Good Life Project - Dismantling Anxiety & Generational Trauma Through Mindfulness | Dan Harris
Episode Date: March 4, 2024After an on-air panic attack, ABC anchor Dan Harris, author of the 10-year anniversary edition of "10% Happier," embarked on a quest to understand his lifelong anxiety. If you've ever experience...d self-doubt, imposter syndrome, or a fear of coming undone, don't miss this uplifting conversation with Dan Harris on living more fully and freely.Harris traces generational roots back to a suicidal great-grandfather, realizing he could either be crushed by these demons or befriend them. This crisis set Harris on a quest that led to Buddhism, reshaping his mind through ancient tools and "mental rewiring." Now tattooed with his personal mantra, he shares the conversations that helped him tap into compassion. Harris reflects on transforming anxiety into awakening, befriending darkness to reveal inner light, and his journey to bestselling author and founder of the meditation company 10% Happier.You can find Dan at: Website | Instagram | Ten Percent Happier podcast | Episode TranscriptIf you LOVED this episode you’ll also love the conversations we had with Susan Piver about mindfulness and life.Check out our offerings & partners: My New Book SparkedMy New Podcast SPARKED. Visit Our Sponsor Page For Great Resources & Discount Codes Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Transcript
Discussion (0)
Love is not a factory setting, it's a skill.
Skills you can develop and the benefits to you are immense.
And so that is incredibly good and liberating news.
If you truly care about being happy, healthy, and successful,
the data suggests that the one variable to control for
is the quality of your relationships, i.e. love.
You should be working on the quality of your relationships
because literally your life depends on it.
The quality of your life and the length of your relationships because literally your life depends on it, the quality of your life and the length of your life. So Dan Harris's story is kind of the stuff of legend,
the kind that terrifies most of us. An accomplished news anchor in the biggest market in New York City
for years, Dan had a panic attack live on air. It was devastating. I think so many of us can relate.
I remember a time when I was speaking
in a theater before thousands of people and went completely blank on stage and started to drop
into that panic state myself. Thing is, what these experiences do to and for us is in part
about what happens and how we handle that moment. But I think even more, it's about how we allow these
experiences to inform us, to change us, to enrich us, even when we thought there was nothing good
to come from them. And that's exactly the path that Dan took. Recovering over time, he took this
journalistic approach to what he'd been through, mounting a now years-long quest to understand how
we show up in all parts of life, how we handle uncertainty, high stakes, expectations, often
wildly unrealistic, pressure, perfectionism, and anxiety, and how we can explore tools,
both ancient and cutting edge, to effectively rewire our minds and lives to not only be able to meet these moments of unexpected and profound
disruption with more ease, but also to move through the entirety of our lives, our relationships,
struggles, and triumphs with so much more grace and ease. And this is exactly where we head in
today's powerful, raw, honest, and insightful conversation. For Dan, this crisis led to an awakening that set in motion a quest
that eventually led him away from his long career as an ABC News anchor
and down the path of becoming a Buddhist,
number one New York Times bestselling author of 10% Happier,
How I Tamed My Voice in My Head, Reduced Stress Without Losing My Edge,
and also eventually ended up
founding a company that focuses on what he describes as self-help that actually works.
Now celebrating its 10th anniversary. In our conversation, Dan traces his surprising and
alarming familial roots in mental health challenge, sharing how he learned that his
great-grandfather actually died by suicide after fearing financial ruin in
the 1930s. And this inherited family trauma gave Dan insight into his own lifelong anxiety around
money and work. And rather than reject these difficult feelings or stories or histories,
he shared how embracing the ghosts of the past and making friends with our demons allows our innate capacity for love
and compassion and equanimity to emerge. Reflecting on the many conversations and practices that have
helped him reshape his mind and life, not just through his book and his business, but also
his podcast, 10% Happier, he shares how a fairly recently tattoo also reminds him to be useful to others with a few simple initials on
the inside of one arm. The key to what he sees as the essence of living a good life and the ability
to transcend generational patterns. Take the attention away from you. So excited to share
this conversation with you. I'm Jonathan Fields, and this is? You're going to die. Don't shoot him. We need him. Y'all need a pilot.
