or rolled up out of the way if your material is a large piece more pegs and guy lines will be required than is indicated in the sketches the suspension ring one and a half inches or two inches in diameter should be well fastened with sufficient reinforcement to prevent tearing out one inch rings fastened with liberal lengths of tape are large enough for the pegs and guy lines

Starting point is 06:18:26 also reinforce along the lines of the strain from peg to pole figure one a square of material hung by one corner from any convenient support in a manner to make a comfortable shelter it will shed rain and reflect heat this square makes a good fly or a good ground cloth for any of the tents figure two a rectangle equal to two squares a shelter roomy and warm with part of one side open toward the fire Figure 3. Here the rectangle is folded to make a lean-to shelter, with the roof front suspended from a rope or from a horizontal pole by means of cords. The two corners not in use are folded under, making a partial ground cloth. A square open front is presented toward the campfire. Figure 4, same in plan as number 3, but has a triangular front and only one point of the campfire. suspension. Figure 5. Uses all the cloth, has a triangular ground plan, a square front opening, plenty of headroom at the back, and requires two or more guidelines. This shelter resembles a toke. Figure 6. Square or Miner's Tent. Two corners are turned under. This tent is enclosed on all

Starting point is 06:19:51 sides with a door in front. Figure 7. Conical Tent or wigwam. Entirely enclosed with door in front. Two corners of the canvas are turned under. Figure 8. Has a wall on one side and is called a canoe tent in some catalogs. It requires two or more guidelines and is shown with a pole support. The front has a triangular opening. Figure 9. A combination of number 8 with number 1 in use as an awning or fly. this sketch shows both tent and flies suspended by means of a rope the awning may be swung around to any angle figure ten combination of numbers one and two they may be fastened together by a coarse seam or tied with tapes the ground plan is an equal-sided triangle with a door opening on one side is shown there is no waste cloth figure eleven number ten changed to a conical shape and suspended as a canopy the circular shape is secured by the use of small size gas pipe or limber poles bent into a large hoop of course guy lines may be used but would probably be in the way

Starting point is 06:21:09 notice that a little more material for making a wall would transform the canopy into a sibley tent there are other shapes and combinations but perhaps these sketches are enough in the line of suggestion the diagram figure twelve shows a method for laying out on your cloth the location of all the rings to make the tents and shelters. No dimensions are given and none is required. The diagram is good for any size. Most of the fastenings are found on radial lines, which are spaced to divide a semicircle into eight equal angles, 22 and a half degrees each. These intersect other construction lines and locate the necessary loops in rings. Figures are given at each ring which refer back to the sketch numbers. suppose the material at hand is the widest unbleached cotton cloth ninety inches wide five yards long or seven and a half feet by fifteen feet the accompanying table will give the dimensions for the various shapes from figure one to figure eleven if in doubt about the location of rings on your canvas suspend the tent by the center ring and fasten the loops temporarily by means of safety pins draw the tint into shape and shift the face the tent into shape and shift the face the front of the front of the front of the front of the front of the front of the

Starting point is 06:22:26 fastenings as required. The guy lines should have hooks or snaps at one end for ready attachment and removal. The other end should be provided with the usual slides for take-up. The edge of the cloth where the large ring for suspension is fastened should be bound with tape or have a double hem, for it is the edge of the door in most of the tent shown. Table of dimensions, 90-inch material. Size 1. 7.5. 5 foot triangle, 25 square feet, 6.5 foot high, one side open. Size 2. 6.5 foot by 15 foot, 65 square feet, 6 and a quarter foot high, one side open. Size 3, 6 by 7.5 feet, 45 square feet, 4.5 foot high, one side open.

Starting point is 06:23:23 Size 4.5 by 8 feet. 60 square feet, 5.5 foot high, one side open. Size 5, 7.5 foot triangle, 25 square feet, 7.5 foot high, one side open. Size 6, 6.5 by 6 and a quarter foot, 39 square feet, 7 foot high, enclosed. Size 7, 7.5 foot diameter, 44 square feet, six and a half foot high enclosed size eight five by seven and a half feet thirty seven and a half square feet six and a half foot high two and a half foot wall size nine seven and a half by eight feet sixty square feet six and a half foot high number eight with fly size ten fifteen foot triangle ninety-seven square feet six and a quarter foot high and close high, enclosed.

Starting point is 06:24:27 Size 11. 11 and a quarter foot circle, 108 square feet, 5 foot high, canopy, no sides. Waterproofing a tent. Dissolve half a pound of alum in two quarts of boiling water,

Starting point is 06:24:43 then add two gallons of pure cold water. In this solution, place the material and let it remain for a day. Dissolve a quarter of a pound of sugar of lead in two quarts boiling water. Then add two gallons of cold water. Take the material from the alum solution, ring it lightly, place in the second solution,

Starting point is 06:25:08 and leave for five or six hours, then ring out again lightly and allow it to dry. Transcribers note, sugar of lead, lead acetate, is toxic. If you want to avoid tribut with the leaky tent, the following solution is a sure cure. Take a gallon or two gallons of turpentine and one or two cakes of paraffin, drugstore size. Chip the paraffin fairly fine, dump it into the turpentine, place the turpentine in a pail and set same in a larger pail or a tub

Starting point is 06:25:48 of hot water. The hot water will heat the turpentine and the turpentine will melt the parifen. stir thoroughly and renew your supply of hot water if necessary then pile your tent into a tub and pour in the turpentine and paraffin mixture work the tent all over thoroughly with your hands so that every fibre gets well saturated you must work fast however as the paraffin begins to thicken as it cools and work out of doors in a breeze if possible as the fumes of the turpentine will surely make you sick if you try it indoors When you have the tent thoroughly saturated, hang it up to dry. It is not necessary to ring the tent out when you hang it up. Just let it drip. If you use too much paraffin, the tent may look a little dirty after it dries, but it will be all right after you have used it once or twice.

Starting point is 06:26:48 End of Section 22. Section 23 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libervox recording. All Libervox recordings are in the podcast. public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Brian Darby, May 2016, San Jose, California. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America, Section 23. An Open Outing Tent by Warren H. Miller, editor, Field and Stream. To make an open outing tent, get 13 yards of 8-ounce duck canvas,

Starting point is 06:27:34 which can be bought at any department store or dry goods store for 17 or 18 cents a yard. This makes your total expense $2.21 for your tent. Lay out the strip of canvas on the floor and cut one end square. Measure up 8 inches along the edge and draw a line to the other corner. From this corner lay off 7 feet 8 inches along the edge, and on the opposite side lay off 5 feet 9 inches, beginning at the end of your 8-inch measurement. Now take a ruler and draw another diagonal across the canvas at the ends of these measurements, and you have the first gore of your tent.

Starting point is 06:28:19 Cut it across, turn the gore over, lay it down on the strip so as to measure off another one exactly like it. This is the corresponding gore for the other side of the tent. To make the second pair of gores, lay off 5 feet 9 inches along one side of the remaining strip of canvas, beginning at the pointed end, and 3 feet 10 inches on the other side. Join these points with a diagonal, and you have a second gore, a duplicate of which is then cut by using it as a pattern, reversing and laying it down on the strip of canvas. To make the third gore, lay off three feet ten inches on one edge of your strip, beginning at the point, and one foot eleven inches on the other side. Draw a diagonal across, and you have the third gore.

Starting point is 06:29:12 Illustration. How to cut up your strip of canvas. Illustration. Forester tent pattern. Illustration. Forrester tent with hood. You have now used up all but two yards of your canvas, plus a little left-over piece of about two feet long. Out of this little left-over piece, make a triangle one foot eleven inches on the side, which will form the back triangle of your tent. Now pin your three gores together to make the side of your tent, just as in the illustrations, and pin the two sides together along the ridge. Then sew this tent up.

Starting point is 06:29:55 Sew in the little back triangle and hem all around the edges. Leave a hole at the peak of the little triangle through which the ridge pole must go. To set it up, cut three small saplings, one of which should be 12 feet long and the other two 10 feet long. Tie these two together at the ends making what the sailors call a shears. Take the 12-foot pole and run it down the ridge. inside the tent and out through the hole in the back. Now raise the ridge pole with one end stuck in the ground and the front end resting on the two shear poles and tie all three of them together. At the end of each seam along the hem, you must work in a little islet hole for a short piece of

Starting point is 06:30:43 twine to tie to the tent pegs. Stretch out the back triangle, pegging it down at the two corners on the ground, and then peg out each hole along the foot until the entire tent stretches out taut, as in our illustrations. Three feet from the peak along the front edge, you must have another islet hole with a little piece of twine, and you tie this out to the sheer pool on each side, which gives the tent the peculiar gambrel roof, which it has, and which has the advantage of giving you lots more room inside than the straight tent would. You now have what is known as the open forester tent. Illustration. Forrester tent with hood. If a thunderstorm comes up with a driving rain,

Starting point is 06:31:32 it will surely rain in at the front, unless you turn the tent around by moving the poles one at a time. If you don't want to do this, you can make a hood for the front out of the two yards of canvas you have left. Simply draw a diagonal from one corner to the other of this two-yard piece of duck and cut it down the diagonal, making two thin triangles which are sewed to the front edges of the open forester tent, making a hood of the shape shown in our picture. This prevents the rain beating in the opening of your tent, but still lets the heat out of your fire strike in and at the same time it keeps the heat in the tent, as it will not flow out along the ridge pool as it does in the open type.

Starting point is 06:32:21 This tent weighs six pounds and packs into a little package 14 inches long by 7 inches wide by 6 inches thick, and can be carried as a shoulder strap or put in a backpack or any way you wish to take it. It will sleep three boys or two men in a boy, very comfortably indeed. While it really does not need to be waterproofed, as it immediately shrinks tight after the first rain, you can waterproof it if you wish by making a solution of 10 ounces of quick lime with 4 ounces of alum in 10 quarts of water. Stir occasionally until the lime has slackened. Put the tent in another pail and pour the solution over it, letting it stand 12 hours.

Starting point is 06:33:07 Take out and hang it on the clothesline to dry. It will then be entirely waterproof. To make a good night fire in front of the tent, drive two stout stakes three feet long in the ground about three feet from the mouth of the tent. Pile four logs one on top of the other against these stakes or take a large flat stone and rest it against it. Make two log and irons for each side of the fire and build your fire in the space between them.

Starting point is 06:33:42 It will give you a fine, cheerful fire, and all the heat will be reflected back by the back logs into the tent, making it warm and cheerful. Inside, you can put your browse bags stuffed with balsam brows, or pile up a mountain of dry leaves over which you can stretch your blankets. pile all the duffel way back in the peak against the little back triangle where it will surely keep dry and will form a sort of back for your pillows. You will find the forester tent lighter and warmer than the ordinary lean to as it reflects the heat better. After a couple of weeks in it, you will come home with your lungs so full of ozone that it will be impossible to sleep in an ordinary room without feeling smothered. Canoeing, rowing, and sailing Prepared with the cooperation of Mr. Arthur A. Carey,

Starting point is 06:34:36 Scoutmaster, Boy Scout Ship Pioneer. Mr. Carlton E. Scholl, Captain Lacanoo Boat Club crew, Mr. Frederick K. Vreeland, Campfire Club of America, and Mr. R. F. Tim's Vice Commodore, American Canoe Association. The Birch Park Canoe is the boat of the North American Indian, and our modern canvas canoes are made with some variations on the Indian model. With the possible exception of the Venetian gondola, the motion of a canoe is more graceful than that of any other boat propelled by hand.

Starting point is 06:35:14 It should be continuous and gliding, and so silent that it may be brought up in the night to an animal or enemy, Indian fashion, without making any sound, and so take them by surprise. Illustration. Canoeing stroke A. Many accidents happen in canoes, not because they are unsafe when properly handled, but because they are unsafe when improperly handled. And many people do not take the trouble even to find out the proper way of managing a canoe. Many canoes have seats almost on a level with the gunw, whereas properly speaking the only place to sit in a canoe is on the bottom.

Starting point is 06:35:59 For a seat raises the body too high above the center of gravity and makes the canoe unsteady and likely to upset. It is, however, difficult to paddle while sitting in the bottom of a canoe, and the best position for paddling is that of kneeling and at the same time resting back against one of the thwarts. The size of the single blade paddle should be in proportion to the size of the boy who uses it, long enough to reach from the ground to the tip of his nose. The bow paddle may be a little shorter. The canoeman should learn to paddle equally well on either side of a canoe. When paddling on the left side, the top of the paddle should be held by the right hand,

Starting point is 06:36:44 and the left hand should be placed a few inches above the beginning of the blade. The old Indian stroke, which is the most approved modern method for all-round canoeing, whether racing or cruising, is made with the arms almost straight, but not stiff, the arm at the top of the paddle bending only slightly at the elbow. This stroke is really a swing from the shoulder, in which there is little or no push or pull with the arm. When paddling on the left side of the canoe, the right shoulder swings forward, and the whole force of the body is used to push the blade of the paddle through the water, the left hand acting as a

Starting point is 06:37:25 fulcrum. While the right shoulder is swung forward, the right hand is at the same time twisted at the wrist so that the thumb goes down. This motion of the wrist has the effect of turning the paddle around in the left hand, the left wrist being allowed to bend freely, so that at the end of the stroke, the blade slides out of the water almost horizontally. If you should twist the paddle in the opposite direction, it would force the head of the canoe around so that it would travel in a circle. At the recovery of the stroke, the right shoulder swings back and the paddle is brought forward in a horizontal position with the blade almost parallel to the water. It is swung forward until the paddle is at right angles across the canoe, then the blade is dipped edgewise with a slicing

Starting point is 06:38:19 motion and a new stroke begins. In paddling on the right side of the canoe, the position of the two hands and the motion of the two shoulders are reversed. Illustration, canoeing stroke B. Something should also be said about double paddles, that is, paddles with two blades, one at each end, as their use is becoming more general every year. year. With the double paddle, a novice can handle a canoe head on to a stiff wind, a feat which requires skill and experience with a single blade. The doubles give greater safety and more speed, and they develop chest, arm, and shoulder muscles not brought into play with a single blade. The double blade is not to be recommended to the exclusion of the single blade, but there

Starting point is 06:39:08 are many times when there is an advantage in its use. Illustration, canoeing stroke C. In getting in or out of a canoe, it is especially necessary to step in the very center of the boat, and be careful never to lean on any object, such as the edge of a wharf, outside of the boat, for this disturbs your balance and may capsize the canoe, especially in getting out. Put down your paddle first, and then grasping the gunw firmly in each hand, rise by putting your weight equally on both sides of the canoe. If your canoe should drift away sideways from the landing place, when you are trying to land, place the blade of your paddle flat upon the water in the direction

Starting point is 06:39:55 of the wharf and gently draw the canoe up to the landing place with a slight sculling motion. When it is necessary to cross the waves in rough water, always try to cross them quartering. That is, at an oblique angle, but not at right angles. Crossing big, waves at right angles is difficult and apt to strain a canoe, and getting lengthwise between the waves is dangerous. Always have more weight aft than in the bow, but when there is only one person in the canoe, it may be convenient to place a weight forward as a balance, but it should always be lighter than the weight aft. A skillful canoeman will paddle a light canoe even in a strong wind by kneeling at a point about one-third of the length from the stern.

Starting point is 06:40:44 For the purpose of sailing in a canoe, the Latine rig is the safest, most easily handled, and the best all-round sailing outfit. For a 17-foot canoe, a sail having 40 square feet of surface is to be recommended, and in all except very high winds, this can be handled by one man. Illustration. Canoe with sail The latine sail is made in the form of an equilateral triangle, and two sides are fastened to spars, which are connected at one end by a hinge or jaw. The mast, which should be set well forward,

Starting point is 06:41:25 should be so long that when the sail is spread and the slanting upper spar is swung from the top of the mast, the lower spar will swing level about six to eight inches above the gunwale, and hang clear above all parts of the boat in going about. The sail is hoisted by a haliard attached at or a little above the center of the upper spar, then drawn through a block attached to the brace which holds the mast in position and thus to the cleats within easy reach of the sailor. The sheet line is fastened to the lower spar about two feet from the outer end, and when not held in the hand may be fastened to another,

Starting point is 06:42:06 cleat. Both holliered and sheet should at all times be kept clear so as to run easily and with knots about the cleats that can be instantly slipped. The leeboard is a necessary attachment to the sailing outfit. It is made with two blaze. About three feet long and ten inches wide would furnish a good-sized surface in the water, one dropping on each side of the canoe and firmly supported by a bar fastened to the gunwale. The blades should be so rigged that when striking an object in the water, they will quickly release causing no strain on the canoe. The leeboard, like a center board, is of course intended to keep the canoe from sliding off when trying to beat up into the wind. When running free before the wind, the board should be raised.

Starting point is 06:42:57 The general rules for sailing larger craft apply to the canoe. The paddle is used as a rudder and may be held by the sailor, but a better plan is to have two paddles, one over each side, made fast to the gunnel or the brace. The sailor can then grasp either one as he goes about, and there is no danger of losing the paddles overboard. In sailing, the sailor sits on the bottom, on the opposite side from the sail, except in a high wind where he sits on the gunwale where he can the better balance the sail and his weight. The combination of sail, leeboards, and the balancing weight of the sailor will render the canoe stiff and safe, with proper care, in any wind less than a gale.

Starting point is 06:43:41 A crew may consist of two or three in a 17-foot canoe. The spars and mast of a sailing outfit should be of spruce or some other light but strong wood, while cedar or some non-splitting wood is best for the leeboards. young canoeists will enjoy making their own sailing outfits, or a complete latine rig as made by various canoe manufacturers can be purchased either directly from them or through almost any dealer. In case of an upset, the greatest mistake is to leave the boat. A capsized canoe will support at least four persons as long as they have strength to cling to it. A single man or boy, in case of upsetting beyond swimming distance to land, should stretch himself. flat upon the bottom of the canoe, with arms and legs spread down over the tumble home toward their submerged gunwales. He can thus lie in safety for hours till help arrives. When two persons are upset, they should range themselves one on each side of the overturned boat,

Starting point is 06:44:46 and with one hand grasping each other's wrists across the boat, use the other hand to cling to the keel or the gunwale. If the canoe should swamp, fill with water, and begin to sink, it should be turned over in the water. It is the air remaining under the inverted hull that gives the craft sufficient buoyancy to support weight. Never overload a canoe. In one of the ordinary size, about 17 feet in length, three persons should be the maximum number at any time, and remember never to change seats in a canoe when out of your depth. This diagram illustrates some of the angles formed by the boom and the keel line of the boat in different positions. Illustration, running free or before the wind.

Starting point is 06:45:36 Illustration, wind a beam, port tack. Illustration, wind a beam, starboard tack. Illustration, pointing into the wind, port tack. Illustration, pointing into the wind, starboard tack. End of Section 23. Section 24 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain.

Starting point is 06:46:11 For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Brian Darby, May 2016, San Jose, California. The Boy Scouts Handbook, by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 24. There is a certain caution in the use of boats which you will always find among sailors and fishermen and all persons who are using them constantly. Such a person instinctively steps into the middle of the boat when getting in and always sits in the middle of the thwart or seat. This is a matter of instinct with seafaring people, and so is the habit of never fooling in a boat. Only landlubbers

Starting point is 06:46:54 will try to stand up in a small boat while in motion, and as for the man who rocks a boat for fun, he's like the man who didn't know the gun was loaded. Rowing. Roeboats are propelled either by rowing or by sculling, and rowing is either pulling or backing water. The usual way of rowing is to pull, and to do so you sit with your back to the bow, and propel the boat by pulling the handles toward your body, and so pressing the blades of the oars against the water toward the stern while pushing with your feet against a brace. In backing water, you reverse the action of the ores, pushing the handles away from your body, and pressing the blades of the oars against the water toward the bow.

Starting point is 06:47:44 Turning. To turn your boat to the right, when pulling, you row only with the left oar. Or if you wish to make a sharp turn, pull with the left oar and back water with the right. To turn your boat to the left, the action of the oars is reversed. Feathering To prevent the momentum of the boat from being checked by the wind blowing on the blades of the oars, the blades must be turned into a horizontal position as they leave the water. In pulling, this is done by turning the hands backward at the wrist,

Starting point is 06:48:19 and in backing water it is done by turning the hands forward at the wrist. Sculling To skull is to propel a boat by a single oar at the stern. The boat must be provided with rowlock or a semicircular scoop in the stern, and the boat is propelled by working in the oar at the stem obliquely from side to side. This is a convenient way of doing when you are working among boats in the water and have to go short distances without the necessity of speed. Steering

Starting point is 06:48:55 When rowing a boat without a boat without, the use of a rudder, instead of constantly turning the head around to see where you are going, it is convenient to fix upon some object in the landscape on an imaginary line with the middle of the stern and the middle of the bow. You can then keep your boat approximately in the right position without the trouble of turning your head by keeping the object selected on a line with the middle of the stern board. Coming alongside. When coming alongside of a boat, boat or wharf, always approach on the leeward side or that opposite from which the wind is blowing, and come up so that the boat will be headed into the wind and waves. Stop rowing at a

Starting point is 06:49:42 convenient distance from the landing place, and come up with gentle headway. Then, take in the oar nearest the landing, and, if necessary, back water with the other oar. Keeping stroke. When two or more are rowing together, the length and speed of the stroke are set by the man sitting nearest the stern. Rough weather. Always try to row as nearly as possible into the waves at right angles. In this way, you are likely to ship less water and to avoid capsizing. Going ashore. When going ashore, always leave your oars lying flat on the thwarts on either side of your boat. The salute. To salute a passing vessel or boat, hold the oars up at right angles with the water. Every rowboat should be provided with a rough sponge and a tin dipper to be used in bailing out the

Starting point is 06:50:47 water. Always bail out the water after a rain and keep your boat clean and tidy. The most convenient kind of a boat to learn to sail in is a cat boat, which is a boat with a single fore and aft sail held in place by a boom at the bottom and a gaff at the top. To understand the principle of sailing, we must realize that a sailboat, without the use of a rudder, acts in the water and wind very much the way a weather vein acts in the air. The bow of the boat naturally turns toward the wind, thus relieving the sail of all pressure and keeping it shaking. But if, by keeping the main sheet in your hand, you you hold the sail in a fixed position and at the same time draw the tiller away from the sail,

Starting point is 06:51:37 it will gradually fill with air beginning at the hoist or mast end of the sail, and impel the boat in the direction in which you are steering. Given a certain direction in which you want to travel, the problem is, by letting out or hauling in your main sheet, to keep the sail as nearly as possible at right angles with the direction of the wind. We must remember also that while the sail must be kept full, it should not be kept more than full. That is, its position must be such that, by the least push of the tiller toward the sail, the sail will begin to shake at the hoist.

Starting point is 06:52:17 It is even desirable in a strong wind, and especially for beginners, to always let the sail, close to the mast, shake a little without losing too much pressure. When you are sailing with the wind coming over the boat from its port side, you are sailing on the port tack. And when you are sailing with the wind coming across the boat on its starboard side, you are sailing on the starboard tack. The port side of the boat is the left-hand side as you face the bow while standing on board. And the starboard side is the right-hand side. An easy way of remembering this is by recalling the sentence, Jack Left Port. Port. Direction of wind. Of course, you will see that if you should forget which way the wind is

Starting point is 06:53:06 blowing, you could not possibly know the right position for your sail, and this is one of the first requirements for a beginner. It is quite easy to become confused with regard to the direction of the wind, and therefore every boat should be provided with a small flag or fly at its mast head, and you should keep watching it at every turn of the boat until the habit has become instinctive. It is convenient to remember that the fly should always point as nearly as possible to the end of the gaff, except when you are sailing free or before the wind. Close to wind. Sailing with the boat pointing as nearly as possible against the wind is called sailing close to the wind. When you have turned your bow to the right or left so that the wind strikes

Starting point is 06:53:57 both boat and sail at right angles, you are sailing with the wind a beam. As you let out your sheet so that the boom makes a larger angle with an imaginary line running from the mast to the middle of the stern, you are sailing off the wind. And when your sail stands at right angles to this same line, you are sailing free or before the wind. Before the wind. Sailing free, or before the wind, is an extreme opposite of sailing close-hauled or on the wind, and the wind is blowing behind your back instead of approaching the sail from the direction of the mast. If you are sailing free on the port tack, with the boom at right angles to the mast on the starboard side, and you should steer your boat sufficiently to starboard,

Starting point is 06:54:50 the wind would strike the sail at its outer edge or leech, and throw the sail and boom violently over to the port side of the mast. This is called jibing and is a very dangerous thing. It should be carefully guarded against whenever sailing before the wind. Reefing If you find that the wind is too strong for your boat, and that you are carrying too much sail, you can let her come up into the wind and take in one or two reefs. This is done by letting out both the throat and peak halliards enough to give sufficient slack of sail,

Starting point is 06:55:31 then by hauling the sail out toward the end of the boom, and afterward by rolling the sail up and tying the points under and around it, but not around the boom. Always use a square or reef-nobes. in tying your reef points. In case of a squall or a strong puff of wind, remember that you can always ease the pressure on your sail by turning the bow into the wind. And if for any reason you wish to shorten suddenly, you can drop your peak by loosening the peak halyards. Ready about. Before going about, or turning your bow so that the wind will strike the other side of the sail at its mast end,

Starting point is 06:56:14 the man at the helm should always give the warning by singing out the words, Ready about! Going about is just the opposite of jibing. Right of way. When two boats approach each other in opposite directions, close hauled, the boat on the starboard tack has the right-of-way and should continue her course. The responsibility of avoiding a collision rests with the boat sailing on the port tack, but a boat running before the wind must always give way to a boat close-hauled.

Starting point is 06:56:50 When sailing through high waves, always try as far as possible to head into them directly at right angles. Always steer as steadily as possible. If you are careful to keep the boat on her course and do not let your mind wander, only a slight motion of the tiller from side to side will be necessary. Flying the flag While the fly, or pennant, is carried at the top of the mast, the flag is carried at the peak or upper corner of the sail at the end of the gaff. The salute consists of tipping or slightly lowering the flag and raising it again into position.

Starting point is 06:57:33 End of Section 24. Recording by Brian Darby. Section 25 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Librivox recording. recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Tracks Trailing and Signalling, Part 1 By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout. I wish I could go west and join the Indians so that I would have no lessons to learn,

Starting point is 06:58:12 said an unhappy small boy who could discover no atom of sense or purpose in any one of the three hours. You never made a greater mistake, said the scribe, for the young Indians have many hard lessons from their earliest day, hard lessons and hard punishments. With them the dread penalty of failure is go hungry till you win, and no harder task have they than their reading lesson. Not 26 characters are there to be learned in this exercise, but 1,000, not clear straight print are they, but dim, washed out, crooked traces, not indoors on comfortable chairs with a patient teacher always near, but out in the forest, often alone and in every kind of weather, they slowly decipher their letters and read sentences of the oldest writing on earth.

Starting point is 06:59:05 A style so old that the hieroglyphs of Egypt, the cylinders of Nippur, and the drawings of the cavemen are as things of today in comparison. the one universal script, the tracks in the dust, mud, or snow. These are the inscriptions that every hunter must learn to read infallibly, and be they strong or faint, straight or crooked, simple or overwritten with many a puzzling, diverse phrase. He must decipher and follow them swiftly, unerringly, if there is to be a successful ending to the hunt which provides his daily food. This is the reading lesson of the young Indians, and it is a reading lesson of the young Indians,

Starting point is 06:59:42 and it is a style that will never become out of date. The naturalist also must acquire some measure of proficiency in the ancient art. Its usefulness is unending to the student of wildlife. Without it, he should know little of the people of the wood. There are still many wild animals. It is a remarkable fact that there are always more wild animals about than any but the expert has an idea of. For example, there are within 20 miles of New York City fully 50 different kinds, not counting

Starting point is 07:00:17 birds, reptiles or fishes, one quarter of which at least are abundant. Or more particularly within the limits of greater New York, there are at least a dozen species of wild beasts, half of which are quite common. Then how is it we never see any, is the first question of the incredulous? The answer is, long ago the beasts learned the dire, lesson. Man is our worst enemy, shun him at any price. And the simplest way to do this is to come out only at night. Man is a daytime creature, he is blind in the soft half-light that most beasts prefer. While many animals have always limited their activity to the hours of twilight and gloom,

Starting point is 07:01:02 there are not a few that moved about in daytime, but have given up that portion of their working day in order to avoid the arch enemy. Thus they can flourish under our noses and eat at our tables without our knowledge or consent. They come and go at will, and the world knows nothing of them. Their presence might long go unsuspected, but for one thing, well known to the hunter, the trapper and the naturalist. Wherever the wild forefoot goes, it leaves behind a record of its visit, its name, the direction whence it came, the time, the thing it did or tried to do, with the time and the direction of departure. These it puts down in the ancient script.

Starting point is 07:01:46 Each of these dotted lines called the trail is a wonderful unfinished record of the creature's life during the time it made the same, and it needs only the patient work of the naturalist to decipher that record and from it learn much about the animal that made it, without that animal ever having been seen. Savages are more skillful at it than civilized folk, because tracking is their serious lifelong pursuit, and they do not injure their eyes with books. Intelligence is important here as elsewhere, yet it is a remarkable fact that the lowest race of mankind, the Australian blacks, are reputed to be by far the best trackers. Not only are their eyes and attention developed and disciplined, but they have retained much of

Starting point is 07:02:34 the scent power that civilized man has lost, and can follow a fresh track, partly at least, by smell. It is hard to overvalue the powers of the clever tracker. To him the trail of each animal is not a mere series of similar footprints. It is an accurate account of the creature's life, habit, changing whims and emotions during the portion of life whose record is in view. These are indeed autobiographical chapters, and differ from other. autobiographies in this, they cannot tell a lie. We may get wrong information from them,

Starting point is 07:03:10 but it is our fault if we do. We misread the document that cannot falsify. When to learn tracking. The ideal time for tracking in almost the only time for most folk is when the ground is white. After the first snow, the student walks forth and begins at once to realize the wonders of the trail. A score of creatures of whose existence maybe he did not know, are now revealed about him, and the reading of their autographs becomes easy. It is when the snow is on the ground, indeed, that we take our forefoot senses of the woods. How often we learn with surprise from the tell-tale white that a fox was around our henhouse last night, a mink is living even now under the woodpile, and a deer, yes, there is no mistaking its

Starting point is 07:04:00 sharp-pointed, unsheap-like footprint, has wandered into our woods from the farther wilds. Never lose the chance of the first snow if you wish to become a trailer. Nevertheless, remember that the first morning after a night's snowfall is not so good as a second. Most creatures lie up during the storm. The snow hides the tracks of those that do go forth, and some actually go into a cold sleep for a day or two after a heavy downfall. But a calm, mild night following a storm is sure to offer abundant and ideal

Starting point is 07:04:35 opportunity for beginning the study of the trail. How to learn. Here are some of the important facts to keep in view when you set forth to master the rudiments. First, no two animals leave the same trail, not only each kind but each individual, and each individual, at each stage of its life, leaves a trail as distinctive as the creature's appearance, and it is obvious that in that they differ among themselves, just as we do, because the young know their mothers, the mothers know their young, and the old ones know their maids, when scent is clearly out of the question. Another simple evidence of this is the well-known fact that no two human beings have the same

Starting point is 07:05:19 thumb-mark. All living creatures have corresponding peculiarities, and all use these parts in making the trail. Second. The trail was begun at the birthplace of that creature and ends only at its death-place. It may be recorded in visible track or perceptible odor. It may last but a few hours, and may be too faint even for an expert with present equipment to follow. But evidently the trail is made wherever the creature journeys afoot. Third, it varies with every important change of impulse, action or emotion.

Starting point is 07:05:58 Fourth, when we find a trail we may rest assured that if living, the creature that made it, it is at the other end. And if one can follow, it is only a question of time before coming up with that animal. And be sure of its direction before setting out, many a novice has lost much time by going backward on the trail. Fifth, in studying trails one must always keep probabilities in mind. Sometimes one kind of track looks much like another, then the question is, which is the likeliest in this place? If I saw a jaguar track, in India, I should know it was made by a leopard. If I found a leopard in Colorado, I should be sure I had found the mark of a cougar or mountain lion. A wolf track on Broadway would

Starting point is 07:06:46 doubtless be the doing of a very large dog, and a St. Bernard's footmark in the Rockies 20 miles from anywhere would most likely turn out to be the happen-soe imprint of a gray wolf's foot. To be sure of the marks done, one should know all the animals that belong to the neighborhood. these facts are well known to every hunter most savages are hunters and one of the early lessons of the indian boy is to know the tracks of the different beasts about him these are the letters of the old old writing a first try let us go forth into the woods in one of the northeastern states when there is a good tracking snow and learn a few of these letters of the wood alphabet two at least are sure to be seen the track of the Blarina and of the Deer Mouse. They are shown on the same scale in Figures 1 and 2, page 198. In Figure 3 is the track of the Meadow Mouse.

Starting point is 07:07:48 It is not unlike that of the Blarina because it walks, being a ground animal, while the deer mouse more often bounds. The delicate lace traceries of the masked shrew shown in figure 4 are almost invisible unless the sun below. They are difficult to draw and impossible to photograph or cast satisfactorily, but the sketch gives enough to recognize them by. The meadow mouse belongs to the rank grass in the lowland near the brook, and passing it toward the open running water,

Starting point is 07:08:19 we may see the curious track of the muskrat. Its five-toed hind foot, its four-toed front foot, and its long-keeled tail are plainly on record. When he goes slowly, the tail-mark is nearly slowly. straight. When he goes fast, it is wavy in proportion to his pace. Page 193. The musk rat is a valiant beast. He never dies without fighting to the last, but he is in dread of another Brooklyn creature whose tail is here, the mink.

Starting point is 07:08:50 Individual tracks of this animal are shown in number one, page 161. Here he was bounding. The four feet are together, the hind feet track ahead, and tail mark shows, and but four toes in each track, though the creature has five on each foot. He is a dreaded enemy of poor Molly Cotton Tail, and more than once I have seen the records of his relentless pursuit. One of these fits in admirably as an illustration of our present study. A Story of the Trail. It was the winter of 1900. I was standing with my brother, a businessman on Goat Island near Gara, when he remarked, How is it?

Starting point is 07:09:33 You and I have been in the same parts of America for 20 years. Yet I never see any of the curious sides of animal life that you are continually coming across. Largely because you do not study tracks, was the reply. Look at your feet now. There is a whole history to be read. I see some marks, he replied, that might have been made by some animal. That is the track of a cotton tail, was the answer. Now, let us read the chapter of his life.

Starting point is 07:10:02 See, he went in a general straight course as though making some well-known haunt. His easy pace with eight or ten inches between each set of tracks show an alarm. But see here, joining on is something else. So there is another cotton tail. Not at all. This new track is smaller, the forefeet are more or less paired, showing that the creature can climb a tree. There is a suggestion of tow pads

Starting point is 07:10:28 and there is a mark telling evidently of a long tail. These things combined with the size and the place identified clearly. This is the trail of a mink. See, he has also found the rabbit track and finding it fresh he followed it. His bounds are lengthened now, but the rabbits are not, showing that the latter was unconscious of the pursuit.

Starting point is 07:10:51 After 100 yards, the double-yard the double trail led us to a great pile of wood, and into this both went. Having followed his game into Den's cover, the trailer's first business was to make sure that he did not go out on the other side. We went carefully around the pile. There were no tracks leading out. Now, I said, if you will take the trouble to move that woodpile, you will find in it the remains of the rabbit half devoured and the mink himself. At this moment he is no doubt curled up asleep. As the pile was large and the conclusion more or less self-evident,

Starting point is 07:11:28 my brother was content to accept my reading of the episode. End of Section 25. Section 26 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Librivox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visitlibrivox.org. The Boy Scouts Handbook, by the The Boy Scouts of America

Starting point is 07:11:58 Tracks, Trailing and Signalling, Part 2 What about winter sleepers? Although so much is to be read in the wintry white, we cannot now make a full account of all the woodland forefuts, for there are some kinds that do not come out on the snow. They sleep more or less all winter. Thus one rarely sees the track of a chipmunk or woodchuck in truly wintery weather, and never, so far as I know, have the trails of jumping mouse or mud turtle been seen in the snow.

Starting point is 07:12:33 These we can track only in the mud or dust. Such trails cannot be followed as far as those in the snow, simply because the mud and dust do not cover the whole country, but they are usually as clear and in some respects more easy of record. How to make pictures of tracks. It is a most fascinating amusement to learn some creatures way of life by following its fresh track for hours in good snow. I never miss such a chance. If I cannot find a fresh track, I take a stale one, knowing that theoretically it is fresher at

Starting point is 07:13:08 every step, and from practical experience that it always brings one to some track that is fresh. How often I have wished for a perfect means of transferring these wild-life tales to paper or otherwise making a permanent collection. My earliest attempts were in freehand drawing, which answers, but has this great disadvantage, it is a translation, a wrecker discolored by an intervening personality, and the value of the result is likely to be limited

Starting point is 07:13:38 by one owns knowledge at the time. Casting in plaster was another means attempted, but not one track in ten thousand is fit to cast. Nearly all are blemished or imperfect in some way, and the most abundant, those in snow, cannot be cast at all. Then I tried spreading plastic wax where the beasts would walk on it, in pathways or before dens. How they did scoff!

