Deep Questions with Cal Newport - Ep. 346: Getting Smarter in a Dumb World

Episode Date: March 31, 2025

In last week’s episode, Cal discussed data that indicate that the rise of the smartphones is making humans measurably dumber. Here he discusses aggressive strategies for resisting this reality. He then answers listener questions and ends with a tech corner. Find out more about Done Daily at DoneDaily.com! Below are the questions covered in today's episode (with their timestamps). Get your questions answered by Cal! Here’s the link: bit.ly/3U3sTvo Video from today’s episode:  youtube.com/calnewportmedia Deep Dive: Getting Smarter in a Dumb World [3:47] - With remote work dwindling, should I change careers to achieve my ideal lifestyle? [31:14]- Should a 24-year-old ditch his college degree to pursue another field? [36:25]- How should merit be rewarded in a revenue-constrained environment? [40:40]- How can one find and engage with these more niche online communities? [44:34]- How can partners support each other in building a deep life? [46:48] CASE STUDY: Using lifestyle planning to turn down a promotion [48:53] TECH CORNER:  How do AI’s “reason”? [57:53] Links:Buy Cal’s latest book, “Slow Productivity” at calnewport.com/slowGet a signed copy of Cal’s “Slow Productivity” at peoplesbooktakoma.com/event/cal-newport/Cal’s monthly book directory: bramses.notion.site/059db2641def4a88988b4d2cee4657ba? Thanks to our Sponsors: zocdoc.com/deepkinsta.com/deepquestionsudacity.com/deep [Use code DEEP]notion.com/cal Thanks to Jesse Miller for production, Jay Kerstens for the intro music, Kieron Rees for the slow productivity music, and Mark Miles for mastering. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

I'm Cal Newport and this is Deep Questions, the show about cultivating a deep life in a distracted world. I'm here in my Deep Work, HQ, joined as always, about my producer, Jesse. Jesse, we got a good show. I'm going to revisit what we talked about last week and go deeper on my advice. We've got some good questions. And then because I can't help myself, we're going to do another AI tech corner. Sounds good. It's not always within the flow of the advice we're giving, but.

I've just been reading and thinking and talking to a lot of people about AI recently, and I don't have anyone to talk to about this. So I'm holding you my audience hostage to hear gory details. Today I'm going to talk about what does it mean when you hear the AI companies like OpenAI say, oh, we can our new models can reason, right? And they're really obfuscating what that means. Like, how do they reason? And they're always like, we're giving them more time to think. Like, what does that mean? I'm going to break that down in the tech corner in the show.

I'm going to get in the weeds of like technically what's actually happening because for some reason they don't want us to know. All right. So we got a good show. Before we get into it, it's been a, you brought this up here. Back when my book, Slow Productivity had come out more recently, we like to do a little updates at the beginning of the shows of honors that had won or achievements it had accomplished. And well, I haven't done one in a while, but we have one here, which I would say, and you correct me if I'm wrong, the highest honor, would you say in your opinion this book has yet? I don't want to say Pulitzer Calibur, but I'm not going to not say Pulitzer Calibur, because slow productivity has been selected for, what is this called, Jesse?

The Privy Council Office of Canada. The Privy Council Office of Canada has selected slow productivity. We don't have video during this section, but I can tell you that the website featuring the book, beautifully designed, it looks like right out of 1997. someone was editing HTML code and notepad. So anyways, the Privy Council Office of Canada. Actually, I am on, anytime anyone selects the book for anything. I actually got my first royalty statement so that covering how the book has done through November.

And it was doing a lot better than I thought, actually. I knew it was doing well, but I kind of just, uh, royal statement is your check? Well, so yes and no. So royalty statements were just twice a year the report of here's how many copies your book is sold into different formats during this period. You get twice a year. Now, if the amount of money it's earned has gone past your advance amount, then you earn money. But if it hasn't made back your advance, you still get the royalty statement. So you can think of it as like twice a year.

The year is broken into two, and twice a year you get a check in and like, here's how your book did. The thing about it is it lags. It lags by almost a whole period. So I'm getting right now. A period's a month or? No, a half year. Oh. So I'm getting now, as we record this at the end of March, the sale numbers through

November. And like in in the fall, I'll get the sales numbers through June. So it lag. So I'm only seen what has happened through November. Anyways, I had tuned out because I find it stressful. Should we play the theme music? And you just tell the audience all the numbers? We'll play the theme music. Yeah. And I will honestly, yeah, play the theme music. I'll honestly tell you the numbers. Slow productivity has sold 320 million copies. That's coming out in March. So we're hitting our goals. We're hitting our goals. So it's good to see. All right, enough

nonsense. Let's get rolling with our deep dive. So last week, we talked about new testing data that was revealing that humans may have reached their peak intelligence levels right around the time smartphones became ubiquitous. And ever since that point, our intelligence levels as measured by test have been going down. So by conclusion, last time we talked about this, is that in this new world of smartphones, we might have to start training our brain in a way that we didn't worry about 20 or 30 years ago. And my analogy was physical fitness, that when you're in the first half of the 20th century, we didn't think a lot about physical fitness because you got a lot of exercise just in your day-to-day life,

whether it's on the farm or, you know, you worked in a city. You know, people walked a lot in cities, Jesse, if you think about it. People would just walk like four miles to work or whatever. But then when we got to the second half of the 20th century and people had to be able to, had more sedentary lifestyles and jobs. We had cars and offices and air conditioner, et cetera. We had to start exercising. We never had to exercise before. Something changed about our world. We had to start exercising. I'm arguing that we probably have to do the same thing with our brains. 30 years ago, we didn't have to worry about specifically exercising our

brains. Today we do. All right. So here is the follow up I want to do in today's deep dive. I gave some basic advice last time, the cognitive equivalent of telling someone, hey, make sure you do some movement every day, like get your go for a walk every day. But a lot of people ask me a follow-up question. What would it look like not just to sort of be active somewhat cognitively, but they get in really good shape? What is the brain training equivalent of those routines you see online where the people are in incredible shape? And it's like, here is how you're going to completely change your fitness, your health, and your body. What is the equivalent of that for your brain? That's what I want to get into today. I'm going to suggest some ideas for if you wanted to be the equivalent

of swall, but for your brain. I'm like to say your IQ, because this really isn't about doing well on IQ test, but really just about the ability to hold your attention and think interesting thoughts. What would that look like? I am not recommending that everyone needs to do this. I just think it's an interesting thought experiment. What would it take to not just stave off the cognitive decline induced by smartphones, but actually become someone whose brain is a, is a a real asset. All right? So that is our goal here.

Let me start just by reminding us of the advice I gave, but I last talked about this, because I'm now going to take that advice, that basic advice, and say, this is just how you lay a base, the equivalent and cognitive fitness of in physical fitness, just sort of getting your body moving and flexible and your muscles woken up, so you're ready to actually do more intense training. So this as a reminder, last time we talked about this, I was. I recommended go on walks and think during the walks. Don't have something in your ear.

Avoid dopamine stacking. So just make a rule. I don't dopamine stack. So that means if I'm watching something, I'm not also on my phone. You know, if I'm reading something, I'm not also checking out videos. I just do one source of stimuli at a time. Read more. It doesn't matter what it is.