Flight Risk.
The Apple Watch Series 10 is here.
It has the biggest display ever.
It's also the thinnest Apple Watch ever,
making it even more comfortable on your wrist,
whether you're running, swimming, or sleeping.
And it's the fastest-charging Apple Watch,
getting you 8 hours of charge in just 15 minutes.
The Apple Watch Series 10, available for the first time in glossy jet black aluminum.
Compared to previous generations, iPhone XS or later required, charge time and actual results will vary.
It's interesting. You and I are longtime New Yorkers who are sort of like, I've departed
thousands of miles. You departed a little bit during the pandemic and sort of readjusting to
a different kind of life. I think we're all readjusting to life post pandemic and really
tapping into what matters to us. We often ask people before we start recording, you know,
to share any current passions or projects or interests. And you shared movies and novels and indie music.
And then you listed your nine-year-old son as your most important passion.
I want to know more about that.
I always wanted to have kids.
And it was a struggle for us.
We had a lengthy infertility struggle.
And we're essentially told at one point that it wasn't going to happen.
And then we did a sort of Hail Mary round of IVF. And now we have this giant Aryan child
marching around our house. And I say that I come from a Jewish background and I married a non-Jewish
woman. So I have this blonde child who's going to be the tallest Harris in the history of Harris. And so I really do not take for granted being a parent. I was 43 when he was born.
So I was a bit of an older dad. And in the first couple of years, honestly, I was really busy with
work in a not very helpful, not very self-aware way. The pandemic changed a lot of that because
I was really grounded and at home. And then I
retired from my one of my full time jobs, which was I was an anchorman at ABC News. And so now
I work from home. And so I spend a ton of time with him. And yeah, it's probably the best part
of my life when I when I try. I give a lot of speeches. So I travel around and talk to various
corporations about meditation, happiness, mental health, et cetera, et cetera.
And he comes with me.
And it's kind of like that movie There Will Be Blood where Daniel Day-Lewis brings his little son with him everywhere.
It's a little less dark than that.
That's a pretty dark movie.
But it's great, you know, and it's real bonding time for us.
And I'm aware how quickly this is going to go.
So I'm trying to squeeze all the juice out of it.
Yeah, it really, it moves so fast. We have a daughter in her early 20s, and this was the
first holiday season that we actually spent without her. And it goes so quickly. It's kind
of astonishing. I'm curious though, if you bring your son with you on moments like this,
given what you do and given your focus and given how you become sort of an evangelist and also a practitioner of mindfulness and to a certain extent, Buddhism,
Buddhist practices. I'm curious whether you have conversations with him and whether, you know,
oftentimes, you know, you have a kid whose parent is a therapist and like the minute that they start
talking about early, bring any idea or notion of like a therapeutic modality into the relationship between the parent and child. The child taps out, they roll their eyes.
They're like, don't do that. They're like, don't therapize me. I'm curious to sort of like what
it's like between you and your son, because this is such a big part of your life. But it's also
the type of thing that a lot of kids are kind of like, I don't think so. Yeah. Well, just to say
one thing is that I was the studio where taping this is just a basically a closet off of my
bedroom or the bedroom that I share with my wife. And I was looking for a pair of socks and they
happen to be in Alexander's room, which is right next to ours. And he was on his bed reading and
he said, what are you doing? And I said, well, I'm going to do an interview. And he said, who are you interviewing? I said, actually, no, I'm being reading. And he said, What are you doing? And I said, I'm going to do an
interview. And he said, Who are you interviewing? I said, Actually, no, I'm being interviewed. And
I said, Can you believe anybody wants to talk to your father? And he said, You're the hippie God.
So I mean, just to answer the actual question you actually asked me,
I have been very worried about this. And I have messed up in terms of foisting
my interest in meditation on people around me. Primary victim was my wife. When I first got
interested in meditation 13, 14, 15 years ago, I really evangelized in a pretty obnoxious way to
her. And to this day, she doesn't really meditate that much. And I take a lot of the responsibility for that. So when Alexander
arrived on the scene, I really vowed not to push it on him. He does travel with me, does hear me
give my speech, although usually he's on his iPad while I'm giving my speech, but sometimes
I'll see that he's listening. But I don't, I really try to be careful not to talk to him about
it. And then this really interesting thing happened, which was the school principal told us that Alexander was leading various groups of kids at his school.