Starting point is 07:14:04 The simplest ground squirrel knew too much to venture on my wax and sneer, around it, or if hemmed in, over it, with a mighty bound they went, but never attracted I so secure. Photography naturally suggested itself, but the difficulties proved as great as unexpected, almost as great as in casting. Not one track in 1000 is fit to photograph. The essential details are almost always left out. You must have opened sunlight, and even when the weather is perfect,

Starting point is 07:14:36 there are practically but two times each day when it is possible, in mid-morning and mid-afternoon, when the sun is high enough for clear photographs and low enough to cast a shadow in the faint track. The Coon that showed me how. Then a new method was suggested in an unexpected way. A friend of mine had a pet coon which he kept in a cage in his bachelor quarters uptown. One day during my friend's absence, the coon got loose and set about a series of long-deferred exploring expeditions, beginning with the bachelor's bedroom.

Starting point is 07:15:13 The first promising object was a writing desk. Mounting by a chair, the coon examined several uninteresting books and papers, and then noticed higher up a large stone bottle. He had several times found pleasurable stuff in bottles, so he went for it. The cork was lightly in and easily disposed of, but the smell was far from inviting, for it was merely a quarter of ink. Determined to leave no stone unturned, however, the coon upset the ink to taste and try. Alas!

Starting point is 07:15:47 It tasted even worse than it smelt. It was an utter failure as a beverage. And the coon, pushing it contemptuously away, turned to a pile of fine, handmade, decal-edge, heraldry note-paper, the pride of my friend's heart, and when he raised his inky little paws, there were left on the paper some beautiful black prints. This was a new idea.

Starting point is 07:16:10 The coon tried it again and again. But the ink held out longer than the paper, so that the fur-clad painter worked over sundry books and the adjoining walls while the ink dribbling over everything formed a great pool below the desk. Something attracted the artist's attention, causing him to jump down. He landed in the pool of ink, making it splash in all directions. Some of the black splotches reached the white counterpane of the bachelor's bed. Another happy idea, the coo now leaped on the bed, racing around as long as the ink on his feet, gave results.

Starting point is 07:16:47 As he paused to rest, or perhaps to see if any places had been neglected, the door opened, and in came the landlady. The scene which followed was too painful for description. No one present enjoyed it. My friend was sent for to come and take his coon out of there forever. He came and took him away, I suppose, forever. He had only one other place for him, his office. And there it was I made the animal's acquaintance,

Starting point is 07:17:15 and heard of his exploit. An ink and paper, if not the literary, affair. This gave me the hint at the zoo I needed, a plan to make an authentic record of animal tracks. Armed with printer's ink and paper rolls, I set about gathering a dictionary collection of imprints. After many failures and much experiment, better methods were devised.

Starting point is 07:17:41 A number of improvements were made by my wife, one was the substitution of black paint for printer's ink, as the latter dries too quickly. Another was the padding of the paper, which should be light and soft for very light animals, and stronger and harder for the heavy. Printing from a mouse, for example, is much like printing a delicate etching. Ink paper, dampness, etc. must be exactly right, and furthermore you have this handicap, you cannot regulate the pressure. This is, of course, strictly a zoo method.

Starting point is 07:18:13 All attempts to secure black prints from wild animals have been total failures. The paper, smell of paints, etc. are enough to keep the wild things away. In the zoo we spread the black pad and the white paper in a narrow temporary lane, and one by one drove or tried to drive the captives over them, securing a series of tracks that are life-size, properly spaced, absolutely authentic and capable of yielding more facts as the observer learns more about. the subject. As related here, all this sounds quite easy.

Starting point is 07:18:49 But no one has any idea how cross, crooked and contrary a creature can be until he wishes it to repeat for him some ordinary things that it has hitherto done hourly. Some of them walked at the paint, some at the paper, some made a leap to clear all and thereby wrecked the entire apparatus. Some would begin very well, but rush back when halfway over, so as to destroy the print already made, and in most cases the calmest, steadiest, tamest of beasts became utterly wild, erratic, and unmanageable when approached with trachological intent.

Starting point is 07:19:27 Trying it on the cat. Even domestic animals are difficult. A tame cat that was highly trained to do anything a cat could do was selected as promising for a black track study, and her owner's two boys volunteered to, to get all the cat tracks I needed. They put down a long roll of paper in a hall, painted Pussy's feet black, and proceeded to chase her up and down.

Starting point is 07:19:53 Her docility banished under the strain. She raced madly about, leaving long, useless splutches of black, then leaping to a fanlight, she escaped upstairs to take refuge among the snowy draperies, after which the boy's troubles began. Drawing is mostly used. are mere by-accidents and illustrate the many practical difficulties. After these had been conquered with patience and ingenuity, there could be no doubt of the value of the prints.

Starting point is 07:20:27 They are the best of records for size, spacing and detail, but fail in giving incidents of wildlife or the landscape surroundings. The drawings, as already seen, are best for a long series and for faint features. In fact, the drawings alone can give everything you can perceive, but they fail in authentic size and detail. Photography has this great advantage. It gives the surroundings, the essential landscape and setting, and therefore the local reason for any changes of action on the part of the animal.

Starting point is 07:21:00 Also the aesthetic beauties of its records are unique, and will help to keep the method in a high place. Thus, each of the three means may be successful. in a different way, and the best, most nearly perfect alphabet of the woods would include all three, and consist of a drawing, a pedoscript and a photograph of each track, and a trail, i.e. a single footprint, and the long series of each animal. My practice has been to use all whenever I could, but still I find freehand drawing is the one of the most practical application. When I get a photograph, I treasure it as an adjunct,

Starting point is 07:21:41 to the sketch. A story of the trail. To illustrate the relative value of records of sketch and photograph, I give a track that I drew from nature, but which could not at any place have been photographed. This was made in February 15, 1885, near Toronto. It is really a condensation of the facts, as the trail is shortened were uninteresting. Page 189, number two. At A, I found a round place about five times eight inches, where a cotton tail had crouched during

Starting point is 07:22:17 the light snowfall. At B he had leaped out and sat looking around. The small prints in front were made by his forefeet, the two long ones by his hind feet, and farther back is a little dimple made by the tail, showing that he was sitting on it. Something alarmed him, causing him to dart out at full speed towards C and D, and now a remarkable changes to be seen. The marks made by the front feet are behind the large marks made by the hind feet, because the rabbit overreaches each time. The hind feet track ahead of the front feet track. The faster he goes, the farther ahead those hind feet get. And what would happen

Starting point is 07:22:56 if he multiplied his speed by ten, I really cannot imagine. This overreach of the hind feet takes place in most bounding animals. Now the cotton tail began a series of the most extraordinary leaps and dodgings, as though trying to escape from some enemy. But what enemy? There were no other tracks. I began to think the rabbit was crazy, was flying from an imaginary foe, that possibly I was on the trail of a march here. But at G, I found for the first time some spots of blood.

Starting point is 07:23:30 This told me that the rabbit was in real danger, but gave no dew to its source. I wondered if a weasel were clinging to its neck. A few yards farther, at age, I found more blood. Twenty yards more, at I, for the first time on each side of the rabbit trail, were the obvious marks of a pair of broad, strong wings. Aha! Now I knew the mystery of the cotton tail running from the foe that left no track. He was pursued by an eagle, a hawk or an owl.

Starting point is 07:24:03 A few yards farther, and I found the remains of the cotton tail partly devoured. This put the eagle out of the question. An eagle would have carried the rabbit off boldly. A hawk or an owl then was the assassin. I looked for something to decide which, and close by the remains found the peculiar two-paired track of an owl. A hawk's track would have been as a k, while the owl nearly always sets its feet in the ground, with two toes forward and two toes back. But which owl? There were at least three in a key. in the valley that might be blamed. I looked for more proof and got it on the nearby sapling.

Starting point is 07:24:44 One small feather. Downy, as are all owl feathers, and bearing three broad bars, telling me plainly that a barred owl had been there lately, and that therefore he was almost certainly the slayer of the cotton-tail. As I visit myself making notes, what should come flying up the valley but the owl himself? Back to the very place of the crime, intent on completing his meal, no doubt.

Starting point is 07:25:10 He alighted on a branch ten feet above my head, and just over the rabbit remains, and sat there muttering in his throat. The proof in this case was purely circumstantial, but I think that we can come to only one conclusion, that the evidence of the track in the snow was complete, and convincing. Meadow Mouse The Meadow Mouse autograph illustrates the black track method.

Starting point is 07:25:35 At first these dots look inconsequent and fortuitous, but a careful examination shows that the creature had four toes with claws on the forefeet and five on the hind, which is evidence, though not conclusive, that it was a rodent. The absence of tail marks shows that the tail was short or wanting. The tubercules on each palm show to what group of mice the creature belongs. The alternation of the track shows that it was a ground animal, not a tree climber. The spacing shows the shortness of the legs. Their size determines the size of the creature. Thus we come near to reconstructing the animal from its tracks and see how, by the help of these studies,

Starting point is 07:26:18 we can get much light on the bigh-gone animals whose only monuments are the tracks in the sedimentary rocks about us, rocks that, when they received these imprints, were the muddy margin of these long-gone creatures' haunts. What the Trail gives the Secrets of the Woods There is yet another feature of trail study that gives it exceptional value It is an account of the creature pursuing its ordinary life If you succeed in getting a glimpse of a fox or a hair in the woods

Starting point is 07:26:52 The chances are a hundred to one that it was aware of your presence first They are much cleverer than we are at this sort of thing and if they do not actually sight or sense you, they observe and are warned by the action of some other creature that did sense us, and so seize their occupations to steal away or hide. But the snow story will tell of the life that the animal ordinarily leads, its method of searching for food, its kind of food, the help it gets from its friends, or sometimes from its rivals, and thus offers an insight into its home ways that is scarcely to be attained in any other way. The trailer has the key to a new storehouse of nature's secrets. Another of the

Starting point is 07:27:37 sibling books is open to his view. His fairy godmother has indeed conferred on him a wonderful gift in opening his eyes to the footwriting of the trail. It is like giving sight to the blind man, like the rolling away of fogs from a mountain view, and the trailer comes closer than others to the heart of the woods. Dowered with a precious power is he He drinks where others sipped And wild things write their lives for him In endless manuscript

Starting point is 07:28:09 End of section 26 Section 27 of the Boy Scouts Handbook This is a Librivox recording All Librivox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer Please visitlibrivox.org The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America Tracks Trailing and Signalling. Part 3

Starting point is 07:28:39 Horses Track NB. The large tracks represent the hind feet. Walking, trotting, canter, galloping. Lame horse walking. Which leg is he layman? These are the tracks of two birds on the ground. One lives generally on the ground, the other in trees and bushes. Which track belongs to which bird? From Sir Robert Baden Powell's book.

Starting point is 07:29:11 The American Moors Telegraph alphabet. Signals. Four. Start me. Five. Have you anything for me? Nine. Train order.

Starting point is 07:29:23 Or important military message. Give away. Thirteen. Do you understand? 25. Busy. 30. Circuit closed or closed station. 73. Accept compliments.

Starting point is 07:29:39 92. Delivered. Abbreviations. A.H.R. Another. A. N.S. Answer. C.K. Check. C.O.L. Collect. D.H. Dead head.

Starting point is 07:29:58 G.A. Go ahead. G. E. Good evening. G. M. Good morning. G. N. Good night. G. R. Government rate. N. M. No more. M.I.N.

Starting point is 07:30:17 Wait a moment. O.B. Official business. Okay. All right. OPR. Operator. P.D. Paid. QK, Quick, S-I-G, signature. Rememberable Morse or Remorse alphabet.

Starting point is 07:30:41 By this method, it is possible to learn the Morse alphabet in less than an hour. From A to B in both figures illustrates method of making a dot. A complete swing from A to C in both figures indicates method of making a dash. Whig-Wag or Mayor Code Instructions for using the system The whole number opposite each letter or numeral stands for that letter or numeral Convenient signals

Starting point is 07:31:13 End of word 3 Wait a moment 1-1-1-1-3 End of sentence 3-3 Repeat after Parenthesis word End of parenthesis

Starting point is 07:31:27 1-21-1-1-2-1-3-2-3. Word. End of message, 333. X-X-3. Numerals follow or numerals end. Repeat last word. 1-21-1-21-33. Repeat last message.

Starting point is 07:31:47 1-1-1-21-33-3. Sig-3. Signature follows. Error. 1-2-1-2-2-3. 3. Move a little to right. 211.213. Acknowledgement or I understand. 2.223. Move a little to left. 221. 2.21. 3.

Starting point is 07:32:15 Cease signaling 2.222-2-33. Signal faster. 2-2-12-3. Abbreviations A after B before C can H have N not

Starting point is 07:32:35 R R T the U U U You are your W word W I with Y yes

Starting point is 07:32:48 Rememberable Meyer code The elements A thick and a thin i.e. 2 and 1. To signal with flag or torch wigwag. There is but one position and three motions. The first motion is with a flag or other appliance held vertically, the signal man facing squarely toward the station with which it is desired to communicate.

Starting point is 07:33:13 The first motion, one or one, is to the right of the center and will embrace an arc of 90 degrees, starting with a vertical and returning to it, and will be made in a plane at right angle to the line connecting the two stations. The second motion, two or two, is a similar motion to the left of the sender. The third motion, front, three or three, is downward, directly in front of the center and instantly returned upward to the first position. Numbers which occur in the body of a message must be spelled out in full. Numerals may be used in signaling between stations having naval bookings,

Starting point is 07:33:53 using the code calls. To break or stop the signals from the sending station, make with a flag or other signal 1-2-1-2-1-2 continuously. To send a message. To call a station, signal its letter until acknowledged. If the call letter be not known, signal E until acknowledged. To acknowledge a call signal I understand, followed by the call letter of the acknowledging station.

Starting point is 07:34:23 Make a slight pause after each letter and also after front. If the sender discovers that he has made an error, he should make three, followed by 1-2-1-2-3, after which he begins the word in which the error occurred. The semaphore signal code. The scout may learn the correct angles at which to hold the flags from the diagram. The easiest method of learning the alphabet is by grouping the various letters together. as follow. For all the letters from A to G, one arm only is used, making a quarter of a circle for each letter in succession. The letters from H to N, except J, the right arm stands at A, while the left

Starting point is 07:35:08 moves round the circle for the other letters. For O to S, the right arm stands at B, the left arm moves around us before. For T, UY and the anole, the right arm stands at C, the left moving to the next point of the circle successively. The numerical sign J, or alphabetical sign, and V, the right arm stands at position for letter D, the left arm only being moved. W and X, the left arm stands at position for letter E, the right in this case moving down 45 degrees to show letter X. For the letter Z, the left arm stands at position G. The right arm crosses the breast, taking the position F. The letters A to I also stand for the figures 1 to 9, K standing for 0.

Starting point is 07:36:02 If you make the numerical sign to show that you're going to send numbers, followed by the alphabetical sign J when the figures are finished. They will be checked by being repeated back by the receiving station. Should figures be wrongly repeated by the receiving station, the sending station will send the an all sign, which is answered by the same sign, and then send the group of figures again. The sender must always face the station to which he is sending. On a word failing to make sense, the writer down will say, no, when the reader will at once stop the sending station by raising both arms horizontally to their full extent, letter R.

Starting point is 07:36:43 This demand for repetition the sending station will acknowledge by making J. The signaler receiving the message will then send the last word he has read correctly, upon which the sender will continue the message from that word. Whistle signs 1. 1.1 long blast means silence, alert, look out for my next signal, also approaching a station. 2. 2 short blasts mean, all right.

Starting point is 07:37:14 3. A succession of long, slow blasts mean Go out, get farther away, or advance, extend, scatter. 4. A succession of short, sharp blasts means rally, close in, come together, fall in,

Starting point is 07:37:31 danger, alarm. 5. 3 short blasts followed by one long one from Scoutmaster, calls up the patrol leaders, i.e. leaders, come here. Any whistle signal must be instantly obeyed at the double, as fast as you can run, no matter what other job you may be doing at the time.

Starting point is 07:37:56 Hand or flag signals. Hand signals, which can also be made by patrol leaders with their patrol flags when necessary. Hand waved several times across the face from side to side or flag waved horizontally from side to side opposite the face means, no, never mind, as you were. Flag held high and waved as though pushing forward at full extent of arm or whistle a succession of slow blasts means extend, go farther out, scatter. Hand or flag held high and waved rapidly from side to side at full extent of arm, or a succession of short quick blasts on the whistle, means close in, rally, come here,

Starting point is 07:38:37 danger, cattle on track. Hand or flag pointing in any direction means, go in that direction. Clenched hand or flag jumping rapidly up and down several times means, hurry, run. The movement, pushing or beckoning, indicates whether hurry here or hurry there. Hand or flag held straight up overhead, palm forward means stop, halt. When a leader is shouting in order or message to a scout who is some way off,

Starting point is 07:39:08 the scout, if he hears what is being said, should hold up his hand level with his head all the time. If he cannot hear, he should stand still making no sign. The leader will then repeat louder or beckon to the scout to come in nearer. The following signals are made by a scout with his staff when he is sent out to reconnoiter within sight of his patrol, and they have the following meaning. Staff held up horizontally, that is, level, with both hands above the head means, I have found. The same, out with staff moved up and down slowly means, I have found, but a long way off. The same, staff moved up and down rapidly means, I have found and closed by. The staff held straight up over the head means, nothing in sight. Indian signs and blazes,

Starting point is 07:39:59 shaking a blanket, I want to talk to you, holding up a tree branch, I want to make peace. Hold up a weapon means war. I am ready to fight. Hold up a pole horizontally with hands on it. I have found something. This is Good Water. Good water not far in this direction. A long way to Good Water, go in direction of arrow.

Starting point is 07:40:27 We camped here because one of us was sick. War or trouble about. Peace. Road to be followed. letter hidden three paces from here in the direction of arrow this path not to be followed i have gone home wireless telegraphy the boy scout wireless club y mca newark n j the following directions are given for an up-to-date wireless apparatus for stationary use in the home or at the meeting place of each patrol we will consider the the receiving apparatus first. The first thing to do is to build an aerial.

Starting point is 07:41:17 First find out how long your location will allow you to build it, and how high. It ought to be at least 50 to 60 feet high and about 70 to 100 feet long. The main point in building an aerial is to have it well insulated from the ground, in all connections in wire perfectly solid. It is advisable to soldier every connection and to make your aerial strong, as it has a great deal to do with the working qualities of the station. After this is completed, the inside work on instruments should begin. 1. A pair of watch case receivers having a resistance of 1,000 oms each,

Starting point is 07:41:58 manufactured by a reliable firm. 2. A loose coupler tuning coil of about 800 meters. 3. 1.1 of Mordox metal detectors. or one of similar design. 4. A variable condenser of about 5 to 10 plates. 5. A fixed condenser is so arranged

Starting point is 07:42:22 that its capacity can be changed if desired. With these instruments, the receiving set is complete, so we next take up the sending apparatus. 1. A 2-inch induction coil. 2. A heavy spark gap. Sink preferable. 3.

Starting point is 07:42:42 1 wireless key with heavy. contacts. Four, a plate condenser which can be easily made by any scout. Good glass is the main point. Five, a triple pole, double-throw aerial switch can be made by scouts. Now you have everything necessary to go ahead and assemble your station. The next thing is to connect them up. Above is a diagram, which will make a good station for a scout. This station, if the arrow is of the proper height, is capable of sending messages from 8 to 10 miles. The receiving set. Perhaps the most fundamentally important part of a wireless telegraph station is the aerial.

Starting point is 07:43:26 The construction varies with each station, but a few general suggestions may be of use. The builder should aim to get as high and as long an aerial as possible, height being the more important factor. In a stationary set, the aerial may be fastened to a tree or pole. pole or high building, while in a field set a tree or an easily portable pole, must be used. The aerial itself should be made of copper wire, and should be hung between spreaders as long as convenient and insulated from them by two cleat insulators in series at each end. The experimenter should see that his leading in wire is placed conveniently and comes in contact

Starting point is 07:44:11 with the walls, etc., as little as possible. All points of contact must be well insulated with glass, porcelain or hard rubber. The tuning coil is very simple in construction. A cardboard tube, about three inches in diameter, is mounted between two square heads. This tube is wound with No. 24 insulated copper wire and very well shattlaced to avoid loosening of the wire. Two pieces of one-quarter-inch square brass rod to be fastened between the heads are secured, and a slider, as shown in drawing, is made. The rods are fastened on the heads and insulation in the path of the sliders is then well scraped off.

Starting point is 07:44:57 Binding posts are then fastened to the rods and coil ends. The detector, although the most important of the instruments, is perhaps the simplest. It is constructed of a hardwood base with a small brass plate fastened on by means of a binding post. On the other end of the base is fastened a double binding post which holds a brass spring as in the drawing. On the end of this spring is fastened a copper point made by winding a few inches of number 36 or 40 wire on it and allowing about 3.16th 7 inch to project. This completes the detector, but for use of a few inches of a number 36th of a wire on it, and allowing about 316th of an inch to project. detector, but for use in this instrument, lead sulfide or galena crystals must be secured.

Starting point is 07:45:44 The condenser is made of two pieces of tin foil, four by ten, and three pieces of waxed paper a little larger than the foil. A piece of wire is twisted into the end of each piece of foil, and then one sheet of foil is laid on a sheet of paper. This is then covered by another sheet of paper upon which is laid the second sheet of foil. On top of this is laid the third sheet of paper and the whole is folded into a convenient bundle. The sheets of foil must be well insulated from each other and the wires must project from the condenser.

Starting point is 07:46:17 The ground connection is made by soldering a wire to a cold water pipe. In the case of a portable set, the ground may be made by driving a metal rod into the ground or a sinking metal netting into a body of water. The telephone receivers cannot well be made and must therefore be bought. The type of phones used will therefore depend entirely on the builder's purse. The sending set The same aerial and ground are used for sending as were used for receiving

Starting point is 07:46:51 and for the experimenter it will be far cheaper to buy a spark coil for his sending set than to attempt to make one. For a field set there will be very little need of a sending helix as close tuning will be hardly possible, but for the stationary set this is very useful. A helix is made by building a drum with square heads fastened together by six or eight uprights, arranged on the circumference of a circle. On this then are wound ten or twelve turns of number ten or twelve, brass or copper wire.

Starting point is 07:47:27 Binding posts are fastened to the ends of the wire and variable contact made on the turns by means of metal. spring clips. The spark gap is made of a hardwood base with two uprights to which are fastened strips of brass. Under these strips are placed two pieces of battery zincs so as to make the gap between their ends variable. Binding posts are fastened to the strips for contact. The sending condenser is the same as a receiving in construction, but different in material. The day electric is glass while the conducting surfaces are tinfoil, arranged in a pile of alternate sheets of glass and foil. The foil is shaped as in drawing, and alternate sheets have their lugs projecting on

Starting point is 07:48:13 opposite sides, all lugs on the same side being connected together. For a one-inch coil, but a few of these plates are needed, but for higher power a greater number are necessary. All that now remains is the setting up of the instrument. They are arranged as in the drawing, a double point, double-throw switch being used to switch from sending to receiving. After having connected up the receiving instruments, the receiver is placed at the ear, and the point of the detector placed on the various parts of the mineral until the signals are clearly heard. Then the tuning coil is adjusted until the signals are loudest. The sending apparatus is set up, the key and batteries having been bought or made, and used, used to call some other station. The clip is put on various twins of the helix until the other station

Starting point is 07:49:06 signals that the signals are loudest. The station is then ready for actual operation. End of Section 27. Section 28 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is the Librevox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librevox.org. Recording by Leo Mann. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 28. Health and Endurance. Part 1

Starting point is 07:49:42 Chapter 5. Health and Endurance. George J. Fisher, M.D., Secretary, Physical Department International Committee, Young Men's Christian Association. Fitness Two things greatly affect the conditions under which a boy lives in these days. One is that he lives indoors for the greater part of the time, and the other is that he must attend school, which is pretty largely a matter of sitting still.

Starting point is 07:50:05 Two things, therefore, are needs of every boy, outdoor experience, and physical activity. To secure endurance, physical power, physical courage, and skill, the first thing needful is to take stock of one's physical makeup, then put the body in the best possible condition for doing its work and then keep it in good order. Proper carriage. Head up, chin in, chest out, and shoulders back is a good slogan for a Boy Scout who

Starting point is 07:50:28 desires an erect figure. One can scarcely think of a round-shouldered scout, yet there are such among the boys who desire to be scouts. There is no particular exercise that a boy can take to cure round shoulders. The thing to remember is that all exercise that is taken should be done in the erect position. Then the muscles will hold the body there. An erect body means a deeper chest, room for the important organs to work, and thus affords them the best chance to act.

Starting point is 07:50:53 A few setting up exercises each day in the erect position will help greatly to get this result. Illustration. Exercise one. Position. Heels together, arms down and at sides. palms in movement swing arms sideways upward to vertical and return illustration exercise two same as exercise one except that arms are swung forward upward to vertical illustration exercise three position arms extended to side horizontal movement swing forward and return emphasis upon backward movement illustration exercise four position arms at side horizontal back slightly arched movement circle arms

Starting point is 07:51:40 backward setting up exercises illustration exercise five position forearms flexed at side of chest movement thrust arms forward and return illustration exercise six position arms at front horizontal forearms flexed fingers on shoulders movement swing backward to side horizontal in position illustration exercise seven position same as exercise six movement swing downward forward bringing arms beyond sides of body rise on toes with the end of backward swing illustration exercise 8a position arms at vertical thumbs locked head fixed between arms illustration exercise eight b movement bend forward as far as possible without bending knees and return setting up exercises illustration exercise nine position arms at vertical repeat exercise eight b illustration exercise nine b movement arm circle downward inward across chest reverse the movement illustration exercise ten position arms on hip hips. Movement, forward bend. Illustration, exercise 11. Position, same as exercise 10. Movement, backward bend.

Starting point is 07:53:08 Illustration, exercise 12. Position, same as exercise 10. Movement, sideward bend, right and left. Setting up exercises. Illustration, exercise 13. Movement, same as exercise 10. Movement, rotate body of waist. illustration exercise 14 position same as exercise 10 movement raise high on toes hold shoulders back firmly illustration exercise 15 position same as exercise 10 movement full knee bend setting up exercises growth the chief business of a boy is to grow he may have other affairs but this is his chief concern he should therefore have a few simple rules for living and make them a part of his daily life outdoor exercises each day should have its outdoor exercises walking is a splendid form of exercise walk to school or business don't ride unless absolutely necessary because of unusual distance walk with a good swinging stride with chest well up and spine fairly straight slow running across country is great it lacks strain and yet affords splendid stimulation to heart and lungs cross-country running and hiking should be favorite sport for scout patrols and troops a boy ought to have at least two hours to sport daily and some good vigorous game such as baseball or tennis and if he can possibly afford it at least two periods a week of an hour each in a gymnasium where he can receive guidance in body-building boys under sixteen should avoid exercise of strain such as weightlifting or sprint running over one hundred yards or long-distance racing they should have careful guidance in all gymnastic work work on apparatus may prove harmful unless of the right sort

Starting point is 07:54:56 the horse and parallel bars should be used largely to jump over rather than perform upon exercises demanding a sustained support of the body with the arms are not helpful but may be harmful the chief activity should be of the legs to strengthen heart and lungs a boy should be careful not to overdo in his excitement to win in a contest he is likely to do this unless cautioned a boy should never try to reduce his weight now that there are weight classes in sports for boys there is a temptation to do this and it may prove very serious severe training for athletics should be avoided all training should be in moderation medical examinations every boy ought to have as he takes up his boy scout work a thorough medical examination some physician who is interested in boys will be willing to act as examiner for patrol or troop a boy should know the condition of his heart and lungs before entering any contest if he has any defect in his breathing apparatus nose throat or lungs these should be attended to or they will seriously interfere with his endurance test baths besides exercises a boy should have simple workable rules for living a boy ought to take a good soap bath at least twice a week and always after he has played a hard game or performed work of a nature that has caused him to perspire freely. Each morning a quick sponge bath should be the first order of the day, in water as cool as he can stand it, followed by a good rub with a coarse towel. If there's a feeling of warmth after the bath, it is helpful. If not,

Starting point is 07:56:26 the water should be sotly warm or only a portion of the body should be bathed at a time. Pain. One thing that should be regarded seriously is pain in any form in any part of the body. If there is a dull headache frequently, find out what causes it. it. Pain in the knee, the arch of the foot, or at any point should be taken seriously. Pain means something wrong. It may be brave to bear it, but it is not wise. It may mean something serious. Remember that pain felt in one part of the body may be the result of something wrong in another part. See a wise doctor about it. Eating. And now in reference to what one shall eat. The average boy ought to have and usually does have an appetite like an ostrich.

Starting point is 07:57:08 Three points to remember are, don't eat too much. Most healthy boys do. Don't eat meat more than once a day. And third, don't eat anything that you always taste for several hours after you have eaten it, even though you like it. Digestion. The fact that you taste it is an indication that your stomach is having a wrestling match with the food.

Starting point is 07:57:28 Some people can't digest onions. Others thrive upon them. Some can't eat cucumbers. Others can do so readily. The one must give them up. The other can continue to eat them. person has some peculiarity of diet and must observe it to be happy many a race has been lost through failure to obey this rule a simple diet is best most boys eat too much of a mixed nature they mix pickles soda water frankfurters and chocolate without fear or favor no wonder there is so much stomachache in boys camp the chief trouble is indigestion caused by this riot of eating such boys are laying up for themselves for the future some beautiful headaches in bilious attacks which

Starting point is 07:58:09 when they become chronic later or cry out against them and seriously impair their value don't eat when very tired lie down a while and get rested don't eat heavily before exercising or better put it the other way around don't exercise immediately after eating never eat when excited or angry and very lightly when worried or when expecting to study hard we should learn to eat slowly and chew the food thoroughly remembering that all food before it can be taken up in the blood must be as thin as pea soup chewing well will help the digestive organs greatly always wash the hands before eating be careful about eating food that has been exposed to the dust unless it has been washed drink freely never use the public drinking cup without thoroughly rinsing it don't touch your lips to the rim of the cup boys who cook their own meals when in camp should be careful to have their food well done half-baked and soggy food proves indigestible coffee and tea should a boy drink coffee or tea this is a boy drink coffee or tea this is a good This is a question often asked by boys. Coffee and tea are the greatest stimulants known. Does a strong boy need a stimulant? What is a stimulant and what does it do?

Starting point is 07:59:18 A stimulant is a whip, making the body do more at a given time than it ordinarily would. It doesn't add any fiber to their tissues, doesn't add any strength, isn't a food, but merely gets more out of the tissues or nervous system than they would ordinarily yield. Of course there is a reaction, because the tissues have nothing to feed on. Herbert Fisher says that Perry's men, who drank lots of tea on their voyage north, during the most trying time of their trip, showed it in their haggard faces and loss of tissue. Their own tissues had turned cannibal and fed on their own material. Stimulants are not foods.

Starting point is 07:59:52 They add no strength to the body. They exact of the body what ought not to be exacted of it. There is always a reaction, and one is always worse off as a result. Growing boys especially should have nothing to do with tea, coffee, or any stimulant. and tobacco alcohol is not a stimulant but is really a narcotic that is very depressing it dulls rather than stimulates the same is true of nicotine and tobacco no growing boys should use either the first athletes to drop out of a race are usually drinkers and all trainers know that smoking is bad for the wind constipation those boys who find their digestion sluggish and are troubled

Starting point is 08:00:30 with constipation may find the following plan helpful in overcoming the condition drink a cool copious draft of water upon a rising. Then take some body-bending exercises. Follow this with the sponge bath. Then, if possible, take a walk around the block before breakfast. After school, play some favorite game for at least an hour. In the absence of this, take a good hike of three or four miles or a longer bicycle ride. At least twice a week, if possible, enter gymnasium class and make special emphasis of body-bending exercises. Have a regular time for going to stool. A good plan is to go just before retiring and immediately upon arising. Go even though you feel no desire to do so. A regular habit may be established by this method. Always respond quickly to any call of nature.

Starting point is 08:01:18 Toasted bread and grand bread and the coarser foods and fruit will be found helpful. The teeth. Closely related to the matter of eating is the proper care of the teeth. Perhaps, without care, the mouth is the filthiest cavity of the body. We spend a great deal of energy trying to keep food clean and water pure. But what is the use if we place them in a dirty cavity as they enter the body? Full 90% of the children examine in our schools have decayed and dirty teeth. These decayed teeth provide cavities in which food particles decay and germs grow, and through which poisons are absorbed. These conditions need not exist. Now, just a few suggestions about the care of the teeth. Every boy should own his own toothbrush. The teeth should be scrubbed

Starting point is 08:02:02 at least twice at eight. At night, they should receive most careful cleansing, using a good toothpaste or powder. Then again in the morning, they should be rinsed, at which time simply clean water is sufficient. Time should be taken in the cleansing of the teeth. The gums should be included in the scrubbing, as this acts as a good stimulant to the circulation of the blood to the teeth. Not only should the teeth be brushed with a backward and forward stroke, as we ordinarily do, but also upward and downward the length of the teeth. In addition to the scrubbing, particles of food which are lodged between the teeth should be removed after meals, or at least after the last meal of the day. This is most safely done by the use of a thread of a fair

Starting point is 08:02:42 degree of thickness. Dentists and druggist furnish this thread in spools. Hard toothpicks often cause bleeding and detached feelings. A dentist should be visited once every six months so as to detect decay immediately. Never have a tooth pulled unless absolutely necessary. End of Section 28. Health and Endurance, Part 1. Section 29 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librevox.org.

Starting point is 08:03:22 Recording by Leo Mann. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 29, Health and Endurance, Part 2. Care of the Eyes Most trouble with the eyes come from eye-stoules. strain. Steyes and red lids are usually due to this cause. See how foolish, therefore, it is to treat these conditions as causes when really they are only the result of something else. Of course, there are exceptions. Sometimes wild hairs and skin disease affect the eyes.

Starting point is 08:03:54 Eye strain should be removed by wearing well-fitting glasses, and then these other conditions will disappear. If constant headache is experienced, where the eyes itch or become tired easily, there is possibly eye strain. One way to test the eyes for vision. Place the following letters 15 feet from you. If you could not read them clearly with both eyes and with each eye separately, consult a first-class oculist. First row of letters. C, L, V, F, O, T.

Starting point is 08:04:28 Second row of letters. E, A, C, F, D, D, L, O, T. t third row of letters d v c l a e o t f f never buy eyeglasses unless fitted by an expert such glasses should be worn in proper relation to the eyes they should not be permitted to slide forward on the nose or tilt they may need to be changed often as the eyes grow better for reading a good steady light is needed never sit in front of a window facing it to read always have the light come from the rear and over the left shoulder preferably the book should be held on a level with the face and not too close sit erect reading when lying down or from the light of a fireplace is unwise care of the ears affections of the ears are exceedingly serious and may lead to grave results any trouble with them should be given very prompt attention and a good specialist consulted. Pain in the ear, or ringing or hissing sounds, and particularly any discharge from the ear, should not be neglected. Any sign of deafness must be heated. Sometimes

Starting point is 08:05:47 deafness occurs in reference to some particular sounds while hearing is normal to others. No matter what the degree of deafness may be, do not neglect to see a physician about it. Ordinarily, the tick of a watch can be heard at a distance of 30 inches. If you cannot hear it at that distance, and can hear it at say 15 inches, then you are just one half from the normal in your hearing. The test should be made with one ear closed. Ear troubles are often caused by sticking foreign objects in the ear, such as hairpins, pins, matches, toothpicks, and lead pencils. Never pick the ear with anything.

Starting point is 08:06:23 Often the eardrum is pierced in this way. The normal ear does not require anything more than the usual cleansing with the wash rag over the end of the finger. If wax to any extent accumulates in the ear, it should be removed by syringing, but ought to be done by a physician. In camp, an insect might crawl into the ear, and if alive, cause pain. Putting oil or other fluids in the ear to drown it is unwise. If a foreign body should get in the ear, it should not cause great alarm unless attended with severe pain. If a physician is not available at once, such objects may remain for a day or two without serious results. Surringing usually removes them.

Starting point is 08:07:01 but it should be remembered that some objects like peas or beans swell if made wet in swimming water is apt to get into the ear and cause annoyance a rubber ear-stop can be secured and placed in the ear at the time of swimming thus keeping the water out cotton should not be stuffed into the ear to keep water out as it may get inside one thing to keep in mind is that catarr of the nose and throat often extends into the ear passages through a tube which reaches from the throat to the ear and that syringing of the nose and throat throat frequently causes trouble in the ear. Care of the nose and throat. Always breathe through the nose. Air passing through the nose is warmed and moistened and cleansed, thus it gets to the lungs in a better condition. If you cannot breathe clearly through the nose, have it examined.

Starting point is 08:07:49 There may be a growth present which needs to be removed. To become a good runner, this is important. Adenoids, which are growths far back in the mouth, often interfere with nose breathing and are serious in other ways. Don't stick anything in the nose, and nose-picking is not cleanly. If crest form in the nose, use a little vaseline to soften them. Don't blow the nose too vigorously. It may cause trouble.

Starting point is 08:08:13 Frequent sore throat may be due to enlarged tonsils, which either need treatment or removal. To one who has frequent coals in the head, the out-of-door life and morning sponge bath and moderate eating will be of help. Care of the feet. This is an important matter with scouts. as they will make frequent hikes and tramps the first thing to do is to walk right the straight foot is the normal foot the normal foot is broad at the ball with space between the toes how different from the awful feet we see with toes twisted upon each other and crowded together walk with feet pointing straight forward the feet that turn outward are weak feet shoes therefore should be straight on the inner border broad across the ball and have a low broad heel the shoe adopted by the scout movement is a good design When a foot is normal, the inner border does not touch the floor.