Find what you're excited enough about that you're more likely to stick with it, but just grapple with the written word and maybe seek out a hobby that requires more concentration. Like you learn to play the guitar, practicing the guitar requires concentration. Right. So those type of activities remain good activities for laying a base of cognitive fitness. Now I have some ideas for how you can push that base into something more elite. The first idea is interval training. Now, this is the basic concept that I talked about, geez, I think all the way back in deep work. And it was something that I had actually messed around with prior to deep work when I was a graduate student, primarily.

Merely writing books for students and I was working with a lot of undergraduates to help them do better in school. And I worked with a variant of interval training because a lot of these undergraduates starting around this time, we're starting to struggle with concentration, the sort of the distraction era was was on its way in. And we would do this training routine where you would focus hard on something, and their case would be academic work for a limited amount of time and they would have a timer. But they had to focus hard for that amount of time. If their attention wandered, it was like, no, no, you've got to restart that. You need to focus for this amount of time. If you look at your, it wouldn't have been a phone back then, but if you jump on the internet or something like that, you have to restart.

And then only once they got comfortable with a given interval, I would increase it by 10 minutes. All right, now let's try getting comfortable with this new length of time. So it's interval training. You get comfortable with an interval that's a stretch, and then you stretch that interval even farther. And I found in like a semester or two, you could get a relatively distracted undergraduate from the sort of pre-smartphone era up to like 90s. minutes of concentration pretty comfortably.

I can lock in for 90 minutes. So I'm going to recommend that as like the first elite training technique. The key is to have something demanding of concentration to be focusing on during your interval training sessions. And so this could be, you know, reading a hard book or taking an online course or working on musical instrument practice is a great one that requires intense concentration or maybe a professional problem. This is just like really challenging.

you need a good thing to focus on that is hard and then you use this timer. I recommend maybe once every two weeks or so. Like if you're comfortable with something, you want to give it at least two weeks before you increase it. And it might take more if it just takes you more time. If you find a duration like you really can't get through it very well, it might take you longer until you're comfortable. That's okay. That stretch is where your brain gets stronger. All right.

The second idea, dialectical reading. I think this is, we're moving here from interval training is about just a generic ability to concentrate. Dialectical reading is now about your specific grappling with specific subject matters and your ability to actually work with complicated information, not just concentrate, but work with complicated information. So at the core of dialectical reading is the following. You want to avoid the engagement with content that the algorithmically driven internet promotes. So if you're looking at content on Twitter or the recommendation algorithms on YouTube, it's tuned to press a button in the human psyche that's very satisfying, but also sort of almost anti-intellectual. The button it wants to press is your team is great, the other team is terrible. And here's an example of someone from the other team being terrible, and it's a slam dunk how terrible they are.

That feels great for human beings that are wired for sort of in-group, out-group thinking. It's sort of a sugar high of out-group isolation. So you watch like a Twitter thread is going to be look at these, look what they're doing over it. It's so obviously wrong. And aren't they terrible? And here's an example of terrible. They don't even realize how terrible it is. It wants to, there's this sort of righteousness of like, I am just super right.

Feels great. My tribe is killing it. That tribe is terrible. And you get this on all sorts of divides of, you know, it could be from sports fandom, the political divides to whatever else is going on. Okay, dialectical reading says, no, no, we're going to teach you how to actually engage with information. So what you do is you take a topic that's interesting to you. Probably a topic where you feel like I have an instinct towards this is the right side. Instead of looking for outrage bait content that's just going to pat you on the back and be like, yeah, you're right.

You're Martin Luther King. and everyone on the other side is Bull Connors, right? Or it's just like an obvious setup or you're just the best and everyone else is dumb. What you do is you find a really good book pushing one side, and you find the best possible defense of the other side of the issue. And you read both those books. That's the dialectic. So I'm reading two opposing but very well-constructed takes on the same issue.

The collision of two smart opposing takes creates an intellectual leap forward that is 10x more sophisticated than what you get just going to your choir stalls and having the preacher preached to you. Put the specifics of the content aside, it is a fantastic intellectual experience. I mean, this goes back to Socrates, who is a big believer in this method of intellectual engagement. ironically, and not to do a big aside, ironically, Plato writing in the Fadrius dialogue in the voice of Socrates. Socrates was a character in it had the character of Socrates express skepticism about the written word. Like, oh, this is a problem that we're writing things down. And a lot of tech optimist pointed that and say,

look, we were worried about even books, which we know are great. So, of course, we worry about everything. But this is actually what Plato was captured in the Fadrius dialogue was, not that books were bad, but that when it comes to, like, developing ideas, you need this sort of dialectical interaction, right, where you're going back and forth. I'm believing this, you're believing that. Let's go back and forth and see what comes out of that collision. Well, you can do that now with books, ironically, because there are enough books.

Here's a really smart person on the side. Let me read their take. Here's a really smart person on my side. Let me read their take. Smart people opposing makes you smarter. Now, one of the fears that people have about dialectical reasoning, it's going to make you smarter. The level of sophistication with which you engage with content goes up.

It's like, look, Jesse and I are here in Washington, D.C. You have a conversation with politics with just, you know, the average person you meet here in Washington, D.C. It's going to be a completely different experience than in Kansas City. Because everyone here is there's so many experts who understand things. It's just they have way more nuanced. And it's just the way they understand political information is so much more complicated than the average person. This dialectical reading gives you that type of more nuanced understanding. You see the complexities and where people are coming from.

It just opens up another layer of understanding of the world. People worry about it because if there's an issue they feel really strongly about, they're worried that this will somehow, like, trick them out of their belief. To which, there's two responses. If encountering an opposing point of view is going to change your belief on something, then maybe it's actually not that good of a belief for you to have in the first place. Maybe it's more complicated than you thought maybe you're wrong. But two, what tends to happen is for the things where you really are right,

like, you know, your instincts are right. dialectical reading makes that stronger. When you've encountered the very best arguments from the other side and you still come out saying this is why I believe in this, that belief is stronger, your ability to advocate for it is stronger, your understanding of why your thing is right and how to advance that is stronger. So you should never fear reading different sides of things. So dialectical reading is this going to make your grasp of information of the world not only more sophisticated, it's going to make X or like TikTok content essentially like unreadable or watchable. You'd be like, oh my God, I've been watching, you know, succession, and now I've just gone back to leave it to beaver. Like, I just, this is stupid. So it really will change your brain an interesting way.

Make you less mad, too. Third idea. Create idea documents. I'm a big proponent of this. Is there something you care about or you want to care about or you just find it's interesting, right? So something you might want to care about is like, here is like a contemporary issue going on that affects me. and I really want to understand it well and have like a point of view and be able to support my point of view and this is a cause I care about. Or it's just something of intellectual interest.

Like, you know what? I really want to engage more with the Socratic philosophers or Greek or the big ideas of like the American Republic or whatever. Keep a document where you take notes. Take notes on what you've learned and how you think about it and keep updating and growing this document. In the writing down of information, in the editing of information and in the rearranging of written information, your cognitive scaffolding around these ideas gets more sturdy, gets more sophisticated. Writing is thinking. And so as you listen to a podcast, listen to a book, maybe do like a great courses.