He's a third grader in meditation.
And not just meditation, the cheesiest kind of meditation available, loving kindness meditation, which is where you kind of envision a series of beings in your mind and then repeat
phrases like, may you be happy, may you be safe, et cetera, et cetera. I sometimes jokingly refer
to this as Valentine's Day with a gun to your head. And so even I have mixed feelings about
this form of meditation. But Alexander apparently had been leading all of these kids and the high
school kids had found out about it and invited alexander to come
lead them in an all-school assembly in loving kindness meditation and i went uh because i was
he wanted me to go and i watched this kid grab the microphone and teach 600 you know
grown-ass people uh how to meditate it incredibly, it was one of the proudest
moments of my whole life. And I think it's an example of the fact that generally speaking,
with your children or with anybody, if you exhort them to their face, if you lecture them,
if you plead with them, if you cajole them, they're unlikely to do something like this. But if you just live your life and
model the behavior that you're hoping for, sometimes people will pick it up through
osmosis. And I think that's what happened with me and Alexander.
Yeah, that makes so much sense. And the parent knows, you know,
it really doesn't matter what you say, you know, and in fact, if anything, that can become the thing that pushes them away, especially if you say one thing or preach one thing or evangelize one thing,
and then they actually see you living your life differently, you know, there becomes this
disconnect, which makes me curious also, because, you know, you have 21 years or so in various
different roles at ABC News. And then sort of the later phase of that,
I guess, is when you really started to not just adopt the practices, but say, let me actually
share these and then let me actually build a business around this. When you do that,
when you move from saying, okay, these are practices that have meant a lot to me.
And now I want to not only share them, but that also I'm going to build something
significant around them and build your own venture, your own endeavor around them.
As much as there was stress in the job that you were doing, and you've spoken about that
in a lot of different ways, the stress that comes from starting your own endeavor is not less
than as a general when you're working for someone else, even in a high stress environment.
So I'm curious how you've done that dance, you know, because it's one thing to say yes to the
practice. This has made a difference in my life. It's another thing to say, I want to share this
in a meaningful way. It's an entirely different proposition to say, I want to build something
bigger around this that is an entity with its own stressors and complexities.
Yes. Yeah, that it has been really difficult. And there are times when I miss the comforting swaddle of corporate life where, you know, somebody else is taking care of the accounting
and the P&L and all that stuff. I just have to do my job. It was nice to be an individual
contributor in that way. And that's not my life at this point. For me, the number one challenge has been managing my own anxiety. I find that when I'm anxious or feel
unsafe in any way, mostly having to do with finances, I think for me, one of them, an Achilles
heel for me is worrying about money and worrying about, you know, making these little mental movies
of I'm not going to be able to make the payment, and we're going to lose the house. And they're very little, there's very
little factual basis for this. But it's just the way my mind works. And it's quite easy for me to
get caught up in that. And if I'm in that mode, I am not as good collaborator, and I feel like it warps my priorities.
I can overcommit or do things that are, I wouldn't say unethical in any way, but they're not speaking to what I care about the most.
So that's what I mean by warping my priorities.
I might agree to a project that I'm happy about, I think will help people, but it's not really the thing I'm most interested in. So for me, the top priority now
that I'm kind of on my own as a, I guess you might say entrepreneur or solo operator in some ways,
is to deal with my own fears in a way that helps me and my team stay on track.
Yeah, I mean, that makes a lot of sense. And at the same time, sort of circling back to the
beginning of our conversation, the more you model that for your son, the more through osmosis, as you described, he starts to
see that you can do hard things, you can do complicated things, you can do things that are
uncertain and it's going to affect you, but that doesn't mean that you have to step away from them.