Starting point is 08:09:04 By wetting the foot, one can see readily whether he is flat-footed by the imprint made. The following exercises are good to strengthen the arches of the foot, if there is a tendency to flat feet. 1. Turn toes in, raise the heels, and come down slowly on the outer borders of the feet. 2. Walk with heels raised and toes pointing inward, or walk on the outer borders of the foot. inner borders turned up. Shoes should fit the feet comfortably. Tight shoes or shoes to fit loosely would cause calluses or corns. The way to get rid of these is to remove the calls, namely the bad-fitting shoes.

Starting point is 08:09:41 Soft corns are due to pressure between the toes. The toes in such cases should be kept apart with cotton. Pointed shoes should be avoided. Patent leather shoes are non-porous and hot. Ingrown toenails are exceedingly painful. The pain comes from the nail piercing the soft parts. Allowing the nail to grow long and beyond the point of the tender spot will help, and on the side of the nail and under it, cotton should be inserted to protect the soft parts.

Starting point is 08:10:08 Hot foot baths will generally relieve tired feet. Boys should be very careful in trimming corns for fear of blood poisoning. Never buy plates at a store for flat feet. They may not be adapted to your needs. Always can sell the foot specialist for treatment and buy plates if needed on his or order. Only severe cases need plates. Many boys are troubled with perspiring feet and are frequently annoyed by the odor resulting. Those who are thus troubled should once the feet often and carefully, especially between the toes. By dusting the feet with boric acid, the odor will disappear.

Starting point is 08:10:44 At first it may be necessary to change the stockings daily. In severe cases, two pairs of shoes should be used, changing alternately. Care up the fingernails the chief thing in the care of the fingernails is to keep them clean each boy should possess and use a nail brush always wants the hands thoroughly before eating and use the end of a nail file to remove the accumulation still remaining under the nails keep the nails properly trimmed they should not be too long nor too short if long they are liable to break and if short to be sensitive biting the nails is a filthy practice and mutilates the fingers dreadfully and makes them unsubing slightly. It is a very hard habit to overcome off-times and will require persistent effort in order to succeed. By keeping the nails smooth, the tendency to bite them will to some extent be overcome. A bitter application to the nails will often remind one of the habit, as often the biting is done unconsciously. The nails should never be paired with a knife. A curved pair of scissors is best

Starting point is 08:11:47 as the cutting should be done in a curved direction, but the best method is to use the file. The Skin overhanging the nails should be pressed back once a week to keep them shapely. Rubbing the nails with a nail buffer or cloth will keep them polished. Sleep. One thing a growing boy wants to be long on is sleep, and yet he is most apt to be careless about it. It is during sleep that a boy grows most and catches up. During his waking hours, he tears down and burns up more tissue than he builds. Good, sound, and sufficient sleep is essential to growth, strength, and endurance.

Starting point is 08:12:22 a boy scout should have at least nine or ten hours sleep out of every twenty-four if you lose out on this amount on one day make it up the next whenever unusually tired or when you feel out of trim stay in bed a few hours more if it is possible a boy should wake up each morning feeling like a fighting cock when he doesn't he ought to get to bed earlier that night sleep is a wonderful restorative and tonic it helps to store up energy and conserve strength sleeping out of doors the conditions under which one sleeps are as important as the length of time one sleeps many people are finding it wonderfully helpful and invigorating to sleep out of doors often a back porch can be arranged or in summer a tent can be pitched in the yard but by all means the sleeping-room should be well ventilated windows should be thrown wide open avoid drafts if the bed is in such a relation to the windows as to cause the wind to blow directly on it a screen can be used to be used to be thrown wide open avoid drafts if the bed is in such a relation to the windows as to cause the wind to blow directly on it a screen can be used to divert it where a sheet hung up as protection. Good, fresh, cool air is a splendid tonic. In winter, open windows are a splendid preparation for camping out in the summer. Conservation. In this chapter, much has been said of the active measures which a boy should take in order to become strong and well. We should be equally concerned in saving and storing

Starting point is 08:13:42 up natural forces we already have. In the body of every boy who has reached his teens, the creator of the universe has shown a very important fluid. This fluid is the most wonderful material in all the physical world. Some parts of it find their way into the blood, and through the blood give tone to the muscles, power to the brain, and strength to the nerves. This fluid is the sex fluid. When this fluid appears in a boy's body,

Starting point is 08:14:07 it works a wonderful change in him. His chest deepens, his shoulders broaden, his voice changes, his ideals are changed and enlarged. It gives him the capacity for, for deep feeling for rich emotion pity the boy therefore who has wrong ideas of this important function because they will lower his ideals of life these organs actually secrete into the blood material that makes a boy manly strong and noble any habit which a boy has that causes this fluid to be discharged from the body tends to weaken his strength to make him less able to resist disease and often unfortunately fastens upon him habits which later in life he cannot break even several years before this fluid appears in the body, such habits are harmful to a growing boy.

Starting point is 08:14:52 To become strong, therefore, one must be pure in thought and clean and habit. This power which I have spoken of must be conserved, because this sex function is so deep and strong that there will come times when temptation to wrong habits will be very powerful. But remember, that to yield means to sacrifice strength and power and manliness. For boys who desire to know more of this subject, we would suggest to, This is splendid book by Dr. Winfred S. Hall, entitled From Youth Into Manhood. Every boy in this teens who wants to know the secret of strength, power, and endurance, should read this book. End of Section 29, Health and Endurance, Part 2.

Starting point is 08:15:40 Section 30 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Librevox recording. All Librevox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. According by Oxenhandler, the Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Chapter 6. Chivalry By John L. Alexander, Boy Scouts of America.

Starting point is 08:16:04 Ancient knighthood. A little over 1,500 years ago, the great order of knighthood and chivalry was founded. The reason for this was the feeling on the part of the best men of that day that it was the duty of the stronger to help the weak. These were the days when might was right and the man with the strongest arm did as he pleased. often oppressing the poor and riding roughshod without any regard over the feelings and affections of others. In revolt against this, they're sprang up all over Europe a noble and useful order of men who called themselves knights. Among these great-hearted men were Arthur, Gareth, Lancelot, Bedivir, and Alfred the Great. The desire of these men was, quote, to live pure, speak true, right, wrong, follow the king, unquote.

Starting point is 08:16:49 Of course, in these days, there are also living. men who called themselves knights, but who had none of the desire for service that inspired Arthur and the others. These false knights, who cared for no one but themselves, and their own pleasure, often brought great sorrow to the common people. Chivalry, then, was a revolt against their brutal acts and ignorance and a protest against the continuation of the idea that might was right. Nowhere in all the stories that have come down to us have the acts of chivalry been so well told as in the tales of the round table. Here it was that King Arthur gathered about him men like Sir Bors, Sir Gawain, Sir Pellius, Sir

Starting point is 08:17:29 Geraint, Sir Tristram, Sir Lancelot, and Sir Galahad. These men, moved by the desire of giving themselves in service, cleared the forests of wild animals, suppressed the robber barons, punished the outlaws, bullies, and thieves of their day, enforced wherever they went a proper respect for women. It was for this great service that they trained themselves, passing to the degree of Page, Esquire, and Knight, with all the hard work that each of these meant in order that they might the better do their duty to their God and country. Struggles for Freedom. Of course, this struggle of right against wrong was not confined to the days in which chivalry was born. The founding of the Order of Nighthood was merely the

Starting point is 08:18:13 beginning of the age-long struggle to make right the ruling thought of life. Long after knighthood had passed away, the struggle continued. In the birth of the modern nations, England, Germany, France, and others, there was the distinct feeling on the part of the best men of these nations that might should and must give way to right, and that tyranny must yield to the spirit of freedom. The great struggle of the English barons under King John and the wrestling from the king of the Magna Carta, which became the basis of English liberty, was merely. merely another development of the idea for which chivalry stood. The protest of the French Revolution and the terrible doings of the common people in these days,

Starting point is 08:18:51 although wicked and brutal in method, were symptoms of the same revolt against oppression. The Pilgrim Fathers Founded the American Colonies, the work of Arthur and Alfred and the other great men of ancient days was renewed and extended and fitted to the new conditions and times. With the English settlements of Raleigh and Captain John Smith, we might almost say that, A new race of men was born and a new kind of night was developed. All over America an idea made itself felt that in the eyes of the law every man should be considered just as good as every other man, and that every man ought to have a fair

Starting point is 08:19:26 and square chance at all the good things that were to be had in a land of plenty. It was this spirit that compelled the colonists to seek their independence and that found its way into our Declaration of Independence as follows. We hold these truths to be self-evident. that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The fight of the colonists was the old-time fight of the knights against the oppression and injustice and the might that dared to call itself right.

Starting point is 08:20:02 American pioneers. No set of men, however, showed this spirit of chivalry more than our pioneers beyond the Alleghenies. In their work and service, they paralleled very closely the knights of the round table. But whereas Arthur's knights were dressed in suits of armor, the American pioneers were dressed in buckskin. They did, however, the very same things which ancient chivalry had done, clearing the forests of wild animals, suppressing the outlaws and bullies and thieves of their day, and enforcing a proper respect for women. Like the old knights, they often were compelled to do their work amid scenes of great bloodshed. Although they'd love, they'd love.

Starting point is 08:20:39 loved to live in peace. These American knights and pioneers were generally termed backwoods men and scouts and were men of distinguished appearance of athletic build of high moral character and frequently of firm religious convictions. Such men as Apple C. Johnny, Daniel Boone, George Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton, and John James Audubon are the types of men these pioneers were. They were noted for their staunch qualities of character. They hated dishonesty. and were truthful and brave. They were polite to women and old people, ever ready to rescue a companion when in danger, and equally ready to risk their lives for a stranger. They were very hospitable, dividing their last crust with one another, or with the stranger whom they happened to meet. They were ever ready to do an act of kindness.

Starting point is 08:21:28 They were exceedingly simple in their dress and habits. They fought the Indians not because they wished to, but because it was necessary to protect their wives and children from the raids of the savages. They knew all the things that scouts ought to know. They were acquainted with the woods and the fields, knew where the best fish were to be caught, understood the trees, the signs and blazes, the haunts of animals and how to track them, how to find their way by the stars, how to make themselves comfortable in the heart of the primeval forest, and such other things as are classed under the general term of woodcraft. And with all this, they inherited the splendid ideas of chivalry that had been developed in the thousand years preceding them,

Starting point is 08:22:09 and fitted these ideas to the conditions of their own day standing solidly against evil and falsehood whenever they lifted their head among them they were not perfect but they did their best to be of service to those who came within their reach and worked conscientiously for their country modern knighthood a hundred years have passed since then and the conditions of life which existed west of the alleghenies are no more just as the life of the pioneers was different from that of the knights of the round table and as they each practised chivalry in keeping with their own surroundings, so life today is different from both. But the need of chivalry is very much the same. Might still tries to make right, and, while there are now no robber barons or outlaws with swords and spears, their spirit is not unknown in business and commercial life. Vice and dishonesty, lift their heads just as strongly today as in the past, and there is just as much need of respect for women and girls as there ever was. So today there is a demand for a modern type of chivalry.

Starting point is 08:23:09 It is for this reason that the Boy Scouts of America have come into being. For there is need of service in these days, and that is represented by the good turn done to somebody every day. Doing the good turn daily will help to form the habit of useful service. A Boy Scout then, while living in modern times, must consider himself the heir of ancient chivalry. And of the pioneers, and he must, for this reason, give himself to ever renewed efforts, to be true to the traditions which have been handed down to him by these great and good leaders of men. The Boy Scout movement is a call to American boys today to become in spirit members of the order of chivalry and a challenge to them to make their lives count in the communities in which

Starting point is 08:23:53 they live for clean lives, clean speech, clean sport, clean habits, and clean relationships with others. It is also a challenge for them to stand for the right against the wrong, for truth against falsehood, to help the weak and depressed, and to love and seek the best things of life. Abraham Lincoln Perhaps there is no better example of chivalry than the life and experience of Abraham Lincoln, the greatest of all our American men. Every boy ought to read the story of his life and come to understand and appreciate what it means.

Starting point is 08:24:26 Lincoln was born in the backwoods of Kentucky. He was a tall, spare man of awkward build, and knew very little of the schoolroom as a boy. He fought for his education, he borrowed books wherever he could. Many long nights were spent by him before the flickering lights of the log cabin, gleaning from his borrowed treasures the knowledge he longed to possess. He passed through all the experiences of life that other scouts and pioneers have experienced. He split rails for a livelihood and fought his way upward by hard work, finally achieving for himself an education in the law,

Starting point is 08:24:59 becoming an advocate in the courts of Illinois. Wherever he went, he made a profound impression on the lives and minds of the people, and won over his political opponents by his strength, sympathy, and breath of mind. At the period when storms threatened to engulf our ship of state, he became president of our country. Although Lincoln was an untried pilot, he stood by the helm like a veteran master, a man of earnest and intense conviction. He strove to maintain the glory of our flag and to keep the union unbroken. Hundreds of stories are told of his great heart and almost boundless sympathy for others. The generals of the Civil War were deeply attached to him, and the rank and file of the soldiers who fought under these generals loved and revered him.

Starting point is 08:25:42 He was familiarly known as Honest Abe. He could always be relied upon to give help and encouragement. His smile cheered the defenders of the Union, and his wise counsel, gave heart to the men who were helping him to shape the destinies of the nation. At the close of the war which saw the union more firmly established than ever, he fell by the hand of the assassin, mourned deeply both by his own country and by the world at large. The further we get from the scene of his life and work, the more firmly are we his countrymen, convinced of his sincerity, strength, wisdom, and bigness of heart. The two men who stand out preeminently in history among great Americans are Washington and Lincoln. the former as the founder of the union, and the latter as the man who gave it unbreakable continuity,

Starting point is 08:26:29 and preserved it as we hope and believe for all time. Lincoln's life and career should be the study and inspiration of every Boy Scout. He became familiar with all of the things for which the Boy Scouts of America stand. He was a lover of the wild things in the woods, and loved and lived the life of the out-of-doors. He had a high sense of honor and was intensely chivalrous, as the many hundred-story stories. told about him testify he did many times more than one good turn a day he sincerely loved his country he lived fought and worked for it and finally he sealed his loyalty by giving his life the path that he traveled from the log cabin to the white house clearly shows that an american boy who has well-defined

Starting point is 08:27:12 ideas of truth and right and then dares to stand by them can become great in the councils of the nation the life then of abraham lincoln should be a steady inspiration to every boy who wishes to call himself a scout. Challenge of the present. Thus we see that chivalry is not a virtue that had its beginning long ago and merely lived a short time. Becoming a mere story, chivalry began in the far distant past out of the desire to help others, and the knights of the olden days did this as best they could. Later, the new race of men in America took up the burden of chivalry and did the best they could.

Starting point is 08:27:48 Now, the privilege and responsibility comes to the boys of today, and the voices of the knight of the olden time and of the hardy pioneers of our own country are urging the boys of to do the right thing in a gentlemanly way for the sake of those about them all of those men whether knights or pioneers had an unwritten code somewhat like our scout law and their motto was very much like the motto of the boy scouts be prepared good manners the same thing that entered into the training of these men knights pioneers and lincoln then must enter into the three training of the Boy Scouts of today. Just as they respected women and served them, so the tenderfoot and the Scout must be polite and kind to women, not merely to well-dressed women, but to poorly-dressed women, not merely to young women, but to old women, to women wherever they may be found, wherever they may be. To these a scout must always be courteous and helpful. When a scout is walking with a lady or a child, he should always walk on the outside of

Starting point is 08:28:48 the sidewalk, so that he can better protect them against the jostling crowd. This rule is only altered when crossing the street, when the scout should be between the lady and the traffic, so as to shield her from accident or mud. Also, in meeting a woman or child, a scout, as a matter of course, should always make the way for them even if he himself has to step off the sidewalk into the mud. When riding in a streetcar or train, a scout should never allow a woman, an elderly person or a child, to stand, but will offer his seat, and when he does it, should do it cheerfully and with a smile. when on the street be continually on a quest on the lookout to help others and always refuse any reward for the effort this kind of courtesy in good manners is essential to success it was the unselfish desire to protect and help that made these men of olden time such splendid fellows good manners attract and please and should be cultivated by every boy who expects to win success and make his life interesting to others in the home on the street in the school in the workshop or the office or wherever one may be

Starting point is 08:29:51 his relationship to others should be characterized as gentle, courteous, polite, considerate, and thoughtful. These are the virtues and graces that make life easier and pleasanter for all. End of Section 30. Section 31 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Oxenhandler. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Chapter 6. Continued.

Starting point is 08:30:30 Cheerfulness. As has been said, whatever a scout does should be done with cheerfulness, and the duty of always being cheerful cannot be emphasized too much. Why don't you laugh and make us all laugh too, and keep us mortals all from getting blue? A laugh will always win. If you can't laugh, just grin. Go on, let's all join in. Why don't you laugh?

Starting point is 08:30:52 Benjamin Franklin said, quote, Money never yet made a man happy, and there is nothing in its nature to produce happiness. One's personal enjoyment is a very small thing, but one's personal usefulness is a very important thing, unquote. Those only are happy who have their minds fixed upon some object other and higher than their own happiness. Dr. Raffles once said, quote, I have made it a rule never to be with a person ten minutes without trying to make him happier."

Starting point is 08:31:24 A boy once said to his mother, quote, I couldn't make little sister happy, know how I could fix it, but I made myself happy trying to make her happy, unquote. There was once a king who had a tall, handsome son whom he loved, with his whole heart,

Starting point is 08:31:40 so he gave him everything that his heart desired, a pony to ride, beautiful rooms to live in, picture books, stories, and everything that money could buy. And yet, in spite of this, the young prince was unhappy, and wore a wry face and a frown wherever he went, and was always wishing for something he did not have. By and by a magician came to the court, and seeing a frown

Starting point is 08:32:03 on the prince's face, said to the king, quote, I can make your boy happy and turn his frown into a smile, but you must pay me a very large price for the secret, unquote. All right, said the king, quote, whatever you ask I will do, unquote. So the magician took the boy in, into a private room and, with white liquid, wrote something on a piece of paper. Then he gave the boy a candle, and told him to warm the paper and read what was written. The prince did as he was told. The white letters turned into letters of blue, and he read these words, quote, Do a kindness to someone every day, unquote.

Starting point is 08:32:43 So the prince followed the magician's advice and became the happiest boy in all the king's realm. To be a good scout, one must remain cheap. cheerful under every circumstance, bearing both fortune and misfortune with a smile. Character. If the scout is cheerful, follows the advice of the magician to the king's son, and does a good turn to someone every day, he will come into possession of a strong character, such as the knights of the round table had, for, after all, character is the thing that distinguishes a good scout from a bad one.

Starting point is 08:33:16 Character is not what men say about you. A great writer once said, quote, hear what you say for what you are, unquote. And another one said, quote, your life speaks louder than your words, unquote. It was not the words of the knights of old that told what they were. It was their strong, life, and fine character that gave power to their words and the thrust to their spears. It is necessary that a boy should live right and possess such a character as will help him to do the hardest things of life. Every boy should remember that he is in reality just what he is when alone in the dark. The great quests of the knights were most often done singly and alone.

Starting point is 08:33:58 Will. Another thing that entered into the makeup of a knight was an iron will. He had staying powers because he willed to stick, and the way he trained his will to do the hard things was to keep himself doing the small things. Not long ago, there was a lad whom the boys nicknamed Blocky and Wooden Man. When they play ball in the school playground, Blocky never was a little bit of a little bit of caught the ball. When they worked together in the gymnasium, Blocky was always left out of the game because he couldn't do things and was slow and unyieldly in his motions. But one day, a great change came over Blocky and he began to train his will. He worked hard in the gymnasium. He learned to catch the ball, and by sticking to it was not only able to catch the ball, but became proficient. Then there

Starting point is 08:34:45 came a time when the first one chosen upon the team was Blocky, and it all came about because, because he had trained his will so that when he made up his mind to do a thing, he did it. Thrift. Another thing which entered into the training of a night was his readiness to seize his opportunities. The motto of the scouts is, quote, be prepared, unquote. He should be prepared for whatever opportunity presents itself. An interesting story is told by Oryson Sweat Marden. He says that a lad who later became one of the millionaires of one of our great western cities began his earning career by taking advantage of an opportunity that came to him as he was passing an auction shop.

Starting point is 08:35:28 He saw several boxes of a kind of soap which his mother was accustomed to buy from the family grocer. Hastening to the grocery store, he asked the price of the soap. Quote, 12 cents a pound, unquote, was the reply. On being pressed for a lower figure, the shopkeeper remarked in a bantering tone that he would buy all that the boy could bring to his store at 9 cents a pound. The boy hurried back to the auction and bought the soap at six cents a pound. It was in this way that he made his first money, in trade, and laid the foundation for his fortune. The knight never waited for opportunity to come to him.

Starting point is 08:36:04 He went out looking for it and wore his armor in order that he might be ready for it when it came. There is a story of a Greek god who had only one lock of hair upon his forehead. The remainder of his head was shining bald. In order to get this ancient god's attention, it was necessary to grip him. him by his forelock, for when he had passed, nothing could check his speed. So it is with opportunity, and the hour of opportunity. A good scout is ready for both and always grips, time by the forelock. Individuality.

Starting point is 08:36:36 If the foregoing qualities enter into a scout's training, an individuality will be developed in him, which will make itself known and felt. Every scout should read over the following list of scout virtues, and should strive at all times to keep them before him in his training, thus making them a part of his life. Unselfishness. The art of thinking of others first and once self afterward. Self-sacrifice. The giving up of one's comfort, desires, and pleasures for the benefit of someone else. Kindness. The habit of thinking well of others and doing good to them. Friendliness. The disposition to make everyone you meet feel at ease and to be of service to him if possible. Honesty.

Starting point is 08:37:17 The desire to give everyone a square deal and the fair chance that you yourself wish to enjoy. It means also respect for the property and rights of others, the ability to face the truth and to call your own faults by their right name. Fair play. Scorning to take unfair advantage of a rival and readiness even to give up an advantage to him. Loyalty. The quality of remaining true and faithful not only to your principles but also to your parents and friends.

Starting point is 08:37:45 obedience, compliance with the wishes of parents or those in places of authority. Discipline. The self-restraint and self-control that keeps a boy steady and help him in teamwork. Endurance. A manly moderation which keeps a boy fit and strong and in good condition. Self-improvement. The ambition to get on in life by all fair means. Humility. That fine quality which keeps a scout from boasting in which generally reveals a boy of courage and achievement. Honor, that great thing which is more sacred than anything else to Scouts and gentlemen, the disdain of telling or implying an untruth, absolute trustworthiness and faithfulness, duty to God, the greatest of all things which keeps a boy faithful to his principles and true

Starting point is 08:38:31 to his friends and comrades, that gives him a belief in things that are high and noble, and which makes him prove his belief by doing his good turn to someone every day. This list of virtues a scout must have, and if there are any that stand out more prominently than the others, they are the following. Courage. It is horrible to be a coward. It is weak to yield to fear and heroic to face danger without flinching. The old Indian who had been mortally wounded faced death with a grim smile on his lips and sang his own death song. The soldier of the Roman legions laughed in the face of death and died often with a hail imperator,

Starting point is 08:39:10 for the Roman Caesar upon his lips. One of the stories connected with the Battle of Agencourt tells us that four fair ladies had sent their knightly lovers into battle. One of these was killed. Another was made prisoner. The third was lost in the battle and never heard of afterward. The fourth was safe but owed his safety to shameful flight. Quote, ah, woe is me, unquote, said the lady of this base knight.

Starting point is 08:39:36 Quote, for having placed my affections on a coward. He would have been dear to me dead, but alive he is my reproach." A scout must be as courageous as any knight of old or any Roman soldier or any dying Indian. Loyalty is another scout virtue which must stand out prominently because it is that which makes him true to his home, his parents, and his country. Charles VIII at the Battle of Foranovo picked out nine of his bravest officers and gave to each of them a complete suit of armor, which was a counterpart of his own.

Starting point is 08:40:11 By this device he outwitted a group of his enemies who had leagued themselves to kill him during the fight. They sought him through all the ranks, and every time they met one of these officers they thought they had come face to face with the king. The fact that these officers hailed such a dangerous honor with delight and devotion is a striking illustration of their loyalty. The scout should be no less loyal to his parents, home and country. Duty to God no scout can ever hope to amount to much until he has learned a reverence for religion the scout should believe in god and god's word in the olden days knighthood when it was bestowed was a religious ceremony and a knight not only considered himself a servant of the king but also a servant of god the entire night preceding the day upon which the young esquire was made knight was spent by him on his knees in prayer in fast and vigil there are many kinds of religion in the world one important point however about them is that they all involve the worship of the same God.

Starting point is 08:41:11 There is but one leader, although many ways of following him. If a scout meets one of another religion, he should remember that he too is striving for the best. A scout should respect the convictions of others in matters of custom and religion. A Boy Scouts Religion. The Boy Scouts of America maintain that no boy can grow into the best kind of citizenship without recognizing his obligation to God. The first part of the Boy Scouts Oath or Pledge is therefore, quote, I promise on my honor to do my best to honor my God and my country, unquote.

Starting point is 08:41:44 The recognition of God as the ruling and leading power in the universe and the grateful acknowledgment of his favors and blessings is necessary to the best type of citizenship and is a wholesome thing in the education of the growing boy. No matter what the boy may be, Catholic or Protestant or Jew, this fundamental need of good citizenship should be kept before him. Scouts of America, therefore, recognize the religious element in the training of a boy, but it is absolutely non-sectarian in its attitude toward that religious training. Its policy is that the organization or institution with which the Boy Scout is connected shall give definite attention

Starting point is 08:42:20 to his religious life. If he be a Catholic Boy Scout, the Catholic Church of which he is a member is the best channel for his training. If he be a Hebrew boy, then the synagogue will train him in the faith of his fathers. If he be a Protestant, no matter to what denomination of Protestantism he may belong, the Church of which he is an inherent or a member should be the proper organization to give him an education in the things that pertain to his allegiance to God. The Boy Scouts of America, then, while recognizing the fact that the boys should be taught the things that pertain to religion, insists upon the boy's religious life being stimulated

Starting point is 08:42:57 and fostered by the institution with which he is connected. Of course, it is a fundamental principle of the Boy Scouts of America to insist. on clean, capable leadership in its scout masters, and the influence of the leader on the Boy Scout should be of a distinctly helpful character. Work, not luck. Life, after all, is just this. Some go through life trusting to luck. They are not worthy to be scouts.

Starting point is 08:43:23 Others go through life trusting to hard work and clear thinking. These are they who have cleared the wilderness and planted wheat where forests once grew, who have driven back the savage and have fostered civilization in the world. the uncultivated places of the earth. The good scout is always at work, working to improve himself and to improve the daily lot of others. The thing that is to be noticed in all of these men, those of the Roundtable and those of American Pioneers' days, is the fact that they were ever ready to do a good turn to someone. The knights of the round table did theirs by clash of arms, by the jousts and the tourney, and by the fierce hand-to-hand fights that were

Starting point is 08:44:01 their delight in open battle. The old scouts, our own pioneers very often had to use the rifle and the hatchet and the implements of war. However, those days have passed, and we are living in a non-military and peace-loving age, and the glory of it is that, whereas these men took their lives in their hands, and by dint of rifle and sword did their part in helping others, our modern civilization gives the Boy Scouts of America an opportunity to go out and do their good turn daily for others in the thousand ways that will benefit our American life the most. Sometimes they will have to risk their lives, but it will be in case of fire or accident or catastrophe. At other times, they will be given

Starting point is 08:44:42 the privilege of showing simple deeds of chivalry by their courteous treatment of their elders, cripples and children, by giving up their seats in streetcars, or by carrying the bundles of those who are not as physically strong as themselves, and in it all will come the satisfying feeling that they are doing just as much and perhaps a great deal more than the ironclad men or the buckskin-clothed scouts in making their country a little safer and a little better place to live in. Chevalry and courtesy and being a gentleman mean just as much now as they ever did and there is a greater demand in these days to live pure, to speak true, and to help others by a good turn daily than ever before in the world's history.

Starting point is 08:45:24 End of Section 31. Section 32 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Pierce Waltz. The Boy Scout Handbooks by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 32. Chapter 7. First aid and life-saving. Major Charles Lynch, Medical Corps, USA. Acting for the American Red Cross. Prevention of accidents. General. Considerably, over a million persons are saved. seriously injured in the United States each year. The enormous loss of life and the great suffering involved certainly demand that every Boy Scout do what he can to improve conditions in this respect. Some accidents happen under all circumstances, but on the other hand, a great many accidents

Starting point is 08:46:22 are avoidable, and probably quite one-half of the injuries which occur in the United States yearly, could be prevented if common care were exercised. Panics and their prevention In case of a panic at an indoor assembly, scouts, if they live up to their motto, be prepared, will be able to save hundreds of lives. There is usually plenty of time for people to get out of a building if the exits are not blocked by too many people crowding them at once. One should, if possible, try to arrange to have the performance go on, and the others could reassure the people and get them to go out quietly through the exits provided. Almost all scouts know how quickly and safely our school buildings are cleared by means of the fire drill. Fires Fires constitute a danger as great as panics,

Starting point is 08:47:08 and scouts should be equally well-informed what to do in case of a fire. It is the duty of a scout to know how to prevent fires. Many fires are caused by carelessness. Never throw away a lighted match, for it may fall on inflammable material and start a fire. Reading in bed by the light of a lamp or candle is dangerous. for if the reader goes to sleep, the bed clothing is likely to catch fire. A scout may often have to dry his clothes before a fire, and if so, they should be carefully watched. Hot ashes in wooden boxes or in barrels are responsible for many fires.

Starting point is 08:47:43 In camp, dry grass should be cut away from the locality of the campfire, and not to put out a campfire on leaving a camp is criminal. Many of the great fires in our forests have been due to carelessness in this respect. perilousness in this respect. Fires also result frequently from explosions of gas or gunpowder. A room in which the odor of gas is apparent should never be entered with a light. And in handling gunpowder, a scout should have no matches loose in his pockets. How to put out burning clothing. If your own clothing should catch fire, do not run for help, as this will fan the flames.

Starting point is 08:48:20 Lie down and roll up as tightly as possible in an overcoat, blanket, or rug. If nothing can be obtained in which to wrap up, lie down, and roll over slowly at the same time beating out the fire with the hands. If another person's clothing catches fire, throw him to the ground and smother the fire with a coat, blanket, or rug. What to do in case of fire? A fire can usually be put out very easily when it starts, and here's an occasion when a scape can show his presence of mind and coolness. At first, a few buckets of water or blankets or woolen clothing thrown upon a fire. a fire will smother it. Sand, ashes, or dirt, or even flour will have the same effect. Transcribers note, flower dust suspended in the air, is explosive. If a scout discovers a building to be on fire,

Starting point is 08:49:10 he should sound the alarm for the fire department at once. If possible, he should send someone else, as the scout will probably know better what to do before the fire engine arrives. All doors should be kept closed so as to prevent drafts. If you enter the burning building, close the window or door after you, if possible, and leave some responsible person to guard it so it will not be opened and cause a draft. In searching for people, go to the top floor and walk down, examining each room as carefully as possible. If necessary to get air while making the search, close the door of the room, open a window, and stick the head out until a few breaths can be obtained.

Starting point is 08:49:49 Afterwards, close the window to prevent a draft. If doors are found locked and you suspect people are asleep inside, knock and pound on the doors to arouse them. If this produces no results, you will have to try to break down the door. While searching through a burning building, it will be best to tie a wet handkerchief or cloth over the nose and mouth. You will get a little air from the water. Remember, the air within six inches of the floor is free from smoke,

Starting point is 08:50:16 so when you have difficulty in breathing, crawl along the floor with the head low, dragging anyone you have rescued behind you. If you tie the hands of an insensible person together with a handkerchief and put them over your head, you will find it fairly easy to crawl along the floor dragging him with you. Never jump from a window unless the flames are so close to you that this is the only means of escape.

Starting point is 08:50:39 If you are outside a building, put bedding in a pile to break the jumpers fall, or get a strong carpet or rug to catch him. and have it firmly held by as many men and boys as can secure handholds. In country districts, scouts should organize a bucket brigade, which consists of two lines from the nearest water supply to the fire. Scouts in one line pass buckets, pitchers or anything else that will hold water from one to another, till the last scout throws the water on the fire.

Starting point is 08:51:07 The buckets are returned by the other line. Drowning. Drowning accidents are very common. Every scout should know how to swim and to swim. well, but this is not all that is necessary. He should also know how to prevent accidents that may result in drowning. In summer, boating and bathing accidents are common. Remember, a light boat is not intended for heavy seas. Do not change seats except in a wide and steady boat. And above all things, do not put yourself in the class of idiots who rock a boat. At the seashore,

Starting point is 08:51:39 unless you are a strong swimmer, do not go outside the lifeline. And if the undertow is strong, be Be careful not to walk out where the water is so deep it will carry you off your feet. Very cold water and very long swims are likely to exhaust even a strong swimmer and are therefore hazardous unless a boat accompanies the swimmer. Rescue of the drowning. See pages 279 to 285. Ice rescue. To rescue a person who has broken through the ice, you should first tie a rope around your body and have the other end tied or held on shore. Then, secure a long board or a ladder or limb of a tree, crawl out on this, or push it out,

Starting point is 08:52:21 so that the person in the water may reach it. If nothing can be found on which you can support your weight, do not attempt to walk out toward the person to be rescued, but lie down flat on your face and crawl out, as by doing this much less weight bears at any one point on the ice than in walking. If you yourself break through the ice, remember that if you tried to crawl up on the broken edge, it will very likely break again with you. If rescuers are near, it would be much better to support yourself on the edge of the ice and wait for them to come to you. Restoring the drowning and artificial respiration. See pages 286 to 288. Electric accidents

Starting point is 08:53:00 For his own benefit and that of his comrades, the scout should know how to avoid accidents from electricity. The third rail is always dangerous, so do not touch it. Swinging wires of any kind may somewhere in their course be in contact with live wires, so they should not be touched. A person in contact with the wire or rail carrying an electric current will transfer the current to the rescuer. Therefore, he must not touch the unfortunate victim unless his own body is thoroughly insulated. The rescuer must act very promptly, for the danger to the person in contact is much increased the longer the electric current is allowed to pass through his body.

Starting point is 08:53:38 If possible, the rescuer should insulate himself by covering his hands with a mackintosh, rubber sheeting, several thicknesses of silk, or even dry cloth. In addition, he should, if possible, complete his insulation by standing on a dry board, a thick piece of paper, or even on a dry coat. Rubber gloves and rubber shoes or boots are still safer, but they cannot usually be procured quickly. If a live wire is under a person and the ground is dry, it will be perfectly safe to stand on the ground and pull him off the wire with bare hands,

Starting point is 08:54:12 care being taken to touch only his clothing, and this must not be wet. A live wire lying on a patient may be flipped off with safety with a dry board or stick. In removing the live wire from the person, or the person from the wire, do this with one motion, as rocking him to and fro on the wire will increase the shock and burn. A live wire may be safely cut by an axe or hatchet with dry wooden handle. The electric current may be short-circuited by dropping a crowbar or poker on the wire. These must be dropped on the side from which the current is coming, and not on the farther side, as the latter will not short-circuit the current before it is passed through the body of the person in contact.

Starting point is 08:54:53 Drop the metal bar, do not place it on the wire, or you will then be made a part of the short-circuit and receive the current of electricity through your body. What to do for electric shocks? Always send for a doctor, but do not wait for him. Treatment should be given even if the man appears to be dead. Loosin the clothing around neck and body. Proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration as in drowning. Gas accidents.

Starting point is 08:55:20 The commonest gas encountered is the ordinary illuminating gas. To prevent such gas from escaping in dangerous quantities, leaks in gas pipes should be promptly repaired. Be careful in turning off gas to make sure that gas is actually shut off. It is dangerous to leave a gas jet burning faintly when you go to slow. sleep, as it may go out if pressure in the gas pipe becomes less, and if pressure is afterward increased, gas may escape into the room. Coal gas will escape through red-hot cast iron, and very big fires in such stoves are dangerous, especially in sleeping rooms. Charcoal,

Starting point is 08:55:55 burn in open vessels and tight rooms, is especially dangerous. In underground sewers and wells, other dangerous gases are found. If a lighted candle or torch will not burn in such a place, it is very certain the air will be deadly for any person who enters. To rescue an unconscious person in a place filled with gas, move quickly and carry him out without breathing yourself. Take a few deep breaths before entering, and if possible, hold breath while in the place. Frequently, less gas will be found near the floor of a building,

Starting point is 08:56:26 so one may be able to crawl where it would be dangerous to walk. What to do for gas poisoning? Proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration as in drowning. Runaway horses. The method for checking a horse running away is not to run out and wave your arm in front of him, as this will only cause him to dodge to one side and to run faster, but to try to run alongside the vehicle with one hand on the shaft to prevent yourself from falling, seizing the reins with the other hand and dragging the horse's head toward you.

Starting point is 08:56:58 If, when he has somewhat slowed down by this method, you can turn him toward a wall or a house, and he will probably stop. Mad Dog The first thing to do is to kill the mad dog at once. Wrap a handkerchief around the hand to prevent the dog's teeth from entering the flesh and grasp a club of some kind. If you can stop the dog with a stick, you should hit him hard over the head with it, or kick him under the jaw.

Starting point is 08:57:23 A handkerchief held in front of you in your outstretched hands will generally cause the dog to stop to paw it before he attempts to bite you. This will give you an opportunity to kick him under the lower jaw. Another way, suggested, is to wrap a coat around the left arm and let the dog bite it. Then, with the other hand, seize the dog's throat and choke him. End of Section 32. Recording by Pierce Waltz. Section 33 of the Boy Scouts Handbook.

