Classic Audiobook Collection - Pictures of Jewish Home-Life Fifty Years Ago by Hannah Trager ~ Full Audiobook [history]

Episode Date: October 18, 2022

Pictures of Jewish Home-Life Fifty Years Ago by Hannah Trager audiobook. Genre: history In Pictures of Jewish Home-Life Fifty Years Ago, Hannah Trager invites listeners into a series of vivid, intimate scenes that recreate everyday Jewish life as it was remembered and recorded half a century earlier. Framed through family conversation and letters read aloud in a modest London home, the book follows the Jacobs family as they prepare for Shabbat and wrestle with the pressures of fitting in while remaining faithful to tradition. The children, especially Benjamin, become a bridge between worlds: the crowded streets and schools of immigrant London, and the longing, idealized pull of Jerusalem. As letters from the Holy City are shared, daily routines open outward into a larger portrait of Jewish home practice, education, charity, and community life in Palestine: spring cleaning before Passover under conditions of scarcity, Sabbath meals and household arrangements, and the textures of neighborhood support and disagreement. Warmly observant and rich with cultural detail, Trager's sketches explore identity, environment, and the quiet heroism of keeping a way of life alive across distances and generations. For ad-free listening try our premium subscription Chapters (Approximate) (00:00:00) Chapter 01 (00:13:43) Chapter 02 (00:22:47) Chapter 03 (00:32:25) Chapter 04 (00:42:05) Chapter 05 (00:55:00) Chapter 06 (01:04:54) Chapter 07 (01:09:18) Chapter 08 (01:17:11) Chapter 09 (01:24:27) Chapter 10 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago by Hannah Traeger Chapter 1 The Arrival in Jerusalem On a Friday afternoon, everyone was very busy in Benjamin's home, washing and dressing to go to Shul. The mother was getting the living room clean and tidy for the Sabbath. The offense The family lived in a few rooms off commercial road in one of the many back streets.

The underground kitchen had to be used as the dining and sitting room, for they had not been many years in England, and it was a hard struggle for Benjamin's parents to make ends meet and provide for a large family. The father and the elder boys were dressing as best they could in this room. Just then the mother came in, very excited, and said to her husband, "'What will you say to this? I gave Benjamin his Sabbath clothes and a clean seat-seat, and what do you think he did?' "'What?' asked the father, and stopped brushing his clothes. "'Why, he took the seat's seat and threw it on the floor, and said he would never wear it again. "'I punished him and told him to put it on again, so you had better go to him and give him what he deserves.'

"'You are rather hasty, my dear wife,' said the father, for, before punishing him, "'you should have asked him why he did such a thing.' "'What?' exclaimed the mother, "'do you think I have nothing else to do but to stand and argue with him "'just before Sabbath when I have so much work? You are far too easy-going, Jacob. you should really be firmer with the children. No, no, said Jacob, who was a kindly man and understood human nature better than his hasty, but well-meaning and loving wife.

The struggle and constant hard work in keeping the home of a large family was telling upon her, and any disobedience in the children irritated her very much. We must not be hasty with the children, continued Jacob, especially nowadays, for they live under different circumstances from those we knew when we were young. Instead of hastily scolding and punishing them, let us rather quietly reason with them,

when possible, and show them where they are wrong. "'Perhaps you may be right,' said Benjamin's mother. "'So let us leave the matter till you return from Shul and have had our Sabbath meal. Then you can quietly ask Benjamin why he acted as he did.' "'The boy Benjamin.' An elder brother was sent to call Benjamin to go to Shul with his father and brothers. Benjamin expected a scolding from his father, similar to that which he had had from his mother, so he came into the room looking very sulky. As nothing was said to him on the

subject when he came into the room, he took his prayer-book and followed his father to shul. Benjamin was like many other boys of thirteen, not very clever, but blessed with a good deal of common sense. His great ambition was to become a teacher, and so he worked steadily at his lessons. His reason for wishing to be a teacher was that he wanted to rule and to punish boys as his master did. Whenever he had a caning from his headmaster, he always consoled himself with the thought that his turn would come some day, when he was a teacher, to do the same to other boys. When they returned from Shul and nothing was said, even at the evening meal, about the way

Benjamin had annoyed his mother, he was rather surprised. His mother, during the time they were at Shul, had made the living room, which was really the kitchen, look so clean and bright, with the five lighted candles placed on the snow-white tablecloth, and the old stove so well polished, that it almost looked at the room. as bright as a looking-glass. What interested the young ones most was the sauce-pan which stood on one side of the stove, waiting for its contents to be put on the table, and oh how they enjoyed the sweet savor which came from it. Friday Eve. They all gathered round the table to welcome the Princess Sabbath. The father made kiddish, and the wine-cup was handed round to all. Then they washed their

hands and set a prayer before sitting down to the evening meal, which passed off very pleasantly, and Zmiris, or songs or psalms of praise, were sung at intervals during the meal. When the meal was ended, and the grace said by the father, they all separated. One or two went out for a walk, while the other members of the family took a newspaper or a book and quietly read. When the table was cleared, the mother sat down to rest. Grateful indeed was she for this Sabbath rest after her week's hard work. She often said that, for such as herself, no blessing was as great as the command, thou shalt not do any work on the Sabbath. Word of love. When all were quietly settled down, Benjamin's father took him between his knees and said, My son, I wish to ask you something,

and I want you to answer my question frankly and truly. What made you throw the seat-seat down on the floor this afternoon and say to your mother that you would not wear it? The boy Benjamin dropped his head and was silent for a minute or two, for to hear his father speak in a kindly way made Benjamin far more ashamed of himself and his deed than if his father had scolded him and given him a whipping. In fact, he felt so wretched that he longed to run out of the room and hide himself from everybody. His father's knowledge of human nature made him understand what was passing through Benjamin's mind, and he said, Do not fear to tell me, my son, why you acted in such an unusual way, for there must be some reason for a Jewish boy to act so.

With his head still down, Benjamin said, When I go swimming in the baths, my schoolfellows see my seat's seat when I undress, and they make fun of it and pull it about, and say all sorts of nasty things to me for wearing it, and it makes me feel I cannot stand it any longer. I will gladly put on my seat seat at home in the morning when I say my prayers, but father do let me go to school without wearing it. I expected something like this, said his father,

looking at his wife. Listen to me, my child. Instead of being ashamed, you should feel it a privilege to wear seat-seed. But I can't see why, said Benjamin. Well, said his father, I will tell you the idea of the seat-seat. When you say the shmah twice a day, as every good Jew is expected to do, you read in it that God commanded us through Moses to wear a fringe on our garment, the seat-seet, A visible sign to remind us of his commandments, just in the same way as a table, spread ready for a meal, reminds us of our meals. Our religion is not a thing to be kept only for the Sabbath and the holy days,

and left out of our minds on all other days. Our religion must be a living influence, always with us, so the seat-seat is a very simple kind of symbol to be ever worn to remind a Jew of his God, his duty to him, and to his neighbor. It is not only we Jews who have religious symbols, Every other religion has them. Now imagine if you were to go up to a Christian boy and mock him and say nasty words to him for wearing a cross or crucifix.

He would turn round and fight you, and he would be right in doing so, for no one has a right to insult another for wearing or doing what he believes to be holy. Instead of being ashamed when you are mocked and laughed at by Christian boys for wearing your seat-seat, you should have asked them to hear you explain the reason for wearing it. I am sure they would not have laughed at you anymore. They would respect you for trying to be true and to live up to your convictions. We Jews have, in the past, made a great mistake in not letting the outside world know more of the deeper spiritual meaning of each of our symbols.

Had we not done this, we should have been better understood by non-Jews, and our children would not have suffered as you and many others also have done, through the ignorant mocking of your Christian schoolmates. I know that in Palestine the Jews, whether old or young, greatly loved to wear their seat-seat, and take a pride in letting them be seen, so that the Arabs and the Turks look upon the seat-seat as a sacred garment. Uncle's letter. How do you know this father? said Benjamin.

By this time all in the room had dropped their papers and books, and were listening to their father. Well, this is how I know. Nearly thirty years ago my uncle and his family went to live in Jerusalem, and for many years one of my cousins used to write to me about once a month. His letters were most interesting. when his letters came I could almost imagine when reading them that I was living in Bible times. Have you any of his letters still, Father, they all exclaimed.

Yes, said the Father, I have many of them. Oh, do read some of them to us, they pleaded. All right, I will, and I will first try to find the one about the Seat-Seat. The father went up to his bedroom, and soon came down with a bundle of letters wrapped in a newspaper. He started looking through them while all the family stood around him, watching as eager, as if he were searching for an heirloom. I will choose a very short one, said the father, for it is on the subject I have spoken to Benjamin about,

but if you like I will make it a rule every Friday evening, after our Sabbath meal, to read some of the letters to you. The Holy City When all were quietly and comfortably seated, their father started reading. My dear cousin, after a great many adventures in suffering, which I will write to you about another time, we arrived safely in Jerusalem.

To me it seemed rather dull after London, but both father and mother shed tears of joy when they at last arrived in the Holy City. Some people met us a little way out, for Father had written telling them we were coming. We were almost royally received and heartily welcomed, for very few Jews come here with their young families. We must have looked a sight. You in London could not imagine anything like our cavalcade. First went Father riding on a mule, with mother following on another mule.

Mother's saddle was made with pillows, for it is impossible for a woman to ride for 16 or 18 hours without a soft, comfortable seat. You go up high hills, and then down again, imagining every time you go down that you will topple over and fall over the precipice and be killed. In fact, your heart is in your mouth every five minutes, so that by the time you arrive in Jerusalem, which is surrounded by hills, you are almost too weak to rejoice at the beauty that greets your sight, for nowhere in the world can, I think, anything be seen more beautiful than a sunrise over the mountains around Jerusalem. Oh, I forgot to tell you that we youngsters were put into baskets on a camel's back and how we were shaken. I felt as if I were praying and shaking all the time, for it seemed as if we could never get to Jerusalem alive in this way.