You're doing a great courses, course, audio, one lesson every day during your commute. Take notes on what you're learning. Update your sort of summary of where you stand on something. That act of writing will get you significantly more leaps and understanding than if you just just take in the information and then don't engage with it again. Organize your thoughts on the paper is going to better organize your thoughts in your head. It's just going to make you a smarter person. It's why, by the way, like when you encounter professors, they're very articulate about

the things they care about because they're always writing about it, you know? Or, you know, if you get me going on one of my, you know, hobby horse issues, like, get me going on email in the workplace or something like this, right? Something I've written about extensively, I can just go, right? I can just cook. and I can give you 15 minutes of preacherd-like content with this point, that point, this point, that point. It's because I've written about this so much. It has organized and structured my thoughts, and I can access that better.

So it will just make you sound smarter if you're working with written forms of the things you care about. Next, I'm going to recommend become a connoisseur in something. So become really good, not good at an activity, but good at understanding quality in that activity. you can become a connoisseur of NFL football without having to become good at playing NFL football. But you can really understand, for example, the complexities of different offensive schemes or defensive schemes like what's going on, right? You can become a connoisseur of music without having to become a musician, become a connoisseur of movies without having to actually make your own movies. I've seen this again when you come to more elite-level thinkers. When you learn how to appreciate what really good means in one field that translates to others, even if you're not an expert on those other fields, you have to,

have an appreciation for expertise. You have an appreciation for quality. It adds shades of nuance and subtlety into the world. It's like the number of colors available in the world gets increased when it's not just, oh, music is on and I'm hearing it. But you're instead understanding, like, oh, this is why this was brilliant. Like the ability to hear, see or encounter something and say, that's brilliant, that ability to do that just allows you to see so many more shades. the world becomes richer, it becomes technicolor. It goes from, you know, the industry standard aspect ratios to 70 millimeter projection, a cinemascope or something like that.

So it changes your world and the richness of information that seems available. So for whatever reason, that just works really well. Again, if you're trying to push your brain. Final suggestion. Digital diet. Start to get careful and selected. about what information you consume digitally. Because again, a lot of the stuff that you're encountering

is working counter to all the benefits you're trying to have here. So may be very wary about my Instagram scrolling habit. That might not be serving your interest in making your brain smarter in having being more of like an elite cognitive athlete. That's kind of the equivalent of like I really like my McDonald's milkshakes, but I'm also trying to train for the marathon. I think I have to not take the milkshakes for a while. So become really careful.

You know, it's like it's books, it's TV shows. If it's online content, maybe you're moving towards podcast, newsletters, maybe like YouTube videos that are, you're not surfing recommendations, but you've bookmarked the pages where it's someone who is, you know, more thoughtful, more expert, more interesting commentary, right? I mean, there is a world of difference. Just to name someone who's killing it right now. Like think about Ezra Klein right now, who's actually killing it, Jesse. I don't know. He's everywhere. him and Derek Thompson with their new book, right?

And he's great. There's a world of difference, right? If it's, I'm going to listen to like Ezra's podcast versus I'm going to go on X to hear people talk about the same political issues, right? It's just a world of difference. It's still digital content. You're going to learn a lot about important issues in politics if you care about that. But it's thoughtful. It's thought through.

It's going to be presented with nuance, for example, and completely. completely different experience than, you know, the WWE battle that's going on if you're in something like an X thread or like an apologist show or something like that. So digital diet matters. So start caring about that. Just like if I was giving you advice for getting like in really good shape, we were going to have to end somewhere saying you have to care about what you eat. And that's the case as well. All right. So here it is.

Let's see if I can summarize all my suggestions. Lay the base before you try to, you want to become a cognitively elite. lay the base with stuff like walking dopamine stack bands reading and concentration requiring hobbies once you're sort of like used to that somewhat more heightened life of the mind interval train your concentration engage in dialectical reading keep idea documents become a connoisseur in at least one thing and then put in place a digital diet do that for a season your cognitive experience of the world is going to be different it's just it's going to be you're going to seem smarter to other people, you're going to seem smarter to you, you're going to seem nuances you lost before,

your stress levels will probably be lower, your ideas, your creativity is going to be higher. I think life would just be better. Not everyone has to do all. Not everyone has time or interest in becoming like a cognitive athlete, but if you do, that's the type of thing I believe you need to do. Yeah, this is kind of what college used to be. I guess it kind of still is, was like a four-year cognitive athlete training program. Yeah.

I say used to because someone sent me an article. I mean it was on someone's newsletter But one of our listeners sent me an article That was it was a professor at like a mid-tier US college And he was complaining He's like look I know I'm Gen X I've been a professor for 30 years

I know when you complain about students People like oh there you go again Telling kids to get off your lawn But he's like this is important and I need to say it And he kind of goes through like here's what I've seen change In you know These students at the college where he teaches And he starts by saying

They're functionally illiterate Right? And he's like, they don't read. They don't read. They don't do any of the assignments. They lie about it. I don't think they could read. I think if I gave them just like a Richard Powers book, like an award winning book, but not like Finnegan's Wake, but like a book that like it's out right now or like Colson Whitehead, they couldn't read and understand it. Right. Like he's really worried about it. And when you get to the bottom, and he's like, they can't write and the punctuation and capitalization is all over the place. And, and, you know, there's no form. And when you get to the bottom, you're like, okay, what's going on here? He's like, well, it's the phone stupid. He's like, it's the phone. They're completely. addicted to the phones and this is like a huge problem. So I don't know if you're not at like an elite school like Georgetown where I don't know the kids do read and they're very smart and they're very locked in and they're

more professional than I am like they're great students. But if you're not at like one of these top 20 type schools college is no longer necessarily going to be for sure like yeah this is you're going to get your four years of cognitive training. That's what I think college used to be all this reading and writing and discussion

dialectical discussion and classrooms and with other students, you come out smarter than when you started, not just because you took in literal information, but because you trained your brain. And then the knowledge economy is like, great, these people, we have, we have smarted them up. And now, like, they can handle, like, the complexity of what they're going to have and, like, the knowledge economy. I don't know if it's necessarily the case at all schools anymore. So you might have to, you know, we have to think more about training, I guess, on your own. Are you a big fan of succession? That's a great show.

Yeah. Yeah, I watch Succession. We're watching all the shows. There's like a lot of shows right now. Yeah. Right now because White Lotus is just ending, but it's still going. Pit is great. The Pit.

I've seen a couple of those. Yeah, I'm Big E.R guy, so Noah Wiley. So, like, we've been liking the pit. And then there's this new show. Oh, Severance. Like, we, I realize, like, I guess I have to watch that, given what I write about. Yeah. So that's going on.

There's a new season of that. And then there's this new show. Seth Rogen has a show on Apple TV. called the studio. I'll have to check that out. He's a studio. He gets put in charge of a movie studio.

Looks fantastic. So there's like all sorts of shows out here right now. Did you read the article in the New Yorker a couple weeks ago about the White Lotus director? Yeah. Sean White,

not Sean something. It's white. It is white. Yeah. White Lotus white. Yeah. And there was also like a lot of video. He did a lot of press.

And there's like a lot of videos going around about his creative technique. Yeah, he got really into that. So yes, I do watch those shows. Nice. Succession. That was a good show. Have you ever met?