Starting point is 08:57:59 This is a Libravox recording. All Libervox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visitlibrovox.org. Recording by Pierce Waltz. The Boy Scouts Handbook, by the Boy Scouts of the Boyscouts of America. Section 33. First aid for injuries. General directions. Keep cool. There is no cause for excitement or hurry.

Starting point is 08:58:23 In not one case in a thousand are the few moments necessary to find out what is the matter with an injured man going to result in any harm to him. And of course, in order to treat him intelligently, you must first know what is the matter. Common sense will tell the scout that he must waste no time, however, when there is severe bleeding or in case of poisoning. If possible, always send it for a doctor, unless the injury is a trivial one. Don't wait until he arrives, however, to do something for the injured person. A crowd should always be kept back, and tight clothing should be loosened.

Starting point is 08:58:54 If the patient's face is pale, place him on his back with his head low. If his face is flushed, fold your coat and put it under his head so as to raise it slightly. In case of vomiting, place the patient on his side. Do not give an unconscious person a stimulant, as he cannot swallow, and it will run down his windpipe and choke him. If the injury is covered by clothing, remove it by cutting or tearing, but never remove more clothing than necessary, as one of the results of injuries for a person to feel cold. Shoes and boots should be cut in severe injuries about the feet. Shock. For example, a scout is riding on a trolley car. The car runs into a loaded wagon. The wagon is overturned and the driver

Starting point is 08:59:35 thrown to the pavement. Part of the load falls upon his body, and when you reach him, he is unconscious. So far as you can find out, nothing else is the matter with him. This is called shock. It accompanies all serious injuries and is itself serious, as the person may die without ever recovering from shock. Of course, there are different degrees of shock. In severe shock, the person is completely unconscious, or he may be only slightly confused and feel weak and uncertain of what happened. In shock, always send for a doctor when you can. Before he comes, warm and stimulate the patient in every possible way. Place him on his back with his head low and cover him with your coat or a blanket.

Starting point is 09:00:17 Rub his arms and legs toward his body, but do not uncover him to do this. If you have ammonia or smelling salts, place them before the patient's nose so he may breathe them. This is all you can do when unconsciousness is complete. When the patient begins to recover a little, however, and as soon as he can swallow, give him hot tea or coffee or half a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia, in a quarter glass of water. Warning. Remember always that a person with shock may have some other serious injuries.

Starting point is 09:00:46 These you should always look for and treat if necessary. Injuries in which the skin is not broken. Fractures. A fracture is the same thing as a broken bone. When the bone pierces or breaks through the skin, it is called a compound fracture. And when it does not, a simple fracture. A scout is in the country with a comrade.

Starting point is 09:01:05 The latter mounts a stone wall to cross it. The wall falls with him and he calls out for help. When the other scout reaches him, he finds the injured scout lying flat on the ground with both legs stretched out. One of these does not look quite natural, and the scout complains of a great deal of pain at the middle of the thigh, and thinks he felt something break when he fell. He cannot raise the injured leg. Carefully ripped the trousers and the underclothing at the seam to above the painful point. When you have done this, the deformity will indicate the location of the fracture.

Starting point is 09:01:36 You must be very gentle now, or you will be very gentle now, or you will. will do harm, but if one hand is put above where you think the break occurred and the other below it, and it is lifted gently, you will find there is movement at the broken point. Send for a doctor first, if you can, and if you expect him to arrive very soon, let your comrade lie where he is, putting his injured leg in the same position as the sound one and holding it there by coats or other articles piled about the leg. But if a doctor cannot be expected for some time, draw the injured limb into position like the sound one and hold it there by splints. Splints can be made of anything that is stiff and

Starting point is 09:02:13 rigid. Something flat like a board is better than a pole or staff. Limbs broken off of a tree will do if nothing else can be found. Shingles make excellent splints. In applying splints, remember that they should extend beyond the next joint above and the next joint below. Otherwise, movements of the joint will cause movement at the broken point. With a fracture of the thigh, such as that described, the outer splint should be a very long one, extending below the feet from the armpit, or short one extending just below the knee will do for the inner splint. Splints may be tied on with handkerchiefs, pieces of torn cloth, from the clothing, or the like. Tie firmly, but not tight enough to cause severe pain. In a fracture of the thigh, it will also be

Starting point is 09:02:57 well to bound the injured leg to the sound one, by one or two or three pieces of cloth around both. The clothing put back into place will serve as padding under the splint, but with thin summer clothing it is better to use straw, hay, or leaves in addition. Fractors of the lower leg and of the upper and lower arm are treated in the same way with the splint on the inner and outer sides of the broken bone. A sling will be required for a fracture of the arm. This may be made of the triangular bandage or of a triangular piece of cloth torn from your shirt. The Red Cross First Aid outfit is very convenient to use in fractures, as well as an unethicalist. injuries. The gauze bandage may be used for the strips to tie on the splints and the triangular bandage for an arm sling, or if a sling is not needed, for strips to fix the

Starting point is 09:03:42 splints firmly in place. Compound fractures. The edges of a broken bone are very sharp and may cut through the skin at the time of an injury, more often afterward, if the person moves about or if the splints are not well applied so as to prevent movement at the point where the bone is broken. If a compound fracture has occurred, the wound produced by the sharp bone must always be treated first. The treatment is the same for any other wound. Warning, you will not always be able to tell whether or not a fracture has occurred. In this case, do not pull and haul the limb about to make sure, but treat as a fracture.

Starting point is 09:04:16 There will always be a considerable amount of shock with fracture, and this must also be treated. Bruises Everybody has suffered from a bruise at some time in his life and knows just what it is. A slight bruise needs no treatment. For a severe one, apply very hot or very cold water to prevent pain and swelling. Springs A scout slips and twists his ankle and immediately suffer severe pain, and in a little while the ankle begins to swell. The sprained joint should be put in an elevated position and cloths wrung out in very hot or very cold water,

Starting point is 09:04:52 should be wrapped around it and changed very frequently. Movement of any sprained joint is likely to increase the injury, so this ought not to be permitted. Walking with a sprained ankle is not only exceedingly painful, but it generally increases the hurt. Dislocation A dislocation is an injury where the head of a bone has slipped out of its socket at a joint. A scout is playing football. He suddenly feels as though his shoulder has been twisted out of place. Comparison with the other side will show that the injured shoulder does not look like the other one.

Starting point is 09:05:24 Being longer or shorter, and contrary to the case with a fracture, there will not be increased movement at the point of injury, but a lessened movement. Do not attempt to get a dislocated joint back in place. Cover the joint with cloths wrung out in very hot or very cold water, and get the patient into the hands of a doctor as soon as possible. Injuries in which the skin is broken. Such injuries are called wounds. There is one very important fact which must be remembered in connection with such injuries. Any injury in which the skin is unbroken is much less dangerous, as the skin prevents germs from reaching the injured part. The principle to

Starting point is 09:06:00 be followed in treating a wound is to apply something to prevent germs from reaching the injury. All wounds, unless protected from germs, are very liable to become infected with matter or pus. A blood poisoning or even death may result from infection. To prevent infection of wounds, the scout should cover them promptly with what is called a sterilized dressing. This is a surgical dressing which has been so treated that it is free from germs. A number of dressings are on the market and can be procured in drugstores. In using them, be very careful not to touch the surface of the dressing, which is to be placed in contact with the wound.

Starting point is 09:06:36 The Red Cross First Aid dressing is so made that this accident is almost impossible. In taking care of a wound, do not handle it or do anything else to it. Everyone's hands, though they may appear to be perfectly clean, are not so in the sense of being free from germs, nor is water, so a wound should never be washed. It will be a good thing for a scout always to carry a Red Cross First Aid. outfit, or some similar outfit. For this, he is ready to take care of almost any injury. Without it, he will find it very difficult to improvise anything to cover a wound with safety to the injured person. If no prepared dressing is procurable, boil a towel if possible for 15 minutes. Squeeze the water out of it without touching the inner surface and apply that to the wound. The next best dressing,

Starting point is 09:07:22 if you cannot prepare this, will be a towel or handkerchief which has been recently washed and has not been used. These should be held in place on the wound with a bandage. Do not be afraid to leave a wound exposed to the air. Germs do not float around in the air, and such exposure is much safer than water or any dressing which is not free from germs. Of course, you can bind up a wound with a towel not boiled,

Starting point is 09:07:43 or a piece of cotton torn from your shirt, but you cannot do so without the liability of a great deal of harm to the injured person. Snake bites. While snake bites are wounds, the wounds caused by venomous snakes are not important as such, because the venom is quickly absorbed.

Starting point is 09:08:01 and by its action on the brain may cause speedy death. The rattlesnake and the moccasin are the most dangerous snakes in the United States. In order to prevent absorption of the poison, immediately tie a string, handkerchief, or bandage above the bite. This can only be done in the extremities, but nearly all bites are received on the arms or legs. Then soak the wound in hot water and squeeze or suck it to extract the poison. Sucking a wound is not dangerous unless one has cuts or scrapes in the mouth. Then, burn the wound with strong ammonia. This is not aromatic spirits of ammonia, but what is commonly known as strong ammonia in any drugstore.

Starting point is 09:08:41 Aromatic spirits of ammonia should also be given as a stimulant. If you have nothing but a string to tie off the wound, be sure to do that, and to get out as much poison as you can by squeezing or sucking the wound. A doctor should of course always be sent for when practicable in any injury as severe as a snake bite. leave your string or bandage in place for an hour. A longer period is unsafe, as cutting off the circulation may cause mortification. Loosen the string or bandage after an hour's time, so that a little poison escapes into the body. If the bitten person does not seem to be much affected, repeat at the end of a few moments, and keep this up until the band has been entirely removed.

Starting point is 09:09:21 If, however, the bitten person seems to be seriously affected by the poison you have allowed to escape into his body, you must not loosen the bandage again, but let me. leave it in place and take the chance of mortification. End of Section 33. Recording by Pierce Waltz. Section 34 of the Boy Scout Handbook. This is a Libervox recording. All Libervox recordings are in the public domain.

Starting point is 09:09:50 For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Rick Clemens. The Boy Scout Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 34. Wounds without severe bleeding. These constitute the majority of all wounds. Use the Red Cross outfit as described in the slip contained in the outfit. The pressure of a bandage will stop ordinary bleeding if firmly bound into place.

Starting point is 09:10:12 Wounds with severe bleeding, a scout must be prepared to check severe bleeding at once, and he should then dress the wound. Bleeding from an artery is by far the most dangerous. Blood coming from a cut artery is bright red in color and flows rapidly in spurts or jets. As the course of the blood in an artery is away from the heart, pressure must be applied on the heart side, just as a rubber pipe which is a rubber pipe which is rapidly. just as a rubber pipe which is cut must be compressed on the side from which the water is coming in order to prevent leakage at a cut beyond.

Starting point is 09:10:40 The scout must also know the course of the larger arteries in order that he may know where to press on them. In the arm, the course of the large artery is down the inner side of the big muscle in the upper arm, about in line with the seam of the coat. The artery in the leg runs down from the center of a line from the point of the hip to the middle of the crotch and is about in line with the inseam of the trousers. Pressure should be applied about three inches below the crotch. In making pressure on either of these arteries, use the fingers and press back against the bone. You can often feel the artery beat under your fingers, and the bleeding below will stop

Starting point is 09:11:11 when you have your pressure properly made. Of course, you cannot keep up the pressure with your fingers indefinitely in this way, as they will soon become tired and cramped. Therefore, while you are doing this, have some other scalp prepare a tourniquet. The simplest form of a tourniquet is a handkerchief tied loosely about the limb. In this handkerchief, a smooth stone or a cork should be placed just above your fingers on the artery. When this is in place, put a stick about a foot long under the hangarchief at the outer side of the limb and twist around till the stone makes pressure on the artery in the same way your fingers have.

Starting point is 09:11:40 Tie the stick in position so it will not untwist. Warning, when using a tourniquet, remember that cutting off the circulation for a long time is dangerous. It is much safer not to keep on a tourniquet more than an hour. Loosen it, but be ready to tighten it again quickly if bleeding recommences. Another method to stop bleeding from an artery when the wound is below the knee or elbow is to place a pad in the bend of the joint and double the limb back over it, holding the pad in tightly. Tie the armor leg in this position. If these means to not check the bleeding, put a pad into the wound and press on it there. If you have no dressing and blood is being lost very rapidly, make pressure in the wound with your fingers.

Starting point is 09:12:15 Remember, however, that this should only be resorted to in the case of absolute necessity, as it will infect the wound. Blood from veins flows in a steady stream back toward the heart and is dark in color. For most veins, a pad firmly bandaged on the bleeding point will stop the bleeding. If a vein in the neck is wounded, blood will be lost so rapidly that the injured person is in danger of immediate death, so you must disregard the danger of infection and jam your hand tightly against the bleeding point. Keep the patient quiet in all cases of severe bleeding, for even if it is checked, it may start up again. Do not give any stimulants until the bleeding has been checked unless the patient is very weak. The best stimulant is aromic spirits of ammonia, one teaspoon, and half a glass of water.

Starting point is 09:12:55 unconsciousness and poisoning. Unconsciousness, of course, means lack of consciousness, or in other words, one who is unconscious knows nothing of his surroundings or of what is happening. A person may, however, be partially, as well as wholly unconsciousness. Unconsciousness may be due to so many causes that, in order to give the best treatment, the scout should first know the cause. Always try to find this out if you can. If you cannot do this, however, you should at least determine whether unconsciousness is due to poison, to bleeding, to sunstroke, or to freezing, for each of the These demand immediate, special treatment. If it is not due to one of these causes and the patient is pale and weak, have him placed

Starting point is 09:13:31 with his head low and warm and stimulate him in every possible way. If the face is red and the pulse is pounding and strong, that patient should have his head raised on a folded coat. No stimulant should be given to him and cold water should be sprinkled on his face and chest. The common causes of unconsciousness are shock, electric shock, fainting, apoplexy, and injury to the brain, sunstroke and heat exhaustion, freezing, suffocation and poisoning. The first two have already been described

Starting point is 09:13:58 in the treatment of any form of suffocation and artificial respiration. Fainting usually occurs in overheated, crowded places. The patient is very pale and partially or completely unconscious. The pupils of the eye are natural. The pulse is weak and rapid.

Starting point is 09:14:14 The patient should be placed in a lying-down position with the head lower than the rest of the body so that the brain will receive more blood. Loosen the clothing, especially about the neck. Keep the crown back and open the window if indoors so that the patient may get plenty of fresh air. Sprinkle the face and chest with cold water. Apply smelling salts or ammonia to the nose.

Starting point is 09:14:33 Rub the limbs toward the body. A stimulant may be given when the patient is so far recovered that he is able to swallow. Apoplexy and injury to the brain. Amplexy and unconsciousness from injury to the brain are due to the pressure of blood on the brain so that they may be described together. Apoplexy is of course much harder to distinguish

Starting point is 09:14:50 than injury to the brain, as in the latter the scout can always see that the head is been hurt. With both, unconsciousness will usually be complete. Pupils are large and frequently unequal in size. Breathing is snoring, and the pulse is usually full and slow. One side of the body will be paralyzed. Test this by raising arm or leg. If paralyzed, it will drop absolutely helpless. Send for a doctor at once. Keep patient quiet and in a dark room if possible. Put in lying down position with head raised by pillows, apply ice or cold cloths to head. No stimulants. Drunkenness is sometimes mistaken for amplexy.

Starting point is 09:15:27 If there is any doubt on this point, always treat for apoplexy. Sunstroke and heat exhaustion. Anyone is liable to sunstroke or heat exhaustion if exposed to excessive heat. A scout should remember not to expose himself too much to the sun, nor should he wear too heavy clothing in the summer. Leaves in the hat will do much to prevent sunstroke. If the scout becomes dizzy and exhausted through exposure to the sun, he should find a cool place, lie down, and bathe the face, hands and chest in cold water,

Starting point is 09:15:54 and drink freely of cold water. Sunstroke and heat exhaustion, though due to the same cause, are quite different and require different treatment. In sunstroke, unconsciousness is complete. The face is red, pupils large, the skin is very hot and dry with no perspiration. The patient's size and the pulses full and slow. The treatment for sunstroke consists in reducing the temperature of the body. A doctor should be summoned whenever possible.

Starting point is 09:16:19 The patient should be removed to a cool place and its clothing loosened, or better, the greater part of it removed. Cold water or ice should be rubbed over the face, neck, chest, and in armpits. When consciousness returns, give cold water freely. Heat exhaustion is simply exhaustion or collapse due to heat. The patient is greatly depressed and weak, but not usually unconscious. Face is pale and covered with clammy sweat, breathing and pulse are weak and rigid. While this condition is not nearly as dangerous as sunstroke, a doctor should be summoned if possible.

Starting point is 09:16:50 Remove the patient to a cool place and have him lie deep. with its clothing loosened. Don't use anything cold externally, but permit him to take small sips of cold water. Stimulants should be given just as in fainting. Freezing. The patient should be taken into a cold room, and the body should be rubbed with rough cloths wet in cold water. The temperature of the room should be increased, if possible. This should be done gradually, and the cloths should be wet in warmer and warmer water. As soon as the patient can swallow, give him stimulants. It will be dangerous to place him before an open fire, or in the in a hot bath until he begins to recover. You will know this by his skin becoming warmer,

Starting point is 09:17:27 by his better color, and by his generally improved appearance. Frostbite. Remember that you are in danger of frostbite if you do not wear sufficient clothing in cold weather, and that rubbing any part of the body which becomes very cold helps to prevent frostbite because it brings more warm blood to the surface. The danger is when, after being cold, the part suddenly has no feeling. The object of the treatment is gradually to restore warmth to the frozen part. To do this, the The part should be rowed first with snow or cold water. The water should be warmed gradually. The use of hot water at once would be likely to cause mortification of the frozen part.

Starting point is 09:18:02 Poisoning For all poisons, given a medic. Send for a doctor at once, and if possible, have the messenger tell what poison has been taken so that the doctor may bring the proper antidote. Do not wait for him to arrive, but give an emetic to rid the stomach of the poison. Good ametics are mustard in water, salt water, or lukewarm water alone in large quantities. mind the exact dose, and if vomiting is not profuse, repeat the dose. Fits

Starting point is 09:18:28 A person in a fit first has convulsive movements of the body, then he usually becomes unconscious. A scout should have no difficulty in making out what is the matter with a person in a fit. Put the sufferer on the floor or the ground where he cannot hurt himself by striking anything. Loose in tight clothing and do not try to restrain the convulsive movements. A wad of cloth thrust in the mouth will prevent biting the tongue. When he becomes quiet, do not disturb him. End of Section 34 Recording by Rick Clemens

Starting point is 09:18:57 Section 35 of the Boy Scouts Handbook This is a Libravox recording All Libravox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer Please visit Libravox.org Recording by Adel Parry Injuries due to heat and cold Burns and Scalds

Starting point is 09:19:21 For slight burns in order to relieve the pain Some dressing to exclude the air is needed Very good substances of this character are pastes made with water on baking soda, starch or flour. Carbalised vaseline, olive or castor oil and fresh lard or cream are all good. One of these substances should be smeared over a thin piece of cloth and placed on the burned part. A bandage should be put over this to hold the dressing in place and for additional protection. Severe burns and skulls are very serious injuries which require treatment from a physician. Pending his arrival, the scout should remember to treat the sufferer for shock as well as to dress.

Starting point is 09:19:56 the wound. Burns from electricity should be treated like other burns. Do not attempt to remove clothing which sticks to a burn, cut the cloth around the part that sticks and leave it on the burn. First aid for emergencies. Besides the accidents which have been mentioned, certain emergencies made a manned treatment by a scout. The commonest of these are described here. Something in the eye. No little thing causes more pain and discomfort than something in the eye. Do not rub to remove a foreign body from the eye, as this is likely to injure the delicate cover. of the eyeball. First, close the eye so that tears will accumulate. These may wash the foreign body into plain view so that it may be easily removed. If this fails, pull the upper lid over

Starting point is 09:20:36 the lower two or three times, close the nostril on the opposite side and have the patient blow his nose hard. If the foreign body still remains in the eye, examine first the lower and then the upper lid. For the former, have the patient look up, press lower lid down, and if the foreign body is seen lifted out gently with the corner of a clean handkerchief. If it is not so easy to see the upper lid, seat the patient in a chair with his head bent backwards, stand behind him and place a match or thin pencil across the upper lid one half an inch from its edge, turn the upper lid back over the match and lift the foreign body off as before. A drop of cast oil in the eye after removing the foreign body will soothe it. Sunburn. This is simply an inflammation of the

Starting point is 09:21:16 skin due to the action of the sun. It may be prevented by hardening the skin gradually. Any toilet paper or beroic acid will protect the skin to a considerable extent. The treatment consists of soothing applications such as ordinary or carbolized vaseline. Ivy Poisoning. Poisoned Ivy caused a very intense inflammation of the skin. Better avoid, even though it has not harmed you before. Baking soda made in a thick paste with water or carbolized vaseline are good remedies. In severe cases a doctor should be consulted. Bites and stings. Ammonia should be immediately applied. Wet salt and wet earth are also good applications. Nosebleed. Slight nosebleed does not require treatment as no harm while result from it. When more severe, the collar should be loosened. Do not blow the nose. Apply cold

Starting point is 09:22:02 to the back of the neck by means of a key or cloth wrung out in cold water. A roll of paper under the upper lip between it and with the gum will also help. When the bleeding still continues, shove a cotton or gas plug into the nostrils and leave it there until the bleeding stops. Earache. This is likely to result seriously, and a doctor should be consulted in order to prevent bad results with possible loss of hearing. Hot cloths, a bag of heated salt or a hot bottle applied to the ear will often cure ear rake. A few drops of alcohol on a hot cloth so placed that the alcohol fumes enter the ear will often succeed. If neither is effective, heat a few drops of sweet oil as hot as you can stand, put a few drops in the ear and plug with cotton. Be careful that it is not too hot.

Starting point is 09:22:47 Toothake Remember that toothache Indicates something seriously wrong with the teeth Which can only be permanently corrected by a doctor In toothache if you can find a cavity Clean it out with a small piece of cotton or a toothpick Then plug it with cotton On which a drop of castor oil of cloves has been put if you have it

Starting point is 09:23:05 If no cavity is found Soak a piece of cotton in camphor And apply it to the outside of the gum Hot cloths and hot bottles or bags will help in toothache Just as they do in earache Inflammation of the eye Cover with a cloth wrung out in cold water and change cloths from time to time when they get warm. See a doctor in order to safeguard your sight.

Starting point is 09:23:26 Cramp or stomachache. This is usually due to the irritation produced by undigested food. A hot bottle applied to the stomach and rubbing will also give relief. A little peppermint in hot water and ginger tea are both excellent remedies. The undigested matter should be gotten rid of by vomiting or a cathartic. Remember, this kind of pain is sometimes due to something serious and if it is a good to something serious. is very severe and continues for some time, it is much safer to be sent for a doctor. Hiccup. This is due to indigestion. Holding the breath will often cure, as well also drinking

Starting point is 09:23:58 a full glass of water in small sips without taking a breath. If these fail, vomiting is an almost certain remedy. Chills. In order to stop a chill, drink hot milk or hot lemonade and get into bed. Plenty of covers should be used and hot water bottles or hot milk or lemonade help to warm one quickly. Carrying injured. A severely injured person is always best carried on a stretcher. The easiest stretcher for a scout to improvise is the coat stretcher. For this, two coats and a pair of poles are needed. The sleeves of the coats are first turned inside out. The coats are then placed on the ground with their lower sides touching each other. The poles are passed with the sleeves of each side. The coats are buttoned up with the buttoned side down. A piece of

Starting point is 09:24:40 carpet, a blanket or second can be used in the same way as the coat rolled out in a portion of each side. Shutters and doors make fair stretches. In order not to jounce the patient in carrying him, the bearers should break step. The bearers in front steps off with the left foot and the one in the rear with the right. A number of different methods for carrying a patient by two bearers are practiced. The four-handed seat is a very good one. To make this, each bearer gras is left wrist with the right hand and the other bearers' right wrist with his left hand on the back of the hands uppermost. The bearers then stoop and place the chair under the sitting patient who steadies himself by placing his arms around their neck.

Starting point is 09:25:19 It will sometimes be necessary for one scout to carry an injured comrade. The scout should first turn the patient on his face. He then steps astride his body, facing towards the patient's head, and with hands under his armpits, lifts him to the knees, and then, clasping hands over the abdomen, lifts him to his feet. He then, with his left hand, seizes the patient by the left wrist and draws his left arm around his, the bear and his. neck and holds it against his left chest. The patient's left side resting against his body

Starting point is 09:25:46 and supports him with his right arm around the waist. The scout, with his left hand, seizes the right side of the patient and draws the arm over his head and down upon his shoulders. Then, shifting himself in front, stoops and clasped the right thigh with his right arm paps between the legs. His right hand sees him the patient's right wrist. Lastly, the scout with his left hand grafts the patient's left hand and steadies it against his side when he arises. End of Section 35. Section 36 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording.

Starting point is 09:26:20 All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Marty on the central coast of California. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Water accidents. Wilbert E. Longfellow. United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps. The scout's motto, be prepared, is more than usually applicable to the work of caring for accidents, which happen in the water.

Starting point is 09:26:52 To save lives, the scout must know first how to swim, to care for himself, and then to learn to carry another, and to break the clutch, the death grip, which we read so much about in the newspaper accounts of drowning accidents. By constant training, a boy, even though not a good swimmer, can be perfectly at home in the water, fully dressed, undressed, or carrying a boy of his own size or larger. In fact, two boys of 12 or 14 years can save a man. Swimming For physical development, the breaststroke is useful, for it is one that is used in carrying a tired swimmer and is used to go to the bottom for lost articles, and to search for a person who has sunk before help has reached him.

Starting point is 09:27:47 It is possible, you know, to go to the bottom and bring a body to the surface and swim with it to shore before life is extinct and to restore consciousness by well-directed efforts. The body of an unconscious person weighs little when wholly or partially submerged and in salt water weighs less than in freshwater, and is consequently more readily carried. Training makes a small boy the equal or superior of an untrained boy much larger and of greater strength, and the way to learn to carry a drowning person is to carry a boy who is not drowning to get used to handling the weights. A little struggle now and then lends realism

Starting point is 09:28:33 to the work and increases the skill of the scout candidate for a lifesaver's race. Speed swimming for itself alone is a very selfish sport so that the scout should develop his ability to make it generally useful to others. Floating After the breaststroke is learned, floating on the back for rest and swimming on the back, using feet only for propulsion, leaving the hands free to hold a drowning person should be learned. This can be readily acquired with a little practice, carrying the the hands on the surface of the water, arms half bent, with the elbows close to the sides at the waistline. To carry a man this way, the hands are placed at either side of the

Starting point is 09:29:20 drowning man's head, and he is towed floating on his back, the rescuer swimming on his back, keeping the other away. It is well to remember to go with the tide or current, and do not wear your strength away opposing it. Other ways of carrying are to place the hands beneath the arms of the drowning man or to grasp him firmly by the biceps from beneath, at the same time using the knee in the middle of his back to get him into a floating position, the feet acting as propellers. Methods which enable the rescuer's use of one arm in addition to the feet

Starting point is 09:30:03 are known as the German army and the cross-shoulder. In the first, the swimmer approaches the drowning person from the back, passes the left arm under the other's left arm, across in front of the chest, and firmly grasps the right arm, either by the biceps or below the elbow, giving him control. This leaves the right arm to swim, The other one-arm hold mentioned is one in which the rescuer passes an arm over the shoulder

Starting point is 09:30:40 of the one to be carried, approaching from the back as before and getting a hold under the other's arm, which makes the drowning man helpless. The breaststroke carry previously mentioned is used only for helping a tired swimmer, and one in possession of his faculties who will not try to grasp the rescuer. The tired swimmer lies on the back and, extending his arms fully in front, rests a hand on either shoulder of the swimmer who rests facing him in the regular breast position, allowing the feet of the other to drop between his own. Quite good speed can be made in this way, and all of these methods are practical, as a trial

Starting point is 09:31:26 will show. A little practice will enable the beginner to see which he can do, most readily and then he can perfect himself in it for instant use. Breaking Death Grips If one uses care in approaching a frightened or drowning person in the water, there will be no use for the release methods. But the best of swimmers get careless at times and all swimmers need to know how to get clear when gripped.

Starting point is 09:31:58 Wrist grip Of these, the simplest is the one where the wrist grip. wrists of the swimmer have been grasped by the drowning man in his struggles. The swimmer throws both hands above his head, which forces both low in the water, and then turns the leverage of his arms against the other's thumbs, breaking the hold easily. It should be borne in mind that a drowning man grasps what he can see above the surface of the water, so he will not attempt to grasp his rescuers below the points of the shoulders. Remember also that a tall man and a short man would have about the same amount of their

Starting point is 09:32:38 body projecting above the surface of the water. Neck grip. For the grip around the swimmer's neck from the front, for both arms around the shoulders, and for a grip in which the drowning man had the other over one shoulder and under the other arm, the brake is much the same. As soon as the rescuer feels the hold, he covers the other. the other's mouth with the palm of his hand, clasping the nostrils tightly between his first two fingers, at the same time pulling the drowning man to him with the left hand in the small

Starting point is 09:33:14 of the back, treading water in the meantime. Then, taking a full breath, he applies his knee in the other's stomach, forcing him to expel the air in his lungs, and at the same time preventing him from getting more by pressure on the nostrils and mouth. Should the pressure of the grip around the body be too great to allow freedom of the arms, the preliminary move in that case would be to bring both arms to the level of the shoulder, thus sliding the other's arms to the neck, leaving the rescuer's arms to cover the nose.

Starting point is 09:33:53 Back strangle The back strangle hold is an awkward one to break, and one which must be broken without an instant's delay, or the would-be rescuer himself will be in great need of help. In practice, it will be found that by grasping the encircling arms at the wrists and pushing back with the buttocks against the other's abdomen, room to slip out can be obtained. In a life-and-death struggle, sharper measures are needed, and if the rescuer throws his head suddenly back against the nose of the drowning man, he will secure his freedom very readily

Starting point is 09:34:31 and have him under control by the time he has recovered from his dazed condition. Rescue from shore or boat. It is not always necessary to go into the water to attempt a rescue. And in many cases, when someone has fallen off a bridge or dock, a line or buoy or boat can be used to advantage without placing more lives in danger than the one in the water. Discretion in such matters is worthy of recognition rather than too much recklessness in swimming out.

Starting point is 09:35:08 Use a boat when possible. Practice in throwing a life buoy should be indulged in where possible, and a good scout should always leave the line coiled over pegs and the buoy hanging on top to bind it in place for instant use in an emergency. Diving from the surface. When a bay there or victim from a boating accident sinks to the bottom of a river or pond of from seven to twenty feet in depth, prompt rescue methods may bring him to the surface, and resuscitation methods promptly applied will restore breath.

Starting point is 09:35:45 If there is no current in the pond or lake, bubbles from the body will indicate its whereabouts directly beneath the place where it sank. Should there be tied or currents, the bubbles are carried in an angle with the streams, and the searcher must go from the spot where the person disappeared and look along the bottom going with the current. When a drowning man gives up his struggle and goes down, his body sinks a little way and is brought up again by the buoyancy within it, and the air is expelled. It sinks again and next rises less high and air is expelled again. This happens several times until enough water is taken into the stomach and air passages

Starting point is 09:36:27 to offset the floating capacity. The floating capacity is barely overcome, so the body weighs but little. It is very simple, as almost any youthful swimmer knows, to go to the bottom if one can dive from a float, pier, or boat, but to be able to dive down 10 feet from the surface requires practice. In most cases, to go deeper would require a weight after the manner of the southern spuns and pearl fishers. Grasp a 10 or 15 pound stone and dive in. To come up, the swimmer lets go and rises to the top. Diving for lost objects.

Starting point is 09:37:11 In covering a considerable area in search for bodies or lost objects, several ropes can be anchored with grapnels or rocks in squares and a systematic search thus maintained by divers. Going down from the surface is not so simple. and the knack is attained by practice, especially by athletic lads. The secret is to swim to a point where a sounding is to be made, and to plunge the head and shoulders under, elevating the hips above the surface to drive the shoulders deep

Starting point is 09:37:47 and give chance for a few strokes, breaststroke preferred, until the whole body in a vertical position is headed for the bottom. The elevation of the feet and lower legs in the air gives the body additional impetus downward, and when the object is attained, a push-off from the bottom with both feet sends the swimmer to the surface in quick order. To carry any weight ashore, it is necessary to carry it low on the body, hugged close to the waistline, allowing one hand and both feet for swimming. or if on the back, hold by both hands using the feet as propellers. Restoring breathing.

Starting point is 09:38:35 Knowledge of resuscitation of the apparently drowned is an important part of the equipment of a first-class scout, and a great many lives could have been saved had it been more general. To be effective, no time must be lost in getting the apparently drowned person out of the water and getting the water out of him. The Schaefer or prone method requires but one operator at a time and no waste of time in preliminaries. When taken from the water, the patient is laid on the ground face downward, arms extended above the head, face a little to one side, so as not to prevent the free passage of air. The operator kneels astride or beside the prone figure and lets his hands fall into spaces between the short ribs.

Starting point is 09:39:24 By letting the weight of the upper body fall upon his hands, resting on the prone man, the air is forced out of the lungs. By relaxing the pressure, the chest cavity enlarges and air is drawn in to take the place of that forced out. By affecting this change of air, pressing and relaxing, 12 to 15 times a minute, time it by watch at first, and then count. Artificial breathing is performed. Sometimes it is necessary to work an hour or two before the flicker of an eyelid or a gasp from the patient rewards the lifesavers' efforts, and then he must carefully piece in the breathing until natural breathing is resumed.

Starting point is 09:40:10 When breathing starts, then promote circulation by rubbing the legs and the body toward the heart. Do not attempt to stimulate by the throat until the patient can swallow. Give a teaspoon of aromatic spirits of a little. ammonia in half a glass of water. Remember that by laying the patient face downwards, fluids in the air passages will run or be forced out, and the tongue will drop forward and

Starting point is 09:40:38 require no holding. Always an awkward task. Treatment after respiration begins. The after treatment is important. Put the patient to bed, keep quiet and warm. Always get the services of a physician as soon as possible, but do not wait for him to come too. Start work instantly.

Starting point is 09:41:02 The patient needs oxygen, so keep spectators away. They are robbing the man of life-giving properties of the air. For this reason, in all but the most severe weather, it is well to work on the patient in the open. Life buoys If one is to place a life buoy for instant use in emergencies, it should be hung upon four pegs driven into holes, in two pieces of wood, nailed together in the form of the diameter of a two-foot square or three pegs in strips of wood arranged in the form of a T, about 18 or 20 inches high, the two pegs at either side of the top of the bar of the T, and the other one on the upright near the bottom.

Starting point is 09:41:51 Most life buoys used on shore have 50 or 75 feet of light line. attached to draw the rescued person ashore, or to recover the buoy after a faulty throw. Commencing at the free end of the line, where a small wooden float is often attached, the rope should first be coiled on the pegs, hanging the buoy outside the coil to bind it in place so wind or jars will not loosen it. Then when the buoy is needed, the ring is grasped by the throwing hand which clasped the buoy itself, and the coil is clasped. in the free hand, the end of the rope being secured ashore by standing upon it with one foot. After each use or practice, the buoy line should be restored to its pegs for instant use.

Starting point is 09:42:40 End of Section 36. Recorded by Marty on the Central Coast of California. Section 37 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Liberbox recording. All Liberbox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 37.

Starting point is 09:43:12 Games and Athletic Standards. The Games Part 1 Chapter 8 Games and Athletic Standards, the Games. By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout. Deer Hunting The Deer Hunt has proved one of our most successful games. The deer is a dummy, best made with a wire frame on which soft hay is wrapped till it is a proper size and shape.

Starting point is 09:43:39 Then all is covered with open burlap. A few touches of white and black make it very realistic. If time does not admit of a well-finished deer, one can be made of a sack stuffed with hay, decorated at one end with a smaller sack for head and neck, and set on four thin sticks. sticks. The side of the deer is marked with a large oval, and over the heart is a smaller one. Bowes and arrows only are used to shoot this deer. A pocket full of corn, peas, or other large grain is now needed for scent. The boy who is the deer for the first hunt takes the dummy under his arm and runs off, getting 10 minutes start, or until he comes back and shouts ready.

Starting point is 09:44:24 He leaves a trail of corn, dropping two or three grains. for every yard and making the trail as crooked as he likes, playing such tricks as a deer would do to baffle his pursuers. Then he hides the deer in any place he fancies, but not among rocks or on top of a ridge, because in one case many arrows would be broken and in the other lost. The hunters now hunt for this deer, just as for a real deer, either following the trail or watching the woods ahead. The best hunters combine the two. If at any time the trail is quite lost,

Starting point is 09:45:02 the one in charge shouts, lost trail. After that, the one who finds the trail scores two. Anyone giving a false alarm by shouting deer is find five. Thus they go till someone finds the deer. He shouts deer and scores ten for finding it. The others shout second, third, etc. in order of seeing it, but they do not score. The finder must shoot at the deer with his bow and arrow from the very spot whence he saw it.

Starting point is 09:45:33 If he misses, the second hunter may set up five paces and half his shot. If he misses, the third goes five, and so on till someone hits the deer, or until the ten-yard limit is reached. If the finder is within ten yards on sighting the deer and misses his shot, The other hunters go back to the 10-yard limit. Once the deer is hit, all the shooting must be from the exact spot whence the successful shot was fired. A shot in the big oval is a body wound that scores 5.