The proud boys of Jerusalem At last we entered the Holy City and arrived at Father's Friends' house, where we were made very welcome and treated most kindly. I soon made friends with the boys, for you know I can speak Yiddish quite well. They are funny little chaps. They look like old men, with long caftans, coats, and side earlocks of hair, carrying their prayer-book or Bible to shul. The first thing I noticed was the Sitsit.

They wear really long ones, with long fringes hanging down about a quarter of a yard or more. They wear them as we do a waistcoat so that they can be seen by everyone, not as we wear them in England tucked away out of sight. Here young and old, even little boys who can only just walk and lisp their prayers wear them, and what is more, take a real pleasure in wearing them. I asked some of them why they wore them so openly, and they answered, because when we look at them, we always remember that our chief duty in life is to try to obey

God's commands, and if we have them tucked away out of sight we should forget to be obedient. Besides, they said, we are commanded in the Torah to do so openly. Then I told them, if we wore them so openly in Europe, we should perhaps be laughed at by some people and made fun of. They said, Why should doing so make us be laughed at by other nations? Do we laugh at the symbols and charms that many of them wear? Every nation, they said, has its tokens and symbols, and we Jews have ours, and we should rejoice in wearing ours when they are to help us feel that God is near us when we think and act rightly. All this made me think very seriously, and in a way I had never thought. before. I began to realize that they were more in the right than we Jews are in England. So now I have

decided to wear my seat-seat-to on the outside, as the Jerusalem boys do. The boys never play except on the quiet, just now and then, for their parents think that their only duty in life is to study and do as many mitzvote as they can. Really, the boys are as full of fun and pranks as we English boys, and they just love a bit of play and larking when they can get it. I must now end this letter, but I have a lot more to tell you, and I will keep my promise and write you by degrees of all I see. Meanwhile, I send you the greeting of Zion and Sabbath. Rachel wanted to put a letter into my envelope to your sister, but she says she has not finished it yet, although she has already written ten pages. So I will wait no longer, in case I miss the post, as it goes only

once a week from here, and sometimes only once a month. Thus ended the first letter, and Benjamin's brothers and sisters were so pleased with it that they were delighted that one of the bundle of letters should be read aloud after the Sabbath meal on every Friday evening. Benjamin was quite happy now, for, although he had done a thing which was not right, now that he had repented, good would come out of it, for there was a chance of their now having pleasanter and more instructive Sabbath evenings than they had ever had before. Besides, he now made up his mind always to wear his seat-seat. End of Chapter 1

Chapter 2 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago This Liprovoc's recording is in the public domain Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 years ago by Hannah Traeger Chapter 2 The Welcome On the following Friday, after the Sabbath evening meal, the boys asked their father to read them another letter from his cousin in Jerusalem. him. He was pleased at their eagerness, and, while upstairs getting the letter, some of the

boys' friends came in and settled comfortably down, for all were eager to hear the letter read. Mr. Jacob said, This time I will read a letter from your cousin Dora to my sister, which will certainly interest you, my dear, turning to his daughter, but at the same time, I think it will interest you all. My dear Millie, Isaac must have written to Jacob all about our arrival, so I will begin by giving you some idea of our life here and my impressions. The people, who so kindly asked us to stay with them till Father finds a dwelling, have a few rooms in a house, which has a marble-paved courtyard. Six other families also have two or three rooms each.

All the work is done in the courtyard, even the cooking, for each family uses tiny stoves made of mud, into which they put a little lighted charcoal and cook just outside or near their own doors, for there are no kitchens or fireplaces in any of the rooms, and thus we see what each family cooks. The Safar-Dim, Jews who have lived here for years, eat their meals in the courtyard. They lay a mat on the marble tiles on which they place a small, low table, and they sit on the mat and eat. Two Safar-Dim families have rooms in the house, and they speak Arabic and Spanish, and their ways of living are more like those of the Turks, just as the Jews in England live more like

the English. Everyone seems most interested in us. Many people have come to visit us to see the new arrivals. The evening of the day on which we arrived was Friday. There was a clear moonlight such as you would not often see in England, and it was very warm, too, so we and our visitors sat in the courtyard. All eagerly asked us many questions till quite late, and thus the evening passed very quickly and pleasantly. After prayers on Sabbath, some people sent a bottle of wine and a most delicious pudding, which is made nowhere but in Jerusalem. It tastes like milk and honey, with other tasty things mixed up in it. Others sent a lovely sponge cake, coated with different colored sugar icing. Many other good things were also given to us, and they lasted us for nearly

a month. Later in the day, the people who sent the eatables paid us visits and ate some of the good things. It is rather a nice custom, I think, for new arrivals to have no bother to prepare food for their visitors, as it gives them time to enjoy their company. What a lot of talking there was! The men discussed several things with Father, while the women wanted to know many things about England which Mother could tell them. The boys and girls could not take their eyes off our clothes, so much did they admire them. It was quite amusing the funny questions they asked us about them. They all promised to help us look for a dwelling, and they kept their promise. I can tell you it was a great help and comfort to us that they did, for I don't know what

would have become of us out here, away from our old friends, where the ways of living are so different from what we have been used to. Whether it will always be so or not, of course I can't say, time alone will show. Very soon afterwards they found us a vacant dwelling, which father was very thankful to get, and in my next letter I will tell you something of our life after we had moved in, but I must tell you more of what happened when we were staying with our kind host. The first afternoon, one of our visitors insisted on our going to her home. So, when I and our youngsters arrived, we were taken to a room, and in it was a table covered with lovely apricots, and delicious-looking pastries and jams, also wine which only cost three-pence a bottle,

so it is very nearly as cheap as buying water. When they handed us some of the good things, we naturally took them and ate them. Suddenly I saw our host's children move away from us, saying, she is a shiksa, and he is a shak-its, and they kept on wretched. And they kept on whispering and pointing to us. I could not think what we had done to make them act in such a way, and so asked their mother. She answered, "'They are surprised to see you eating without making a brahma, a blessing, for our children, unless they first make a brahma, never taste anything. You know, dear Millie, that though we two were taught to do as they hear,

yet the hurry and scurry of going to school and the busy life in London have made us forget to practice these religious laws. We, however, felt very uncomfortable and ashamed of ourselves, and made up our minds to get into the habit of doing it, that is, to remember to thank our Creator for every blessing we receive, including food, so that it should become a matter of course. Now I must tell you about our water supply, for the scarcity of water struck us very much coming from London, for here every drop is precious and is used for several things, as every drop has to be bought, and money amongst our Jerusalem brethren is very scarce.

In fact, it often costs more than the wine of the country. A water carrier brings us up every morning a skin bag of water. It is made of skins sewn together with a small outlet at the top. For it we pay twopence, which is equal to more than a shilling in London. The water that he brings he pours into a large earthen jar which keeps it cool, and it is attached over the mouth of a jar a sieve which is made of thick, unbleached calico. If this were not done, hundreds of little red worms would get into the jar because the water in Palestine is full of them.

Allah was made by the Jews that to drink water that had not been passed through a sieve was a sin, and, as little children are taught not to commit any sin, they do not drink any water that has not been passed through a sieve. Owing to this, many illnesses are prevented among the Jews that are rampant among the Arabs and others. The Jews are also very careful about their water for ordinary use, yet they really employ it more plentifully than we do in London, when used in connection with laws of health, down in the Shulhan Erich, a book of laws. For example, as soon as you step out of your bed,

you pour water over your hands, wash your face, gargle your throat, and rub your teeth with a clean finger and rinse your mouth. No one would think of moving out of the room without doing this. I know that among the very Orthodox Jews in London they do the same thing, but the average Jew does not do it, and here it is done by everyone. Even a baby is taught to do it the same way. Later in the day, or when the men go to synagogue, and we have finished with our household duties, we have the regular soap and water wash. Then again, every time we have a meal we have to wash our hands and repeat a blessing, and, as this is done at various other times in a large family, it takes a good deal of water, but as it is used for cleaning purposes, we need not stint ourselves. This law

is especially valuable here, for it is very hot, and if we were not very clean and especially careful about cleansing our eyes and mouths and throat, we should run the risk of catching a great many diseases, which are quite common in the Holy Land at present. I remarked to some women that it surprised me how much water was used for personal washing, considering how scarce it was, but they told me that they were as careful with every drop of water as they were with food, none was wasted. Where the religious laws commanded the use of water for personal washing and cleansing, they did not grudge it, for was not the body of man the temple where the Holy Spirit of God dwelt? God's spirit is in each one of us, and therefore we must do our best to keep our

bodies clean for the presence of our heavenly king, just as carefully as we should keep a house or palace clean in which our earthly king dwelt, more carefully indeed. What would courtiers around an earthly king say if they saw us take our food in the presence of the king and praise him with dirty hands? They save water in many ways that are rather amusing to a stranger until he gets to know the reason for it. For instance, they do not, at meal, use different plates on the Sabbath when they have a few courses. They eat the fish on one side of the plate, and then they wipe it and turn the plate over, and have soup and meat on the deeper side, thus saving the washing of many plates. In my next letter I will write you all my tribulations and

struggles in getting used to the new life when we moved into our own house. My great comfort is that we have got to know an American family, and they have been so kind to us and so cheery that it has made us feel a bit brighter, and mother says that in time we shall get used to our new life, but I doubted after living in London. When Mr. Jacob had finished reading the letter, the young folks began talking, the older ones listening and giving a smile now and then. One said, I should not like to be there. Neither should I, said another girl, it must be awful after London. The only thing that I like about the life, said the former, is the hospitality and the friendliness that they show to one another, and the jolly good time that they give to people

who are utter strangers to them. We don't do that here. We seem cold and unfriendly. End of Chapter 2. Chapter 3 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago. This Libervox recording is in the public domain. Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 years ago by Hannah Traeger. Chapter 3. The Celebration of Purim As had now become accustomed, the young friends of the Jacobs had all collected, on the next Friday evening in the bright and warm kitchen sitting room. After a short friendly chat with them, Mr. Jacobs said,

As Purim will begin in two days, perhaps you would like to hear how our cousins saw it celebrated when they went to Palestine, so I have chosen this letter to read to you this evening. In Jerusalem, a week is none too long to prepare for Purim. As you know, when we lived in London we always were strict about keeping our holy days, but while there I never realized the pleasure and excitement during Purim that one sees in Jerusalem. Old and young are equally full of fun and joy, and there is plenty of rushing about with sleeves tucked up. At other times the women hear gossip a great deal, and the girls naturally copy their elders and gossip too, but when preparing for Purim, they are all too busy to talk or even to ask

questions. The boys, too up to the age of twelve, are allowed to help. Some break up the big pieces of loaf sugar and beat up the eggs and take the cakes when ready to the public ovens, for here there are no proper ovens as there are in London houses, so a public oven is built not far from the synagogue. It is very large, and each family sends its cakes in its own tins to be baked in it. Generally about half a dozen tins are carried by each boy. Nothing I have seen before can be compared with the many kinds of delicious cakes and stuffed monkeys that are seen here. My mouth waters even when I think of the delicious strudels filled with sesame and plenty of raisins and shirots.