Occasion I come across people who are just very rich. It's interesting. It's like, okay, some of that's spot on. Like, they spent a lot of time in that show. Only, like, really rich people would know this. Like, there's, it's this, like, norm core stuff. There's, like, the nondescript baseball hat, right? To, like, Strong, Jeremy Strong will wear.

It's, like, a specific, like, $500 baseball hat. Yeah. There's a lot of like it's not supposed to be flashy, but people who know, no, that's like a super expensive hat. And supposedly the other things, because they had consultants who are like, no, this is how you should actually act, right, if you're really that rich. And the other thing, supposedly they told them early on is don't duck when you get off and on the helicopter. Because if you were that rich, you'd be doing so much private helicopter flying, you would know that like it's too tall, it's not going to hit your head. And you want to bought, like ducking is what you do if you've never really been on a helicopter before. for either here nor there.

All right, so we got some questions coming up, but first, let's hear about a sponsor. I want to talk about our friends at Notion, because this is a product that I am a huge fan of. Notion combines your notes, docs, and projects into one space that's simple and beautifully designed. It allows you to easily build basically custom information software tools without having to be the type of person who knows how to build, you know, a

custom software product. You're just, you're, you're setting things up very easily. This is whether you're talking about, you know, an individual setting up a somewhat more advanced system for keeping track of all the things you have to do. I mean, all, I get so many messages from readers, readers who have taken my ideas into custom notion systems. Or you're like a really large company that's building like major information tracking systems. Notion lets you do this really quickly. I mean, you, you've integrated, Jesse, you've had your share of time working with it because our add to see had that really cool system they built out of a notion.

That made stuff a lot easier. Yeah. And you could see all the different pieces of information that were applicable to the podcast. And it would give it in different views. That was the cool part. So it's like, hey, what ad reads are happening on this day? Oh, let me click on that advertiser. Show me all of the ad reads we're doing in the next six months from that advertiser.

All I remember is we were doing something before that that was much worse. And I don't remember what it was. Weren't they just like sending us spreadsheets? Yeah, like a spreadsheet as an email. I don't know. There would be like a guy with an old-timey newsboy cap would come up with a telegraph. Western Union. Western Union. Just then you got a Udacity. Udacity ad. Next episode, stop. Make sure you mention whatever. Stop. That's how we were doing it before. And it made it much easier. So I love Notion because I love smart information systems. And they're the best in the business. They have, here's what's cool, though, what they've done recently, which I just want to underscore quickly.

is they have integrated AI to make your systems like immediately much smarter. The fully integrated notion AI helps you work faster, write better, and think bigger, doing tasks that would normally take you hours in just seconds. So there's a lot of ways the AI now is seamless. Searching for certain information using AI, you can do like a really intuitive, simple search. It can go through your information and find what you're looking for. When you're actually entering information into the system, it's right there to help you write faster, get a first draft or brainstorm. or polish up notes, right? So you've, this is a big one for me.

Sometimes I take notes on the computer when I'm doing an interview and it's very sloppy. And if you're throwing them in a notion system, the notion AI can clean it up and fix the sort of obvious mistakes. So it's cool. So they're continuing. A product I already love is using AI in a really cool way. There's a reason why Notion is used by over half of Fortune 500 companies because teams that use Notion, send less email, cancel more meanings, save time searching for work, and reduce spending on tools. Notion is my type of software. So try Notion for free when you go to notion.com slash cal.

That's all lowercase letters, notion.com slash cal to try the powerful, easy to use Notion AI today. When you use our link, you're supporting our show. Go to notion.com slash cal. I also want to talk about a new sponsor, Ksta, Insta with a K, something I've spent a lot of my adult life doing is dealing with WordPress.

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these installations tend to get really slow. This is where Kinsta enters the scene. It does WordPress hosting. Right. They focus, focus, focus on speed, speed, speed. We're going to keep our installation fast so that your site actually loads, which again, if you're doing WordPress hosting, this becomes a real issue. They're great at it. They also have enterprise level security. You're not worried about, oh, we're out of date on the latest security fix and hackers are going to get in there and mess with our site. You can rest easy if you're using Kinsta. Fantastic

Dashboard. This makes a big difference. A lot of dashboards for these WordPress hosts. And Jesse, you don't have to see a lot of these because you don't do as much of the web stuff. But a lot of them look like they were basically out of the movie War Games, starring Matthew Brodwick, you know, where he's like typing into the green text like goes across and the Kinstana interface is fantastic. Perhaps like, let's say my second favorite thing about them. My first is the speech. Second favorite thing, real support. 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. You get a real human on the line when you have an issue, right?

So if you've dealt with WordPress, all of these pain points should sound familiar. And then I can point you with confidence towards the solution you should use for your WordPress hosting, which is Kinsta. I wish I had known about them. God, it's been 20 years. I think I launched CalNewport.com on an old WordPress installation in 2006. 20 years. I wish I knew about Kinsta 20 years ago. Sure, they didn't exist 20 years ago, but that's no excuse.

It would have made my life a lot easier. So if you're tired of being your own hosting support team, switch to Kinsta and get your first month free. And don't worry about the move. They'll handle the migration for you. No tech expertise required. Just visit Kista.com slash deep questions to get started. That's K-I-N-S-T-A.com slash deep questions. All right, Jesse, let's move on to some questions.

All right, first questions from Anna. I envision a future where I live close to family, grow my own food, work from home, and have time for painting. However, job artinis in my animation industry are dwindling, especially remote work. Should I change careers to achieve my ideal lifestyle? It's our second animation question in a few weeks. Interesting. I wonder if that's quite a coincidence. I'm reading a book on another Disney book right now.

And it's talking about the period where they get Cal Arts up and running. So this was basically like the training camp that Disney helped fund to help generate new animators. So I know more about animation than they probably should. All right, but Anna, this is not about animation when you're asking a question about lifestyle-centric planning. So first of all, I love the approach you're taking here. This is classic LCP. You have an ideal lifestyle vision in mind and now you're working backwards from that vision to say, how can I actually make this possible?

So when you're working backwards from a lifestyle vision, the things that matter typically is, going to fall into the categories of obstacles and opportunities. What are the obstacles in the way for me getting where I am right now to something closer to that ideal lifestyle? The opportunities are what can I leverage? What type of like unique setup? This could be like career capital or family connection or whatever. What opportunities do I have to leverage as well? So you want to systematically work at reducing or bypassing obstacles while taking advantage of everything that you have, all the opportunities you have as well. So that's probably the right thing to do here. The key, obstacle in this analysis is you're seeing the particular types of jobs you have

the animation industry is not remote work friendly. And your lifestyle vision, when you work backwards from it, remote work really makes that work, right? Because if you can be in a lower cost of living place, you could be at home and growing food and maybe near your family and maybe not need to work as many hours because where you're living is less expensive. If instead of being near Burbank where Disney is, you're instead, you know, where you grew up in Indiana is going to be cheaper to live.

like remote work seems to be at the core of it. So there's a key obstacle here if your current job trajectory isn't making that possible. So now you know what you're doing. Oh, I am systematically exploring and looking for insight. It might not be obvious, but I'm looking for a moment of insight about how do I reduce that obstacle. That's probably going to come from leveraging the opportunity of the various skills you have and looking for adjacent applications. So like, sure, maybe if I want to be in like feature motion picture animation, there's like three options. they're all based in California and they're cutting back and there's not remote work options.