Starting point is 09:46:06 A shot outside that is a scratch, that scores 2. A shot in the small oval, or heart, is a heart wound. It scores 10 and ends the hunt. Arrows which do not stick do not count, unless it can be proved that they passed right through, in which case they take the highest score that they pierced. If all the arrows are used, and none in the heart, the deer escapes, and the boy who was deer scores 25. The one who found the dummy is deer for the next hunt. A clever deer can add greatly to the excitement of the game. Originally, we used paper for scent, but found it bad. It littered the woods.

Starting point is 09:46:47 yesterday's trail was confused with that of today, etc. Corn proved better because the birds and the squirrels kept it cleaned up from day to day, and thus the ground was always ready for a fresh start. But the best of all is the hoofmark for the shoe. These iron hoof marks are fast to a pair of shoes and leave a trail much like a real deer. This has several advantages. It gives the hunter a chance to tell where the trail doubled, in which way the deer was going.

Starting point is 09:47:16 It is more realistic, and the boy who can follow this skillfully can follow a living deer. In actual practice, it is found well to use a little corn with this on the hard places, a plan quite consistent with realism, as every hunter will recall. It is strictly forbidden to any hunter to stand in front of the firing line. All must be back of the line on which the shooter stands. There is no limit to the situations and curious combinations in this hunt. The deer may be left standing or lying. There is no law why it should not be hidden behind a solid tree trunk. The game develops as one follows it. After it has been played for some

Starting point is 09:47:58 time with the iron hoof marks as above, the boys grow so skillful on the trail that we can dispense with even the corn. The iron mark, like a deer hoof, leaves a very realistic slot or track, which the more skillful boys readily follow through the woods. A hunt is usually for three, five, or more deer, according to agreement, and the result is reckoned by points on the whole chase. The Bear Hunt This is played by half a dozen or more boys. Each has a club about the size and shape of a baseball club,

Starting point is 09:48:33 but made of straw, tied around two or three switches, and tightly sewn up in burlap. One big fellow is selected for the bear. He has a school bag tightly strapped on his back, and in that a toy balloon fully blown up. This is his heart. On his neck is a bearclaw necklace of wooden beads and claws. See cut. He has three dens about 100 yards apart in a triangle. While in his den the bear is safe. If the den is a tree or rock, he is safe while touching it. He is obliged to come out when the chief hunter counts 100 and must go away. the rounds of the three till the hunt is settled. The object of the hunters is to break the balloon or heart, that is, to kill the bear. He must drop dead when the heart bursts. The hunter who kills him

Starting point is 09:49:21 claims the necklace. But the bear also has a club for defense. Each hunter must wear a hat, and once the bear knocks a hunter's hat off, that one is dead and out of this hunt. He must drop where his hat falls. Tackling of any kind is forbidden. The bear wins by killing or putting to flight all the hunters. In this case, he keeps the necklace. The savageness of these big bears is indescribable. Many lives are lost in each hunt, and it has several times happened that the whole party of hunters has been exterminated by some monster of unusual ferocity. This game has also been developed into a play. Spearing the Great Sturgeon This water game is exceedingly popular and is especially good for public exhibition, being spectacular and full of amusement and excitement.

Starting point is 09:50:16 The outfit needed is, number one, a sturgeon roughly formed of soft wood. It should be about three feet long and nearly a foot thick at the head. It may be made realistic or a small log pointed at both ends will serve. Number two, two spears with six-inch steel heads and wooden handles, about three feet long. The points should be sharp, but not the barbs. Sometimes the barbs are emitted altogether. Each head should have an eye to which is attached 20 feet of one-quarter-inch rope. On each rope, six feet from the spearhead is a fathom mark made by tying on a rag or cord.

Starting point is 09:50:57 Number three, two boats with crews. Each crew consists of a spearman who is captain, and one or two oarsmen or paddlers, of whom the after one is the pilot. All should be expert swimmers, or elsewhere life belts during the game. The game. Each boat has a base or harbor. This is usually part of the shore opposite that of the enemy, or it obviates all danger of collision if the boats start from the same side. The sturgeon is left by the referee's canoe at a point midway between, the bases. At the word go, each boat leaves its base, and making for the sturgeon, tries to spear it, then drag it by the line to his base. When both get their spears into it, the contest becomes a tug of

Starting point is 09:51:44 war until one of the spears pulls out. The sturgeon is landed when the prow of the boat that has it in tow touches its proper base, even though the spear of the enemy is then in the fish, or it is landed when the fish itself touches base. The boats change bases after each heat. Matches are usually for one, three, or five sturgeon. Points are counted only for the landing of the fish, but the referee may give the decision on a foul or succession of fouls or the delinquent may be set back one or more boat lengths.

Starting point is 09:52:19 Sometimes the game is played in canoes or boats, with one man as spearmen and crew. Rules It is not allowable to push the sturgeon into a new position with the spear or paddle before striking. It is allowable to pull the sturgeon under the boat or pass it around by using the line after spearing. It is allowable to lay hands on the other boat to prevent a collision, but otherwise it is forbidden to touch the other boat or crew or paddle or spear or line or to lay hands on the fish, or to touch it with the paddle or, or,

Starting point is 09:52:55 or touch your own spear while it is in the fish, or to tie the line around the fish, except so far as this may be accidentally done in spearing. It is allowable to dislodge the enemy spear by throwing your own over it. The purpose of the barbs is to assist in this. It is allowable to run on the sturgeon with the boat. It is absolutely forbidden to throw the spear over the other boat, or over the heads of your crew. In towing the sturgeon, the fathom mark must be over the gunwale.

Starting point is 09:53:27 At least six feet of line should be out when the fish is in tow. It is not afoul to have less, but the spearmen must at once let it out if the umpire or the other crew cries fathom. The spearman is allowed to drop the spear and use the paddle or oar at will, but not to resign his spear to another of the crew. The spearman must be in his boat when the spear is thither. If the boat is upset, the referee's canoe helps them to write. Each crew must accept the backset of its accidents. End of Section 37. Games and Athletic Standards. The Games Part 1. Section 38 of the Boy Scouts Handbook.

Starting point is 09:54:16 This is a Libervox recording. All Liberbox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit livervox. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 38. Games and Athletic Standards. The Games Part 2 Tilting in the Water For this, we usually have two boats or war canoes manned by four men each.

Starting point is 09:54:44 These are a spearman who is also a captain, a pilot, and two oarsmen. The spearman is armed with a light pole or bamboo, eight or ten feet long with a soft pad on each end. Sometimes this is further provided with a hook. This is a forked branch with limbs a foot long. One is lashed to the bamboo, the other projecting out of foot, and slightly backward. The end of the spear and the fork are now thoroughly padded with burlap to the shape of a duck's head in bill,

Starting point is 09:55:17 and it must be cased and waterproof to keep it from getting wet and heavy. The object of the hook is to change suddenly from pushing and to pull the enemy by hooking round his neck. Each boat should have a quartered deck or raised platform at one end on which the spearmen stands. Tilting spear. The battle is fought in rounds and by points. To put your opponent back into the canoe with one foot counts you five. Two feet, ten. If he loses his spear, you count five, excepting when he is put overboard.

Starting point is 09:55:51 if you put him down on one knee on the fighting deck you count five two knees ten if you put him overboard it counts twenty five one hundred points is a round a battle is for one or more rounds as agreed on it is forbidden to hook or strike below the belt the umpire may dock for fouls canoe tag any number of canoes or boats may engage in this a rubber cushion a hot water-bag full of air, any rubber football or a cotton bag with a lot of corks in it is needed. The game is to tag the other canoe by throwing this into it. The rules are as in ordinary cross tag. Scouting. Scouts are sent out in pairs or singly. A number of points are marked on the map at equal distances from camp, and the scouts draw straws to see where each goes.

Starting point is 09:56:46 If one place is obviously hard, the scout is allowed a fair number of points as handicap. All set out at same time, go direct, and return as soon as possible. Points are thus allowed. Last back, zero for traveling. The others count one for each minute they are ahead of the last. Points up to 100 are allowed for their story on return. Sometimes we allow ten points for each turtle they have seen, ten for each owl seen and properly named, five for each hawk, and one each for other wild birds. Also, we allow ten. also two for a cat, one for a dog. No information is given the scout.

Starting point is 09:57:27 He is told to go to such a point and do so-and-so, but this is fine point if he hesitates or asks how or why, etc. QuickSight Game. The Game of QuickSight Make two boards about a foot square. Divide each into 25 squares. Get 10 nuts and 10 pebbles. Give to one player, one board,

Starting point is 09:57:50 five nuts and five pebbles. He places these on the squares in any pattern he fancies, and when ready, the other player is allowed to see it for five seconds. Then it is covered up, and from memory of what he saw, the second player must reproduce the pattern on his own board. He counts one for each that was right, and takes off one for each that was wrong. They take turn and turn about. This game is a wonderful developer of the power to see and make. memorize quickly. Farsight, or spot the rabbit. Take two six-inch squares of stiff white pasteboard or white and wood.

Starting point is 09:58:29 On each of these draw an outline rabbit. One an exact duplicate of the other. Make 20 round black wafers or spots, each half an inch across. Let one player stick a few of these on one rabbit board and set it up in full light. The other, beginning at 100 yards, draws near till he can see the spots well enough to reproduce the pattern on the other, which he carries. If he can do it at 75 yards, he has wonderful eyes. Down even to 70, done three times out of five, he counts high honor.

Starting point is 09:59:04 From 70 to 60 counts honor. Below that does not count at all. Pole Star. Each competitor is given a long straight stick in daytime and told to lay it due north and south. In doing this, he may guide himself by sun, moss or anything he can find in nature. Anything, indeed, except a compass. The direction is checked by a good compass, corrected for the locality. The one who comes nearest wins. It is optional with the judges whether the use of a timepiece is to be allowed.

Starting point is 09:59:38 Rabbit Hunt The game of rabbit hunting is suited for two hunters in limited grounds. Three little sacks of brown burlap, each about eight inches by twelve, are stuffed with. with hay. At any given place in the woods, the two hunters stand in a ten-foot circle with their bows and arrows. One boy is blindfolded. The other, without leaving the circle, throws the rabbits into good hiding places on the ground. Then the second hunter has to find the rabbits and shoot them without leaving the circle. The lowest number of points wins, as in golf. If the hunter has to leave the circle, he gets one point for every step he takes outside. After he sees

Starting point is 10:00:19 the rabbit, he must keep to that spot and shoot till it is hit once. One shot kills it, no matter where struck. For every shot he misses, he gets five points. After his first shot at each rabbit, the hider takes alternate shots with him. If it is the hider who kills the rabbit, the hunter adds ten points to his score. If the hunter hits it, he takes ten off his score. If the hunter fails to find all the rabbits, he scores 25 for each one he gives up. The hider cannot score at all. He can only help his friend into trouble. Next time, the two changed places. A match is usually for two brace of rabbits. Hostel Spy. Hanging from the token pole is a red or yellow horse tail. This is the Grand Medicine Scalp of the band. The hostile spy has to steal it. The leader goes around

Starting point is 10:01:13 on the morning of the day and whispers to the various braves, look out, there's a spy in camp. At length he gets secretly near the one that he has selected for spy and whispers. Look out, there's a spy in camp, and you are it. He gives him at the same time some bright-colored badge that he must wear as soon as he has secured the medicine scalp. He must not hide the scalp on his person, but keep it in view. He has all day till sunset to get away with it.

Starting point is 10:01:41 if he gets across the river or other limit with warriors in close pursuit they give him ten arrowheads two and one-half cents each or other ransom agreed on if he gets away safely and hides it he can come back and claim fifteen arrowheads from the council as ransom for the scalp if he is caught he pays his captor ten arrowheads ransom for his life the man-hunt this is played with the scout and ten or more hostels or hounds according to the country more when it is rough or wooded the scout is given a letter addressed to the military commandment usually the lady of the house that he gets to of any given place a mile or two away he is told to take the letter to any one of three given houses and get it endorsed with the hour when he arrived then return to the starting point within a certain time the hostels are sent to a point half-way and let go by a starter at the same time as the scout leaves the camp they are to intercept him if they catch him before he delivers the letter he must ransom his life by paying each two arrowheads or other forfeit and his captor keeps the letter as a trophy if he gets through but is caught on the road back he pays half as much for his life if he gets through but is over time it is a draw if he gets through successfully on time he claims three arrowheads from each hostel and keeps the letter as a trophy they may not follow him into the house that is the fort but may surround it at one hundred yards distance they do not know which three houses he is free to enter but they do not know that these are within certain limits the scout should wear a conspicuous badge hat shirt coat or feather and may ride a wheel or go in a wagon etc as long as his badge is clearly visible to tag the scout is not to capture the block a to be binding my

Starting point is 10:03:45 must be effectual. Hunt the Coon This is an indoor game founded on the familiar Hunt the Thimble. We use a little dummy coon, either make it or turn a ready-made toy rabbit into one by adding tail and black mask and cropping the ears. All the players but one go out of the room. That one places the coon anywhere in sight, high or low, but in plain view all come in seek. The first to find it sits down silently and scores one. Each sits down on seeing it, giving

Starting point is 10:04:19 no clue to the others. The first to score three coons is winner, usually. Sometimes we play till everyone but one has a coon. That one is a booby. The others are first, second, etc. Sometimes each is given his number in order of finding it. Then, after seven or eight coons, these numbers are added up, and the lowest is winner. If no coon is available, use a thimble. Spear fights. This is an indoor game with outdoor weapons. The soft-headed, eight-foot spears of the tilting match are used. The contestants stand on barrels eight feet apart. Each tries to put the other off his barrel. It is well to have a catcher behind each player to save him if he falls.

Starting point is 10:05:05 Games are for 7, 11, or 13 points. Navajo Feather Dance An eagle feather hung on a horsehair so as to stand upright. It's worked by a hidden operator so as to dance in caper. The dancer has to imitate all its motions. A Marionette may be used. It is a great fun maker. Feather football or feather blow.

Starting point is 10:05:30 This is an indoor wet weather game. The players hold a blanket on the knees or on the table. A soft feather is put in the middle, as many may play as can get near. They may be in sides, two or four, or each for himself. At the signal go, each tries to blow the feather off the blanket at the enemy's side, and so count one for himself. A game is usually best out of 7, 11, or 13. Cockfighting. Get two stout sticks, each two feet long, broomsticks will do.

Starting point is 10:06:03 Pad each of these on the end with a ball of rag. These are the spurs. Make an eight-foot ring. The two rivals are on their hunkers, each with a stick through behind his knees. His hands clasped in front of the knees and the arms under the ends of the spurs. Now they close, each aiming to upset the other, to make him lose his spurs, or to put him out of the ring, any of which ends that round and scores one for the victor. If both fall or lose a spur or go out together, it is a draw.

Starting point is 10:06:36 Battle is for 7, 11, or 13 rounds. Hand wrestling. This is a Jiu-Jitsu game, introduced by Dr. L. H. Gullick. The two contestants stand right toe to right toe. Each right hand clasped, left feet braced, left hand free. At the word go, each tries to imbalance the other, that is, make him lift or move one of his feet. A lift or a shift ends the round. battles are for best out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen rounds.

Starting point is 10:07:09 Badger pulling The two contestants, on hands and knees, face each other. A strong belt or strap is buckled into one great loop that passes round the head of each, that is, crosses his nape. Halfway between them is a dead line. The one who pulls the other over this line is winner. The contestant can at any time end the belt by lowering his head, so the strap slips off, but this counts one against him.

Starting point is 10:07:37 The game is best out of 5, 7, 11, or 13 points. Poison This is an ancient game. A circle about three feet across is drawn on the ground. The players holding hands make a ring around this, and try to make one of the numbers step into the poison circle. He can evade it by side-stepping, by jumping over, or by dragging another fellow into it.

Starting point is 10:08:01 First to make the misstep is it for the time or for next game. End of Section 38. Games and Athletic Standards. The Games Part 2 Section 39 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Librevox recording. All Libervox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visitlibrovox.org. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. 9. Games and Athletic Standards. The Games Part 3. Hatball When I was among the Chippewan Indians of Great Slave Lake in 1907, I made myself popular with the young men as well as boys by teaching them the old game of hatball. The players,

Starting point is 10:08:57 about a dozen, put their hats in a row near a house, fence, or log, hollows up. A deadline is drawn ten feet from the hats. All must stand outside. of that. The one who is it begins by throwing a soft ball into one of the hats. If he misses the hat, a chip is put into his own, and he tries over. As soon as he drops the ball into a hat, the owner runs to get the ball. All the rest run away. The owner must not follow beyond the deadline, but must throw the ball at someone. If he hits him, a chip goes into that person's hat. If not, a chip goes into his own. As soon as someone has five chips, he wins the booby prize. That is, he must hold his hand out steadily against the wall,

Starting point is 10:09:44 and each player has five shots at it with the ball as he stands on the deadline. Duck on a rock. This is a good grandfather game. Each player has a large, smooth, roundish stone, about five or six inches through. This is his duck. He keeps it permanently. To rock is any low boulder, block, stump, bump, or hillock. on ground level. A deadline is drawn through the rock and another parallel, 15 feet away for a firing line. The fellow who is it or keeper purchase his duck on the rock. The others stand at the firing line and throw their ducks at his. They must not pick them up or touch them with their hands when they are beyond the deadline. If one does, then the

Starting point is 10:10:31 keeper can tag him unless he reaches the firing line and send him to do duty as keeper at the rock. But they can coax their ducks with their feet up to the dead line, not beyond, then watch for a chance to dodge back to the firing line, where they are safe at all times. If the duck is knocked off by anyone in fair firing, the keeper is powerless till he has replaced it. Meantime, most of the players have secured their ducks and got back safely to the firing line. Roadside cribbage. This is a game we often play in the train, to pass the time pleasantly. Sometimes one party takes the right side of the road with the windows there, and the other the left. Sometimes all players sit on the same side. The game is, whoever is first

Starting point is 10:11:19 to see certain things agreed on, scores so many points. Thus, a crow or a cow counts one. A cat, two, a hawk, three, an owl, four, a sheep, five, a goat, six, a horse, a horse, a horse, 7. The winner is the one who first gets 25 or 50 points as agreed on. When a foot, one naturally takes other things for points as certain trees, flowers, etc. Lion hunting. The games from lion hunting to hare and hounds are from General Bade and Pauel. A lion is represented by one scout who goes out with tracking irons on his feet and a pocket full of corn or peat. and six long tennis balls or rag balls. He is allowed half an hour's start, and then the patrol go after him, following his spore,

Starting point is 10:12:16 each armed with one tennis ball with which to shoot him when they find him. The lion may hide or creep about or run just as he feels inclined, but whenever the ground is hard or very greasy, he must drop a few grains of corn every few yards to show the trail. If the hunters fail to come up to him, neither wins the game. When they come near to his lair, the lion fires at them with his tennis balls, and the moment a hunter is hit, he must fall out dead and cannot throw his tennis ball. If the lion gets hit by a hunter's tennis ball, he is wounded, and if he gets wounded three times, he is killed.

Starting point is 10:12:54 Tennis balls may only be fired once. They cannot be picked up and fired again in the same fight. Each scout must collect and hand in his tennis balls after the game. In winter, if he's If there is snow, this game can be played without tracking irons and using snowballs instead of tennis balls. Plant race Start off your scouts, either cycling or on foot, to go in any direction they like, to get a specimen of any ordered plant. Say a sprig of you, a shoot of ilex, a horseshoe mark from a chestnut tree, a briar rose, or something of that kind, whichever you may order, such as will tax their knowledge of plants and will test their memory as to where they noticed one of the kind required and will also make them quick in getting there and back. Throwing the assagai

Starting point is 10:13:44 Target a thin sack, lightly stuffed with straw, or a sheet of cardboard, or canvases stretched on a frame. Assing guys to be made of wands, with weighted ends sharpened, or with iron arrowheads on them. Flag rating Two or more patrols on each side. Each side will form an outpost within a given track of country to protect three flags, or at night three lanterns, two feet above the ground, planted not less than 200 yards, 100 yards at night from it. The protecting outposts will be posted in concealment,

Starting point is 10:14:21 either altogether or spread out in pairs. It will then send out scouts to discover the enemy's position. When these have found out where the outpost is, they try to creep round out of sight till they can get to the flags and bring them away to their own line. One scout may not take away more than one flag. This is the general position of a patrol on such an outpost. Any scout coming within 50 yards of a stronger party will be put out of action, if seen by the enemy. If you can creep by without being seen, it is all right.

Starting point is 10:14:53 Scouts posted to watch as outposts cannot move from their ground, but their strength counts as double, and they may send single messages to their neighbors or to their own scouting party. An umpire should be with each outposts and with each scouting patrol. At a given hour, operations will cease, and all will assemble at the given spot to hand in their reports. The following points might be awarded. for each flag or lamp captured and brought in five. For each report or sketch of the position of the enemy's outposts up to five. For each report of movement of the enemy's scouting patrols, two. The side which makes the biggest total wins.

Starting point is 10:15:39 The same game may be played to test the scouts and stepping lightly, the umpire being blindfolded. The practice should preferably be carried out where there are dry twigs lying about. and gravel, etc. The scout may start to stalk the blind enemy at 100 yards distance, and he must do it fairly fast, say, in one minute and a half, to touch the blind man before he hears him. Stalking and reporting. The umpire places himself out in the open and sends each scout or pair of scouts away in different directions about half a mile off. When he waves a flag, which is the signal to begin, they all hide, and then proceed to stalk him, creeping up and watching all he does. When he waves the flag again, they rise, come in, and report each in turn all that he did,

Starting point is 10:16:28 either by handing in a written report or verbally, as may be ordered. The umpire meantime has kept a lookout in each direction, and every time he sees a scout, he takes two points off that scout's score. He, on his part, performs small actions, such as sitting down, kneeling, looking through glasses, using handkerchief, taking hat off for a bit, walking round in a circle a few times, to give scouts something to note and report about him. Scouts are given three points for each act reportedly corrected. It saves time if the umpire makes out a scoring card beforehand, giving the name of each scout, and a number of columns, showing each act of his, and what mark that scout wins, also a column of deducted marks for

Starting point is 10:17:13 exposing themselves. Spider and fly. A bit of country or section of the town about a mile square is selected as the web, and its boundaries described and an hour fixed at which operations are to cease. One patrol, or half patrol, is the spider, which goes out and selects a place to hide itself. The other patrol, or half patrol, go a quarter of an hour later, as the fly, to look for the spider.

Starting point is 10:17:41 They can spread themselves about, and they can spread themselves about. as they like but must tell their leader anything that they discover an umpire goes with each party if within the given time say about two hours the fly has not discovered the spider the spider wins the spiders write down the names of any of the fly patrol that they may see stalking instructor acts as a deer not hiding but standing moving a little now and then if he likes scouts go out to find and each in his own way try to be to get up to him unseen. Directly the instructor sees a scout. He directs him to stand up as having failed. After a certain time, the instructor calls time, all stand up at the spot which they have reached,

Starting point is 10:18:27 and the nearest winds. Demonstrate the value of adapting color of clothes to background by sending out one boy about 500 yards to stand against different backgrounds in turn till he gets one similar in color to his own clothes. The rest of the patrol to watch and to notice how invisible he becomes when he gets a suitable background, e.g. A boy in a gray suit standing in front of dark bushes, etc., is quite visible, but becomes less so if he stands in front of a gray rock or house. A boy in a dark suit is very visible in a green field, but not when lie stands in an open doorway against dark interior shadow.

Starting point is 10:19:09 Scout Hunting One scout is given time to go out and hide himself. The remainder then start to find him. He wins if he is not found or if he can get back to the starting point within a given time without being touched. Relay race One patrol pitted against another to see who can get a message sent a long distance in shortest time by means of relays of runners or cyclists. The patrol is ordered out to send in three successive notes or tokens.

Starting point is 10:19:40 such as sprigs of certain plants from a point two miles distant or more the leader in taking his patrol out to the spot drops scouts at convenient distances who will then act as runners from one post to the next and back if relays are posted in pairs messages can be passed both ways track memory make a patrol sit with their feet up so that other scouts can study them give the scouts say three minutes to study the boots then leaving the scouts in a room or out of sight let one of the patrol make some footmarks in a good bit of ground call up the scouts one by one and let them see the track and say who made it spot the thief get a stranger to make a track unseen by the scouts the scouts study his track so as to know it again Then put the stranger among eight or ten others and let them all make their tracks for the boys to see, going by in rotation. Each scout then in turn whispers to the umpire which man made the original track, describing him by his number and filing past. The scout who answers correctly wins. If more than one answers correctly, the one who then draws the best diagram from memory of the footprint wins.

Starting point is 10:20:59 Games and Athletic Standards The Games Part 3 Section 40 of the Boy Scouts Handbook This is a Libervox recording All Libravox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer Please visit Libravox.org The Boy Scouts Handbook

Starting point is 10:21:23 By the Boy Scouts of America Section 40 Games and Athletic Standards The Games Part 4 Smugglers over the border The border is a certain line of country, about 400 yards long, preferably a road or wide path or bit of sand on which foot tracks can easily be seen. One patrol watches the border with sentries posted along this road,

Starting point is 10:21:48 with a reserve posted farther inland. This ladder, about halfway between the border and the town, the town would be a base marked by a tree, building, or flags, etc., about half a mile distant from the border. A hostile patrol of smugglers assemble about half a mile on the other side of the border. They will all cross the border in any formation they please, either singly or together or scattered, and make for the town either walking or running or at scouts pace. Only one among them is supposed to be smuggling, and he wears tracking irons so that the sentries walk up and down their beat. They may not run till after the alarm, waiting for the tracks of the smuggler. Directly, a sentry sees the track. He gives the alarm signal to the reserve

Starting point is 10:22:37 and starts himself to follow up the track as fast as he can. The reserves thereupon cooperate with him and try to catch the smuggler before he can reach the town. Once within the boundary of the town, he is safe and wins the game. Shop Window Outdoors in Town Umpire takes a patrol down the street past six shops, gives them half a minute at each shop, Then, after moving them off to some distance, he gives each boy a pencil and card, and tells him to write from memory or himself takes down what they noticed, and say, the third and fifth shops. The one who sets down most articles correctly wins. It is useful practice to match one boy against another in heats. The loser competing again till you arrive at the worst.

Starting point is 10:23:24 This gives the worst scouts the most practice. Similar game indoors. Send each scout in turn into a room for half a minute. When he comes out, take down a list of furniture and articles, which he notices. The boy who notices most wins. The simplest way of scoring is to make a list of the articles in the room on your scoring paper with a column for marks for each scout against them, which can then easily be totaled up at foot. Follow the trail.

Starting point is 10:23:55 Send out a hair, either walking or cycling, with a pocket full of corn, nutshells, confetti paper, or buttons, etc., and drop a few here and there to give a trail for the patrol to follow. Or go out with a piece of chalk and draw the patrol sign on walls, gateposts, pavements, lamp posts, trees, etc. Every here and there, and let the patrol hunt you by these marks. Patrol should wipe out all these marks as they pass them for tidiness, and so as not to mislead them for another day's practice. The other road signs should also be used, such as closing up certain rows as not used, and hiding a letter at some point, giving directions as to the next turn. Scouts know indoors.

Starting point is 10:24:43 Prepare a number of paper bags, all alike, and put in each a different smelling article, such as chopped onion in one, tan in another, rose leaves, leather, anna seed, violet powder, orange peel, etc. Put these packets in a row a couple of feet apart and let each competitor walk down the line and have five seconds sniff at each. At the end, he has one minute in which to write down or to state to the umpire the names of the different objects smelled from memory in their correct order. Scout meets Scout in town or country. Single scouts or complete patrols are pairs of scouts to be taken out about two miles apart and made to work toward each other, either alongside a road, or by giving each side a landmark to work to,

Starting point is 10:25:33 such as a steep hill or big tree, which is directly behind the other party, and will thus ensure they're coming together. The patrol which first sees the other wins. This is signified by the patrol leader holding up his patrol flag for the umpire to see and sounding his whistle. A patrol need not keep together, but that patrol wins, which first holds out its flag, So it is well for the scouts to be in touch with their patrol leaders by signal, voice, or message. Scouts may employ any ruse they like, such as climbing into trees, hiding in carts, etc. But they must not dress up in disguise. This may also be practiced at night.

Starting point is 10:26:15 Shootout Two patrols compete. Targets. Bottles or bricks set up on end to represent the opposing patrol. Both patrols are drawn up in line. at about twenty to twenty five yards from the targets at the word fire they throw stones at the targets directly a target falls the umpire directs the corresponding man of the other patrol to sit down killed the game goes on if there are plenty of stones till the whole of one patrol is killed or a certain number of stones can be given to each patrol or a certain time limit say one minute kim's game place about twenty or thirty small articles on a tray or on the table or floor such as two or three different kinds of buttons pencils corks rags nuts stones knives string photos

Starting point is 10:27:09 anything you can find and cover them over with a cloth or coat make a list of these and make a column opposite of the list for each boy's replies then uncover the articles for one minute by your your watch, or while you count 60 at the rate of quickmarch, then cover them over again. Take each boy separately and let him whisper to you each of the articles that he can remember and mark it off on your scoring sheet. The boy who remembers the greatest number wins the game. Morgan's Game Scouts are ordered to run to a certain boarding where an umpires already posted to time them. They are each allowed to look at this for one minute and then to run back to headquarters and report to the instructor all that was on the boarding in the way of advertisements.

Starting point is 10:27:57 Snowfort The snow fort may be built by one patrol, according to their own ideas of fortification, with loopholes, etc. for looking out. When finished, it will be attacked by hostile patrols, using snowballs as ammunition. Every scout struck by a snowball is counted dead. The attacker should, as a rule, number at least twice the strength of the defenders. Siberian Manhunt One scout as fugitive runs away across the snow in any direction he may please

Starting point is 10:28:30 until he finds a good hiding place and there conceals himself. The remainder, after giving him 20 minutes start or more, proceed to follow him by his tracks. As they approach his hiding place, he shoots at them with snowballs, and everyone that is struck must fall out dead. The fugitive must be struck three times before he is counted dead. hare and hounds two or more persons representing the hares and provided with the large quantity of corn are given a start of several minutes and run a certain length of time then return by another route to the starting point all the time scattering corn in their path after the lapse of the number of minutes handicapped given the hairs those representing the hounds start in pursuit following by the corn and trying to catch the hairs before they reach the starting point in returning The handicap given the hare should be small, depending on the running abilities of the hares and hounds.

Starting point is 10:29:26 The fastest runners are usually picked for the hounds. Chalk, the arrow. This is usually played in the city streets, one player running and trying to keep out a sight of the others who follow. The runner is given time to disappear around the first corner before the others start after him, and at every corner he turns, he marks with chalk and arrow pointing in the direction he takes. Those pursuing, followed by the arrow, the first one seeing him, being the runner for the next time. This may also be played by having any number run and only one follow, the first becoming it for the next time. Dodge ball.

Starting point is 10:30:05 Of any number of players, half of that number forms a circle, while the other half stand inside of the ring, center, facing outward. Now, the game for those in the center is to dodge the ball which is thrown by any of those forming the circle, with the intention of striking the center ones out. Every time a member is struck, he is dead, and takes his place among those of the circle. Now he has a chance to throw at those remaining in the center. This arrangement keeps all taking part busy. Only one is out at a time.

Starting point is 10:30:36 This being kept up until finally only one is left. He has hailed the king. For next round, players exchange places, i.e., those who are in the center, now form the circle. Note, if the touch is preceded by a bound of the ball, it does not count. Prisoners' base. Goals are marked off at both ends of the playground, the players divided into two equal divisions, occupying the two goals.

Starting point is 10:31:03 About ten paces to the right of each goal is a prison. A player advances toward the opposite goal. When one from that goal starts to catch him, he retreats, and one from his side runs to his rescue by trying to catch the pursuer. Who in turn is suckered by one from his side and so on. Every player may catch anyone from the opposite side who has been out of goal longer than he has. Any player caught is conducted to the prison by his captor and must remain there until rescued by someone from his side who touches him with the hand.

Starting point is 10:31:35 The one who does this is subject to being caught like any other player. Throwing the spear. The game is an old Greek in Persian pastime. Throw the spear and speak the truth was a national maxim of the Persians that we may copy with advantage. The apparatus required is some light spears and an archery target. The spear should vary from five to six feet in length. The point should be shod with a steel tip, having a socket into which the wooden handle

Starting point is 10:32:05 is fitted, and made fast by small screws passing through holes in the sides of the metal, and then into the wood itself. The wood, for about a foot above the barb, should be about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and from thence gradually taper to about a quarter of an inch in thickness, until the end of the spear is reached. Some spears are fitted with feathers, like an arrow, but these are not necessary to obtain a good throw, and soon get dismantled and continually falling upon the ground. Any ordinary target will serve.

Starting point is 10:32:37 It may be an archery target, a sack full of straw, or a sod bank. The object of the contest is to hit the target from a given mark, the firing line. Whoever throws nearest to the center of the target the greatest number of times out of six shots is hailed the winner. The best form for throwing is with the left foot forward, the leg preferably straight, body well back, its weight resting on the right leg. Now extend the left arm forward, in line with the shoulder, and over the left leg. Poise the spear horizontally in the right hand, holding at the center of gravity by the forefinger and thumb. Bring the right arm backward until the hand is behind the right shoulder.

Starting point is 10:33:16 Now, inclining the point of the spear slightly upward, make your cast, bringing the right arm forward, followed by the right side of the body, the right leg forward, and the left arm backward. Count yourself fortunate if you even hit the target in the first few attempts, but practice will make a wonderful difference. The distance should be mutually agreed upon, but 50 feet for a boy of 15 and 100 feet for an adult will be found about right. To throw the javelin is another phase of this pastime. The javelin is four to five feet in length, three quarters of an inch in thickness, and fitted with a barbed end, slightly heavier than the spear end. The object of the game is to throw the javelin as far as possible, but not at a target. Instead, the javelin must stick into the ground.

Starting point is 10:34:02 In throwing the javelin, hold it in the right hand, the left leg and hand being advanced. The barb and arm at this point should be at the rear. Then, describing a semicircle with the arm over the right shoulder and leaning well to the rear, hurl the weapon as far as possible forward. End of Section 40. Games and Athletic Standards. The Games Part 4 Section 41 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Librevox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visitlibrovox.org. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America, Section 41, Games and Athletic Standards, The Games Part 5

Starting point is 10:34:51 Arctic Exhibition Each patrol make a bobsleigh with ropes, harness, for two of their number to pool, or for dogs if they have them, and can train them to do the work. Two scouts or so go a mile or two ahead, the remainder with the sleigh follow, finding the way by means of the spore, and by such signs as the leading scouts may draw in the snow. All other drawings seen on the way are to be examined, noted, and their meaning red. The sleigh carries rations and cooking pots, etc. Build snow huts.

Starting point is 10:35:23 These must be made narrow, according to the length of the sticks available for forming the roof, which can be made with brushwood and covered with snow. Dragging Race A line of patience from one patrol is laid out 50 feet distant from the start. Another patrol, each carrying a rope, run out, tie ropes to the patients, and drag them in. Time taken of the last, patrols change places. The one which completes the shortest time wins. Knots must be carefully tied and patient's coats laid out under their heads. Far and near. Umpire goes along a given road or line of country with a patrol and patrol

Starting point is 10:36:00 formation. He carries a scoring card with the name of each scout on it. Each scout looks out for the details required and directly he notices one, he runs to the umpire and informs him or hands in the article. If it is an article he finds, the umpire enters a mark accordingly against his name. The scout who gains the most marks in the walk wins. Details like the following should be chosen to develop the scout's observation and to encourage him to look far and near, up and down, etc. The detail should be buried every time the game is played and about eight or ten should be given at a time. Every match found one point. Every button found one point. Bird tracks, two points. Patch noticed on strangers' clothing or boots, two points.

Starting point is 10:36:47 Grey horse scene, two points. Pigeon flying, two points. Sparrow sitting, two points. Ash tree, two points. Broken chimney pot, two points. Broken window, one point. Fire lighting race. To collect material, build, and light a fire till the log given by umpire is alight. Follow my leader. With a large number of boys, this can be made of very effective display, and it is easy to do at a jog trot, an occasional knee-up with musical accompaniment. It also can be done at night, each boy carrying a Chinese lantern on top of his staff. If in a building, all lights, of course, would be turned down. A usual fault is that the exercise is kept on too long, till it warries both audience and performers. Games and Pathfinding

Starting point is 10:37:36 Instructor takes a patrol in patrolling formation into a strange town or into an interesting, piece of strange country with the cycling map. He then gives instructions as to where he wants to go, makes each scout in turn lead the patrol, say, for seven minutes if cycling, 15 minutes if walking. This scout is to find the way entirely by the map and points are given for ability in reading. Mountain scouting. This has been played by tourist clubs in the Lake District and is very similar to the spider and fly game. Three hairs are sent out at daybreak to hide themselves about in mountains. After breakfast, a party of hounds go out to find them before a certain hour, say four o'clock p.m. If they find them, even with field glasses, it counts, provided that the

Starting point is 10:38:23 finder can say definitely who it was he spotted. Certain limits of ground must be given, beyond which anyone would be out of bounds, and therefore disqualified. Knight-Arentry Scouts go out singly or in pairs or as a patrol, if in a town to find women or children in one of help and to return and report on their honor what they have done if in the country call at any farms or cottages and ask to do odd jobs for nothing the same can be made into a race called a good turn race unprepared plans give the plot of a short simple play and assign to each player his part with an outline of what he has to do and say and then let them act it making up the required conversation as they go along this develops the power of imagination and expression on points kept in the mind and is a valuable means of education. It is well before starting to act a play in this way to be a little less ambitious

Starting point is 10:39:22 and to make two or three players merely carry out a conversation on given topics leading up to a given point, using their own words and imaginations in doing so. The Treasure Hunt The Treasure Hunt needs observation and skill and tracking, and practically any number can take part in it. Several ways of playing the game. game are given below. Number one, the treasure is hidden, and the scouts know what the treasure is. They are given the first clue, and from this, all the others can be traced.