These things are very cheap here. As there are not many boys free to help, you see quite young children, as well as young women and even grandmothers, going to and from the public oven, carrying tins of all the poor and delicacies. As they wait while the cakes are being baked, or waiting their turn to have the cakes put in, oh, what a chatter there is! And I imagine nowhere else can there be anything like it. I called it the female club instead of an old maids club, as Mr. Zangwill did, for there were

no old maids waiting near the oven. Most of them come as early as 5 a.m., and none care to leave till they have their cakes baked, for if you do, your tins will be pushed aside as you are not there to scream at and scold the baker. If someone slips a copper into his hand, he, on the quiet, puts their tins in first, though they may have come later. Besides, if you are not there to watch carefully, for the tins are not named or numbered, someone might take your tins in exchange for his own if the cakes etc look more tempting during purim this is not looked upon as stealing but merely as a joke or a bit of fun the youngsters will not move an inch unless they can trust someone to take their place so i leave you to try to imagine the noise and the chatter

there is probably not a thing that has happened in jerusalem during the last two months that is not discussed around the public oven while people are waiting for their cake tins and as everyone wants to talk rather than to listen the noise is like the buzz in a factory. After all the cooking and so forth was finished, of course we had to keep the fast of Esther, and everyone, even babies, went to Shul to hear the McGilla, the book of Esther, read. And when the Hazan came to Haman, the groggers went off with just such a noise

as they do in the London Shules in Old Montague Street or Booth Street. Then we went home, and after the evening meal the joyfulness began, for they did not wait till the next day as we do in England. As only one room was lighted up by each family to economize light and for other reasons, there are no curtains or blinds to draw down, we were able to go through all mea-she-o-rim and stop a minute or two at every lighted window and watch the goings-on.

We heard nothing but singing and clapping of hands while the children danced. Sometimes one of the elders looking on could not resist joining in the fun and tied his capstan behind his back so as to leave his legs free, put one of the youngsters on his shoulders, and danced like a hostage. or a jolly Irishman. As we went from house to house peeping in at the windows, sometimes some of the family would come out and drag us in by force and make us drink wine and eat cakes. If we did not wish to join in the dancing but wanted to leave, they would just say, Shalom, go in peace but come again. I can tell you it was jolly, and nowhere else in all the world

could Yom Tove be kept up as it is here. We were given wine in so many houses that from the eldest to the youngest we were beginning to feel rather funny. next morning after being well shaken up by father and after we had had a wash with cold water in the open air we made up our minds to be firmer at the next porum after going in the morning to hear the hazahn again and coming home and enjoying the humantashen and other good things then begins the pleasure and excitement of sending shalak manot to friends acquaintances and chiefly to the poor and even to enemies if you have any as you are supposed if possible to send back to the sender something similar to what is sent to you things cannot be made ready beforehand. To the poor you always send useful presents as well as delicacies, which are likely to last them for months or longer. As to the beggars, I never imagined there could be so many in one country. We generally get enough beggars coming to us on Fridays and before holy days, but at Yom Kippur and Purim they come in crowds. Most of them are

Sifar-Dem in Yemenites. It is true you give each of them only a para, which is about a quarter of a farthing, and they give you a blessing for it. But if they come to a rich class of home and are not given there according to the style of the house, they upbraid the people and even curse them, so the children are told to stand at the doors with paris and cakes, etc. At some houses they are invited in. Each carries a sack on his shoulder,

expecting, I suppose, that it will be filled with good things by the time Purim is over, and as they never pass a door without begging, they are not likely to be disappointed. The fun I enjoyed best was the uncovering, of our plates and seeing what Shalachmanus had been sent to us. A cap had been sent to Father, made of velvet, with tails of sable and other skins round it. Father felt very downcast, for he did not at all like the idea of giving up wearing the high hat that he always wore in London

on Sabbaths and holidays. Whether he will wear the velvet strammel or not I cannot tell, but I will wait and see who wins, Father or the community, for we have some idea who sent it. Mother received a beautiful soft silk kerchief to wear on her head, and it seemed a sign that the community wanted her to put her wig aside and wear a kerchief instead. I was most thankful they did not send me a pair of scissors. If they had I should have thought they wanted me to cut my plates off. Well, I should have fought for my hair as I would for life. In the afternoon I went to visit some friends, and I found a house full of men, young and old, with their strammel on their heads and their caftans tied back, singing at the very top of their voices. and some have very fine voices. Others were clapping their hands, while eight men, four on each side, were dancing what looked like a pantomime ballet that I once went to. It was simply grand to watch them, for some were old men with long white beards, while others were serious-looking young men, who are to be seen daily in the street walking to and from their homes and shules, always deep in thought, and so very serious-looking that you would imagine that they did not know how to smile.

Here they were, on this Purim afternoon, dancing with all their might and with bright, smiling eyes. You could see it was not wine that had made them bright and cheery. It was the spirit or fire of their religious seal, commemorating with thankfulness the anniversary of the day when their nation was saved from destruction. Of course I was too fascinated watching them at the time to think this was the reason for this unusual sight. After a while they went to pay visits to the and to others, who were scholars or pious men in the community. Often when walking to the various houses, they would catch hold of others and dance with them in the open streets, as you see children doing when an organ-grinder plays. I was so attracted by them, and so was everyone who saw

them, that we followed them at a respectful distance. Sometimes someone had had a little too much wine when visiting and it had gone to his head. Then some of the party would say, Ah, well, it is poor him, there is no shame. I told father, this when I returned home, and he explained to me that their rejoicing during Purim did not mean simply a material satisfaction. It was a spiritual rejoicing, as on Simhat Torah, when the reading of the law was started again, so that during Purim and Simhat Torah, allowances made if a little more wine is taken than is usually the case. Then we had Purim-schpielers, who visited every house, dressed up very funnily and full of jokes. Some acted and some were disguised.

In fact it was the happiest poem I have ever spent, and I doubt if there is any other place where it could be spent so happily. For here in Jerusalem we are all like one large family. Respect is paid to the righteous and to worthy scholars, whether they are poor or rich. Money has not the same power here. There is a good deal of quarreling and mischief going on among our female neighbors, but the quarrels are not very serious, but more like quarrels in a large family. In another letter I will write about our female club. End of Chapter 3

Chapter 4 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago. This Libervox recording is in the public domain. Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago by Hannah Traeger. Chapter 4. The baking of the matzazas. Friday evening came round again, and the friends of the Jacob family were comfortably seated in the bright cellar kitchen, eagerly waiting to hear another letter read, for old and young were equally interested in hearing details of life in Palestine so many years ago. On coming in with a letter, Mr. Jacob said,

As preparation for the Passover is not far off, I think it will interest you to hear how it was done in Palestine. They all agreed, so he began. My dear Jacob, please forgive my not having written sooner, but I have really been too busy. We had just had Passover. I think you will be glad to hear how we prepared for it here. Each family is forced to bake its own matzas, as none can be bought from abroad. It was no easy matter, I can tell you, especially the baking, and it is a good thing we had

strong teeth, as the matzas are not rolled out thin as in London and are pretty hard to eat. There's a lot of fun attached to making matzas, but I am thankful the baking comes only once a year. As each family in turn gets the use of the public baking oven, it is necessary to start soon after Puram to prepare the special flour used for matzahs. In every house a room is set apart and thoroughly cleansed for the wheat, which is laid out on large trays. Then during the winter it is examined by the mother and girls to see that no dust be mixed with it, and sometimes neighbors come in and help. All who enter this room must have very clean hands. Even the fingernails must be

carefully cleaned, and clean clothes put on, so that there is no chance of any ramets. When enough of the best grains have been selected, they are washed, dried, and then ground into flour. As each family's turn comes round for the use of the bakehouse, those who help always wash very carefully and put on clean overalls, also new cooking utensils are always used. Water is carried by a few of the aldermen of the family, as the youngsters would not be trusted to carry it without spilling it. Adventures There is great talking among those waiting their turn for the use of the oven,

and great teasing and sometimes fighting amongst the boys. Now and then one of the elder men pulls their ears with a vengeance for being Shkatsim, as he calls it. Then they keep quiet till he goes away. When our turn came, Millie kneaded the flour while father poured the water on for her. You remember what a strong girl she is, and she did the kneading with such a will that I warned her not to get too hot. No flower dredgers are used. My duty was to roll out the dough, but Mother wasn't satisfied with the way I did it, and sent me to put more wood in the oven.