But maybe there's an adjacent step here. Actually, this graphic skills I have could be used maybe not in like feature or film, whatever, animation, but it could be used in whatever game development object design or in certain types of advertising or something. I find an adjacent field where it's very useful. And now I have taken an opportunity and got around an obstacle. So it's not easy, but it's specific. That's what's key about LCP is that it's very specific what you're doing here. I have this obstacle.

I'm enumerating my opportunities. The only piece of semi-advanced advice I would give is that if you're stuck, A, keep searching for ideas and inspiration. Talk to people, read things, listen to things. You're looking for that path. It could be narrow, but you're looking for the path that gets you closer. Increasing the opportunity side is often a low-hanging fruit. It can make a big difference. And that might mean learning a new skill, a relevant skill.

I know how to do this. What if I learned how to do this? Which is someone who already knows how to do this first thing would have an easier time learning it. Like looking for these adjacent skills that if you learned would open up new opportunities. So you're kind of playing a game here, but you're thinking about it the right way. You have a lifestyle in mind and you're trying to work backwards from it. So you're doing the right thing and don't be frustrated if it takes a while to finally find that path.

Also, I'll throw in one more Coda. You know what you want, your ideal lifestyle. You can isolate some of the general properties here, like a little bit more of a slowness, a connection back to nature when you're growing your food, connection to a community. Keep in mind, even while you're looking for a larger reconfiguration to get you your full ideal lifestyle, you could be making changes to your life as it exists now to have more of those properties. So even if you're not getting the full right off the bat, I'm on the land with the farm near my family's house in Indiana or whatever, if you're not there yet, use this lifestyle to help isolate these things are important to me and get that into your life right away. And maybe now you have a plot in a community garden and you've adjusted your hours. It's still the in-person job, but it's a four-day-a-week job now. You have a little bit

more slowness going into it. You're more community involved where you live, even if you can't be closer to family. Play with these things you're identifying as important and start getting them in your life now. Don't let perfect be the enemy of better. And that's like a key thing with LCP is that it's not just until I'm living on the houseboat, I'm in trouble. It's what is it on my day to find it's important? Let's keep adding this to my life. And actually, that might open up other ideas for how to get there. So anyways, good luck with that.

But thanks for the good LCP example. All right, who do we got next? Next question is from Rubin. I'm currently learning how to code during my free time to get a job as a software developer. I believe it would be an ideal career path towards achieving my life I want. Is this a bad idea to leave part of my career capital with my BA in psychology? I'm 24 years old. Well, I mean, the good news is you're 24 years old, so you can't really have much career capital anyways.

So, like, you're at the beginning. You have a lot less opportunity, loss opportunity costs threats here. So, yeah, this is not a bad time. I'm right out of college and I'm building out my career capital portfolio. You're starting from low stores in all of your career capital category. So I think it's completely fine. You could probably leverage the BA a little bit. Like, here's something I would say.

Here's an interesting piece of data that's been touted in the last few months. We're starting to see some of the first places in the labor statistics, so not just anecdotally, but some of the first places in the labor statistics where we think we're seeing the impact of AI is in a class of people, technical jobs called programming, which is different than software development. So programming jobs post-checking. at GPT have been suddenly declining. Software development jobs have not at all. They're basically the same, if not like, up a little bit.

You have to kind of go into the weeds. What's the different? Well, programming jobs, I guess there's a very specific type of computer programming related technical position where it's you're given very specific things to implement, often with like simpler programming languages. Like, okay, go add this feature now. Can you go onto the side and change that? So it's like very, you're doing very little planning or creativity.

You're not watching the lifestyle of a product. You're just sort of implementing. ChatGPT can produce that type of simpler code pretty well. And so now the person who was tasking the programmer with that work could just sort of use AI help and might as well do it themselves. Software dev is more complicated. You're actually, it's part of the lifestyle, the life cycle of the product you're involved in. It's creative. It's figuring out what the program needs just as much as what code it has to be in there.

You might be able to leverage your BAA in psychology to see. say, look, I speak, normal person speak. I can, like, think about the consumer and what they want in their product. I understand, I understand other people. I can manage other people. There is, I think, potentially a career capital advantage to be someone who's technically savvy, who also can communicate like a normal human being. And I'm sort of throwing my fellow computer scientist under the bus here.

But let's just say, you know, we're not all expert communicators. Like, this is not necessarily, we're not. necessarily, it's not a bunch of like John F. Kennedy's when you're at a computer science conference, right? It's, it's, we, I do pretty well, but, you know, it's a lot of leit speak, right? It's a lot of, like, weird sort of technical terms and jargon. So you might have an advantage with your, your BA in psychology. My poor wife used to come to some of these MIT events, like holiday parties or whatever. And if, what's going to? Don't take me. do these things anymore. Like, why half the people here can't communicate. The other half are very normal. It's just you get a higher percentage than normal of people who are, you know.

Yeah. Like, if you see early footage of like Bill Gates, it's just like a lot of him like rocking and writing a simpler code in his head. Yeah. Yeah. It's not exactly. You wouldn't want a theoretical computer science student at MIT like on a like a radio talk show host or something. Yeah.

Like it wouldn't be a popular show. You want to want to replace Mad Dog. With, like, one of my commenters. They'd be like, the performance, the Red Sox was highly illogical. His numbers against the lefties were, the performance were obviously lower. And now I'm going to recap in great detail information from the latest Star Wars or Star Trek. I don't know. We are going to go through the 10 points that make it clear that Star Trek Deep Space Night

is superior to the next generation. I believe this is obvious. All right. I'm sorry. Actually, most of the computer science I know are cool. But programmers aren't always. So maybe you do have an advantage there. So take advantage of that.

All right. Who do we got next? Next question from Bill. Do you have examples of truly fair performance evaluation systems? How should merit be rewarded in a revenue constrained environment? I work at a national nonprofit. I think what you should do, and I think the lawyers will back me up, is you want to sort people into different, like, demographic groups and then just pay your favored groups more, is probably. Probably. So if you like the country they're from, pay them more than no. Aren't we allowed to say that now? Is that? Aren't we all just like whatever anything goes? I don't want my funding cut. So yeah, just no DEI. No, there is. So it is tricky. Performance-based review. There, I wrote a New Yorker piece back in the pandemic from there is a system called Roe, R-O-E results-oriented workplace environment. And there's a book about this that's called something like work.

like work doesn't have to suck or something like that. I mean, there's only so many business books that have like that in the titles. You'll find it. It's fascinating. It is a attempt to rebuild an office. If you apply the raw methodology, you rebuild your office entirely around results is all that matters.

And there's no expectations on you, like, hey, when you want to work, you work. I don't care. There's no vacation. There's no hour. You don't have to be here any particular hours. You essentially sort of like negotiate. Okay, I will work on this now.

here's like the measure of success, here's how we're going to communicate about it to make it done. And you kind of have like this portfolio of projects that you do and you're held accountable to it. It really does work pretty well when it's implemented. But the point of this article is it's very hard to implement it. And honestly, the big issue they have, and I interviewed one of the creators of it and I read the book and talked to a CEO of a company that uses this methodology. One of the biggest issues they have is not figured out how to measure performance. It actually gets pretty clear, like, okay, you're doing this. All right, we know what success means here, right?