Starting point is 10:39:52 Such clues might be, A, written on a gate post. Go west and examine third gate on north side of stream. B, on that gate, scouts sign pointing to notice board, on which is written, strikes south by southeast's telegraph post number 28, and so on. The clue should be so awarded as to need some skill to understand and the various points should be difficult of access from one another. This method might be used as a patrol competition starting off patrols at 10 minute intervals and at one particular clue there might be different orders for each patrol to prevent the patrols from following the first. Number two, the clues may be bits of colored wood tied to gates, hedges, etc. at about three yard intervals leading in a certain direction and when these clues come to the end, it should be known that the treasure is hidden within so many feet. To prevent this degenerating into a mere game of Follow My Leader, several tracks might be laid,

Starting point is 10:40:50 working up to the same point, and false tracks could be laid, which only lead back again to the original. Number 3. Each competitor or patrol might be given a description of the way, each perhaps of a slightly different way. The description should make it necessary to go to each spot in turn and prevent any cutting in the following way. Go to the tallest tree in a certain field. From there, go 100 yards north and then walk straight toward a church tower, which will be on your left, etc. All the descriptions should be led by an equal journey to a certain spot where the treasure is hidden. The first to arrive at that spot should not let the others know it as the spot, but should search for the treasure in as casual a manner as possible. Will or the Wisp. This game should

Starting point is 10:41:37 take place across country at night. Two scouts set off in a given direction with the lighted bullseye lantern. After two minutes have passed, the patrol or troop starts in pursuit. The lantern bearer must show his light at least every minute, concealing it for the rest of the time. The two scouts take turns in carrying the light, and so may relieve each other in difficulties, but either may be captured. The scout without the light can often mingle with the pursuers without being recognized and relieve his friend when he is being hard-pressed. They should arrange certain calls or signals between themselves. Treasure Island. A treasure is known to be hidden upon a certain island or bit of a shore marked off, and the man who hit it leaves a map with clues for finding

Starting point is 10:42:20 it. Compass, directions, tide marks, etc. This map is hidden somewhere near the landing place. The patrols come in turn to look for it. They have to row from a certain distance, land, find the map and finally discover the treasure. They should be careful to leave no foot tracks, etc., near the treasure, because then the patrols that follow them will easily find it. The map and treasure are to be hidden afresh for the next patrol when they have been found. The patrol wins, which returns to the starting place with the treasure in the shortest time. This can be played on the river, the patrols having to row across the river to find the treasure. Horse and rider tourney

Starting point is 10:42:57 In playing this game, it is necessary to have a soft, velvety piece of grass, or if indoors, in the gymnasium, cover the floor with regular gymnasium mats. It requires four boys to play the game, two being horses, the other two riders. The riders mount their horses and dash at each other with great caution, striving to get a good hold of each other in such a way as to compel the opponent to dismount. This can be done either by dragging him from his mount or by making the horse and rider, lose their balance so as to throw them off their feet. A great deal of sport can be gotten out of this game, and boys become very skillful after a little practice. Mumbly Pegg

Starting point is 10:43:37 From Daniel Carter Beard, National Scout Commissioner. First, hold the right fist with the back to the ground and with the jackknife, with blade pointing to the right, resting on top of the closed fingers. The hand is swung to the right, up and over, describing a semicircle, so that the knife falls point downward in sticks, or should stick upright in the ground. If there is room to slip two fingers, one above the other, beneath the handle of the knife, and if the point of the knife is hidden in the ground, it counts as a fair stick or throw.

Starting point is 10:44:08 Second, the next motion is the same as the one just described, but it is performed with the left. Third, take the point of the blade between the first and second fingers of the right hand, and fill up it with a jerk so that the knife turns once around in the air and strikes the point into the ground. Fourth, do the same with the left hand. Fifth, hold the knife as in the third and fourth positions and bring the arm across the chest so that the knife handle touches the left ear. Take hold of the right ear with the left hand and fill up the knife so that it turns once or twice in the air and strikes on its point in the earth.

Starting point is 10:44:43 Sixth, do the same with the left hand. 7th, still holding the knife in the same manner, bring the handle up to the nose and fill up it over through the air so that it will stick to the ground. 8th, do the same with the handle at the right eye. 9th, repeat with the handle at the left eye. 10th, place the point of the blade on the top of the head, hold it in place with the forefinger, and with a downward push, send it whirling down to earth,

Starting point is 10:45:09 where it must stick with the point of the blade in the earth. 11th to 15th, hold the left hand with the fingers pointing upward, and beginning with the thumb, place the point of the knife on each finger, as described above, and the forefinger of the right hand on the end of the knife handle. Downward motion, throw the knife revolving through the air so that it will alight with the point of the blade in the sod. 16th to 20th. Repeat, with the right hand up and the forefinger of the left hand on the knife handle.

Starting point is 10:45:37 21st, 22nd. Do the same from each knee. 23rd, hold the point of the blade between the first and second fingers, and placing the hand on the forehead, fill up the knife back over the head so that it will stick to the ground behind the person ready for the next motion. 24th. After 23, the knife is left in the ground. Then with the palm of the hand, strike the knife handle a smart blow that it will send it revolving over the ground for a yard, more or less, and calls it to stick in the ground where it stops. This is called plowing the field. When a miss is made, the next player takes his turn, and when the first player's turn comes again, he must try the feet over that he failed to perform last. A good player will sometimes go through almost all the 24 motions without failing to make a two-finger. that is, a fair stick each time, but it is very unusual for anyone to run the game out in one inning. This is the game in 24 motions. Many boys play it double that number. Outdoor athletic standards. The athletic standards given below are those which most boys ought to be able to attain.

Starting point is 10:46:42 They are the result of the experience of several physical directors who have made a special study of athletics and physical work among boys. The rules governing the events are found in the official Handbook of the Athletic League of North America. These rules must be strictly adhered to. Events. Number 1. Running Broad Jump. Under 90 pounds, 12 feet. Under 110 pounds, 13 feet. Under 125 pounds, 14 feet. Under 140 pounds, 15 feet. Over 140 pounds, 16 feet. Number two, running high jump. under 90 pounds 3 feet 11 inches under 110 pounds 4 feet 1 inch under 125 pounds 4 feet 4 inches under 140 pounds 4 feet 7 inches over 140 pounds 4 feet 10 inches number 3 standing broad jump under 90 pounds 6 feet 6 inches under 110 pounds 7 feet 7 feet Under 125 pounds, 7 feet, 6 inches, under 140 pounds, 8 feet, over 140 pounds, 8 feet 6 inches.

Starting point is 10:47:52 Number 4. Standing High Jump. Under 90 pounds, 3 feet, 2 inches. Under 110 pounds, 3 feet, 4 inches. Under 125 pounds, 3 feet 6 inches. Under 140 pounds, 3 feet 8 inches. Over 140 pounds, 3 feet 10 inches. 5. Pull-up times. Under 90 pounds, 5. Under 110 pounds, 7. Under 125 pounds, 9. Under 140 pounds, 11. Over 140 pounds, 13. Number 6. 20-yard swim. Under 90 pounds, 20 seconds. Under 110 pounds, 18 seconds. Under 125, 16 seconds. under 140 pounds, 14 seconds, over 140 pounds, 12 seconds. Number seven, 40-yard swim. Under 90 pounds, 40 seconds. Under 110 pounds, 39 seconds.

Starting point is 10:48:50 Under 125 pounds, 38 seconds. Under 140 pounds, 37 seconds. Over 140 pounds, 36 seconds. Number eight, 50 yard dash. Under 90 pounds, 7.8 seconds. under 110 pounds 7.4 seconds. Under 125 pounds, 7 seconds. Under 140 pounds, 6.6 seconds. Over 140 pounds, 6.2 seconds. Number 9. 8 potato race. Under 90 pounds, 45 seconds. Under 110 pounds, 43 seconds. Under 125 pounds, 41 seconds. under 140 pounds 39 seconds over 140 pounds, 37 seconds.

Starting point is 10:49:38 Number 10, 8 lound shot put, under 90 pounds, asteris, under 110 pounds, 25 feet, under 125 pounds, 30 feet, under 140 pounds 35 feet, over 140 pounds, 40 feet. Number 11, push up from floor, under 90 pounds, asteris, under 110 pounds, 11, under 125 pounds 13 under 140 pounds 15 over 140 pounds 17 number 12 rope climb under 90 pounds asteris under 110 pounds 14 seconds under 125 pounds 12 seconds under 140 pounds 10 seconds over 140 pounds 8 seconds number 13 100 yard dash under 90 pounds asteris under 10 asteris under 125 pounds 13 seconds under 140 pounds 12.6 seconds over 140 pounds 12.2 seconds asteris should not attempt this event for merit badge a boy under 90 pounds must

Starting point is 10:50:49 qualify in seven of the first nine events a boy under 110 pounds must qualify in 10 of the first 12 events all others must qualify in their proper class and 11 of 13 events End of Section 41, Games and Athletic Standards. The Games Part 5 Section 42 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit

Starting point is 10:51:25 Libravox.org. Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA. The Boy Scouts Handbook by The Boy Scouts of America, Section 42. Chapter 9. Patriotism and Citizenship by Waldo H. Sherman, author of Civics, Studies in American Citizenship. Our Country America is the home of social, religious, and political liberty, the land of the free and the home of the brave.

Starting point is 10:52:03 As a nation, we have always been rich in land. and for this reason millions of people have sought our shores we have come into possession of our territory through treaty purchase and annexation in speaking of our territorial area we usually speak of the original territory and additions to same when we speak of original territory we mean that part of the united states which was ceded to us by great britain in the peace treaty of seventeen eighty three at the close of the war of the road Revolution. This territory, in brief, is described as follows, east to the Atlantic Ocean, west to the Mississippi River, north to the Great Lakes in Canada, and as far south as the northern line of Florida. We sometimes hear it spoken of as the territory of the 13 original states, meaning the states that form the government of the Constitution in 1789. However, if we look at the map we shall see that the original territory includes not only the territory of the 13 original states,

Starting point is 10:53:13 but comprises also land out of which 12 other states have been formed. Looking at this area today, however, it seems a small part of our country compared with our present limits. Additions Louisiana Purchase What is known as the Louisiana Purchase, we bought from France in ancient, It consisted of 875,025 square miles, for which we paid $15 million. It is described as follows, west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, north to Canada, and south to the Gulf of Mexico, exclusive of Texas.

Starting point is 10:53:59 This is a territory greater than the present combined areas of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary and the Balkan states. Florida Purchase In 1819 we purchased Florida from Spain at a cost of over $5 million and this single state is larger in territorial area than the combined territory of Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland. Texas In 1845, Texas came to us by annexation

Starting point is 10:54:32 but the outcome of this annexation later on was our work war with Mexico. In territorial area, this is an empire in itself, larger than the whole German empire. Oregon Territory In 1846, by treaty with Great Britain, we acquired what is known as the Oregon Territory. This includes the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Mexican session and purchase from Texas. As an outcome of the Mexican War, we obtained from Mexico in 1848, the territory of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and a part of New Mexico at a cost of $15 million, and in 1850 we purchased from Texas, the remaining part of New Mexico, and that part of Colorado not included in the Louisiana purchase at a cost of $10 million. Gadsden Purchase. In 1853, we made what is known as the Gadsden Purchase,

Starting point is 10:55:43 acquiring thus from Mexico a needed tract of land on the boundary between Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico, paying for this tract $10 million. Alaska In 1867, we paid Russia $7 million and added Alaska to our possessions. This purchase is spoken of in history as Seward's Folly because the transaction made while he was Secretary of State was not generally considered a good bargain.

Starting point is 10:56:16 Nevertheless, it has proved one of our most valuable possessions. Hawaii. In 1898, we reached out into the Pacific waters and annexed the beautiful Hawaiian or sandwich islands. Puerto Rico, Pine Islands, Guam, Philippine Islands. In 1898, the island of Puerto Rico, with an area of 3,600 square miles, came into our possession as an outcome of the Spanish-American War. Likewise, the Pine Islands, with their 882 square miles,

Starting point is 10:56:54 Guam with 175 square miles, and the Philippine Islands with a territorial area of 100,000. 443,000 square miles, but for these latter in settlement of a number of private claims and to gain peaceable possession of various public lands, we paid Spain $20 million. Samoan Islands In 1890 we acquired the Samoan Islands with an area of 73 square miles and in 1901 some additional islands in the Philippines. settlements. The first permanent English settlements in America were made at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, and at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. And from these two settlements we may trace in large part the growth, character, and development of our national life. The story of the Pilgrim fathers

Starting point is 10:57:52 in Massachusetts has been told for generations in literature and in song and can never cease to be a romantic and thrilling interest. The story of the settlement and dispersal of other nationalities in America, the Swedes in Delaware, the Dutch in New York, the Spanish and French in Florida, and along the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, all this is summed up in what is known as colonial history. In 1763, at the close of the French and Indian Wars, England had come into possession of practically all the territory east of the Mississippi. That territory which was seated in 1783 as the original territory of the United States. You will sometimes hear it said that 13 is an unlucky number.

Starting point is 10:58:39 Indeed, you may have known people so superstitious that they refuse to sit down at a table when the number is 13. Again, you may know it to be a fact that some hotels do not have a room numbered 13 and that many steamboats likewise follow the same custom in the state room arrangement. Strange superstition for Americans. It took 13 states to make our union. We have made 13 additions to our territory. When George Washington was inaugurated as president, a salute of 13 guns was fired,

Starting point is 10:59:13 and finally, the foundation of the flag of our country bears 13 stripes. The American Revolution The story of the American Revolution, 1775 to 1783, Declaration of Independence, 1776, the adoption of the Articles of Confederation, 1781, and finally the making an adoption of the Constitution of the United States in 1789. All is summed up in a period of 14 years, and may be told and written in the life of George Washington, who was indeed the father of his country. The cause of the American Revolution was England's oppression of our American colonists,

Starting point is 10:59:59 and the injustice of taxation without representation, with other injustices, finally brought about rebellion. The war began in Massachusetts with the battles of Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775, and ended at Yorktown, Virginia, October 19th, 1781. The Treaty of Peace was signed at Paris, France, September 3, 1783, and November 25th of that year, known in history as evacuation day, the British took their departure down the Bay of New York Harbor, and America was free. Now do we find ourselves at the fireside of American patriotism.

Starting point is 11:00:46 Here is Washington. He is of Virginia, and the American people know him at this time as Colonel Washington. It is the 13th day of June 1775, and the second continental congress is in session at philadelphia john adams of massachusetts has the floor he is to show himself at this time the master statesman justly has he been called the colossus of the revolution on his way to independence hall this morning he meets his cousin samuel adams and tells him what he is going to do we must he says act on this matter at once we must make congress declare for or against something. I'll tell you what I'm going to do. I'm determined this very morning to make a direct motion that Congress shall adopt the Army before Boston and appoint the Virginian Colonel Washington, Commander of it. Adams is now stating to the Congress the gravity

Starting point is 11:01:47 of the situation. He points out the necessity of immediate action the colonies must be united. The army must be brought together, disciplined and trained for service, and under Congress a bidding commander appointed. Such a gentleman, he said, I have in mind. I mention no names, but every gentleman here knows him at once, as a brave soldier and a man of affairs. He is a gentleman from Virginia, one of this body, and well known to all of us. He is a gentleman of skill and excellent universal character,

Starting point is 11:02:20 and would command the approbation of all the colonies better than any other person in the union. George Washington is in the hall, the eyes of all Congress have turned toward him. He is surprised, confused, and embarrassed, leaves his seat, and hurries into the library. Congress spent two days considering Adam's motion, for there were other men who had hope for the appointment, but finally on the 15th of June 1775 a ballot was taken and Washington was, you know, unanimously elected Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. On July 2, 1775, he took command of the Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and March 17, 17, 76, the British were expelled from Boston.

Starting point is 11:03:16 We now come to the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. It was written by Thomas Jefferson, at that time a young man of 33. The Committee of the General Congress appointed to draft it consisted of the following. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. The strong feeling of Thomas Jefferson, as he wrote the declaration, is indicated by his statement that, rather than submit to the right of legislating for us assumed by the British Parliament, I would lend my hand to sink the whole island in the ocean. Here also we get a glimpse of one of the most interesting and delightful characters

Starting point is 11:04:04 in the history of this period, Benjamin Franklin. History records that while Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, a few verbal suggestions were made by Dr. Franklin, as the following conversation reported to have taken place between them would indicate. Well, Brother Jefferson, said Franklin. Is the fair copy made? Already, doctor, replied Jefferson. Will you hear it through once more?

Starting point is 11:04:34 As many times as you wish, responded the smiling doctor with a merry twinkle in his eyes. One can't get too much of a good thing, you know. Jefferson then read to Franklin the Declaration of Independence. which has been pronounced one of the world's greatest papers. That's good, Thomas. That's right to the point. That will make King George wince. I wish I had done it myself. It is said Franklin would have put a joke into the Declaration of Independence

Starting point is 11:05:02 if it had fallen to his lot to write that immortal document. The Declaration of Independence went forth to the world signed by one man, John Hancock, which explains the expression you sometimes hear. Put your John Hancock there. It was, however, signed later by all the members of that Congress, 54 in number. This immortal document has been carefully preserved and the original may be seen at Washington. The declaration was a notice to Great Britain and to all the world that the American colonists would no longer be subject to Great Britain,

Starting point is 11:05:40 that henceforth they were to be a free and independent people, holding Great Britain as they held the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. This declaration marks the birth of our nation. Our government fathers fully realized the step they were taking. They knew it meant a final breaking with the home government of England, but with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence. In support of this declaration,

Starting point is 11:06:12 they pledge to each other, their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor. Following the expulsion of the British from Boston, the battlefield of the revolution changes to New York, moving to Harlem Heights and White Plains, then to New Jersey, Trenton and Princeton, then to Pennsylvania, Brandywine, Westchester, Germantown, Valley Forge, and on to Monmouth. But here let us pause. It has been a terrible winter at Valley Forge. While the British at Philadelphia, 20 miles away, have been living in luxury, our Washington and his men have suffered bitterly with hunger and cold,

Starting point is 11:07:00 and out of a list of 11,000 men, 3,000 at Valley Forge lay sick at one time. But at last the spring has come, and Washington has now been nearly three years in service. Listen, the order has gone forth. At 10.30 o'clock comes the signal, and the firing of a cannon sees all men under arms. At 11.30 o'clock, the second signal is given, and the march begins. It is May 7, 1778, and Washington is assembling his men. Great news has come, and it is fitting to return thanks to divine providence. So reads his proclamation.

Starting point is 11:07:41 Now comes the third signal, the firing of 13 cannon. Another signal, and the whole army breaks into a loud, haza. Long live the king of France, followed by a running fire of guns. On this same day in the afternoon, Washington gives a banquet for his officers, aides, and guests, to which they march arm and arm 13 abreast. What does it mean? It means that Benjamin Franklin has been heard from, and that an alliance with France, England's bitterest enemy, has been made.

Starting point is 11:08:17 some day when you are in washington you may see directly in front of the white house lafayette park and knowing the story of the revolution you understand why it is there you also understand why washington's army on that may morning shouted long lived the king of france but it is not our purpose here to tell the whole story we can only touch the high points again the army moves to white plains and on to middlebrook and new windsor and Washington spends the winter, 1781, at Morristown, New Jersey. The end is approaching. He joins Lafayette at Yorktown, Virginia, and on October 19th, Cornwallis, the British General, surrenders to George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American Army. Thus, the conflict begun in one English settlement is ended in the other. Massachusetts marks the beginning, and Virginia,

Starting point is 11:09:19 the ending of the War of the Revolution. End of Section 42. Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA. Section 44 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information, or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA.

Starting point is 11:09:56 The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America, Section 44. New States, 1845 through 1861. During the Mexican War, Iowa, the Hawkeye State, came into the Union, followed by the state of Wisconsin, 1848, the Badger. Next comes the story of the 49ers and California, 1850. The Golden State enters the Union, and then comes Minnesota, 1858, the North Star State, and the Great Lakes are walled in, this state completing the circuit. Oregon, 1859, the beaver follows, then the Garden of the West, Kansas, 1861, and the Civil War is upon us. Of course, we do not mean to say that Kansas was the cause of the Civil War, although it had much to do with it.

Starting point is 11:10:57 The Civil War, 1861 through 1865. The Civil War was a war between states, in the government of the United States, between states that were slave and states that were free. The rights of property ownership are involved in state rights, and so, slaves held as property in slave-holding states were not recognized as such in states that were free. Therefore, the principle of slavery became involved not alone in the individual ownership of slaves, but also in the rights of a state and the relationship of states to each other in the government of the United States. At the close of the Revolutionary War, one of the first things to be settled was the boundaries as between states of the land comprising the 13 original states, and as an outcome of

Starting point is 11:11:52 this settlement, there came into possession of the United States all of that territory seated by Great Britain in 1783, which was not included in the boundaries of those states. This territory, in brief, may be described as the territory east of the Mississippi and north and south of the Ohio River, and out of this territory, and that west of the Mississippi added later, 1803, through the Louisiana Purchase, most of the new states were formed that came into the Union before the Civil War, and this was the beginning of what is known as the public domain, that is, land owned by the federal government. In 1785, Congress passed a law which has become general in its application to all of the

Starting point is 11:12:42 public lands of the United States. It is a law for the uniformed survey of public lands into townships six miles square, subdivided into sections containing 640 acres, and quarter sections containing 160 acres. The purpose of the government in making this survey was to make public lands in the territories of the government easy of settlement, and as the townships became settled, to develop in them the local township form of government. The territory north of the Ohio River was designated the Northwest Territory. As soon as the public lands in this territory were thrown open to settlers,

Starting point is 11:13:26 they began to pour in. Indeed, in many instances, they went ahead of the survey. The next step taken by Congress was to pass a law in 1787 for the government and protection of those settlers in this Northwest Territory, and in this law, Congress made provision that slavery should be prohibited. Therefore, states formed in this territory had to come into the Union as free states. This was a restriction of slavery, however, which did not apply to the territory south of the Ohio nor west of the Mississippi. So that when a new state came into the Union, formed out of either one of these territories,

Starting point is 11:14:10 it became a great political factor in our government, either for or against slavery. In the passing of the years, many changes were taking place in our government, but there came a time when the people began to realize that slavery was spreading and that our government was politically divided between states that were slave and states that were free, or in other words, that in the principle of slavery, the peace, and preservation of the Union were involved. And thus it happened that the slave-holding states, not being able to live at peace in the Union,

Starting point is 11:14:50 decided to go out of it and live by themselves. The right of a state to leave the Union was called the right of secession, a right which the North held did not exist under the Constitution. Nevertheless, one by one under the leadership of South Carolina, December 20, 1860, the slave-holding states announced their secession, either by act of state legislature or in convention assembled, and on February 4, 1861, there had been formed in our government a Southern Confederacy. At this time, the whole number of states in the Union was 32, and of this number 11 entered the Southern Confederacy. The first shot was fired by the Southern

Starting point is 11:15:37 Confederacy on April 12, 1861, against Fort Sumter, a fortification of the federal government over which floated the stars and stripes. The war lasted for years, ending on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee, commander-in-chief of the Army of the Southern Confederacy, surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, commander-in-chief of the Federal Army. Abraham Lincoln The central figure in the Civil War is Abraham Lincoln, in heart, brain, and character, not only one of our greatest Americans, but one of the world's greatest men. Lincoln was born February 12, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky.

Starting point is 11:16:23 His parents had come to this, then pioneer state from Virginia, and his grandfather, whose Christian name he bore, moved there as early as 1781, where a few years later, he was killed by the Indians while trying to make a home in the forest. When Lincoln was eight years old, his people moved to the new state of Indiana, about the time it came into the Union, and there he lived until he was 21, when he went to Illinois, from which state eventually he was elected president. In 1859, when he was beginning to gain some recognition as a national figure, he was asked to write a little sketch of his life, and in the letter in closing it he said,

Starting point is 11:17:08 quote, there is not much of it, for the reason I suppose, there is not much of me, end quote. In this sketch, which is indeed brief, he tells us he was raised to farm work until he was 22, that up to that time he had had little education, and when he became of age he did not know much beyond reading, writing, and ciphering, to the rule of three. He clerked for one year in a store and was elected and served as captain of the volunteers in the Black Hawk War. Later on he ran for the state legislature, 1832, and was defeated, though successful in the three succeeding elections. While in the state legislature, he studied law and later went to Springfield to practice it. The only other public office he makes note of is his election to the lower house of Congress for one term, 1846. He returned to

Starting point is 11:18:09 Springfield and took up more earnestly the study and practice of law. He entered with spirit into the political campaigns and constantly was growing in public esteem. His public debates with Douglas, 1858, made him a familiar figure throughout the state of Illinois and his profound knowledge and masterful handling of questions debated, his convincing and unanswerable arguments, his clear grasp of the political situation, began to gain the attention of Eastern politicians, convincing them and the country at large that they had a mighty force to reckon with in the prairie state of Illinois. Although he lost the election to the United States Senate, and Douglas the campaign had pushed him to the front as a national figure and paved the way for his presidential

Starting point is 11:19:02 nomination. In 1860 at the Republican Convention assembled in Chicago, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for president. In November, he was elected, and March 4, 1861, he was inaugurated. His address at this time was an earnest plea for peace and friendship. between the north and the south we are not enemies but friends we must not be enemies though passion may have strained it must not break our bond of affection but the war-tide was rising and could not be stamped four years of bitter conflict ensued lincoln's emancipation of the slaves was made only after he had convinced himself it could not be longer deferred and could not be longer deferred and preserve the Union. My paramount duty, he said, quote, is to save the Union and not either to

Starting point is 11:20:03 destroy or save slavery. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union. And what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would save the Union. End quote. His Emancipation Proclamation, officially freeing the slaves, was finally issued in September 1862 to take effect January 1st of the following year. Lincoln was elected to the presidency for the second term and inaugurated March 4, 1865, while the war was still on. His second inaugural address closes with these words with which every boy should be familiar, voicing as they do the exalted spirit of a great and good man. quote, with malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to

Starting point is 11:21:03 see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and for his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations, end quote. The war ended on April 9th of this same year, and on April 14th, the President, weary with the cares of state, but with the burden of the war, clouds lifted, had gone to Ford's theater in Washington for an evening's entertainment and pleasure, accompanied by Mrs. Lincoln. The box, which the President occupied, had been most elaborately decorated with the flag of the country. His coming had been heralded abroad, and the audience that had assembled in his honor was large, brilliant, and joyously happy over the assured preservation of the Union.

Starting point is 11:22:06 In the midst of the play, the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, entered the box and fired the fatal shot. The body of the bleeding president was taken to a house across the street, where the next morning, at 7.20 o'clock, he died. Thus the emancipator of the slave, the friend of the whole people, and the savior of our country, died and martyr to the cause of freedom. Washington has been called the aristocrat and Lincoln, the man of the people. The one had culture, wealth, and social position. The other lacked all of these in his early years. Lincoln's early life was cradled in the woods, and all of life out of door. had been his in the new and pioneer states of the wilderness.

Starting point is 11:23:00 He grew up not knowing many people, but somehow in his upcoming, there was developed in his life a great heart full of tenderness and kindly feeling. Doubtless it was the very hardships of life that made him what he was. At any rate, he was one of the greatest and noblest figures in all history. He was called honest Abe by those who knew. him because always, even in little things, he wanted to see perfect justice done. And thus it was, when he came to things of large importance, that the man was only a boy grown tall, not only in stature, but in the things that make for righteousness in a nation.

Starting point is 11:23:46 End of Section 44. Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA. 45 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libervox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA.

Starting point is 11:24:25 The Spanish-American War, 1889. The war with Spain was not of this country's king. The island of Cuba, whose distress had aroused the sympathy of the whole world, was our near neighbor, and to sit idly by and witness the inhuman treatment practiced by the Spanish soldiery upon the helpless islanders would hardly be a part credible to any people. It was not our intention at first, to do other than to relieve the suffering and distress of Cuba, near at hand, and this we try to do peaceably in the supplying of food and other necessities of life. As the next step, the United States sent a remonstrance to Spain,

Starting point is 11:25:14 telling her she should send a more humane governor to the island. But as matters grew worse instead of better, even under a change of governors, the sympathy of the United States became daily, more deeply enlisted in the freedom of the Cubans. The battleship Maine was sent to Havana Harbor to protect, if need be,

Starting point is 11:25:39 the Americans and American interests in Cuba. On the night of February 15, 1898, an explosion occurred, sinking the ship almost immediately. With the destruction of the Maine, whether by accident or intent, with the appalling loss of 256 men, including two officers, relations with Spain became more and more strained until war seemed inevitable. On April 11, 1898, President McKinley, and a special message to Congress said,

Starting point is 11:26:15 quote, in the name of humanity and civilization, the war in Cuba must stop. End quote. War, indeed, was formally declared April 25th, and in the brief space of one 114 days history had added to its annals, the blockading of Cuban ports, whereby the Spanish fleet was trapped, the invasion and siege of the island by United States regulars, volunteers, and rough riders, the destruction of the Pacific Spanish fleet in Manila Bay by Admiral Dewey, and finally the destruction of the remainder of the Spanish fleet under command of Admiral Servera, Sunday morning July 3rd.

Starting point is 11:27:04 The final outcome of this war was the freedom of Cuba and the possession by the United States of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. Ease There is no country in the world, less warlike than ours, and no country in the world that more potently argues for universal peace. We have never departed from the spirit of our Declaration of Independence, quote, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights,

Starting point is 11:27:41 that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, end quote. We put it in our Constitution when we said, quote, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. We do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America, end quote. Such has been, then, and always must be our program, the chart and

Starting point is 11:28:25 encompass of all our ways. The American flag. A star for every state and a state for every star. The flag of one's country is its dearest possession, emblem of home and country and native land. This is what one thinks and feels when he sees the flag, and this is what it means. Our flag is the emblem of liberty, the emblem of hope, the emblem of peace, and goodwill toward men. There is a story quite generally believed that the first flag was planned and made in 1776 by Betsy Ross, who kept an upholstery shop on Arch Street, Philadelphia, and that this, a year later, was adopted by Congress. The special committee appointed to design a national flag, consisted of George Washington, Robert Morris, and Colonel George Ross,

Starting point is 11:29:32 uncle of the late husband of Betsy Ross. The star that the committee decided upon had six points, but Mrs. Ross advised the five-pointed star, which has ever since been used in the United States flag. The flag thus designed was colored by a local artist, and, From this colored copy, Betsy Ross made the first American flag. When Washington was in command at Cambridge in January 1776, the flag used by him consisted of a banner of 13 red and white stripes with the British Union Jack in the upper left-hand corner.

Starting point is 11:30:17 The Betsy Ross House has been purchased by the American Flag House and Betsy Ross Memorial Association, and is pointed out as one of the interesting historical places in Philadelphia. The official history of our flag begins on June 14, 1777, when the American Congress adopted the following resolution proposed by John Adams, resolved that the flag of the 13 United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white, that the Union be 13 stars, white on a blue field, representing a new constellation.

Starting point is 11:31:01 We take, said Washington, quote, the star from heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity, representing liberty, end quote. In designing the flag, there was much discussion as to the arrangement of the stars in the field of blue. It was thought at one time that a new stripe as well as a new star should be added for each new state admitted to the Union.

Starting point is 11:31:38 Indeed, in 1794, Congress passed an act to the effect that on and after May 1, 1795, the flag of the United States be 15 stripes, alternate red and white, and that the Union be 15 stars, white in a field of blue. These additional stars and stripes were for the states of Vermont and Kentucky. The impracticality of adding a stripe for each state was apparent as other states began to be admitted. Moreover, the flag of 15 stripes, it was thought, did not properly represent the Union. therefore on April 14, 1818, after a period of 21 years in which the flag of 15 stripes had been used, Congress passed an act which finally fixed the general flag of our country, which reads as follows. An act to establish the flag of the United States.

Starting point is 11:32:39 Section 1 Be it enacted, etc. That from and after the fourth day of July next, the flag of the United States B-13 horizontal stripes, alternate red and white, that the Union have 20 stars white in a blue field.

Starting point is 11:32:59 Section 2 Be it further enacted that, on the admission of every new state into the Union, one star be added to the Union of the flag, and that such addition shall take effect on the 4th Day of July succeeding such admission. Flag Day. June 14th, the anniversary of the adoption of the flag, is celebrated as

Starting point is 11:33:25 Flag Day in many of our states. In order to show proper respect for the flag, the following rules should be observed. It should not be hoisted before sunrise, nor allowed to remain up after sunset. At retreat, sunset, civilian spectators should stand at attention and give the military salute. When the national colors are passing on parade or review, the spectators should, if walking, halt, and if sitting, rise and stand at attention, and uncover. When the flag is flown at half-staff as a sign of mourning, it should be hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral. In placing the flag at half-mast, it should first be hoisted to the top of the staff, and then lowered to position, and preliminary to lowering from half-staff,

Starting point is 11:34:23 it should first be raised to top. On Memorial Day, May 30th, the flag should fly at half-mast from sunrise until noon, and full staff from noon to sunset, taken from the Sons of the Revolution, state of New York. The scouts pledge to the flag. I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Congress. The Congress of the United States is its law-making body, and is composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. Senators are elected for six years, two from each state, representatives for two years, each state being represented in proportion to its population. The vice president of the United States is the president of the Senate,

Starting point is 11:35:24 and the presiding officer of the House of Representatives is chosen by the members from their number. He is called the Speaker. The salary of the senators and representatives is $7,500 a year, and 20 cents per mile is allowed for traveling to and from Washington. The Speaker's salary is $12,500. $1,000 a year. The President. The President is elected for a term of four years. He lives during his term of office at the White House, where presidential receptions and social affairs of state are held. The President's offices are connected with the White House. Here he receives his callers and here the meetings of his cabinet are held. The salary of the President is $75,000. a year. The Cabinet

Starting point is 11:36:24 The members of the Cabinet are the officers and heads of the several departments of the administrative government. They are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The members of the Cabinet are as follows. Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney General, Postmaster General, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, and Labor. The members of the Cabinet are such men as the President believes are qualified to serve

Starting point is 11:37:03 during his administration of office and are usually members of the same political party as the President. United States Courts The Supreme Court of the United States is at Washington, D.C., but there are other courts of the United States held in the several states, states called district courts. Washington, D.C. The capital at Washington is the home of Congress and the Supreme Court. The Library of Congress, the Treasury, Army, and Navy, Pension, Post Office, and many other

Starting point is 11:37:43 buildings of public character are located in Washington. These during certain hours are open to visitors. The Army The President, in accordance with the Constitution, is commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States and of the militia of the several states when called to the actual service of the United States. The law provides that the total strength of the Army shall not exceed at any one time 100,000. As now organized, 1910, the total strength of the staff and line, is 76,911, not including the provisional force and the Hospital Corps.

Starting point is 11:38:31 These figures include the Puerto Rico Regiment of Infantry, the service school detachments, the Military Academy, officers, soldiers, and cadets, the Indian scouts, 52,000 native scouts of the Philippine Islands, 193 first lieutenants of the Medical Reserve Corps on active duty, and 11,77737 recruits, etc. They do not include the veterinary surgeons, the officers of the Medical Reserve Corps, not on active duty, nor the retired officers and enlisted men of the Army. The appropriation for the maintenance of the Army for the year,

Starting point is 11:39:18 1909 through 10 was $100,330,181. Militia The law of our country states that in time of war, every able-bodied male citizen, between the ages of 18 and 45, shall be counted a member of the state militia. The state militia is divided into two classes. one, the organized, known as the National Guard, and the other the unorganized, known as the reserve militia. The membership of the National Guard is voluntary. One may join or not, as he chooses, except that in some states the law requires that students at the state

Starting point is 11:40:07 university shall receive military training for at least a part of their university course, and during that time they are accounted a part of the National Guard of the State. The governor of each state holds the same relationship to the state militia as the president to the Army and Navy. He is commander-in-chief. Military Academy The United States Military Academy is at West Point, New York, on the Hudson River. The number of students is limited to 533,

Starting point is 11:40:43 and appointments to the academy are made in accordance with the rule which permits each United States senator and each congressman to have one representative, and also gives the president the right to make 40 appointments at large. Candidates for appointment must be between the ages of 17 and 22, must pass the required physical examination, and also an examination in English grammar, composition and literature, algebra and geometry, geography, and history. The course of instruction is four years, the discipline very strict. Only one leave of absence is granted during the entire four years, and this comes at the close of the second year. The pay is $709.50 per year, and on graduation, a cadet is commissioned a second lieutenant. To receive an appointment to West Point, one must apply to his United States Senator,

Starting point is 11:41:52 or to a congressman in the state in which he lives, or to the president. End of Section 45. Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas, USA. Section 46 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org.