When the oven was hot enough, I had to sweep all the burnt wood and ashes out to get it nice and clean. Then we started to put the matzes in, one by one. Oh, it was hot work! I hardly knew what to do it was so hot. Mother came and pushed me aside, saying to herself I was good for nothing.

In fact, my dear Jacob, one wants training to stand such heat as one does to be a blacksmith. Mother said that making matzas teaches us to realize what some of the hardships were that our forefathers went through in Egypt. I hope it will become easier in time, for all the others are quite happy making and baking them,

singing at the same time. Well, well, to be a true Jew is a hard matter. As I grow older and get more knowledge and sense, I shall find a pleasure in doing these things. Temptation and Jonathan After a few hours of hard work, all the newly baked matzas were put in a basket, in which had been laid a clean tablecloth,

and, when all had been carefully packed in, they were covered with another white cloth. What I felt most was not being allowed to taste a bit, for it is forbidden till Seder to eat any of the matzas. As I was carrying the basket home, I felt as if the devil was in me, and the temptation was so strong that I undid the cord and took one out. Hearing someone coming up behind me,

I slipped it hurriedly into my pocket, and took up the basket and started off again. I heard the footsteps coming closer and closer until who should come up to me but my best friend Jonathan. He glared at me and said, Oh, you sinner in Israel! Why, what have I done? I exclaimed. I saw you put a matza in your pocket, he said.

I felt hot all over, for I did not want him to have a bad opinion of me as we had sworn friendship to each other like Jonathan and David. So I took the matzah out of my pocket, threw it in the gutter, and jumped on it. Why have you done that, he said? Because I don't want you to think badly of me. Yet you did not care for what God thought, he said.

Don't you know that our rabbis say that a bad thought is just as evil as a bad deed, for if we check a bad thought or wish, it helps us not to put the bad thoughts or wish into action. If we were as anxious to please God as we are to please our friends, and to be as well thought of by him, we should check our bad thoughts before they let us to do bad deeds. He said, too, that he was sorry to see that I cared more for his approval than I did for God's approval. I promised for the future to try to overcome any evil thoughts or wishes that came into my mind so that I should not be so tempted to do wrong.

In fact, I would try to check a bad thought in the bud. Then he forgave me, and we parted good friends, for I love him. He is exactly what I think Jonathan must have been to David, and I will write more about him in another letter. When I arrived home, we had to prepare and cleanse the house for Passover. We had to do all the work ourselves, for we could not hire any helpers, except, by a stroke of luck, the whitewashers, as they are called. Spring cleaning

All the furniture is put out of doors, not even a pin is left in the house. As everyone does the same, a stranger passing by would think there must be a jumble-sale going on. Passover time is usually like lovely English summer weather. As very little water can be got, guess how everything is scrubbed and rubbed. Outside Mayashe Orim, there are large holes from which clay has been taken for building purposes, and during the winter rains they get filled with water, and they look nearly as large as ponds. We carried or pushed all the furniture to one of these ponds, took sand moistened with a little water, and rubbed the furniture till it was white and clean. This we have to do three times, such as the rule.

If any of the furniture was polished, you can imagine that not much of the polish was left after all this scrubbing and rubbing. We threw into the pond whatever we could, and as it was not deep, we pulled up our trousers and washed those pieces of furniture in the water. Some threw in boards, and we made seesaws and played on them till one of us fell in. It was such fun. Sometimes the furniture got mixed, and it was hard to tell to whom it belonged. Indeed, I never enjoyed myself so much as on this era of Passover, even more than in London when I went to see Sinbad the sailor. There is plenty of fun going on when we are left free, but that is not often, you may be sure. The best fun we had was when someone threw a chair into the pond and sat on it while other boys pushed it along.

Somebody else threw in a barrel, and a few of us got on it, and then over we went into the water. Lots of fun. We were not anxious to go home, even for meals when our mothers called us. When we did get home, we found all the walls looking lovely with fresh whitewash. For a few days we were not allowed to go into the house unless we took our outer clothes off to prevent our bringing in some chamates. The weather was beautifully warm, so that we really enjoyed eating our meals out of doors and calling out to other boys as they ate theirs.

On the eve before Passover, we had the fun of going to the Turkish bath, and then to Mikva and help to have all new things taveled, and then the greatest enjoyment was on the day for the preparation of the satyr. The bonfire Before I stop writing, I must tell you of the bonfire we had on Ere of Passover, when over a hundred of us each threw the wooden spoon and remnants of Hamets on the lighted fire, and then there was such a blaze for nearly two hours.

We caught hold of each other's hands and danced around the bonfire. Oh, it was a grand sight. Now I'm called to go to a bar mitzvah, but we'll write you again very soon. How I wish you were here with me, Jacob. I wish I was, too, exclaimed Benjamin, who had sat listening quietly whilst the letter was being read. On the faces of several of the elder people there was a far away. look and sometimes a smile. For the scenes described in the letter brought back memories of their

own childhood when the holidays and the preparations for them were similar to those in Palestine. How to Enjoy the Passover in London. One of the boy listeners said, I see now why some of us in London do not enjoy the holidays. It is due to our surroundings. Many of us here have to work or go to business whether it is a holiday or not, and so we do not enjoy them in the same spirit as the boys and girls in Palestine, where they are freer to carry out the teaching of our religion. "'Well,' said Benjamin, "'there's one thing at least I can do, and that is to help my mother to prepare for the Passover in my spare time.' "'And I, too, and I too!' exclaimed others.

"'Bravo, boys,' said Mr. Jacob. "'Even if you do not enjoy it so much physically, you will do so spiritually, for anyone who tries to help his mother to keep up our fine old customs will be blessed.' End of Chapter 4. Chapter 5 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 years ago. This Libervox recording is in the public domain. Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 years ago by Hannah Trager. Chapter 5. Logb Omer. It was a week before Lagba Omer, and the friends of the Jacobs family continued to attend every

Friday evening to hear a letter from Jerusalem read, There was only one drawback to these Friday reunions, and that was that every week the little cellar kitchen sitting room got more and more crowded, for each friend became so interested that he brought another with him without asking permission. However, as no one complained, Mr. and Mrs. Jacobs said nothing, and were indeed thankful that so many were interested in those old letters, and Mr. Jacobs at once started reading as follows. Dear Millie, I want to tell you how we spent Logba-Omer here,

for in London we used not to make much of a holy day of it. Here days are taken in preparing for it, baking cakes and preparing tasty meals. Both old and young spend that day in visits to the graves of our great rabbis and in picnics on the mount of olives or in the cool shade of the many caves in the neighborhood. Those who have large families have their hands full, for the walks in the open air give the children huge appetites, and unless you are prepared for such appetites, It is difficult to supply all that is needed, for you cannot buy extra food, as in England,

except perhaps a few nuts and a drink of water. Before dawn, our youngsters awakened us and hurried us to get ready to start, as if we should not have quite enough of their pranks even if we left a few hours later. As we have to form ourselves into large groups, we arrange these a day or two beforehand, for there are a great number of Arabs and Turks about, and many of them are very wild. If you go alone, or even in pairs, they are often. often known to attack you, especially in the case of a girl or a woman. At first I laughed at the girls fearing to go alone when in the country, but after having

had an unpleasant adventure myself, I determined to be more careful and obey those who knew better than I did as to what was safe and what not. It happened in this way. One Sabbath afternoon I went out of the suburb with a few girls who, like myself, had the spirit of adventure. As we went along chatting merrily together, we felt ourselves caught from behind by some Turks. Fortunately we had not got far, so that when we shrieked out our cries were heard in the town, and to our great relief we soon heard a horse galloping in our direction. We kept on

screaming, and one Turk put his hand over my friend's mouth, but she bit and scratched his hand. Then suddenly we were let loose, and the Turks took to their heels, for they saw Europeans galloping up to us. Two of them jumped off their horses and asked if we were hurt, for we had been so frightened that we could not quickly leave off crying. They kindly, brought us home, and after that experience I never wanted to go out without enough men in our party to guard us. Now, this Laghba Omer, a number of girls wanted to go to see some special places, so we formed ourselves into a large party and started very early, for you rarely get such an outing. It was a most glorious spring morning, and a few of us had donkeys to ride. To do so is not as

much pleasure as you might think, for the donkeys in Palestine stop every few minutes, and, unless you beat them cruelly, which we did not like doing, they will not budge an inch. Sometimes they consent to be led, but they will not be driven, and you have a weary time of it. Now and then a donkey will suddenly start off on a quick trot, and being thus taken unawares, the rider often falls off. You can imagine the laughter of your friends and how stupid the girl feels, but somehow it is always taken in good part. Our visit first was to David's tomb, but we were not allowed to go in. Next we walked round the walls of Jerusalem, climbed up the mount of olives, then rested under the shade of a large olive tree, where we spread out our tablecloth and arranged on it all the good

things we had brought with us. The long walk had given us good appetites. After we had finished our meals, other groups of friends came close to us, and then some of the men in turns told us tales of our nation's ancient glory, and each one had something interesting to relate. Then a middle-aged man with a group of boys came near us. I think he said, he said, he must have been a teacher, for he started telling the boys about Bar-Khokba and his struggle with the Romans. Fierce struggles for Jewish freedom went on for three years, and the Jews were proving so successful under the leadership of Bar-Khokpa that the Romans thought it necessary to bring their greatest general, Julius Severus, from Britain to command the Roman army in

Palestine. At last the Samaritans betrayed our people. Our last remaining fortified city, Thar fell, and Barcoqba died in defending it on 9th of Ab, 135 CE. The Jews were the last people under Roman rule in those days to fight for freedom, and over half a million of them lost their lives in this long struggle. Rabbi Akiba, the wise and dearly loved Jewish scholar, was taken prisoner and scourged until he expired under his sufferings. Jerusalem was turned into a Roman colony called Aeelia Capitolina, and no Jew dared appear in the neighborhood of Jerusalem under penalty of death. Jews under the Roman rules were forbidden to practice their religion, and anyone found teaching or preaching Judaism was horribly tortured.