Or like, we can just look at, like, in a row environment, I could just be like, these are the three things you did last quarter. Is this seem valuable or not? Like, there's no hiding. The hard part actually is trying to eliminate the last vestiges of pseudo-productivity thinking in the office, right? Suter productivity being my term for my book, slow productivity for using just visible activity as a proxy for useful effort. There is a huge amount of the row, I guess you would call it like application effort, trying to conversion efforts, is trying to get rid of pseudo-predictivity speak. And they call it sludge in the book.

But it's just this idea of people are very, because of the way we built knowledge work, are just very uncomfortable about like why aren't you here or I can see you? Why didn't you answer an email right away? It is a difficult mindset to get away from performing activity to generating measurable results. And it's a hard shift. They also found they won't, naturally, the people who created this methodology say it all goes well. But when you talk to people who have actually implemented it, they will tell you you're going to lose a lot of people. Not everyone can do this.

The CEO I interviewed for this New Yorker piece lost like 20% of his non-managerial staff and about 20% of the managerial staff. The non-managerial staff, they're like, I am actually not able to perform like this. I could be busy. My TPS reports are handed in. I answer emails. I'm always jumping on calls or whatever. But if you just say, forget all that, just tell me what you did this last month. Some people like 20% are like, I actually am not comfortable just focusing and doing hard things.

And they lost 20% of the managers because they're like, I don't know how to do this if I'm not just like being able to demand quick responses and just have people jump. So it's possible, but it's hard. Read my New Yorker piece. That would have been from like 2021. And I forgot what it was called. but just search like Cal Newport, R-O-W-E, you'll find it. And then that book, Work doesn't have to suck or something like that. We'll talk about that philosophy.

All right, who we got next? Next question is from Ben. In episode 345, you talked about the value of more niche online communities. What do these smaller alternatives look like and how do people find and engage in them if they're not hosted on these global platforms? There's a few forms. So these more like niche online discussion communities, which I think, by the way, is like the right way to, extract the community building value of the internet.

A few places to find these. Bulletin boards are a big one. Oftentimes now the technology is not going to be a straight-up bulletin board technology. It might be like at Talknats.com, the example I often use in my writing of a Washington Nationals-based community, what they actually do, and a lot of sports sites do this, is they'll post like a blog post and the conversation is happening in the comments of the blog post. Straight-up bulletin boards are fine.

I actually look at Reddit 3rd. as in this, even the Reddit is a large global platform, the individual Reddit threads are not algorithmically sorted and they are managed by the community themselves. Substack or other newsletter-based comments has become a big place. Like I get a substack from some writer I like. The comments underneath the substack becomes like a community gathering place. A lot of people have Discord server set up, like you like a given show or a given type whatever. Discord servers are big. You jump on there and you can talk and it's like a, it's a relatively smaller group of people. So all of this is out there. Podcasts. So anything does Patreon protected? There's discussion communities around it, whether it's actually using Patreon or, you know, its own homegrown solution. So you'll see this with like, I don't know, like if you're within like Sam Harris's Waldgarden, there's like places you can chat with other people. So they're out there. They're out there. The key, though, is that it is a, a,

Self-select a group of people interested in the same topic. It is a manageable number of people who are there. So you actually know a lot about these people. Like, you've interacted them with enough. You recognize them and have a bit of a shared history with them, even if you don't know who they are, like, really in the physical real world. And it's not algorithmically curated. It's just the content is there, probably just chronological.

And the standards are set by the community. That's what you're looking for for, I think, like a richer online engagement. All right. Who else do we got? Stephen asked, how can partners support each other in building a deep life? I think the key here is that the life is one that you are coming up with together. So when you have your sort of vision of an ideal lifestyle that you're sort of working towards, you need a shared vision first.

This is where our family wants to be. This is what our family life should be like in five years and in 10 years. Like if you have kids, for example, you should break this up by the sort of like pre-elementary school, elementary period, the sort of middle school high school period, and then sort of the post high school college period. What is our family life? What do we want? Like where we live, the rhythm, what it's like? Is there someone home after school? What's our weekends like? You want to have that figured out together. Then underneath that you can have your individual. Okay, now here's the things that are important to me. Like what I want to do with my physical fitness, for example, might be different than like what my wife wants to do.

Or my interest and my hobby interest are for sure, you know, different. So start with the shared thing. That's priority one. We're on the same page. We're planning with that. And then you can have your own sort of buckets you're working on. And there, I think it's helpful to some degree to kind of like, hey, here's what I'm working on. What's important to you?

What's important to me? How can I help you with what you're doing? How can you help me with what I'm doing? And that works out as well. But make sure that there is a shared component. Like the stuff, if you're in a partnership with someone, that partnership has to extend to your vision of what the deep life is. All right. Let's see here. I'm going to suggest we, so I want to, we're going to skip either the call or the case study just so we can roll into the tech corner with time to go today.

Okay. Which one? Let's, I'm going to skip the call. Okay. And I'm going to jump right ahead to the case study. This is where we find out that the call we skipped was, I was going to say from someone famous, but I couldn't, I don't know like what name. I'm not up with like the hip references. Like, you know how old fashioned I am. Mr. Beast?

Yeah. Well, see, my first instinct was to be like King Charles. So how to touch. And Mr. Bees called in and we missed it. It's like, I need you on my channel. Statt. All right. Our case study today comes from Chris.

Chris says, I was recently approached by a firm looking to fill a position that I was uniquely qualified for. It would have been a dramatic step up in pay with a profit sharing component that may have doubled or even tripled my current income in a good year. I received an offer for the role and pardon me wanted to just go for it because the income increase was so dramatic. But I decided to put it through a more holistic lifestyle-centric evaluation, a VB

B-L-CC peed it. Here's what I realized after further reflecting. This role was something of a grand goal trap. I was telling myself that if I could just get to this executive level, I would have, quote, made it, end quote, and everything else would have fallen into place. But in reality, the position would have required to move to a higher cost of living area and from a fully remote role to a three days per week in office plus travel requirements that seem to grow exponentially as I really pressed the hiring team to clarify.

This would have substantially reduced a number of hours. able to spend with my three-year-old who I am committed to being present parent for and would have required a big renegotiation of the parenting burden with my partner. It was also a high-risk, high-reward job, meaning what I would have been more fearful of termination if I wasn't performing with complete excellence. I also did the work to process what enough meant for the income requirements of my lifestyle vision, and I realized that while I do need a bit more coming in annually, I'm not that far off. Instead of taking this dramatic leap up in both income and work hours, I'm looking at other options like a more modest move to a full-time role that increases pay but maintains most

of my current balance. That there, Jesse, is VBLCCP in action, values-based lifestyle and your career plan. There you go. When you know what matters to you, what you want your life to look like, what's happening, like your job becomes just a tool you have among other tools to craft this life. That's a fantastic decision. I talk about it. I talk about it. that in my book so good they can't ignore you. That is one of the control traps. That just as you get good enough to have some leverage over your life is exactly when people are going to come to you and give you shiny opportunities to take your autonomy away.

So just as you're like, I'm pretty good at this. I'm making good money and have flexibility. That's exactly when they say, hey, we want to triple your salary. But then in the quiet voice, but you're never going to see your family again. You're going to travel all the time and be stressed. But hey, you're going to triple your salary, right? That's the second control trap in action. Lifestyle-centric career planning helps protect you against it.