Starting point is 11:42:28 Recording by Bill Mosley, Lano County, Texas. USA. The Boy Scouts handbooked by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 46. State government. The states of the United States are not all alike either in Constitution or government, although there is a likeness at many points. For instance, each state has about the same officers, a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of states, treasurer, auditor, adjutant. General, superintendent of schools, etc. Each state has its own state legislature, a Senate to which state senators are elected, and a House of Representatives sometimes called the Assembly, to which state

Starting point is 11:43:20 representatives or assemblymen are elected. Each state legislature makes laws only for its own state, therefore not all state laws are alike. Indeed, there is a great deal of individuality to each state, and rightly so. As each person has its own individuality, and as each family has its own characteristics, so each state has an individuality and characteristics peculiar to itself. The history of each state reveals its character, so also the climate, the hills, the valleys, the mountains, the plains, the lakes, the rivers, the heart, the schools, the colleges, the towns, the villages, and the cities within its borders,

Starting point is 11:44:08 all help in forming the character of a state. Towns, villages, and cities. The government of the town or the village or the city is called local government. It is government close at hand, home government. and out of the home government of each town, village, and city in a state must come, by the votes of the people at the ballot box, the men whom they choose as their representatives, in the government of the state and the nation,

Starting point is 11:44:42 for the people rule through representatives of their own choosing. Politics In every presidential election, the people, through the rule of the majority, as determined by the Constitution, elect their chief magistrate, the President, who becomes the first citizen of the nation, and is entitled Mr. President. The people of a state, by the same rule, elect their chief magistrate, and entitle him, His Excellency, the Governor. He is the state's chief or leading citizen. The people of the city, by the same rule, elect their chief.

Starting point is 11:45:25 chief magistrate and entitle him his honor, the mayor, the city's leading citizen. The people of the town in the New England states elect their chief officers three to five men and entitle them the select men, although in towns of the middle and western states they are called supervisors. So likewise, the people in town, village, and city, by the same rule of the majority, elect aldermen, councilmen, state senators, representatives, or assemblymen, and congressmen. And the state legislatures, in turn, elect, according to the Constitution of the United States, the state's United States senators, two in number. Thus, by the rule of the majority, are all officers of town, village, and city, county, and state,

Starting point is 11:46:21 elected, except such few as are appointed by law to offices by superior officers, heads of departments, bureaus, or districts of supervision or administration. Property. The ownership of property, both real and personal, and the protection of that ownership, is made possible in the organization of society, termed the government, and in the power of that government to make and enforce its laws. Real property is the kind of property which pertains to land, the ownership of which is transferred from one person to another, either by a deed recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds in the county courthouse, or else transferred by dissent or by

Starting point is 11:47:13 rule through the administration of the county court, usually called the probate court. The latter proceeding is in the case of the owner's death, when his property is divided by the court and distributed to the heirs, the family or other relatives, according to his will, or in case no will is left, the law provides for the manner of its distribution. The Register of Deeds, County Courthouse. The record title, therefore, of all real property is to be found in the office of the Register of Deeds in the county courthouse. It makes no difference what kind of real property it is, acre property or city property. Here the title of ownership is always to be found, the books of record being always open to the public. Thus, when one buys a piece of real property,

Starting point is 11:48:12 a home, for instance, he should receive from the owner a deed and an abstract of title, which is a paper showing the title as it appears on the records, And this title, when not vouched for as perfect by an abstract title company, should be passed upon by a lawyer in order that any flaw or defect therein may be made right before the deed is passed from one owner to another. In some states, however, the law does not require the owner to furnish an abstract. When the title is proved or pronounced good, the deed should at once be placed on record. personal property personal property is that form of property which in general terms is stated as movable such as animals furniture clothing tools implements money stocks bonds mortgages etc

Starting point is 11:49:11 the transfer of which from one owner to another is not as a rule a matter of public record although in the case of a bill of sale sometimes made of some forms of personal property, the county record may give evidence thereof. Therefore, it is that in the matter of taxation, the tax record or assessment comes under two general heads, a tax on real property and a tax on personal property. Property and government. It is desirable to be a property owner so long as the government under which one lives, protects one in his property ownership. The government must do two things.

Starting point is 11:49:58 It must protect the person and his personal rights as a citizen, and it must also protect property and the rights of property ownership from enemies within, as from without. In order that this may be done, and done in all fairness and justice, we elect some citizens to make laws and term them legislators. We elect others to enforce or administer the laws and term them executives, the president, the governor, and the mayor coming under this head. We elect other citizens to enforce and interpret the laws, and we term them judges and

Starting point is 11:50:42 officers of the court. In fact, it is a principle in our government that no man or set of men shall have authority in all departments of government, legislative, executive, and judicial. You will see that the Constitution of the United States is divided into these three departments of government, and the state constitutions and city charters are, as a rule, likewise divided. You will understand that any property you may obtain will be valuable to you, only in proportion as you are protected in your rights of ownership by the government, and that the government not only protects your property, it also protects your life and its interests, as well as the life and interests of all other citizens. The building and maintenance of schools and colleges,

Starting point is 11:51:40 libraries, art, and natural history museums, parks, playgrounds, hospitals, etc., are carried on at the expense of the government by means of taxation. Inasmuch as these things are in the interest of mankind and for its upbuilding. In the city, the protection of life and property is found in one or the other of these different departments. Police, fire, health, street cleaning, parks, water supply, etc. And every good citizen should lend his hand to help in every way possible the enforcement of law in each department.

Starting point is 11:52:25 Citizenship In any form of government, problems are continually arising as to the rights of property and the rights of persons, and it is well for us to remember this distinction, that the end of society, and by that term we mean government, is not the protection of property, but rather the upbuilding of mankind. If we bear this in mind and act upon it as a principle in life, we shall find ourselves standing and voting on the right side of public questions. We shall also be able to mark the man in private or public life

Starting point is 11:53:06 who shows by his talk or his actions that he thinks more of property rights than he does of the rights of individuals. Any business that does not benefit society, But on the other hand, it degrades it, whether run by an individual or individuals in a firm, company, or corporation, is a business that ought by the law to be put out of existence. This is why the business of gambling, for instance, is made unlawful, also why the government had the right to make lotteries unlawful, also why some states, for instance, New York, have passed laws making bookmaking at racetracks unlawful. For all of these things degrade and do not upbuild mankind. It is for everyone then to apply this principle to the town, village, or a city in which he lives,

Starting point is 11:54:08 and determine just what stand he will take as to endorsing and protecting such business interests in his community. one is likely to find in any community men who seem to care nothing for any interests other than their own they stand for property rights because it is in their interest to do so but for the rights of mankind the rights of society apparently they care nothing Here is the distinction then between the good citizen and the bad citizen, the desirable and the undesirable citizen. Practical citizenship In nearly every town, village, and city of any size or importance, there is at least one individual, and usually groups of individuals working for the betterment of society.

Starting point is 11:55:04 They are people who take an interest in the people about them and do what they can to improve the conditions of life in the community. If one were to take a survey of the whole country and make a study of the social workers, the men and women who give freely of their time and of their money, to make the world a better and happier place to live in, he would come to see that such service is a kind of service that grows out of the heart, and is the fruit of the kindly spirit which prompts the good turn daily.

Starting point is 11:55:42 In doing the good turn daily, then, one has abundant opportunity to do his part toward the social betterment of the community in which he lives. There are so many ways that one hardly knows what to write down as the most important, because all are important. It is not alone in big things, but in the little things as well, that the really great work is done. The community, the town, the village, or the city in which one lives, has many problems to solve. The streets in the community are always interesting, and one can do much in the streets to help keep them clean, attractive, and pleasing, as well as safe for the people and horses passing through. In a city where there is a large population, the lives of the people are in greater danger

Starting point is 11:56:38 at all times than in the country, and that is the reason why the city has to be so organized in its government that it can make special laws or ordinances, as they are called, for its own special protection against the dangers of city life. The policemen of a city, wherever stationed in the daytime or in the nighttime, are there to protect the lives and property of individuals, at street crossings, at public buildings, in theaters, in the parks, and on playgrounds, and it is the privilege as well as the duty of all citizens to help them in every way possible to do their work well. In the good turn daily, one may be able to help in more ways than one, if he is on the lookout.

Starting point is 11:57:33 A scout's honor is to be trusted, to obey the laws, and to see that they are not disobeyed by others. A scout's duty is to be useful and to help others. He must be prepared at any time to save life or to help injured persons. There are often accidents in the streets, many avoidable ones, due simply to carelessness. For instance, some boys were careless and threw broken glass bottles into the street, and a passing automobile came to a standstill because of a punctured tire. The man who owned the automobile and was driving it got out and called one of the boys on the street to come over to him.

Starting point is 11:58:16 He did not call this particular boy because he thought he had thrown the glass, that because he thought he was a boy who would appreciate what he wanted to say to him. he told the boy that he had just had a new tire put on his machine and appealed to him as to whether or not he thought he had been treated right through the carelessness of the one who threw that glass into the street the boy said no he didn't think he had been and after a little more talk added that he would do all in his power in that neighborhood to see that such things were kept out of the street in the future The boy was in line for the making of a first-class scout, and the man to whom he had been talking, being a good scout commissioner, had won the boy because, instead of being angry, he had been kind, courteous, and friendly,

Starting point is 11:59:08 all qualifications of a good scout. A scout is a friend to animals. Yes, said the stable-keeper, I have two good horses laid up, each injured by stepping on a nail and a board in the street. You know people are awfully careless about such things. There are some people who never go out of their way to do helpful things, just as some people never go out of their way to know people,

Starting point is 11:59:37 and for that reason are often alone and lonesome. It is the little things that count, just such little things as picking up from the street a board with a nail in it, and putting it aside, even that he is a good term. Lincoln once said, in speaking of a man whom he thought lacking in sympathy, quote, he was so put up by nature that a lash upon his back would hurt him, but a lash upon anybody else's back does not hurt him, end quote. There are many people in the world who seem to be like that man,

Starting point is 12:00:17 Not so many who feel that way towards mankind, possibly, but many who thoughtlessly feel and act that way toward animals. The lash on the back of an animal, the horse, the cow, the dog, hurts, and the good scout always takes the animals part. He is kind to animals. In the city, people often become careless as to the necessary precautions against fire, and for this reason many lives are lost. In all well-regulated school systems, each school building is properly provided with fire escapes, and the children regularly disciplined in fire drills.

Starting point is 12:01:01 Proper fire precautions are not yet generally required by law, as they should be in great buildings, factories, or workshops, where men and women are employed in large numbers. If a scout should be employed in such a place, He might make himself very serviceable in case of a fire, because having thought of it beforehand, he would know what to do, his motto being be prepared. One very important thing in city life is the protection of one's health.

Starting point is 12:01:36 It is essential to have good food, pure water, plenty of good fresh air, things not always easily obtainable, but always most necessary. The scout learns through the many activities of scouting something of the marketplaces and sources of supply for food. He has some idea as to the cost of living in his own home, and should become a good marketer himself, making himself competent to judge of the quality and prices of food. If he is wide awake and intelligent, he knows the products of his own county as well as those of the state. He knows what food products are shipped in, and sometimes finds that it would be cheaper and more profitable as well to produce them in his own community. An industrious scout may often make his own pocket money in this way or provide funds towards his own education.

Starting point is 12:02:37 In the Constitution of the United States is written this law, quote, No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, in quote. The purpose of this law is to defeat any attempt to elevate one citizen above another in rank of social or political preferment. Ours is a country free from the entanglements of social distinction, such as mark one man or family from another by way of title or patent of nobility, and yet in our country of uncrowned kings and unnighted men, we would not forget the real deeds of valor, the services rendered, or the victories won,

Starting point is 12:03:24 for it was the purpose and the mind and in the heart of our fathers who frame the Constitution, that each succeeding generation should rise to the duties and responsibilities of the state, that the virtues of the state should not descend or be lodged in one family, or any selected number of families, but rather should be in the keeping of all the families, in the care and keeping of all the people. Thus do we remember our Washington and our Lincoln. They serve the generation to which they belonged.

Starting point is 12:03:58 They lived and passed out of their generation having served the state, and all the virtues, cares, and responsibilities of the state. The government, that is, they left to the generations that should come after them. And therefore each generation, as it comes and goes, must rise or fall in proportion as it raises or lowers the citizenship standard. For each generation must prove its own worth, as must each individual his own virtues. Practical citizenship. As set forth in a letter from Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Honorary Vice President, Voice Council of America. The Outlook, 287. 4th Avenue, New York, Office of

Starting point is 12:04:47 Thedoreto Roosevelt, July 20, 1911. My dear sir, I quite agree with Judge Lindsay that the Boy Scout movement is of peculiar importance to the whole country. It has already done much good, and it will do far more, for it is in its essence a practical scheme through which to impart a proper standard of ethical conduct, proper standards of fair play and consideration for others, and courage and decency, to boys who have never been reached and never will be reached by the ordinary type of preaching, lay, or clerical. I have been particularly interested in that extract of a letter from a scoutmaster in the Philippines, which runs as follows, quote,

Starting point is 12:05:37 It might interest you to know that at a recent fire in Manila, which devastated acres of ground and rendered 3,000 people homeless, that two patrols of the Manila scouts reached the fire almost with the fire companies, reported to the proper authorities, and worked for hours under very trying conditions, helping frightened natives into places of safety, removing valuables and other articles from houses that apparently wasn't. in the path of the flames, and performing cheerfully and efficiently all the tasks given to them by the firemen and scoutmaster. They were complimented in the public press and in a kind

Starting point is 12:06:19 editorial about their work. During the recent carnival, these services of the boys were requested by the carnival officers, and for a period of ten days, they were on duty performing all manner of service in the carnival grounds, directing strangers to hotels and acting as guides and helpers in a hundred ways." What these Boy Scouts of the Philippines have just done, I think our Boy Scouts in every town and country districts should train themselves to be able to do. The movement is one for efficiency and patriotism. It does not try to make soldiers of Boy Scouts, but to make boys'outs.

Starting point is 12:07:01 but to make boys who will turn out as men to be fine citizens, and who will, if their country needs them, make better soldiers for having been scouts. No one can be a good American unless he is a good citizen, and every boy ought to train himself so that, as a man he will be able to do his full duty to the community. I want to see the Boy Scouts not merely utter fine sentiments, but act on them,

Starting point is 12:07:30 not merely sing, my country just of thee, but act in a way that will give them a country to be proud of. No man is a good citizen, unless he so acts, as to show that he actually uses the Ten Commandments, and translates the Golden Rule into his life conduct, and I don't mean by this in exceptional cases under spectacular circumstances. But I mean applying the Ten Commandments and the Golden Rule in the ordinary affairs of everyday life. I hope the Boy Scouts will practice truth and square dealing and courage and honesty, so that when as young men they begin to take part not only in earning their own livelihood, but in governing the community, they will be able to show in practical fashion their insistence upon the great truth

Starting point is 12:08:19 that the Eighth and Ninth Commandments are directly related to everyday life, not only between men as such in their private relations, between men and the government of which they are part. Indeed, the boys even, while only boys, can have a very real effect upon the conduct of the grown-up members of the community, for decency and square dealing are just as contagious as vice and corruption. Every healthy boy ought to feel and will feel that in order to amount to anything, it is necessary to have a constructive and not merely a destructive nature. And if he can keep this feeling as he grows up,

Starting point is 12:09:06 he has taken his first step toward good citizenship. The man who tears down and criticizes and scolds may be a good citizen, but only in a negative sense. And if he never does anything else, he is apt not to be a good citizen at all. The man who counts, and the boy who counts, are the man and boy who steadily endeavor to build up, to improve, to better living conditions everywhere and all about them. But the boy can do an immense amount right in the present, entirely aside from training himself to be a good citizen in the future,

Starting point is 12:09:47 and he can only do this if he associates himself with other boys. Let the Boy Scouts see to it that the best use is made of the parks and playgrounds in their villages and hometowns. A gang of Tufts may make a playground impossible, and if the Boy Scouts in the neighborhood of that particular playground are fit for their work, they will show that they won't permit any such gang of Tufts to have its way. Moreover, let the Boy Scouts take the lead in seeing that the parks and playgrounds are turned to a lot of, a really good account. I hope, by the way, that one of the prime teachings among the Boy Scouts will be the teaching against vandalism. Let it be a point of honor to protect birds, trees,

Starting point is 12:10:34 and flowers, and so to make our country more beautiful and not more ugly because we have lived in it. The same qualities that mean success or failure to the nation as a whole mean success or failure in men and boys individually. The Boy Scouts must war against the same foes and vices that most hurt the nation, and they must try to develop the same virtues that the nation most needs. To be helpless, self-indulgent, or wasteful, will turn the boy into a mighty poor kind of a man, just as the indulgence in such vices by the men of a nation means the ruin of the nation. Let the boy stand stoutly against his enemies, both from without and from within.

Starting point is 12:11:25 Let him show courage in confronting fearlessly one set of enemies, and in controlling and mastering the others. Any boy is worth nothing if he has not got courage. Courage to stand up against the forces of evil, and courage to stand up in the right path. Let him be unselfish and gentle, as well as strong and brave. It should be a matter of pride to him

Starting point is 12:11:52 that he is not afraid of anyone and that he scorns not, to be gentle and consider it to everyone and especially to those who are weaker than he is. If he doesn't treat his mother and sisters well, then he is a poor creature no matter what else he does. Just as a man who doesn't treat his wife well is a poor kind of citizen,

Starting point is 12:12:14 no matter what his other qualities may be. And by the way, don't ever forget to let the boy know that courtesy, politeness, and good manners must not be neglected. They are not little things, because they are used at every turn in daily life. Let the boy remember also that in addition to courage, unselfishness, and fair dealing, he must have efficiency, he must have knowledge, he must cultivate a sound body and a good mind, and train himself so that he can act with quick decision in any crisis that may arise. Mind, eye, muscle, all must be trained so that the boy can master himself and thereby learn to master his fate.

Starting point is 12:13:04 I heartily wish all good luck to the movement. Very sincerely yours, Theodore Roosevelt. Mr. James E. West. Executive Secretary, Boy Scouts of America, New York City. America. My country, tis of thee. Sweet land of liberty. Of thee, I sing.

Starting point is 12:13:33 Land where my father's died, land of the pilgrims' pride. From every mountainside let freedom ring. My native country thee, land of the noble free. Thy name I love. I love thy rocks. and rills, like woods and templeed hills, my heart with rapture thrills like that above. Let music swell the breeze,

Starting point is 12:13:58 and ring from all the trees, sweet freedom's song, let mortal tongues awake, let all that breathe partake, let rocks their silence break. The sound prolong. Our Father's God, to thee, author of liberty, to thee we sing,

Starting point is 12:14:18 Long may our land be bright with freedom's holy light, protect us by thy might, great God, our king. Samuel F. Smith, 1832. The star-spangled banner. O say, can you see by the dawn's early light what so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight? or the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming,

Starting point is 12:14:50 and the rocket's red glare the bombs bursting in air gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. O say, does that, star-spangled banner, yet wave o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foes haughty host and dread silence reposes, What is that, which the breeze, Or the towering steep as it fitfully blows,

Starting point is 12:15:24 Half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected, Now shines on the stream, Tis the star-sangled banner, O, long may it wave, Or the land of the free, And the home of the brave,

Starting point is 12:15:44 and where is that band who so vauntingly swore amid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion a home in a country they leave us no more their blood has washed out their foul footsteps pollution no refuge could save the hireling enslaved from the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave and the stars vall banner in triumph shall wave or the land of the free and the home of the brave O, thus be it ever, when free men shall stand between their loved homes and foul war's desolation, blessed with victory and peace, may the heaven rescued land, praise the power that hath made, and preserved us, a nation. Then conquer we must. When our cause it is just and this be our motto In God is our trust And the star-spangled banner

Starting point is 12:16:50 In triumph shall wave While the land of the free Is the home of the brave Francis Scott Key 1814 End of section 46 Recording by Bill Mosley Lano County Texas

Starting point is 12:17:12 USA Section 47 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a LibraVox recording. All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibraVox.org. Recording by Betty B. The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America. Section 47.

Starting point is 12:17:47 Appendix. Boy Scout Equipment As stated in the chapter on Scoutcraft for the convenience of boys who wish to secure uniforms or other equipment, the National Council has made arrangements with certain manufacturers to furnish such parts of the equipment as are most needed by boys. A number of these manufacturers have taken advertising space in this book, and it is desired that in case goods are ordered as a result of their advertisement, they be informed of the fact. Some of them have made arrangements for the distribution of material through Mr.

Starting point is 12:18:25 Sigmund Eisner of Red Bank, New Jersey, who has the contract for making the official uniforms. It should be remembered at all times that the sole purpose of the National Council in entering into any arrangement whatever with manufacturers is to secure a low price on the very best material possible. The manufacturers have agreed to sell all the material listed in this book at a uniform price in all parts of the country. In case local dealers or agents for the National Outfitter ask a price different from that given in the price list herewith national headquarters should be notified. Every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment available to scouts through local dealers. If such arrangements have not been made in your community, the national

Starting point is 12:19:19 headquarters will be glad to help in making such an arrangement. Many scoutmasters prefer to order uniforms and other supplies direct from national headquarters. In order to cover the expense involved in handling these supplies, the manufacturers in some cases have agreed to allow national headquarters the same trade discount allowed to local dealers. Trade through national headquarters, if sufficiently large, will help to meet a part of the current expenses of the national organization. In this suggested list of equipment, all articles marked with a star may be secured either through a local dealer or by ordering direct through national headquarters in New York City. Directions for ordering. Important. When ordering supplies, care should be taken to see that the exact amount of

Starting point is 12:20:15 remittance is included with the order. If check is used, add New York Exchange. Make checks and money orders payable to Boy Scouts of America. All orders received without the proper remittance will be shipped COD or held until remittance arrives. Acts. Any local hardware dealer can suggest quite a variety of good axes, which may be used by the scout, but because of quality and price, the Boy Scout axe is suggested. Weight without handle, 12 ounces, made of one piece of solid steel, special temper, axe pattern, hickory handle, missionized, hand-forged, non-rusting finish, price 35 cents, axe scabbard or shield, 25 cents extra. Bandana or neckerchief. These are so common that every boy will recognize.

Starting point is 12:21:08 at once what is meant by a bandana. The members of each patrol wear bandanas made in the colors of their patrol. These can be purchased at any local dry goods store at 10 or 15 cents each. Belts. Any good belt will meet the scout's needs, but for his convenience, the belt illustrated herewith is suggested. Price 40 cents. Breaches. Standard material belt guides, pockets, full pattern, legs laced below the knee, the lacing to be covered by stockings or leggings. Order by age according to following table. Boy sizes, price $1. Extra sizes.

Starting point is 12:21:49 Breaches above 18-year size will be made to order and will cost 25 cents more per garment. Bugle. It is recommended that the standard bugle used in an army or drum corps be used. Each patrol should purchase these from a local music store. Camp knives, forks and spoons. Ordinary table knives, forks and spoons may be used. An inexpensive knife fork and spoon for use in camps, like said illustrated herewith, may be secured for about eight cents per dozen through almost any local hardware store. A canteen of this design may be carried by each scout on hikes and long tramps. Many army supply houses carry these in stock where they may be secured if designed. desired. Coats. Standard material, four bellows, pockets, stand-in-collar, dull metal buttons with Boy Scout emblem, ordered by age according to following table. Boy sizes, price $1.35

Starting point is 12:22:50 cents. Extra sizes. Coats above 18-year size will be made as extra size and will cost 25 cents more per garment than boy sizes. Norfolk coat for Scoutmasters, made of standard olive drab cotton cloth, two pleats front and back with belt price three dollars compass every scout should learn how to use his watch as a compass however should he desire to own a compass he will find no difficulty in securing one at any local jewelers a drinking cup a drinking cup for individual use is recommended the folding cup shown in the illustration is made of brass and is nickel plated price ten cents drum the select The selection of this is left to each local troop desiring this piece of equipment. Place your order with local music dealer. First aid kit. This kit for the use of the individual scout can be secured through this office or the Red Cross Society in Washington, New York, and San Francisco.

Starting point is 12:23:54 Price 25 cents. Hats. Four hats are suggested as follows. One, Boy Scout hat, Olive Drab felt, standard quality, detachable tie. price $1.15. 2. Boy Scout Summer Hat. Olive Drabb drill, inside seams reinforced with leather, eyelets and crown for ventilation,

Starting point is 12:24:17 detachable ties, price 50 cents. 3. Boy Scout Hat, Extra Fine Fur Felt, made for hard service, price $2. 4. Scout Master's hat, quality same as above, but larger dimensions, price $2.50. Be sure to indicate size desired when ordering. Haversack. Waterproof canvas, leather straps, buckles and separate pockets. Scout emblem on flap, price 60 cents. Hospital Core Pouch. This pouch has been made up specially by the American Red Cross Society

Starting point is 12:24:54 and contains the following. One shears, one tweezers, one carblyzed Vaseline, one package safety pins, two wire gauze splints, one two-ounce bottle, aromatic spirits of ammonia, one ARC first aid outfit, cardboard, two one-yard packages, sterilized gauze, three one-inch bandages, three, two-and-and-half-inch bandages, two triangular bandages cartons, one USA tourniquet, arranged with the American Red Cross Society for purchase of these, price $1. Nickerbockers, Boy Scout Olive Drabb drill, Belt guides, pockets, knee buckles, full pattern, price 75 cents. Knives. Number one, price $1. A stag handle, brass lining, German silver, bolsters, and shield, large polished cutting blade, screwdriver, can opener, and leather boring tool. U.S. patent 6-10-02.

Starting point is 12:25:55 Number two, price 50 cents. Genuine ebony handle. Grass lining, German silver bolsters, and shield. Large cutting blade can be opened without using the fingernail. Shackle for hanging to belt. Lanyard. This piece of equipment is so simple in construction that every scout ought to make his own lanyard. These are used for carrying the scout whistle or knife. Leggings. Poutis. The style of leggings is the same as United States Army Pouti Legging, made of best waterproof Army duck. Price 55 cents.

Starting point is 12:26:31 Mess kits. Number one, price 75 cents. Coffee or tea can, cup, stew, or fry pan with cover, one broiler, two handles. Number two, price 50 cents. Coffee or tea can cup, stew or fry pan, one handle. Patrol flags. The patrol flags are made from a good quality muslin or wool bunting in the colors of the local patrol. Scouts make their own patrol flags. Material may be purchased at a local drygood store. store. The size of the flag is 11 inches by 27 inches. Emblems can be secured from national headquarters. Panchos. A good poncho is almost an absolute necessity for the scout when on a march or in camp. Ponchos suitable for scout purchases can be secured from local dealers at prices from

Starting point is 12:27:23 $2.50 upward. Shelter tents. Scouts should make their own tents. Directions for making tents are given in the text of this book. Shirts. Boy Scout shirt. Standard material, two bellows pockets. Open front, coat style, standard button same as coat. Order by size, price $1. Summer shirts. Same as above, lightweight, price 75 cents. Shorts. Standard material, belt guides, full running pant pattern, especially desirable for summer use. Order according to age and waist measurement. Price, 50 cents. Shoes. Any good shoe that is made up for the purpose of ease and comfort and tramping will serve the Boy Scout's needs. The Boy Scout shoe is convenient, inexpensive, and especially designed for scouting. Price $2.50. Signal flags. These can be made from muslin or bunting,

Starting point is 12:28:21 which may be secured at local stores. It is recommended that each scout make his own flags. regulation sizes of the semaphore 18 inches by 18 inches and the Morse or Meyer flag 24 inches by 24 inches as shown in illustration staff ash or bamboo two meters six feet six and one half inches in length and about one and one half inches in diameter marked off on one side in centimeters up to one half meter and the balance in meters on the other side it should be marked off in inches up to one foot and the balance in feet. The staff should have a blunt end. Scouts should make their own staffs whenever it is possible for them to secure the lumber.

Starting point is 12:29:06 Ho or rake handles make excellent staffs. These can be procured through any local dealer at a nominal sum. The scout staff end its uses. Many boys upon taking up the scout movement are dubious about the value of the scout staff, and many friends of the movement ask, why does a boy scout carry a staff?

Starting point is 12:29:27 staff. Experience has proven it to be one of the most helpful articles of equipment. In order to show this, we are reproducing through the courtesy of Lieutenant General Sir Robert S.S. Baden Powell, illustrations from printed matter used by the English Boy Scouts. These illustrations show a number of different ways in which the staff will prove a handy and valuable article, in fact, essential to the scout outfit. The staff is very useful for beating out. brush fires and outbreaks which occur on open hearts. Waiting a stream, two or three scouts grasp the staff like this. Both patrol tents and teepees can be made with the aid of the staff, an improvised stretcher of coats and staves, a line of scouts linked together on a night march. When anyone falls through some ice, throw him your staff so that he can grasp it like this until you get a rope and pull him out. When climbing gates, you can give yourself. When climbing gates, you can give yourself a push-up with your staff. For erecting a flagstaff and forming a fence, the staff is very useful. A clear view can be had by looking through a small hole drilled in the staff. Measuring

Starting point is 12:30:40 distances, self-defense, making splints, jumping ditches, making rafts, bridge building, climbing a mountain, carry the staff crosswise and if you slip, lean inwards upon it against the side of the mountain. The weight of your body will then drive the end of the staff into the earth and so anchor you. Levering up logs and stones, rope ladders, feeling the way over marshy ground, recovering objects floating in the water. First tie a line to the center of the staff, then tie a piece of string to each end of the staff and the other ends of these strings being tied to the center. That will keep the staff at right angles to the line that is in your hand. By swinging the staff, out over the water, beyond the floating article, you will be able to draw the ladder in close to shore.

Starting point is 12:31:32 Stockings. To match uniforms made of heavy material and suitable for scouting. Price 30 cents in cotton, $1.25 in wool. Sweeters. Any local clothing store will be able to secure for the scout the kind and quality of sweater needed. Telegraph instruments. Beginners telegraph instruments to be used in learning the Moore's code may be secured through any electrical supply house. The instrument illustrated five oms price $1.30. Tracking irons. Excellent tracking irons can be made of seven-eighths-inch heavy band iron using the design presented here. Any local blacksmith will gladly assist the boys in making their irons. True colors. Made of superior wool bunting, upper half red, lower half white. production of the official badge superimposed in green and gold. Sufficient space left for troop number

Starting point is 12:32:30 and name of city. Size of flagged 22 inches by 36 inches. Letters to be attached by the local troop. Price without letters, $1. Trousers. Full length for Scoutmasters made of standard olive drab cotton cloth, belt loop, price $2. If breaches are preferred, they may be had at same price. Better quality of Boy Scout suits made of U.S. Army's standard olive drab cloth. Coat $2.50. Breeches $2. Watch. Every scout should possess a good watch. No particular make of watch is recommended. The choice of this article is left entirely with the boy and may be bought through a local jeweler.

Starting point is 12:33:13 Water bottle. In some cases where the individual scout is not furnished with a canteen, the patrol may desire to carry a supply of water on the march. For this purpose, water bottles, capable of carrying a large quantity of water, may be secured. These should be purchased through some army supply house. Whistles. Scout standard whistle for use in signaling by whistle. Made of brass, gunmetal finish, ring it end to attach to lanyard. Price 10 cents. Suggestions for measuring. Name Street City, coat measure. L, all around at breast undercoat, M all around at waist undercoat. Sleeve, C to D, from center of collar seam to shoulder seam, then E to elbow, F to full length.

Starting point is 12:34:03 Breaches, M, all around at waist undercoat, leggings, G, size of calf, H, size of instep. Hat, size of hat, size of linen collar worn. Answer following questions plainly. Age, height, weight. End of Section 47. Section 48 of the Boy Scouts Handbook. This is a Libravox recording. All Libravox recordings are in the public domain.

Starting point is 12:34:38 For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libravox.org. Recording by Joseph Tabler The Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America Section 48 Books for Reference This list of reference books

Starting point is 12:35:01 has been prepared for the use of scouts to supplement information given in the handbook prepared for their use. It has been the aim to give as wide a selection as possible in order that the Boy Scout might not fail to find in the local public library some book on any subject in which he may have particular interest.

Starting point is 12:35:22 The list includes literature directly or indirectly related to scouting, as well as some appropriate books of fiction. For convenience, the books have been listed in accordance with the subject headings of the various chapters of the handbook. Some of the most experienced librarians of the country have submitted material

Starting point is 12:35:42 which has aided in the preparation of this list. For this kindly cooperation, sincere thanks is given. Many of the books have been carefully reviewed by someone connected with the Boy Scouts, and in many cases, through the courtesy of the publishers, copies of these books are available for reference purposes at the Office of the National Headquarters. Suggestions for additions or improvements upon this list will be gladly received at any time. Communications should should be addressed to the Executive Secretary, 200, 5th Avenue, New York City.

Starting point is 12:36:22 Transcribers note. In the following list of books, the first line is the title, the second, the author, the third, the publisher. The author and or publisher may be omitted. Scoutcraft. Notes on Scouting and reconnaissance James F. M. Livingston.

Starting point is 12:36:45 Clothes. Pioneering and map-making for Boy Scouts. C. R. Enoch, London, Pearson. Scouting for boys, Lieutenant General Robert Baden Powell. See Arthur Pearson Limited, Henrietta Street, London. Three amateur scouts, Jad Burns, Lippincott. The Boy Scouts, Chipman.

Starting point is 12:37:15 Burt Company. Yarns for Boy Scouts. Lieutenant General Robert Beggin-Powell C. Arthur Pearson Limited, Henrietta Street, London. Woodcraft. Animals. American Natural History.

Starting point is 12:37:34 Hornaday. Animal artisans, C.J. Cornish, Longman's Green and Company. Animals at Home. Lillian Bartlett, American Book Company. Animal Heroes Seton Century Company A Wilderness Dog Biography of a Grizzly, Seton, Scribner's

Starting point is 12:38:01 Biography of a Silver Fox, Seton, Scribner's Claws and Hoofs James Johanet American Book Company Dan Beard's Animal Book and Campfire Stories D.C. Beard. Scribner Familiar animals in their wild Kindred. John Montief, American Book Company. Four-footed Americans and their kin, M.C. Wright.

Starting point is 12:38:34 Good hunting. Theodore Roosevelt, Harper Brothers. Habits of Animals. E. Ingersoll. Half hours with the lower animals. C. G. Holder, American Book Company Haunter of Pine Gloom, C.G.D. Roberts. Haunters of the silences, C.G.D. Roberts. Grosset and Dunlap. Holmes, haunts, and habits of wild animals. I.T. Johnson.

Starting point is 12:39:10 House in the water. C.G.D. Roberts. Jock of the Bushfold. Sir P. Fitzpatrick. Longman's Green and Company. Jungle Book, Kipling. Second Jungle Book, Kipling. Kindred of the Wild, C.G.D. Roberts. King of the Mama Zekyll, C.G.D. Roberts. Crag and Johnny Bear, Seton, Scribner's.

Starting point is 12:39:43 Life histories of North America. Seaton, Scribner's. Little beasts of field and wood. Wood, Cram, Little Brother to the Bear, W.J. Long, Gin and Company. Lives of the Fur Folk, M. D. Haveland, Longman's Green and Company. Living Animals of the World, Volume 1, 2, and 3, The University Society. Lobo, Rag and Vixen, Seton, Scyton, Scribner's. Lives of the hunted, Seton, Scribner's.

Starting point is 12:40:25 Moosewa, W. A. Frazier. My Dogs in the Northland, E.R. Young, Ravell and Company. Monarch, the Big Bear of Talak. Seton, Scribner's. Red Fox, C. G.D. Roberts. Shaggycoat, Sea Hawks. Shovelhorns, Biography of a Moose. Seahawks. Some curious flyers, creepers, and swimmers. Shahanat, American Book Company. Some useful animals in what they do for us. J.C. Monteth, American Book Company.

Starting point is 12:41:08 Squirrel and other fur bearers. John Burroughs. Stories of Animal Life, CF Holder, American Book Company. Stories of Humble Friends, Catherine Pyle, American Book Company. Story of the Trapper, A.C. Lout. The Romance of Animal Arts and Crafts H. Coupon and John Lay. Lippincott

Starting point is 12:41:36 The Romance of the Animal World, Edmund Sellus, Sealy and Company. The Wolf Patrol. John Finnamore. Trapper Jim, Edwin Sandys. Ways of Woodfolk, W.J. Long. Wild animals at play, Seton, Double Day Page and Company.

Starting point is 12:41:59 wild animals i have known seton scribners wilderness ways w j long wildlife in the rockies enos a mills houghton mifflin company wild life of orchard and field ingersall wolf the storm leader frank caldwell dod meaden company woodfolk at school w j long jinn and company woodfolk at school w j long jinn and company Astronomy. A field book of the stars, W. F. Olcut, Putnam. Astronomy, Julia McNair Wright, Penn Publishing Company. Astronomy by observation, Eliza A. Bowen, American Book Company. Astronomy for everybody. Simon Newcomb, Double-Day Pagion Company. Astronomy with an opera glass, GP Service.

Starting point is 12:42:58 A study of the sky, H. A. How. Scribner's. Astronomy with the naked eye. P. Service. G. Harper Brothers. Children's Book of the Stars, Milton, Macmillan Company. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know. J. E. Rogers. How to identify the stars, W.J. Milham. How to locate the stars, Heinz, Noble and Company. Popular Astronomy G. Flamarian Round the Year with the Stars, GP Service

Starting point is 12:43:36 Starland, Ball, Ginon Company Steele's Popular Astronomy, J.D. Steele, American Book Company. The Friendly Stars, M. E. Martin. The Romance of Modern Astronomy, McPherson, Lippincott. Birds. Bird Guide Part 1 Waterbirds Chester A. Reed, Double Day Page and Company Bird Guide, part two, land birds.