The rabbi, continuing, reminded his boys that, in remembrance of the brave deeds of Barcahqqqba and his Jewish soldiers, Jewish boys to this present time play with bows and arrows on Laghba Omer. I was most interested to hear all the rabbi had to tell his boys, and glad to feel I was at last living in the Holy Land, where so many of our noble heroes of past ages lived and fought and suffered martyrdom. I could not prevent tears coming to my eyes when thinking on our nation's past glory, and praying silently we may come again into our own. But I believe it will not be so much by the power of the sword, but as the prophet Zachariah foretold unto Zarubabel, not by might nor by power or arms, but by my spirit saith the Lord.

have been born here or lived here for many years cannot understand our feeling thus, though they loved their country and their nation dearly. When the rabbi had ended we all stood up and received his blessing. We then went on to the grave of Rabbi Shimon, which was in a beautiful, cool, and shady spot. There we found numbers of people. Some groups were having a lively time singing and clapping their hands while the men were dancing, but none of the women or girls danced, as it would be thought immodest

of them, but they helped by singing and clapping their hands. then other folks came to pray at the saint's grave for the health of some of their children that were ailing others dropped letters or pieces of paper into the rabbi's tomb with special requests written on them some put money into the charity boxes hanging at different parts around the tomb there was also no end of beggars there one nice-looking man went about with a red handkerchief tied up by the four corners asking people to put in as much as they could spare to uphold the yeshibas and the hospital or the home for the aged and other instances But as most of the people there around the rabbi's grave lived on charity, I could not see what they could spare. I happened to mention this to Father, and said how I disliked seeing people living on Haluka, Alms sent them from Europe, and I could not understand why they were not ashamed to take it.

For they did not look like ordinary beggars, but quite the reverse, independent, studious, and refined-looking, as I found out later when I spoke to them. They seemed indeed to think they were conferring a favor by accepting alms. Father said to a certain degree they were wrong, but from another point of view it is difficult for a man to progress in business and at the same time devote many hours to the study of the Torah. Our ancient rabbis realized this, and said that those who had not the leisure or the inclination to devote much time to the study of the Torah should make it their duty to give of their

means towards the upkeep of those who did. If they did this, God would bless them. So it is now a recognized duty for every Jew in Europe who has any respect for the Torah and other religious learning or teaching to send his bit towards the yearly support of the scholars here. The latter, who do nothing but study the Torah, think that it is through their efforts in this direction that Israel is saved. They do not consider the money given for their support a charity, but believe they hold a similar position in Palestine to that of professors and students who hold scholarships in the various universities in Great Britain and Europe. The Jews in certain countries send more money for the support of their fellow countrymen who are teachers and scholars than the Jews of some of the Eastern European countries, and that is why some appear to be better off than many of their fellow teachers and scholars. This chat with Father helped me to understand other things as well which had puzzled me before. About this I will write more in another letter. Now I must return to Logba Omer, and tell you what struck me as very strange on that day.

As I went with a few of my girlfriends from group to group to see and hear all I could about what was going on, we came to a group of women, girls, and youngsters, and in the center of them all a lovely little child about three years of age sitting dressed in silk, and a plate nearby with some lovely black curls lying on it. I, of course, asked what it all meant, and was told that those people who had only one boy, or who had lost some by death, never cut the hair of their children till they were between three and four years of age. Then, when it was cut, they put all they had cut off upon a scale, and upon the other side of the scale, copper, silver, or gold money according to their means. If poor, they put copper coins upon the scales to test the weight of the hair, and then distributed

these copper coins among the poor. In fact, it just looks as if those who receive charity take it in one hand and distribute it with the other. Nowhere have I ever seen so much almsgiving as here. Alms boxes are hung up in various places, where in Europe you would see. only ornaments. For every joy or blessing, and for those who have relatives or friends, ill or in danger, money is freely dropped into the box. This money is given towards the upkeep of the hospital for the very poor and so on. Really, it must be very hard for those people who have little to spare, but Father says this is one of the means by which every Jew in Palestine

is trained to love his neighbor as himself. I feel he is right, for I never saw so much kindness and thoughtfulness for others as I have seen since we arrived here. Everyone naturally does what the others do, and it has proved to me how true it is that example is far more powerful than preaching or teaching. As we appeared so interested in what they told us, they kindly invited us to sit down, and offered us wine, cake, delicious pastries and jams, and later on baked nuts, though we were quite strangers to them. It is this kindliness that surprised me so much.

Altogether we spent a very joyful day, returning home by moonlight, when we girls and women thoroughly enjoyed listening to the Greek, of men and boys who sang and danced on the way home. I don't think I could ever make you realize all the drawbacks to the life here, but yet it has a very pleasant and happy side, too, and you really see far more pleasure than you ever do in London. In my next letter I'll tell you about the engagement and marriage of my friend who was only 15 years old.

Now I must stop, hoping that we may see you here someday soon. The older folks started discussing the life in Palestine. Directly Mr. Jacobs had finished reading the letter, they agreed that it could only be in Palestine that a truly Jewish life could be lived, for everything depends so much on environment. In London the surroundings are against a consistently Jewish religious life, said one. If you try it is just like swimming against a strong current. But here comes our chance, replied another, for if we fight or swim against the current, we gradually become stronger, and at last we are able to swim well in spite of it, and so win the race and prize. If we just swim with the current,

or just suit our life to our environment, which of course at first is much easier and pleasanter, the current at last carries us along so rapidly that we are unable to avoid rocks or crags in the river, and then we go under or make shipwreck of our lives. That's true indeed, said all the elders, shaking their head solemnly. Then, replied Mr. Jacobs, our greatest duty is to have one thought and one aim constantly in our minds, no matter what our environment may be, and that thought is that God's Holy Spirit is in and around all who try to obey him, no matter where they are, and it is only by the guidance and help of His Holy Spirit that we can lead true, consistent Jewish lives,

live up to the old familiar words of the shmah, and love our neighbors as ourselves. End of Chapter 5 Chapter 6 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 years ago. This Liberfax recording is in the public domain. Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago by Hannah Trager Chapter 6 The Sabbath in Palestine When Mr. Jacob's family and friends assembled again on Friday evening,

he said, You know what discussions there have been lately in England about the proper way to keep the Sabbath, so it may interest you to hear a letter from my cousin, giving an account how Sabbath was kept in Jerusalem. My dear Millie, I will explain as well as I can what it means to prepare for Sabbath here, how it is spent. About four o'clock on Friday mornings, Mother and I get up and prepare the

Sabbath loaves. I can tell you it is no easy matter, for even when the weather is not frosty, the exertion of kneading the dough makes you perspire. If you finish kneading early enough, you get back to bed while the dough is rising. Early on Friday mornings, beggars start going from house to house, especially the Sephardim and Yemenites or Arabian Jews. At each house they are given small, fresh-baked hala, bun, or bagel. No one refuses to beware. to give this. Later on, two respectable men or women go from house to house, collecting in a large bag whatever anyone gives them, such as hollas, meat, cereals, oil, wine, or money. The community know that these things are not for themselves, but are to be distributed amongst the sick and the most

needy who cannot beg for themselves. Sometimes we have as many as six or seven people who come collecting, and no one ever thinks of refusing them. In fact, everyone prepares for this and gives most willingly, knowing that the Sabbath must be celebrated by rich and poor alike with the best one has. In a future letter I will tell you more about certain people who give up a part of their time to works of charity and how they do it, for there is no board of guardians here as there is in London. Then when Father and the Boys go to synagogue, we start to prepare for the day's work. First, we take all the furniture we can out of the house, so as to leave the rooms free for the lower part of the walls to be whitewashed and the marble floors cleaned. Of course,

try to use as little water as possible, as it is scarce, but even so the floors must be clean and look well polished, and the wooden furniture washed and rubbed well with sand. Then the tea urn and all the saucepans and trays, which are either brass or copper, have to be cleaned and brightened, and as we cannot get brass polish here, we rub them with fine sand. It needs plenty of elbow grease to make them look bright, but the rubbing well repays us. Since we came here, I quite understand how brass or copper looking glasses were used by our ancestors, for, after rubbing very hard with fine sand and a piece of lemon peel, you can see your face clearly reflected in the trays. Some who had no mirror used the trays for looking glasses. Mother prepares our

Sabbath meals, whilst we girls are doing the hard work, hanging up our best curtains or putting our best covers on the beds and cushions, and spreading the Sabbath tablecloth. These are put away again on Saturday evenings. Those who have them also use special Sabbath China, glass, and silver for their meals. This work keeps us busy nearly all day. About three hours before sunset, Father and the boys go to the public baths, and by the time they return we are all dressed in our best clothes, the samovar, the urn, is placed on a table in the porch, and we all sit there to rest and drink tea, awaiting the coming in of Princess Sabbath. A matter of an hour before Sabbath, a voice is heard calling out, Sabbath is in, friends, Sabbath is in.

The first time I heard the call I could not understand the reason, until Father told me that, as there are no bells in the suburb and very few people have clocks. One of the highly respected members of the community undertakes the job of going right round Meashe orim every Friday so that the women may know when to light their Sabbath lamps. For directly the Sabbath call is heard, all the women stop whatever work they are at and go to light the Sabbath lamp, which has seven wicks in a basin of oil hanging from the ceiling for there are no candles here. When this is done, the men and children go to synagogue, and some of the women, too. As they all love bright colors, when you see them from a distance walking to synagogue,

the suburb looks like a flower garden. After Sabbath dinner, which consists of the chalent baked on the previous day, father gathers the boys round the table to hear what lessons they have learnt during the week. He discusses and explains part of the Torah to them, while mother and we girls read the Xen Urine, a commentary on the Bible for women, the ethics of the fathers and the like. This goes on for some time, and then we are free to go and visit our friends. We and several of our friends often go to an old lady's house where we spend pleasant Sabbath afternoons.