Like, I think, as Chris, is going to probably be substantially more happy on average the next 10 years with the decision he made than if he had just gone for the bigger job. Because why are you doing the bigger job? Like, it's all about what it's serving or like the work itself. So the work itself wasn't going to be more interesting to him and the stress was higher. And it was going to get in the way of multiple different goals, other things that were important. So now he's just tweaking what he has to get a little bit more money and then they're good. So I think that's great. I just want to flag real quick how he talked about the processing what enough meant.

We've talked about that in a prior show, but it's just worth underscoring. That's this idea of you make sure you know the numbers. Like how much money do we need for like this type of lifestyle we're looking for? Having the specific numbers matter as opposed to just more. If you just say I need more money, you might take the triple income job and be miserable. crunched the numbers and said, we're close. We need to just fill in this. Now let me be really, really careful and figuring out how to fill in that in a way that's not going to get rid of all these other goals.

So, anyway, it's fantastic. Lifestyle Syndrome, Career Planning, in action. All right, we got a tech corner coming up. But first, let's hear from another sponsor. We have a new sponsor this week. This is a company I've used for, I know this company well, so I'm happy to have them as a sponsor. that is the online course company, Udacity.

Am I saying that right, Jesse? You are. Udacity. I think I should get a bell for pronouncing it. It's one of these things. I've used Udacity courses for a long time, but you don't have an occasion to say them out loud until you're actually talking.

So Udacity is the site you go to if you want to learn skills that are going to command high salaries. It's the online learning platform that has courses on all sorts topics, but including AI, data, programming, and more. I have attended or purchased multiple Udacity courses. The most recent one I was doing with my son, it was a computer game programming course. I did another one with my other son on like TinkerCAD based 3D design, like intro to 3D design.

It's fantastic. It's a real easy interface. You can purchase the course easily. Some are free. They're video based. Keeps track of where you are. Knowledge is power. We talked about this in the very first segment.

of the show, like how do you get smarter? Online courses are a big way. I mean, you've been messing around with this. You signed up for one, right? A Udacity course? Yeah, I signed up for a digital marketing class. Oh, excellent. Yeah. And I'm teaching one now on Udacity about how to do a killer French accent. So it's been a real hit. On a related note, someone just handed me a note and I am no longer welcome in France. Oh, okay. Well, that's good to know. They just sit me a note. So I guess that got me in trouble. There's tons of options for learning tech skills, but only Udacity is consistently ranked as the top skill development platform, because unlike others, it actually works.

I can attest to this with real world projects and human experts that grade your work. You'll truly get the skills you need. Yeah, when my son and I were doing the game programming, I mean, you're building the games. Like you're doing, you're doing the work right there. When you have a certification from Udacity, recruiters and employers take notice. So for a better job, better salary, and better skills, check out Udacity today. I saw a a U-Tuber,

a DIY YouTuber I was watching with my kids the other day and he said his habit he's a brilliant guy he said his habit is to spend

the first 30 minutes every day on an online course. He's like just making myself smarter before I move on to like the rest of my day. I love that idea.

So maybe do that. Sign up for Udacity. Always have a course you're working on. First 30 minutes of your day. Get smarter. Get your brain working.

So the tech field is always evolved and you should be too. Always evolving and you should B2. You can try Udacity risk-free for seven days. Head to Udacity.com slash deep and use the code deep to get 40% off your order. Once again, that's udacity.com backslash deep for 40% off and make sure you use my promo code deep so they know I sent you.

I also want to talk about our friends at Zok doc. I went to the dentist this morning. All right. This true story. I went to the dentist this morning that we are recording this. How did I originally find this dentist? It was like years ago I was canvassing friends and someone said, oh, there's this new dentist in town. And I got in and I liked them and it's been great.

But the word got out and he's very popular. He's now booking seven months out. So like if you want to make an appointment with them, it's like seven or eight months before there's an appointment. And so I was thinking today as they were booking my next appointment like seven or eight months out, imagine if I was looking for a new dentist now. What would I do? Like if I ask my friends and they're like, oh, here's this one dentist and he doesn't have any openings for months. Like that is what it's like right now often trying to find the medical care you're working for. You get like one or two recommendations.

And especially in a city, when you say I would like to actually come see a practitioner, like maybe at like some point during like the current presidential administration. They just laugh. Like, oh, you fool. You think the dentist actually can see you. And then there's like a lot of laughter and you hear them call someone. else over and then they start laughing. And then like the doorbell rings and someone runs in and just punches you in the stomach because they're making fun of you that much.

This is where Zoc Doc enters the scene. Zoc Doc is a free app and website where you can search and compare high quality in network doctors and click to instantly book an appointment. You can search for here's what I'm looking for and then see which of these take my insurance. Which of these are actually booking appointments, right? This is how you would have found my dentist a few years ago. Oh, he's actually looking to take on new patients. Okay, great.

When is their next appointment available? Let me book it right now. Let me do some of the paperwork online using the Zoc Doc interface. Actually, my dentist uses Zoc Doc, so it's interesting. It makes it so much easier and so much less stressful and honestly humiliating to try to find me. Because no one's laughing in your face for daring to ask if they have actual openings. So this is the way that you find medical care. Appointments made through Zocococ also happen fast, typically within 24 to 72 hours of booking.

you can even often score same-day appointments. So stop putting off those doctor's appointments and go to Zocdoc.com slash deep to find an instantly book a top-rated doctor today. That's ZOC, doc.com slash deep. Zock-Doc.com slash deep. All right, Jesse, let's do our final segment. All right, because I can't help myself, we're a tech corner segment, we're going back to AI. There's so much to keep up with with AI right now.

and I want you to be up to speed. All right, here's what I've been rabbit-holynod recently. This idea that these new AI large language models like Deepseek and the new O family of models from OpenAI can quote-unquote reason. You give them like a math problem or something and they can sort of work through the steps to get to an answer. They're doing much better on like math test or crossword puzzle test or something like this, right? Like they are reasoning. I'm really interested in this.

All right, how do these things reason? Well, let's ask the companies. They're giving incredibly vague language, and a lot of journalists are just repeating this language. So like Open AI, when they talk about their new models, they say the new models, they slow down to think more. And that's how they're reasoning. And this is the way it's being reported in like mainstream journalism.

We're talking about there was like just an article out in the Times a couple days ago about how do these new models reason? And it's just saying like, yes, the new models, what they do is they slow down. They slow down and they think, they think more. And so they can produce more reasoned answers. What does that mean? Right? Like, Jesse, when you think about like a model, like slowing down and thinking, like, what's that mean?

It feels like it's like an actual person that's like, what? Taking a deep breath and like, I'm going to like take my time. Like, what's slowing down, right? So I, you know, I called a source and talked about it. Like, hey, walk me through this tech, point me to the right papers. here's what's as best we can tell is actually going on. Okay. There was this idea that actually precedes chat GPT, right?

This is an idea from the academic community studying language models. 2002, you get this paper that says, if you want to increase the reasoning performance of language models, you should use something called chain of thought prompting, COT prompting. And what they were showing in this paper is in the question you're actually, asking the language model, you basically tell it, I want you to show your work. Don't just give me the answer. Like, show me your steps.