Starting point is 12:44:11 Neltsa Blanchin, Double Day Page and Company. Bird Holmes. A. E. Dugmore, Double Day Page in Company. Birds in their relation to men. Weed and Beerborn, Lippincott. Bird Life, Frank Chapman, Appleton. Bird neighbor. Nelcha Blanchion, Double Day Pagion Company Bird Neighbors, John Burroughs,

Starting point is 12:44:36 Double Day Pagin Company Birds of Eastern North America, Chapman, Appleton. Birds that every child should know, Neltsa Blanchin, double day pageantin company. Birds that hunt and are hunted, Nelchia Blanchin, double day pageantin company. Birds Through the Year, A.F. Gilmore, American Book Company.

Starting point is 12:44:58 Citizen Bird M. O. Wright Elo the Eagle and other stories, Floyd Braulian, Pacific Publishing Company Everyday Birds, Bradford Torrey

Starting point is 12:45:12 Field Book of Wild Birds and their music F.S. Matthews, Putnam's Sons. First Book of Birds, H. M. Miller. Second Book of Birds, H. M. Miller. Flamingo Feather. Monroe. How to attract the birds. Neltsh Blanchin. Double Day Pagin Company. How to attract the birds.

Starting point is 12:45:37 Trafton. How to know the birds. H.N. E. Parkhurst. S. Cribner's. How to know the wild birds of Ohio, Dietrich Lange. How to study birds in birdland. Leander S. Kaiser, McClurg Company. Land birds east of the Rockies. C. A. Reed. lord of the air c g d roberts nestlings of forest and marsh irene g weelock mcclurg company our birds and how to know them j b grant scribners our own birds william l bailey lippincott tenants of the trees sea hawks the blue goose chase h k job the romance of bird life john lay l lippincott short stories of our shy neighbors m mab keely american book company the sport of bird study job outing publishing company Wild Birds of City Parks

Starting point is 12:46:45 Fish and Fishing Book of Aquaria Baitman and Bennett L. Upcott Gill Boy's Own Guide to Fishing J. H. Keen Denizens of the Deep Frank T. Bullen

Starting point is 12:47:03 Ravelle Company Familiar Fish Eugene McCarthy Favorite Fish and Fishing J.A. Henshaw Outing Publishing Company Fine art of fishing S.G. Camp,

Starting point is 12:47:18 outing publishing company. Fishing and shooting sketches, Grover Cleveland, outing publishing company. Fishing kits and equipment, G.S. Camp. New York Outing Company. Fish stories, Holder and Jordan.

Starting point is 12:47:36 Half hours with fishes, reptiles and birds. Holder, American Book Company. Home Aquarium and How to Care for it. Eugene Smith, Dutton. The anglers guide, Wainwright Randall The Book of Fish and Fishing, Lewis Reed, Scribner's

Starting point is 12:47:55 The Little Water Folks, Hawks, Crowell Company Tricks and Nacks of Fishing, Horton Manufacturing Company. Water Wonders Every Child Should Know, J.M. Thompson, flowers, ferns, and grasses. Botany, Julia McNair Wright, Publishing Company. Botany for Children, Harriet C. Cooper, Crowell Company. Common Plants,

Starting point is 12:48:28 George O. Goodall, D. C. Heath and Company. Elementary Botany with Spring Flora, W. A. Kellerman, Heinz Noble and Company. Field Book of American Flowers, P. Schuyler Matthews. Flora of the Southern United States, A. W. Chapman. Flower Guide, C.A. and C. K. K. R. gardening for profit p henderson grasses sedges and rushes of the north united states edward noble how to collect and preserve plants and seaweeds hines noble and company how to know the ferns francis theodora parsons how to know the wildflowers parsons illustrated flora of the united states in canada enel britain and addison brown lessons with plants bayl Manual of Gardening, L.H. Bailey. Nature's Garden, Neltsa Blanchion,

Starting point is 12:49:30 Double Day Page and Company. New England ferns and their common allies, Helen Eastman. New Manual of Botany, Asa Gray. New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains. J.M. Coulter, revised by Avon Nelson. Our garden flowers, Harriet Louise Keeler.

Starting point is 12:49:51 Plants and their children, William Stardain. American Book Company Rocky Mountain Wildflower Studies Burton O. Longyear. Southern wildflowers and trees Alice Lounsbury.

Starting point is 12:50:06 The Fern Collector's Guide Willard Nelson Clute. The Garden Yard B. Hall. Young folks' nature field book J. Alden Loring Dana Estes Company. Fungai.

Starting point is 12:50:24 Edible Fungi of New York, Charles H. Peck New York State Museum Flowerless plants ferns mushrooms moses lichens and seaweeds E.H. Hale Mushrooms Atkinson Holt and Company 1,000 American Fungi McAdam McAdam Bob's Merrill and Company Studies of American Fungi Atkinson The Mushroom M.E. Hard, Ohio Library Company.

Starting point is 12:50:53 The mushroom book, Nina L. Marshall, Double-day page and company. Handicraft. Clay modeling, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay. Dynamos and electric motors, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay. Electric bells, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay. Electroplating, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay.

Starting point is 12:51:21 Glass writing, embossing, and facial work. Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay. How to make baskets. Mary White, double-day page-and-compan Leatherworking, Paul Ann Hasluck, David McKay. Photography, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay. Photographic cameras, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay. Photographic chemistry, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay.

Starting point is 12:51:48 Photographic studies, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay. Appelstery, Paul N. Hasluck, David McKay. Insects and butterflies. Ants their structure, development, and behavior. W. M. Wheeler, Columbia University Press. Beehives and appliances, Paul Hasluck, David McKay. Directions for collecting and preserving insects. Nathan Banks, U.S. National Museum Bulletin.

Starting point is 12:52:17 Everyday butterflies. How to keep bees, Anna B. Comstock, Double Day Page Company. How to know the butterflies, J.H. and Mrs. Comstock, D. Appleton, Company. Insect Life, Comstock. Little Busy Bodies, Marks Moody, Harper Brothers. Manual for the Study of Insects, J.H. and A.B. Comstock. Moths and butterflies, Julia P. Ballard, Putnam's Sons. Our Insect Friends and Enemies, J.B. Smith, Lippincott. Our Insect Friends and Fos, B.S. Cragon, Putnam's Sons. The Butterfly Book, W. J. Holland, double-day page and company.

Starting point is 12:53:05 The Housefly disease carrier, L. O. Howard, Stokes, Company. The Moth Book, W. J. Holland, Double Day Page and Company. The Romance of Insect Life, Edmund Sellus, Sely in Company. The Way of the Six-Footed. Rocks and Pebbles. About Pebbles, Alpheus Hyatt, D.C. Heath and Company. Boy Mineral Collectors. J. G. Kelly. Common minerals and rocks. William O. Crosby, D. C. Heath and Company.

Starting point is 12:53:41 Stories of rocks and minerals, H.W. Fairbanks. The boy geologist at school and in camp, E. G. Houston. The Earth and its story. A. Heilprin. The romance of modern geology grew Lippincott. Reptiles. Poisonous snakes of North America, Leonard Stitchnager, Government Printing Office The Reptile Book, Ditmar, Double Day Pagin Company Shells, and Shellfish

Starting point is 12:54:19 American Marine Shells, Bulletin No. 37, U.S. National Museum, Washington. Mollisks of the Chicago area, F.C. Baker, Chicago Academy. The Little Water Folk. See Hawks Crowell Company. The Limnadee of North America, F. C. Baker, Chicago Academies of Sciences. The Shellbook, Julia E. Rogers, Double-day Pagion Company.

Starting point is 12:54:48 West Coast Shells, Josiah Keep. Worms and Custacia, Hyatt, D.C. Heathen Company. Trees and Shrubs. A guide to the trees, Alice Lounsbury. Familiar trees in their leaves. Matthews.

Starting point is 12:55:05 field and forest handy book dancy beard first book of forestry roth forest trees and forest scenery schwartz grafton press handbook of trees of new england dame and brooks gin and company handbook of the trees of the northern united states and canada huff how to tell the trees heinz noble and company How to Know Wild Fruits, Maud C. Peterson. Manual of the Trees of North America, Charles Sprague Sargent. North American trees, Britain. North American forests and forestry, Bruncan, Putnam. Our native trees, Keeler, Scribner's. Our northern shrubs, Harriet L. Keeler.

Starting point is 12:55:59 Our shrubs of the United States, Apgar. Practical forestry for beginners in four. Forestry, J. C. Gifford. School of the Woods, W. J. Long. Studies of trees in winter, Huntington, Sargent. Ten common trees, Susan Stokes, American Book Company. The Forest, S.E. White. The forester's manual, or forest trees that every scout should know, Seton, Double Day Pageant Company. The Magic Forest, White, Grossent Dunlap. The tree book Julia E. Rogers, Double Day Page and Company

Starting point is 12:56:41 The Way of the Woods, Breck, Putnam's sons. Trees of the Northern United States, Austin C. Apgar. The trees of California, Jepson. The Woodsman's Handbook, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin number 36. Trees that every child should know, J.E. Rogers.

Starting point is 12:57:05 Miscellaneous. Woodcraft. Adventures in the Great Forests, H. W. Hurst, Lipincott. Adventures of Buffalo Bill, Cody. Adventures of four-footed folk, Bell M. Brain, Fleming H. Ravel. A Journey to Nature, J. P. Mowbray, Gorset and Dunlap. American Boys Handi Book, Beard. Amateur taxidermist, Scorso. A watcher in the woods, D. L. Sharp, Century Company. Bent ironwork, Hasluck, David McKay. Birch Bark Roll, Seton. Boots and Saddles, Custer.

Starting point is 12:57:50 Boy craftsman, A.W. Hall. Boy pioneers, Dan Beard, Scribner's. Boy's Book of Airships, H. Delacom. Boy's Workshop, Cragan. Boy with the United States Foresters. Robert Wheeler. Box furniture Louise Brigham

Starting point is 12:58:11 Century Company Diomed Sargent Grossent and Dunlap Chats on Photography Wallington Lippincott Electric Fowler

Starting point is 12:58:25 Penn Publishing Company Electric Instrument Making for Amateurs Bottom Electric for Boys, Adams Electricity for Everybody Atkinson Electricity for young people, Jenks.

Starting point is 12:58:42 Electricity made easy, E.J. Houston and A.E. Kennelly. Excursions, Thoreau. Houghton Mifflin Company. Famous Indian Chiefs, Johnston. Field and Forest, Handybook, Beard, Scribner. Four a foot, barber. Frank, the young naturalist, Castleman, Hearst Company. Frontiersman's Pocket Book. Pocock.

Starting point is 12:59:11 Harper's How to Understand Electricity, Anken and Baker. Harper's indoor book for boys, Adams, Harper Brothers. Harper's Outdoor Book for Boys, Adams. Home Mechanics for Amateurs, GM Hopkins. How Two Boys made their own electrical apparatus,

Starting point is 12:59:32 T.M. St. John. In American Fields and Forests, H. D. Thoreau at all. Indoor and Outdoor Handicraft, Beard, Scribner's Jack of All Trades, Dan Beard, Scribner's Lake Rim Athletic Club, Hughes Last of the Mohicans, Cooper, Houten Mifflin Company Log cabins and cottages, wicks, forest and stream,

Starting point is 13:00:00 Long Trail, Garland Making Wireless Outfits, Harrison Nature Study, F.L. Holt Scribner's On horseback in Virginia C. D. Warner, Houghton Mifflin Company. Our National Parks, John Muir, Houton Mifflin Company.

Starting point is 13:00:21 Outdoor Handybook, Dan Beard, Scribner's. Outdoors, indoors and up the chimney, C. McElvane, Sunday School Times. Out of Doors, M. Ellsworth-Ollison, Pacific Publishing Company. Romance of Modern Photography, Gibson, Lippincott.

Starting point is 13:00:38 Scholars ABC of Electricity, Meadowcraft, Heinz Noble and Company Scientific American Boy, Bond, Munn and Company Scientific American Boy at School, Bond, Scientific American Reference Book, Bond, Munn and Company, Secret of the Woods, William J. Long, gin and company. Sportsman Joe, Sandys. Taxidermy, Hasluck, McKay The Boy Electrician, Houston, Lipincott. The Boy's Book of Conservation, Small, Maynardin Company.

Starting point is 13:01:18 The Boy's Book of Inventions, Bacon, Double Day Pagein Company. The Boy's Second Book of Inventions, Baker, Double A Pagin Company. The Boy's Book of Model Airplanes, Collins, Century Company. The Boy's book of Steam shipships, Howden, The Camp at Willow, Clump, Island, Bond, The Frogbook, Dickerman, Double Day Pagin Company, The Complete Photographer, Bailey, Double Day Pagin Company, The Mountains, S.E. White.

Starting point is 13:01:51 The open window, Grosson Dunlap. The young electrician H. Hall, Macmillan Company. The young mechanic, Putnam's sons. Things a boy should know about electricity, T.M. St. John. Things the Boy should know about wireless, St. John. Trapper Jim, Sandy's. Two Little Savages, Seton. Vehicles of the Air, Longheed, Riley and Britain Company.

Starting point is 13:02:20 Walden, or Life in the Woods, Thoreau, Houton Mifflin Company. Ways of Nature, Burrows, Houghton Mifflin Company. Wilderness Homes, Kemp, Outing Publishing Company. Wild Neighbors, Ingersoll, Warrar. list telegraphy, A. F. Collins. Woodcraft, Sears, Century Company. Woodmuth and Fable, Seton, Century Company. Wonders of Man and Nature are Whiting. Woodcraft, Nesmuck, Forest and Stream. Woodworking for beginners, Wheeler. Young folks, Nature Field Book, J.A. Loring, Dana Estes Company. Camp Craft. Around the Camp Fire, C.G.

Starting point is 13:03:06 Roberts an old-fashioned sugar camp P G Houston Ravelle Company at home in the water Corson Association Press Billy N Camp car McClurg Company boat building and boating for beginners Dan Beard Scribner's boat sailing Kensely outing company Building model boats Hasluck David McKay Camp and Trail Isabel Hornabrook Camp and Trail SE White Outing Publishing Company Camp and Trail Methods

Starting point is 13:03:43 Kephart Camp Cookery Horace Kephart Outing Publishing Company Campfire and Wigwam Ellis Winston Company Campfire Musings W.C. Gray

Starting point is 13:03:56 Ravelle Camping and Camp Cooking Bates Camping and Camp Outfits G.O. Shields Camping for Boys, Gibson, Association Press. Camping out, Stevens, Hurston Company. Camp kits and camp life, Hank's, Scribner's.

Starting point is 13:04:18 Camp Life in the Woods, Gibson. Camp mates, C.K. Monroe. Canoe mates, Kirk Monroe. Canoe and boat building, Stevens, forest and stream. Canoe and camp cookery. Seneca, forest and stream. Canoe boys and campfires, Graydon, Grossett and Dunlap, Captain Thomas A. Scott, Master Diver, F. H. Smith. Comrades in camp. Victor, Chatterton Company.

Starting point is 13:04:54 Economic Cookbook. This is Sarah Paul, John C. Winston and Company. Every boy his own cook, Atkinson Rice. Guns, ammunition, and tackle. Money at all. Harper's camping and scouting, Grinnell and Swan How to swim, Dalton. Notting and splicing ropes and cordage, has luck. Plates accompanying canoe and boat building for amateurs, Forest and Stream Publishing Company.

Starting point is 13:05:25 Practical rowing with skull and sweep, Stevens. Ropes, their knots and splices, Coonart. Swimming, Brewster, Houghton Miflin Company. Swimming Sinclair The Art of Swimming, Nelligan The Boat Sailor's Manual, Qualtrow, Scribner's The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, Kephart, Outing Publishing Company

Starting point is 13:05:52 The Kidnapped Campers, Canfield Watchers of the Campfires, C.G.D. Roberts Tracks trailing and signaling. Along four-footed trails, Ruth A. Cook, James Pot End Company. Black Bear, Wright. Comrades of the Trails, Roberts. First Across the Continent, Brooks. Footprints in the Forest, Ellis, Winston Company. Graphology, Howard, Penn Publishing Company. Grizzly Bear, Wright. International Code of Signals, U.S. Government Printing Office. Northern Trails, Books 1 and 2, William J. Long, Gin and Company.

Starting point is 13:06:40 Our country's flag, Yes Holden. Phrenology, Olin, pen publishing company. Physionomy, Lomlax, Pen Publishing Company. Return to the Trails, C.G.D. Roberts. Sign Language, Seton, Double-Day Pagion Company. The Trail of the Badger, HAMP. The Trail to the Woods, Hawks, American Book Company. Tracks and Tracking.

Starting point is 13:07:09 Tracking, Brunner, Outing Publishing Company, Trail of the Sand Hill Stag, Seton, Watchers of the Trails, C.G.D. Roberts. Young trailers, Altsheller. Health and endurance. Body and its defenses, Jewett. Confidential talks with young men, Sparry, Ravel. Control of body and mind, Jewett, Gin and Company Daily training, Benson and Miles From Youth Into Manhood, Hall Good Health, Jewett, Gin and Company Health, Walter C. Wood, Penn Publishing Company

Starting point is 13:07:52 Health, Strength and Power, Sergeant Home Treatment and Care of the Sick, lovering, Otis Clap and Son. How to Keep Well, Wilson, Crowell. Japanese physical training, Hancock My System Muller Rural hygiene Brewer, Lippincott

Starting point is 13:08:15 Chivalry Adaptability L&E Kenyon Warner Heinz Noble & Company Adventure Among Red Indians, Hurst Lippincott Age of Chivalry, Bofinch

Starting point is 13:08:33 An Iron Will Wills and Sswet Marden Crowell. A skilled workman, W. A. Baudel, Revell Company. Aspiration and Achievement, Frederick A. Atkins, Revelle Company. Aspirations and influence, H. Clay Trumbull, Sunday School Times. Book of Famous Verse, Agnes Rappellier. Boys King Arthur, Lanier. Boy's Life of Captain John Smith, Johnson. Careers of Danger and Daring, Cleveland Moffat Character-shaping and Character-Wracking

Starting point is 13:09:12 H. Clay Trumbull, Sunday School Times Character The Grandest Thing, Orson Sweat-Martin, Crowell Company. Cheerfulness as a Life Power, Orson-Swet-Marden, Crowell Company. Daniel Boone, Backwoodsman, Forbes, Lindsay, Lippincott. Duty. Ellen E. Kenyon, Warner, Heinz-Noblin Company. Duty knowing and duty-doing,

Starting point is 13:09:40 H. Clay Trumbull, Sunday School Times. Economy, Orison Sweat-Martin, Crowell Company. Every Man a King, Orison Sweat-Marden, Crowell Company. Famous Scouts, Johnston. Fidelity, Ellen E. Kenyon Warner, Heinz-Noblin Company. First Battles. A. Atkins, Ravelle Company. Four American pioneers, Perry and Beebe. Getting one's bearings, Alexander McKenzie, Ravell Company. Good manners and success, Orison Swet Martin, Croel Company.

Starting point is 13:10:20 He Can Who Thinks He Can, Orson Sweat Martin, Crowell Company. Heroes Every Child Should Know, H.W. Maybe. Hout and Mifflin Company. Heroes of Chivalry, Louise Maiton. Heroes of Pioneering, Sanderson, Lippincott. Heroes of the Storm, O'Connor, Houghton. Hero myths and legends of the British race, M. O'Urbett, Crowell Company. John James Audubon. Audubon. Putnam. John Smith, gentlemen and adventurer, Lindsay, Lippincott. Knight-errant. Davidson, Lippincott.

Starting point is 13:11:03 Nighthood in germ and flower, Cox, Last of the Great Scouts, Wetmore, Lessons on Manners, Julia M. Dewey, Heinz Noble and Company. Levels of Living, Henry F. Cope, Ravelle. Life of Kit Carson, Ellis, Grosson Dunlap. Little Jarvis, Sewell. Loyal, McClure, Revell Company. Making the most of ourselves

Starting point is 13:11:32 Calvin Dill Wilson McClurg Company Men of Iron, Pile Moral Muscle, Frederick A. Atkins, Ravelle Company. My young man, Lewis Albert Banks, Funk and Wagnall's Company.

Starting point is 13:11:49 Ourselves and others, H. Clay Trumbull, Sunday School Times. Page Esquire and Night, Lansing. Peace, Pied, Power and Plenty, Orson Sweat Martin, Crowell Company. Possibilities, McClure, Revelle Company. Rising in the World or Architects.

Starting point is 13:12:12 H. Clay Trumbull, Sunday School Times. Practical paradoxes, Orson Sweat Martin, Crowell Company. Royal Manhood, James I. Vance, Revell Company. Rushing to the front, Orison Sweat Martin, Crowell Company. Seeing and Being, H. Clay Trumbull, Sunday School Times. Self-control and its kingship and majesty, William Co. Jordan, Ravelle Company. Self-reliance, Ellen E. Kenyon Warner, Heinz-Noblin Company. Stories of Charlemagne, Church.

Starting point is 13:12:50 Stories of King Arthur, Waldo Cutler, Crowe Company. Stories of King Arthur and his knights, Pile. Stories of King Arthur in the Round Table. C. Clay. Stories of the Great West, Roosevelt. Story of the Cowboy,

Starting point is 13:13:06 Huff. Successful men of today Wilbur F. Crafts. Funk and Wagnalls. Success in life, Emil Reich, Duffield Company. Success word,

Starting point is 13:13:19 Edward Bach. Ravell Company. Talks with great workers, Orson Sweat Martin, Crowle Company. Tendency, James I. Vance, Ravell Company.

Starting point is 13:13:32 The book of King Arthur and his noble knights, Mary MacLeod, Frederick A. Stokes. The Boys' Gugelaine. Eleanor Hall, Crowell Company. The Christian Gentleman, Louis Albert Banks, Funkin-Wagnalls. The Crown of Individuality, William George Jordan, Ravel Company. The Hour of Opportunity, Orison Sweat Martin, Crowell Company. The kingship of self-control, William George Jordan, Ravel Company. The Majesty of Calmness, William George Jordan, Revelle Company The Making of a Man, Robert Elliot Spear, Revelle Company,

Starting point is 13:14:12 The Marks of a Man, Robert Elliot Spear, Revelle Company, The Optimistic Life, Orison Sweat Martin, Crowell Company. The Oregon Trail, Parkman, Lippincott. The Power of Personality, Orson Sweat Martin, Crowell Company. The Romance of Early, The Romance of Early, Exploration Williams Lippincott the secret of achievement Orson Sweat Martin Crowell Company the story of Hareward Douglas C. Stedman Crowell Company the vision of Sir Lawnfall James Russell Lowell Barson Hopkins the young man entering business Orson

Starting point is 13:14:54 Svet Martin Crowell Company thoroughness Davidson Ravel Company true manhoodhood James Cardinal Gibbons, McClurg Company, 20th century knighthood, banks, Funk and Wagnalls. What shall our boys do for a living, Charles F. Wingate, Double-Dapagion Company. Winning their way, Ferris.

Starting point is 13:15:17 With spurs of gold, F.W. Green and D.V. Kirk. Young men who overcame, Robert E. Spear, Revell Company. First aid to the injured. American Red Cross abridged textbook and first aid. Major Charles Lynch

Starting point is 13:15:35 Backwood surgery in medicine Moody Boys Coastwise Riding Emergencies C.V. Gulloch Exercise in Education and Medicine R.T. McKenzie Fighting a Fire, C.T. Hill First aid in illness and injury

Starting point is 13:15:54 Pilcher First Aid to the Injured, F.J. Warwick Penn Publishing Company Health Strength and Power strength and power, DA Sargent. Heroes of the lifeboat and rocket, Ballantine. Heroes of the storm, Douglas. Lifeboat and its work, Lewis. Nursing S. Virginia Leaves. Penn Publishing Company. Our Seacoast Heroes, Daunt. Stories of the Lifeboat, Mundell. The Beach Patrol, Drysdale. The Lifeboat, Ballantine. Games.

Starting point is 13:16:34 and outdoor sports, Bingham. Book of College Sports, Walter Camp. Boys Book of Sports, Fanny Thompson, Century Company. Boys' Drill Regulations. Games for Everybody, Macy Hoffman, Dodge Publishing Company. Games for all occasions, Mary E. Blaine, Barson Hopkins. Games and Songs of American Children, Newell, Harper Brothers. Education by Play and Games

Starting point is 13:17:03 G.E. Johnson, Gin and Company Money-making entertainments Rook and Goodfellow Penn Publishing Company Play Emmett D. Angel Little Brown and Company Practical Track and Field Athletics Graham and Clark

Starting point is 13:17:20 Duffield Company Social activities for men and boys AM Chesley Association Press Outdoor games for all seasons Beard, Scribner's. Patriotism and Citizenship. Abraham Lincoln, Baldwin, American Book Company.

Starting point is 13:17:41 Abraham Lincoln, boy and man, Morgan. American hero stories. Eva M. Tappen. Houghton. American Leaders and Heroes, W. F. Gordy, Scribner. A message to Garcia, Hubbard. An American Book of Golden Deeds, James Baldwin, American Book Company. Battles for the Union, Prescott Holmes, Henry Altimus, Company

Starting point is 13:18:06 Battle of the War for Independence, Prescott Holmes, Henry Ultimus Company Boy's Life of Abraham Lincoln, Nicolet, Century Company Boys Life of Ulysses S. Grant, Nicolay, Century Company Civics, Studies in American Citizenship, Sherman, Macmillan Company Discovery of the Old Northwest, Jay Baldwin. Essentials in civil government, S. E. Foreman, American Book Company. Famous American statesman, Sarah K. Bolton, Crowell Company.

Starting point is 13:18:40 Famous Voyages and Explorers, Sarah K. Bolton, Crowell Company. Four American Explorers, Kingsley, American Book Company. Four American Indians, Edson L. Whitney and Francis M. Perry, American Book Company. Four Great Americans, James Baldwin, American Book Company. Good Citizenship, Julia Richmond. Good Citizenship, Grover Cleveland, Henry Ultimus Company. Great Words from Great Americans, G.P. Putnam's son.

Starting point is 13:19:14 Guide to United States History, Henry W. Elson, Baker Taylor Company. Heroes of the Army in America, Charles Morris Lippincott. Heroes of Discovery in America, Charles Morse, Lippincott. Morris Lippincott. Heroes of the Navy in America, Charles Morris, Lippincott. Heroes of Progress in America, Charles Morris, Lippincott.

Starting point is 13:19:37 Heroes of the United States Navy, Hartwell Jones, Henry Ultimus Company. Hero tales from American history, Lodge and Roosevelt. History of New York City, Charles E. Todd, American Book Company. Historic Americans, E.S. Brooks, Crowell Company.

Starting point is 13:19:55 Home life in colonial. days, Alice Morse Earl, Grossent Dunlap. How the people rule, hoxy. Lessons for Junior Citizens, Mabel Hill. Lewis and Clark, Lighten, Hout and Mifflin Company. Life at West Point, Hancock, Puttinum. Life of Lincoln for Boys, Sparhawk, Crowell Company. Lyra Heroica, William Ernest Henley, Scribner's. Makers and Defenders of America Anna E. Foot and A.W. Skinner, American

Starting point is 13:20:27 Book Company. Man Without a Country, E. Hale. Crowell and Company. New Century History of the United States. Edward Eggleston, American Book Company. North America, Frank G. Carpenter, American Book Company. Our Country's flag and the flags of foreign countries, Holden.

Starting point is 13:20:50 Our Country's Story, Eva M. Tappan, Houghton Mifflin Company Pathfinders of the West, Lout, Grossent, and Dunlap, patriotic citizenship. Poor boys who became famous, Sarah K. Bolton, Crowell. Poems of American Citizenship,

Starting point is 13:21:08 Brander Matthews, Scribner's. Politics for Young Americans, Charles Nordoff, American Book Company. Poor Richard's Almanac, Benjamin Franklin, Duffield Company. Popular patriotic poems explained,

Starting point is 13:21:22 Murphy, Heinz Noble and Company. Potter's Advanced Geography, Eliza H. Horton, Heinz Noble and Company. Stories of heroic deeds, James Joannot, American Book Company. Stories of our country, James Joanot, American Book Company. Story of the American Merchant Marine,

Starting point is 13:21:45 J. R. Spears, Macmillan Company. Story of the Great Republic, H. A. Gerber, American Book Company. ten boys from history switzer duffield company ten great events in history james joannot american book company the true citizen and how to become one w f marwick and w a smith american book company the century book for young americans brooks the citizen shaler the community and the citizen arthur dun d c heath and company the good neighbor in the modern city mary richmond lippincod the ship of state youth's companion gin and company the pilgrims f s noble pilgrim press the story of our navy for young americans abbott dod meaden company the story of our great lakes e channing and m f lansing mcmillen company the story of the thirteen colonies gerber american book company the young alaskans huff the young citizen dole heath training for citizenship smith longman's green company uncle sam's business marriott u s townsend lathrop

Starting point is 13:23:07 Washington and his generals, Headley, Hurston Company. Washington's farewell address, Duffield Company. When American became a nation, Jenks, Crowell Company. When America was new, Tudor Jenks, Crowell Company. When America won Liberty, Tudor Jenks, Crowell Company. Young Americans, Judson. Young Continentals at Bunker Hill, McIntyre, Penn Publishing Company. Young Continentals at Lexington, McIntyre, Penn Publishing Company.

Starting point is 13:23:43 Young People's History of the War with Spain, Prescott Holmes, Henry Ultimus Company. Miscellaneous. A Guide to Biography, Burton E. Stevenson, Baker-Taylor Company. American Indians, Young. A Vagabond Journey Around the World, Frank. Century Company Book of Golden Deeds, Catlin. Boy's Life of Captain John Smith, Eleanor Johnson, Crowell Company

Starting point is 13:24:12 Boy Wanted, W. Waterman. Childhood of Jishib, the Objibwa, Jenks. Choosing a life work, L.R. Fisk, Eaton and Main's Company. Choosing a vocation, Parsons. Christopher Carson, known as Kit Carson, J.S.C. Abbott. Courage. Charles Wagner. David Crockett, His Life and Adventures, J.S.C. Abbott.

Starting point is 13:24:41 Dashing Paul Jones, Frank Sheridan, David McKay. David Crockett, Scout, Alan. Famous Indian Chiefs, O.W. Howard, Century Company. First across the continent, N. Brooks. Handy Parliamentary Rules, Craig, Heinz Noble and Company. Heroes of the Polar C's J.K. McLean, Lipincott. how george rogers clark won the northwest r g thwaites incentives for life j w ludlow ravel company indian boyhood eastman indian fights and fighters brady indian story and song fletcher letters to american boys kereth life of david crockett e s ellis life of john gutenberg emily c pearson hurston company

Starting point is 13:25:37 Life Questions of High School Boys, Jenks, Association Press Living Races of Mankind, Volume 4 and 5, The University Society. Loyalty, J.G.R. McLeve, Revell Company. Lure of the Labr. Wilde, Wallace. Northland Heroes, Florence Holbrook, Houton Mifflin Company. Old Santa Fe Trail, H. Inman. Pony Tracks, F. Remington. Punishment of the stingy Grinnell

Starting point is 13:26:08 Pushing to the front, Martin Romance of Early Exploration Williams Seeley Company Self-Help smiles Some merry adventures of Robin Hood, Pyle, Scribner's Story of a Scout, Finimore, Starting in Life, Fowler, Story of the Indian, Grinnell, Success, OS Martin.

Starting point is 13:26:33 Successful careers, Faye, Crowell Company, the American Shotgun, Askins, outing publishing company. The Children's Life of Lincoln, M. Louise Putnam, McClurg Company. The Blazed Trail, White. The Boy General, Mrs. E. B. Custer.

Starting point is 13:26:53 The boy on a farm at work and at play, Jacob Abbott, American Book Company. The Heart of the Ancient Wood, C.G.D. Roberts, Wessel's Company. The romance of Polar Exist. Exploration, G. F. Scott, Ceeley and Company. The Seven Ages of Washington, Owen Worcester, Grossenton Dunlap. The Way of an Indian, F. Remington.

Starting point is 13:27:16 Stories for Scouts. Adrift on an ice pan, W.T. Grenfell. American Life and Adventure, Eggleston, American Book Company. Arizona Knights, S.E. White. Around the world with the battleships. Miller, McClurg Company. Backwoodsman. D. Roberts. Black Rock, Gordon, Ralph Connor, Suddenham. Bob Burton, Horatio Alger, Jr., Winston Company.

Starting point is 13:27:45 Bar B. Boys or the Young Cow Punchers, Edwin S. Sabin. Croll Company. Battling for Atlanta, Byron A. Dunn, McClurg Company. Boys of other countries, Taylor, Putnam's sons. Boy Trappers, Harry Castleman, Hurston Company. Camping on the St. Lawrence, E.T. Tomlinson, cattle brands A. Adams, cattle ranch to college, Russell, double day. Chilhowie boys, Morrison, Crowell Company. Chilhowie boys in harness, Sarah E. Morrison, Crowell Company.

Starting point is 13:28:23 Chilhowie Boys in War Times, Sarah E. Morrison, Crowell Company. Cast up by the sea, Sir Samuel W. Baker, Hurston Company. Cruise of the Canoe Club W. L. Alden Cruise of the Ghost W. L. Alden. Dale and Fraser Sheepman, S.F. Ham.

Starting point is 13:28:44 Dashing Paul Jones, Sheridan, David McKay. Dare Boys of 1776 Stephen Angus Company, A. L. Chatterton Company. Dory mates, C.R. Monroe. Forest runners, Utschallor. For Freedom's Cause,

Starting point is 13:29:03 T. C. Harbock. David McKay. Fox Hunting, C. A. Stevens, Hurston Company. Frank in the Woods, Castleman, Hurston Company. Freckles, Porter, Grossent and Dunlap. From Atlanta to the Sea, Byron A. Dunn, A. C. McClurg Company. Frontier Boys on the Overland Trail, Wynn Roosevelt. Chatterton Company.

Starting point is 13:29:29 General Nelson Scout, Byron A. Dunn, A. C. McLeorg. Huckleberry Finn, Twain. Hans Brinker of the Silver Skates Mary Mapes Dodge, Grossent and Dunlap. In the clouds for Uncle Sam, Ashton Lamar, Riley, and Britain, Ivanhoe, Scott, Jack among the Indians, Gibi Grinnell, Kim, Kipling, kidnapped Stevenson. Knights Who Fought the Dragon, Edwin Leslie, Sunday School Times, Company. Great Search, Howard R. Garris, Grossent and Dunlap. Little Metacomet.

Starting point is 13:30:11 Hezekiah Butterworth, Crowell Company. Little Smoke, W. O. Stoddard. Log of a Cowboy, A. Adams. Luke Walton, Horatio Alger, Jr., Winston Company. Marching against the Iroquois, Everett T. Tomlinson. Marion and his men. John de Morgan, David McKay. Master of the Strong Hearts

Starting point is 13:30:35 E.S. Brooks Off the Rocks, Grenfell, S.S. Turns. On the Indian Trail, Edgerton R. Young, Revelle Company. On the old Kiersearch, Cyrus Townsend Brady,

Starting point is 13:30:50 Scribner's. On General Thomas's staff, Byron A. Dunn, McClurg. Paul Revere, John de Morgan, David McKay. Peggy Owen, Lucy Foster, Madison, Penn Publishing Company.

Starting point is 13:31:07 Rating with Morgan, Byron A. Dunn, McClurg. Range and Trail, or the Barbies, Great Drive, Edwin L. Sabin, T.Y. Crowell Company. Rip Van Winkle, Washington Irving, Burson Hopkins. Robinson Crusoe, Diffon, Mifflin Company. Silent Places, S.E. White. Stories of the Good Greenwood, C. Hawks, Crowell Company. Story of Sunny Sahib,

Starting point is 13:31:39 S.J. Duncan. Sheridan's Troopers on the B. D. B. Randolph Kern, David McKay. Sir Raoul, James M. Ludlow, Ravelle Company. Stories from Life, Orison Sweat Martin, American Book Company. Struggling Upward, Alger, Jr., Winstead Company. Swiss Family Robinson, J.D.

Starting point is 13:32:05 Talking Leaves W. O. Stoddard. Tan and Freckles C. L. Bryson, Ravelle Company. Ten years before the mast, Dana Jr., Howton Mifflin Company. The Airship Boys, Sailor, Riley and Britain. The Boy Aviators in Nicaragua, Wilbur Lawton, Hurston Company. The Boy Aviators in Africa, Wilbur Lawton, Hurston Company. The Boy Aviators Polar Dash, Wilbur Lotton, Hurston Company. The boy aviators in record flight, Wilbur Lawton, Hurston Company.

Starting point is 13:32:46 The boy aviators in Secret Service, Wilbur Lawton, Hurston Company. The boy aviators treasure quest, Wilbur Lawton, Hurston Company. The boy fortune hunters in Alaska, F. Aix. Riley in Britain. The boy fortune hunters in Panama. F. Akes, Riley and Britain. The Hill, Horace A. Vachel, Dodd Meaden Company. The pilot, Cooper.

Starting point is 13:33:14 The Pioneers, Cooper. The spy, the spy, Washington's young spy, T.C. Harbock, David McKay. Waste-not-want-not stories, Clifton Johnson, American Book Company. With Fighting Jack Barry, John T. McIntyre, Lippincott. with Flintlock and Fife, Everett T. Tomlinson, Groscent and Dunlap. With Sully into the Siouxland, Joseph Mills Hanson, McClurg, Wolf Hunters, Joseph Oliver Kerwood, Bob's Merrill Company.

Starting point is 13:33:48 Work and Win, Edward S. Ellis, A. L. Burt Company. End of Section 48. End of the Boy Scouts Handbook by the Boy Scouts of America.

Classic Audiobook Collection - Boy Scouts Handbook by Boy Scouts of America ~ Full Audiobook [self help]

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