Years ago, this dear old lady came from Russia to end her days in the Holy Land. She is well provided for by her children, so she has the time and means to lead a happy and useful life here, and does a lot of good quietly, by the cheery, sensible way she often gives a helping hand to those who need it. She so understands all our fun that we sometimes forget she is old. We just talk things over with her as we would with our young friends. Not only we girls, but young married women, just love spending part of the Sabbath afternoons with her. The room is often so full that we have to sit cross-legged like the Turks on the marble floor, which in summertime is quite the coolest seat. We then play nuts. We then play nuts.

Each one puts a certain number into a cap, but to win the game one has to be very quick and sharp. It is really quite exciting. What we like best is when the old lady sits amongst us and reads us a tale from a book, or some of the papers sent her from abroad. The stories are very tantalizing, for they always leave off at the most interesting part, and then we may have to wait a week or two before we get the next number. During the week we try to imagine what the next chapter will be like. Sometimes she reads from the ethics of the fathers, those wise sayings of the ancient rabbis.

I remember last week she told us of one of the rabbis who wrote that, Those who control or overcome their hasty tempers are greater than those who take a city from an enemy. She, as usual, asks us to give our views on what she has read, and an excited discussion follows. Those of us who naturally have a calm, good temper, said that they did not agree with the rabbi, because they did not think it at all hard to keep their temper when provoked. Others, who had hasty, passionate tempers, said the rabbi was quite right. It would be far easier, they felt sure, to take a city than to control their tempers, for the whole nation would help them to take a city, as it was considered a grand thing to do,

but very few people would help them to control their tempers. In fact, even their relatives and friends provoked them to be hasty and passionate. When provoked or irritated, the blood rushes so quickly to the head that it makes it very, very hard to remain calm, and then we often say or do things we are really sorry for afterwards. As we could not agree we turned to the old lady, for she is full of wisdom and understanding. She tried to pacify us, for we were nearly on the verge of quarrelling. She said that if, when young, we tried with the Almighty's help to keep our hasty tempers under control,

it would be easier to do so every time we were provoked, but the older we were before beginning, the more difficult it would be to be successful. Even then we had always to keep a watch over ourselves, for one of our wise sages wrote, One is never sure of himself till the day of his death. We all saw the wisdom of her advice, and made up our minds that we must all help each other, for very often the calm, quiet natures are those who love teasing and provoking the hasty-tempered ones, for the fun of seeing them get into a temper, and this, we realized after her talk with us, was not pleasing to God. After we leave her we take a walk outside the suburb. At sunset, when we return home, until the time to go to bed, we are kept

very busy washing up all the things used at meals, as no washing up is done during the Sabbath. Then two, all the Sabbath curtains, coverlets, glass, china, and silver have to be carefully put away. In my next letter I will write you more about our old lady. When Mr. Jacobs had finished the letter, the usual talk started. One said that such a Sabbath might all be very well in Palestine. An elderly friend said, Well, in Palestine they at least know what the Sabbath is, whilst here in London, unless one keeps it strictly and remains indoors all day, except to go to synagogue, one never sees any difference between the Sabbath

and any other day of the week. Mr. Jacobs said, I think what you both say is true, and the only way is to try to keep our Sabbath in the spirit as well as in the letter as much as possible. If each of us tried to do this in his own home, even in London, Gradually a difference would be seen in the neighborhood in which we live. A wise man wrote,

All reforms begin with man and not with men. The first important step is to think good thoughts, for thoughts have wings, and when expressed, they are readily impressed upon the minds of those in sympathy with the thinker. True, very true, exclaimed the others. Let us each, with God's help, strive to remember more often the thoughts of our prophet Isaiah, chapter 58. If thou call the Sabbath a delight, and the holy of the Lord,

Lord honorable, and shalt honor it, not doing thy wanted ways, nor pursuing thy business, nor speaking thereof, then shalt thou delight thyself in the Lord, and I will make thee to ride upon the high places of the earth, and I will feed thee with the heritage of Jacob thy father, for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. By this the prophet meant that we were to drive all thoughts of business from our minds on the Sabbath. No thoughts of scandal, evil, or uncharitableness were to be harbored, but our minds and hearts were to delight in words of prayer in the study of the holy law. It was to be truly a day of peace, a day of rest. End of Chapter 6.

Chapter 7 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 years ago. This Libervox recording is in the public domain. Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 years ago by Hannah Trager. Chapter 7. The Sukkah. Mr. Jacob told his friends the next time. Friday evening, when they arrived as usual, that he thought they would be interested in the letter describing the Sukkah. My dear Millie, after the Day of Atonement, everyone was very busy preparing for the feast

of tabernacles, which is still celebrated here as it must have been in Bible times. With great merriment, all the young people decorate their Sukhas, while their mothers, with the baby in their arms, watched the young folks at work. The Sukhas in Palestine are not made as they are in Europe. The saplings are covered with palm leaves woven together, the roof with branches of trees, as there is no chance of rain at this time of the year in Palestine. Everything that is beautiful in the home is brought out to decorate the interior of the Sukkah. The poor make their Sukhas of doors or wooden boxes.

As this was the first Sukkah since our arrival, we were invited by our neighbors to join them. The father, a patriarchal-looking old man with a saintly face, sat at the head of his table and we were fascinated by his looks. His eldest son came in soon after, followed by his other grown-up sons and his daughters. He greeted his aged father with a smile, and wished him good Yom Tov, and bowed his head for his father's blessing. Then one by one all the children came to greet him and receive his blessing, with quite a number of grandchildren and great-grandchildren, and last but not least, the little great-great-grandchild. When my parents looked astonished at the number, one of the daughters quietly said,

you see that here we marry our children while very young, so that the psalmist's words are very often fulfilled in Palestine, and nearly everyone has his quiverful. When all were quiet, our aged friend repeated a prayer over the wine, and the large silver cup was passed from one to the other. This was very solemnly and reverently done. After this, our aged neighbor's children who had large families went to their own homes, while those of his children who had small families remained to celebrate the feast with him. When he had washed his hands before eating and repeated the blessing upon the meal, he took his youngest great-grandchild on his knee. The only thing that saddened the scene was the empty chair beside our aged friend. His wife had died during the course of the year.

The family all looked at the empty chair and sigh, and the great-great-grandfather, with tears glistening in his eyes, also gave a sigh, and then turned with a smile to his large family and said, Let us begin. My little Samuel will start a-bran. and the rest listened to hear how the little one lisped the words after his great-grandfather. The following day our aged friend sat like a king in his succa, while relatives and friends came to pay their respects to him, and all was joy and merriment. Some of the younger grandchildren wanted to show their grandfather what they had lately learned, and there was quite a scramble around his knees to try and be first heard. With a wave of his hand he said,

I will hear you all in turn, my children. This quietened the eager little souls, and they waited patiently for their turns to come. While the children were thus busy with their grandfather, the elder sons and sons-in-law and their wives sat around, discussing quietly various topics of interest till the time for Minka came round. Then the great-grandfather went to Shul, followed by all his children. Visiting other neighbors during the Sukha weeks, we found that they preserved this beautiful and ancient way of keeping the festival. I never realized till then what a great influence for good the surroundings and teaching in childhood can be, and how a father and mother can leave the impasse of their teaching in early life upon both sons and daughters.

It is the mother specially who forms the child's soul, quite as clearly on the boys as on the girls from their cradle days, and the father and the teacher only builds on the foundation laid by the mother. This is seen here more than elsewhere. Very true, exclaimed the others. A great deal is done by the mother, but the environment has a great influence on the character. This caused a good deal of discussion, and the meeting did not close till one o'clock in the morning. End of Chapter 7.

Chapter 8 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago. This Libervox recording is in the public domain. Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 years ago by Hannah Traeger. Chapter 8. How Charity is given. On the following Friday evening, the next letter that Mr. Jacob chose for reading to his family and friends was on the way almsgiving or charity was managed in Palestine. Before starting to read, he advised his hearers not to forget that the Jewish community in Palestine was very

small when this letter was written, and the majority of the people were very poor. Many had spent most of their money and worldly goods in the expenses of traveling there, with the object of ending their days in their beloved land and being buried with their forefathers. Mr. Jacob then began the letter. My dear Millie, you seem so interested in all I have so far told you about our life in Palestine that I think you will like to hear of some of the ways that our poorer brethren are helped in Palestine. Many of the ways will appear strange to you, yet I think some of them are really better than those adopted by our community in England. Here there is no board of guardians, so that the giving of charity, or a helping hand to the sick or needy, is more of a

direct personal matter. The givers strive to be wise and tactful. so that our people may not lose their self-respect. For, as a rule, they are naturally very sensitive, and if self-respect is lost, some are encouraged to become beggars proper. Mother tells us that our Jewish ethics teaches that true charity or almsgiving is to make personal sacrifices when helping others.

There is no self-sacrifice in giving what you cannot make use of yourself. Indeed, one Jewish ethical teacher wrote, If one who has lived a luxurious life becomes sick and in need, we should try to deny ourselves in order to give the sick one dainties, such as chicken and wine. Really, some of our neighbors here seem to rejoice in giving away not only all they can spare, but also in making personal sacrifices in helping to relieve a needy neighbor. From early childhood they were trained to give. In every Jewish home in Palestine, we see from two to perhaps more than a dozen boxes placed in various parts of the house,

and written on each is the special charity to which the box is devoted. Into these boxes even tiny children are trained to drop a coin at special times, and it is considered a happy privilege to do so at times of Thanksgiving to God. The coins thus collected are from time to time distributed amongst the sick and the needy. There is one hospital near us, and though it is known to be well managed, very few Jews whom we know go there for treatment, for it is a missionary hospital, and we strongly object to the methods of Christian missionaries. Instead of many of them as formerly, persecuting a,

us for clinging to our dearly beloved religion, they now try, by acts of kindness in times of sickness or poverty, to influence our people in favor of accepting their religion. Indeed, I have heard some of our people say that they would rather go to the Arabs for treatment than enter the missionary hospital. Therefore, those who cannot nurse the sick ones at home take them to the Bikour Holim, which a doctor visits once every few days. A mother, wife, or father goes with the patients to give them the necessary food and medicine, for in the Bikour Holim there are no trained nurses. The relatives also keep the patients clean and tidy, but little cooking is done there, as the food is generally brought cooked from the patient's homes.