This is what I'm looking for is walk me. I'll give you an example of it. See how I'm solving this problem here, step by step. Give me an answer to this new problem with similar style, a step-by-step explanation. And what happened is this would give you better answers. Because language models, of course, they're trained to expand text in predictable ways. they're trained on taking real text, taking words or sequence of words out of them,

and having the language models try to fill those in, and the closer they get to real words there, the more they get rewarded in their training. So, like, what was happening is, you would give a language model like a logic problem. You know, Jesse has this many apples, and then someone comes along and takes this many apples, and then the person who's taller gives you back this many apples,

how many apples does Jesse have? And what the language models would sometimes do is give an answer that sounds like what an answer to that problem would look like. Like, yeah, I'm saying Jesse has, some number of apples. Like that's a, for a language model's perspective, that looks like a reasonable response to this prompt.

It's talking about Jesse. It's talking about apples. There's a number. But that number could be arbitrary. Chain of thought prompting says, no, no, you have to really ask the language model, walk me step by step through your reasoning for how you get to the answer. And I'll give you an example of me doing that in my prompt. Now, you do something similar.

When it walks through its reasoning in the answer, it's more likely to get the correct answer because as it fills out its reasoning, it's actually accessing relevant circuits that do different parts of the reasoning and it's actually more likely, you're more likely to activate the relevant circuits that can do the different calculations

and put them together in the right way and you're more likely to get the right answer. That's chain of thought prompting. Okay, so the issue is, now we get chatbots and they're getting popular. We really can't rely on prompt engineering as something that, like, the average user is going to do, right? this is like the big push with consumer facing large language model tools is like we can't expect

the users to write these incredibly complicated prompts to get their results. Researchers were doing this, but we can't expect the users to do this. So what seems to have happened is they said, can we basically use reinforcement learning that kind of force one of these models to always act as if it's being prompted to show its work? Right. So this is the key, and I'll just be incredibly brief on this, but like the key that got like the original chat GPT so much notice is they took the first really large, large language model, which was GPT3, which could do amazing stuff, but you really had to write incredibly careful prompts to get it. And the big innovation, second innovation Open AI had, the first being just make the model large, was this thing called, we think of it as like a reinforcement learning base fine tuning, where they took this model that had all this knowledge in it and, if asked correctly, it could produce all sorts of stuff.

And then they started running it with a bunch of prompts. And every time it gave a good type of answer, they would zap it with a happy zap. And it would sort of like, ooh, whatever weights we were using here, let's make those stronger. And whenever it gave an answer that was they didn't like, they would give it an unhappy bad person's app. And it would be like, ooh, let's kind of reduce some of these weights that gave us this answer. And so for like chat GPT, they were saying, we're going to run, we train GPT3 and we're going to run a bunch of prompts. And when you answer this like an agent that you're chatting with a human, we're going to give you a happy zap. And then so it got good at answering questions without you having to write really careful prompts.

I think what is happening according to my source is that they're just doing this now for chain of thought reasoning. So they take one of these models, they train it up, the old-fashioned, you know, with all the texts on the internet and just like any of these other models. And then as they start running through answers to it, giving it questions, when it shows more of its work, they give it a happy. happy zap. And when it just gives an answer, they give it a negative zap. So this reinforcement learning fine-tunes this big model. Like, okay, okay, okay, I get it. You want answers where I explain my work. You could do this for anything, right? This is how they stop certain types of content from coming out of these language models. It's completely trained. And then they give it some questions that might elicit responses that are like violent or something they don't like. And every time it

gives a bad answer, they zap it. And then, like, over time, it's like, I'm not going to give those type of answers. So this is what I believe the reasoning models have done is they take a standard big train model and then they do a reinforcement, fine tuning step where they're saying, show your work, show your work, show your work. Give us big long answers. And when we know this since 2022 pre-chat GPT that when the chat bots, when the language models rather have to explain their work, they're more likely to give accurate answers.

All right. Now part of what they're doing here in addition to that is these answers are so long, they're now hiding a bunch of it. So what's really happening is the chatbot is giving this incredibly long explanation for its answer, which helps the accuracy of it. But the explanation is so long that if you're a user who asked a question, you're like, oh my God, I don't want to see all of this. So they're hiding a lot of that. And we know this because if you actually look at the user agreements, what's happening now if you use these reasoning bots is they say, don't just count. the tokens that you see. There's something called hidden tokens

that it generated part of its answer that we're hiding from you and the user because you don't need to see all that, but we have to charge you for it. Like, I mean, it produced all of this. So you can kind of quantify that, oh, they are generating

these really long answers and then they're hiding a lot of it so that like what you see is just some of the steps and then you get the final answer. So that's what reasoning is. It's not thinking slower. The reason why it takes longer

is that it's just generating a much longer answer. answer, right? That's what the slower is. Like, you see, you know, you see this when you use chat GPT. You know, it takes a lot, each token they produce. ChatGT still produces token by token. DeepSeek gains efficiency by doing a few words at a time.

But you notice how the words like come in one by one. It's because for every one of these things they're generating, you have 500 billion parameter transformer-based model pushing through to generate just that word. So it takes longer to generate these reasoning model answers because what it's really doing is writing like pages of explanation all the way up until its final answer. It just takes a long time to do all that. They don't show you all that work, but that's what the slowness is, is it's just giving really long answers.

So that's what reasoning is it is different than when I talked around the New Yorker last year about planning and how language models can't plan. And they said ultimately what language models will need to be flexible planners is planning engines outside of the language model. And you need some sort of coordinator that is going to talk to a language model and talk to a planning engine. The canonical example is like playing chess against an AI bot. Ultimately, you can't just have a giant neural network that can be hard-coded

to look ahead 100,000 possible moves because that's just too big of a neural network to hard code. You need some sort of like systematic simulator to check those. And then maybe like the neural network to look at its quality. etc. So I still think there's only so much, this helps answers. It's not the really sophisticated

Hal from 2001 style reasoning is going to require non language model components that can actually recurse and do loops and have state and actually explore things more systematically. But that is what I think is going on with reasoning. It's the same language models based on the same type of original training

that we've seen recently, these big 500 billion parameter models plus reinforcement learning. that gets it to show its work. And when language models show their work for certain types of problems, they're more likely to be accurate. So that is what is going on.

I can't find this explanation in almost any common press article about this, but I think that is what is really happening. All right, so I can't help myself, Jesse, but there we go. Are you going to write an article about it? I mean, it's not really like a New Yorker article. I don't know. This is more of like a science,

like a tech explanation article. You did a chat GPT article, didn't you? I've done some, yeah. it's kind of boring. Yeah. So I'm making you guys listen to this instead. I think it's interesting. I'm just kind of frustrated that none of like the people who write the tech explainer

articles, all the big names, they're all just falling back on this. It's just taking time to think more. And that's how the reasoning works. It's like, let's like actually understand. Is there a new architecture? Is there a new technology? Like what's happening? Yeah.

I had to read academic papers to try to just get that explanation. But I think that's what's going on. All right. Well, speaking of slowing down, I think that's all. the time we have for today, but we'll be back next week with another episode, and until then, as always, stay deep. Hi, it's Cal here. One more thing before you go. If you like the Deep Questions Podcast, you will love my email newsletter, which you can sign up for at calnewport.com. Each week, I send out a

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