I once went to visit the Bikur-Holim. One patient I saw had a jug of cold water brought to her, and though her own lips were very parched, she would not take even one sip that had the water given to those near her, who, in a very high state of fever, were clamoring for water. Other patients I saw were cheerfully and willingly sharing their food with those who had none. Until I had visited that Bikour Holim, I had never realized what real charity meant. For these sufferers, in their love and thoughtfulness and genuine self-sacrifice towards fellow-sufferers, less fortunate than themselves, were obeying in spirit as well as in the letter the time-honored commandment given us to love one's neighbor as oneself.

The arrangements in the Bikor-Holim are most insanitary, disinfectants are unheard of, and I greatly pitied the poor unfortunates that have to go there. Mr. Jacob was too overcome by his feelings to continue, so for a few minutes there was a deep silence. Then one of the listeners said, One is thankful to remember that this letter was written fifty years ago, and conditions must have improved since our writer first went to Palestine. Yes, thank God, replied kind-hearted Mr. Jacob,

and then he continued reading the letter. Most of the patients die, but a few get cured and leave. If they do, it is certainly more through faith in God's love and mercy than through the remedies they receive while there. Now I want to tell you of a voluntary service which respectable, well-to-do men and women, and even scholars do, for the poor who die. These kind folk are called the Chavra Kadishah. No doubt because of the heat, there is a strict law that no one who dies in Palestine is allowed to remain unburied long, and it is believed here that the dead continue to suffer until they are entombed. So the custom is to bury within twelve hours everyone who dies.

The Hevra Qadishah look upon such a deed as a mitzvot. If a poor woman dies, one of these kind women at once goes to wash the corpse and lay it out ready to be put on the beer. Then, when all the relatives and friends of the deceased have given vent to their sorrow by weeping, some men and some scholars belonging to the Hevra Qadishah voluntarily carried the beer on their shoulders to the place of burial, which I think is the Mount of Olives, while others dig the grave and a slave. scholar or two read the prayers over the dead. By the Khevr-Var-Kadishah, beggars and tramps are thus washed and buried when dead, free of expense, by these good self-sacrificing people, at all times and in all weathers, as a sign that in death all are equal. The people who can afford it leave enough

money to pay all their own burial expenses, or these are paid for by their relatives. Acts of charity towards very poor girls who have no dowry or suitable wedding clothes are very touching and generous. It is considered a disgrace to the if a poor girl is not given the opportunity to marry, and a community not only provides a dower, but also seeks for a bridegroom for her. The housewives willingly and generously prepare the wedding feast, for everyone is willing to give something from their storeroom. No shame is attached to poor girls accepting such help, for it is considered a duty by all our brethren to provide what is necessary for a bride who has not the means to get things for

herself. I am sorry that I cannot write more by this mail. One listener, interoperated, interrupted, saying, most of what you have read Mr. Jacob happens in Russia and in other parts of the world where Jews live in ghettos. Quite true, said Mr. Jacob, for wherever Jews live together they keep up old customs, and all old customs are more or less alike in all ghettos. It is only when we Jews live outside the ghettos, under different surroundings, that we are tempted to throw over many religious customs. The unfortunate thing is that we are too often inclined to throw off the really good customs rather than the useless ones, and more inclined to adopt the bad traits and customs of our neighbors rather than the good ones amongst whom we live, be it in England, France, Germany, India, or elsewhere. This is a bad habit, and we must do our utmost in the future to guard against it, for if we all made an effort to

retain our own ancient customs that are really good and beneficial to ourselves and others, and adopt only the good and healthy customs of our neighbors, then, indeed, we might feel we had a right to call ourselves and be recognized by those we live amongst as God's chosen people. End of Chapter 8 Chapter 9 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago. This Libervox recording is in the public domain. Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago by Hannah Traeger. Chapter 9. Father Frost in Jerusalem.

The next Friday evening Mr. Jacob read the following letter, My dear cousin Millie, I have not yet written to tell you how we manage during cold weather. Before we arrived, we were under the impression that it was always warm in Palestine. Certainly the sun does shine more in winter here than in England, and while it shines the weather is very pleasant, but we get very cold weather too, especially in Jerusalem. We get very little snow, but a good deal of frost which no one enjoys. No doubt you wonder why, because we all enjoyed the cold and frost in England and loved

the skating and the snowballing. The reason is very clear, for here we have no cheery open fireplaces which give out so much heat in England. In fact, there are not even any steel or iron ovens, and the result is the Palestinian houses are intensely cold in frosty weather. The ceilings are all lofty and in the shape of a dome, which, with the very thick stone walls, is very pleasant in summer but very cold in the winter. Then there is very little firewood to be had here, as the Turks try to be.

to prevent much tree planting, so firewood is a luxury which very few can afford. Instead, we all have copper buckets pierced with holes standing on a tripod and filled with burning charcoal, which is placed in the middle of the room. How we all eagerly cluster round it and watch the red-hot charcoal, hoping that by looking at it the warmth will go into our bodies. Such a small amount of charcoal as we can afford does not warm a room very much, so all the windows are closed tightly to prevent any cold air coming in. This also prevents the fumes of the burning charcoal from escaping, so naturally the air gets very stuffy, and many suffer from headaches or fall into a heavy sleep. You will wonder why it is many people do not get frozen. Well, the old proverb holds good here that necessity is the mother of invention, so even in the coldest weather we have a remedy,

for we heat also our brass samovar, which holds about thirty glasses of tea, and we drink a glass of hot tea every now and then. As the Samavar boils all day, the steam also sends out some warmth into the room. Then again, the younger children are, during the very cold weather, kept warm in bed with feather coverlets and pillows, which the elder people try to keep warm in doing the necessary household duties. Very few go out into the streets, except the men when they go to shul, and the elder boys when they go to the yeshiba or Khadr, and even they are very often kept at home. One comfort is that Father Frost does not stay long, so we can't. managed to bear his icy breath. The greatest hardship is when he visits us on a Sabbath,

for of course on that day we cannot heat the samovar and so we have to do with less tea. We prepare our Sabbath meals in a small scullery or porch, in which a small brick oven is built to keep the food hot for the Sabbath. A few pieces of wood are put in, and when well lighted, the oven is half filled with charcoal dust. This again is covered by pieces of tin or lime, and on top of all, the saucepans are put containing food for the Sabbath meals. Also bottles or jars of water are thus kept hot for tea or coffee. Neighbors who are not lucky enough to have such an oven bring in their food, and we let them put it in our ovens.

In this way we have enough for everyone to drink who may come in. Sometimes twenty poor people come in on a Sabbath day and say, spare me please a little hot water. No one would think of refusing to give them some, even if they had to share their last glass with them. Generally on cold Sabbath afternoons, our parents have a nap after eating the nice hot Cholent, and we girls and the young married women go and spend a few hours with our old lady friend, who always entertains us with stories and discussions on various interesting subjects.

So the time passes very quickly, and so pleasantly that we forget how cold it is. About twenty or thirty of us all sit close together on her divan covered up with rugs, and this, with the excitement over the tale she tells us, helps to keep us warm. Last Sabbath our old lady was not very well, and we were feeling very miserable without her entertaining tales. Suddenly, one of my girlfriends asked me to tell them about our life in London. As they had never read or heard about life outside Jerusalem, it was most amusing to hear their exclamations of wonder, for they could hardly believe what I told them was true till our old lady confirmed our statements. First, they wanted to know how young men and women behaved toward

each other. I told them that every man and every woman, whether young or old, either in the street or indoors always shook hands with friends. At this they looked very surprised, and some seemed even horrified, exclaiming, what a sin to commit! I asked them where it was written that this was a sin. Well, some replied, our parents or husbands say it is a sin. I don't think it is a sin, but only a custom, said I. But it is a sin, insisted one little wife of 15, to touch one another's hands. I tried to explain to her, but she would not listen to me and we were on the verge of quarreling, but as usual, when there was a difference of opinion between any of us, we always appealed to our old lady, and she agreed with me that there was no sin

in shaking hands. Sin, she said, comes from thoughts. If while talking or laughing or even shaking hands, evil thoughts pass through the minds of men or women, then and then only is the act likely to be a sin. In Europe, she went on to say, it is quite a natural thing for men and women to shake hands and talk to each other naturally. Then I asked my new friend Hilda, a young wife of 15 years of age, to tell us all about her own love affair and marriage. She was greatly shocked to hear me speaking of love before marriage. Such a thing could never happen to a modest Jewish maiden in those days, she said. I told her that it did happen in Europe. Maybe, she replied, it may happen in lands where Jews mix with non-Jews and copy their ways. As I rather liked to tease her, I said

she was mistaken, for here in Jerusalem did the great Rabbi Akiba fall in love with his wife before marriage. Oh, that was quite different, she replied. Not at all, said I, for were not feasts and rejoicing held so that youths and maidens could meet one another in the vineyards and dance in the meadows? Look in the Bible, I continued, and you will see it as mentioned there. Then all looked abashed. The only one who smiled was our old lady.

Don't unsettle their minds, dear, she whispered softly to me. "'I don't want to,' I said. "'I only want to show them that, "'though such things are done in other countries, "'there is no sin in it as they have been brought up to believe. "'Well, well,' she said, "'let us hope God will restore our beloved land to us in his own good time, "'and then we shall again, as in days of old, celebrate such festivals.

"'We all said amen most heartily to this wish. "'In my next letter I will tell you of our friend's engagement and marriage. "'Your loving cousin, Millie.' End of Chapter 9. Chapter 10 of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago. This Libervox recording is in the public domain. Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago by Hannah Trager. Chapter 10. Engagement and Wedding Ceremonies. The hearers waited with eagerness for the next Friday evening as they enjoyed so much hearing those interesting letters. The next Mr. Jacobs read was this. Hilda is only 15 years of age and has already been married six months.

If she were dressed as girls are dressed in England, she would really look beautiful. But her beauty is, I think, marred by the silk handkerchief she wears on her head, which covers half her forehead and her ears so that none of her hair can be seen. I mean that part of it that was shaved off. Over the silk handkerchief she wears a black velvet band, to which gold coins are attached, and these are put on so coquettishly that it makes the headgear look quite artistic. Sometimes she wears ornaments with pearls in them. These special trinkets are, of course, worn only on Sabbaths and festivals or some other special occasions.

The shaving of part of the young wife's head the day after her marriage is accustomed to prevent young married women from being tempted by vanity to show off their hair, which is generally in Palestine very beautiful. The poor things cover up the part so well that there is no fear of any of it being seen. Hilda is tall and well-developed for her age, and lively as a cricket, always ready to play and laugh and joke with us. She started by telling me, I was invited to visit my betroth's family during the holidays, and my future mother-in-law let me help her with the baking and cooking, and was specially pleased with the way I stretched out the dough for the loction. I made it look so thin like a paper wrapper. She told me that I would make a good housewife.

Then I showed all the family some of the linen garments I had made and had with me, and the crochet I had trimmed them with. Here Haldah turned to me and said, Our mothers encourage us at eight years of age to begin to make garments for our trousseau, and at the age of ten we start to crochet lace and embroider, so by the time we get married we have all our things ready, for they cannot be bought ready-made in Palestine. When we become betrothed, we work our future initials on our things and make our dresses.

While I was staying at my betrothed's home, we never spoke to each other, except to say good morning and good night. Sometimes when no one saw us we looked at one another, for already I liked my young man, though he was not handsome. A wise girl does not want good looks in a husband, so much as that he should be a good Talmudist and be a good character. This he is and I could listen to him forever, she said, blushing like a rose. When he sings Meres, his voice is like a nightingale, and even in the mornings when he thinks I am asleep, it is just lovely to hear his sing-song as he studies. It is to me the sweetest of all music, she said. So it should be my child, said our old lady, and it is a privilege for us women to help them to study. So my mother says,

said Hilda naturally. At the same time I thought to myself, a nice thing it would be if only our men were to study and our women to work, as they mostly do here and in Russian ghetto towns. No, I thought, I would rather that the men did some manual labor as well as study, and the women have some time for study as well as for household work. But I kept these thoughts to myself, while Hilda continued to tell me what a longing she had to see more of her betrothed, but she did not see him again till after the marriage ceremony. I will try to describe the ceremonies to you in detail, as I have now been to several

weddings here and I think you would like to know. A week before the wedding, all the relations and friends come to help bake and prepare the wedding feast, for, as the wedding-feast, for, as the wedding-weighed to the wedding- these proceedings last about eight days, it is no easy matter to celebrate them. The bride's trousseau is shown to the guests who come, and everything is examined and counted by all, especially the relations of the bridegrooms. When there happens to be less than expected, woe betide the bride, for she has always reproached about it by her mother-in-law or his other relatives. On the Sabbath before the marriage, the bridegroom is called up to read the law, and friends pay him

visits. First they send him nicely baked cakes or puddings and a bottle of wine. It is a good thing that this is the custom, or else a poor man would be ruined by the cost of all the feasting that he is expected to provide. During the week the bride's friends come every evening and dance and sing in her home, coffee and cakes and baked nuts being handed round. The morning of the wedding, both bride and bridegroom fast, and each goes with his or her parents to the wailing wall in Jerusalem to pray for a blessing on their married life, and then they go to be blessed by the Rav. When the bride returns home, she is dressed in her bridal dress. Then she is led up to a chair that has been raised off the floor. Her hair is unloosed and allowed to hang over her shoulders,

and this is the last time, for the next day most of it is shaved off. Her young friends stand near her and each sings a song, bidding goodbye to her maiden days, and the bride weeps, fearing what the future may hold in store for her. Then the bridegroom comes in, led by his friends who carry candles. He is given a veil which he throws over his bride's head, and then leaves with his friends for the synagogue. Though some parts of the ceremony look ridiculous, yet all is carried out so solemnly that one feels very much impressed. The bride is then led by two of her relatives or friends who carry candles, and all the other friends follow them through the streets, some also carrying candles. As there are no carriages to be had in Jerusalem, they have sometimes to walk some

distance to the synagogue. The usual bridal canopy is in the synagogue, and they walk round it seven times. Then prayers are said, and the glass is broken. Mazel Tov is said, and with songs and clapping of hands the bridal pair is led home again. Near the home, a large bagel is held by a friend, and as the couple crossed the threshold it is broken over their heads, and the pieces are distributed among the guest. The bride and bridegroom are then led into a room, and the door is closed for five minutes. I suppose to be sure that they are the right persons. Anyhow, the bridegroom lifts the bride's veil and gives her the first kiss he has ever given her. I do not know if she kisses him, for she may be too shy. They will not tell when I ask. After the five minutes have passed, the bride is led out of the room

to a room where the women guests are assembled, while the bridegroom goes to a room where the men guests are. The feasting lasts for a few hours in each room. Then the bride is led by some of her women friends to the room where the men are, and the bridegroom takes her by the hand and starts dancing. The other guests follow suit. It is amusing to see the old gray-bearded scholars, who, one would think, could not move their legs, dance and rejoice while the lookers-on clap and sing. It is far more exciting than a wedding in London, for it is considered a mitzvah to rejoice with a young bridal couple. The dancing goes on for some time. The only miserable pair I expect are the bride and bridegroom, who generally become very weary of it all, for they started their wedding pilgrimage very early in

the morning and had fasted till the feasting began late in the afternoon. I often wondered that they have any energy left in them, poor things, for they cannot retire till late at night. The next day comes the ceremony of cutting off the bride's hair. The bridegroom's mother hands her a few silk handkerchiefs to be worn on her head on special occasion. Sometimes the poor little bride is so young that she cries while her beautiful plates are being cut off. At times a quarrel begins between the two mothers, the bride's mother sometimes insisting that her child's hair shall only be cut short and not shaved, and she generally gets her way. Some brides do not mind being shaved, for they like the idea of wearing the pretty-colored silk handkerchiefs. At nearly every wedding a table is spread for the poor, and I was present at a wedding when more than a hundred poor men came regularly for eight days,

and the table was spread as bountifully for them as for the other guests. Here in Palestine the poor share in the joys of their richer brethren. When the eight days of festival are over, the young couple usually settle down close by or in one of their parents' homes who give them a room. A great deal of the happiness of young couples depends on the character of the mother-in-law, for they have the power of making or marring their happiness more than anyone else. Hilda told me that she would have been quite happy in her mother-in-law, for she really was a good kind woman, if only she would more often allow her to talk to her

husband. And I do so like a talk with him, she said to me with a sigh, for he is so wise. When my mother-in-law sleeps after the Sabbath dinner, we go into the next room and we sit talking, and he tells me tales from the Talmud and sometimes reads aloud from it. I do so enjoy those Sabbath hours, she continued, for I have only my bedroom which I can call my own, but I am not allowed to be much in it. The little time I have with my husband each day makes me very happy, for I know he loves me dearly, although he does not say so, for when he comes home his first word is for me. Sometimes when my mother-in-law is in a good temper, she lets us eat out of the same dish, and then he jokingly puts the daintiest bits on my side.

Often when I wake in the mornings, I find pinned to my pillow a few words he has copied from the Song of Songs, put there before leaving for the synagogue. Then Hilda added, after returning himself from the synagogue on Sabbath Eve, my dear husband always looks at me with a loving smile when he reads that part where it says, The price of a virtuous woman is far above rubies, the heart of her husband trusteth in her. Yes, indeed, she said, Thanks be to God, I am a very happy wife, and when God blesses us with children, my cup of joy will be very full.

And this childwife of fifteen did indeed look very happy as she spoke, and I, deep down in my heart, what would they say to such matchmaking in England and Western Europe, and yet in Palestine such marriages arranged by the parents are nearly always happy. I must close now, your loving Millie." When Mr. Jacob had finished reading, some of his young listeners said they thought it was a very foolish way to arrange marriages. One of them remarked, how could there be any love if a couple rarely met each other before marriage?

Another said, For my part I would never marry unless I felt sure that I was in love with my husband to be, and that he also was in love with me. Love is everything in life, I think. Then, said a middle-aged lady, much loved and respected by all the listeners, how often has many a marriage not turned out well, even when as young people a husband and wife had a passionate love for each other? The seed of love may be sown before or after marriage, but, unless carefully cultivated during married life by both husband and wife, through deeds of kindness and thoughtfulness and forbearance and mutual sympathy and understanding, the tender plant may soon wither and die. The old customs of our race, which this letter shows are still

kept up in Palestine, and I believe in other parts where ghetto life still obtains, if they are not carried to extremes, are, I think, very wise, but unfortunately our people are very tempted to go to extremes, and a good custom can thus be distorted and brought to ridicule. True, true, murmured some of the older people. all things moderation and balance are safe guides to follow, said Mr. Jacobs. The next book will be all about Millie's love affairs and marriage and her life, impressions, and tribulations in Palestine. End of Chapter 10

End of Pictures of Jewish Home Life 50 Years ago by Hannah Traeger.