Like there are things that you can do about it that can be incredibly helpful. You described
the most important thing for you in the context of what you're doing incredibly helpful. You described the most important thing for you
in the context of what you're doing right now. What's the most important thing that you're
trying to do for others at this moment? Well, in some ways, if I can keep my anxiety in check,
I'm not going to get rid of it. I don't think that unless you believe in full enlightenment,
and I've not seen any evidence for that in my own mind by the tone of your voice that we know where your beliefs are on that well i'm not open to it i just don't have
any evidence for it directly um but so i i don't think i'm gonna extinguish my fears but if i can
manage them well then that i think it allows me to bring forward what's innate in all of us, which is a
desire to be useful and helpful. And really, there's nothing special about that. I mean,
I think it is special that we have this capacity, but it's not unique to me. It is how we were
designed as a species. Every TED talk points this out. We're social animals and we evolved to
cooperate and communicate and collaborate. And that is how, for better or worse, we became the apex predator on the planet. And so that capacity for altruism that's what I'm hoping to do with my work,
you know, on my best days, maybe a little glib, but this little thing I say to myself,
when I wake up in the morning is, you know, my job is to make awesome shit that helps people
do their lives better. That's my job. I'm like, you know, I'm dipping into the worlds of a lot of
Dharma, the Buddhism, and then also modern psychology, and then using my
storytelling skills that I hopefully generated through 30 years of being on television and,
you know, being a communicator of these ideas. You have a very similar job. And so what I'm
trying to do is help give people tools that I know are vetted either through science or through millennia of contemplative
practice that can help them be less unhappy and better family members, better citizens,
better workers. And then hopefully that ladders up to a marginally better world.
How does that, in your mind, how does that aspiration, how is it different than the sentence that you used to wake up with for two plus decades when you're on the broadcast side of things?
Is it substantially different or can you trace that thread back then even?
One huge difference is I didn't have a sentence in my head back then.
I didn't have some clearly stated job on the planet.
I had a clear job, but I didn't, I didn't articulate in my head,
like, why am I doing this? What is the meaning, the purpose here? You know, if you, if pressed,
I would have said journalism is an important societal function. I continue to believe that
it is worth our taking risks. You know, I spent a lot of time in combat zones. It's worth our
taking risks to bear witness to what's happening at the tip of the spear in our name with our tax dollars.
So I believed in all of that, but there was a lot of other stuff going on too.
I think of motivation as a range.
So there's a high-minded end of the range, which consists of the stuff we just talked about, the societal function of journalism.
Then there's the middle of the range, which might be like curiosity, desire for adventure. And then I think the craven end of the range was,
well, there's a lot of, I don't know if I would have described myself as famous, but certainly
there's a lot of recognition to be had by doing this work. And I've sometimes joked that if you've
ever gone to a sporting event and they pop you up on the big screen and you see what a dopamine rush that is.
Well, that that's that's the entire job of being a news anchor or a field correspondent.
I was both of those things. So I think I was I had a as we all do a complex cocktail of motivations.
And I wasn't sufficiently aware of of them.
I probably to the extent that I was aware of the craven stuff. I didn't want to see it. And when I did see it, I told myself a whole story about what a monster I was so that that disincentivized me from looking at it in a healthy way. I think now the difference is on again on my best days, I'm aware of the full range of my motivations. And I try to emphasize the healthier ones without demonizing
the fact that, yeah, I mean, I'm a human. I think it was William James who said, you know,
we're gregarious animals. We like to be seen by our fellows. And yeah, so I and I suspect you feel
the same way. It's I want my podcast to do well. I want my books to do well. And I've come to see
that as part of like an exchange of love, you know, like that's a loaded word.
But if I can do good work and then I get in return the ability to pay my mortgage and people saying nice things to me on social media, I think properly computed, that should just be more fuel to do more good work instead of going off into an unhealthy nether zone of I'm amazing.
Yeah, we tend to get wrapped up in our egos really, really easily.
I think no matter who we are and what our status or situation is,
we're never going to dissociate ourselves from that.
It's a part of us.
And to a certain extent, it drives certain behaviors and certain actions
that actually can benefit in a lot of different ways,
but can also take us down. or sleepy. And it's the fastest charging Apple Watch, getting you eight hours of charge in just 15 minutes.
The Apple Watch Series 10.
Available for the first time in glossy jet black aluminum.
Compared to previous generations,
iPhone XS or later required,
charge time and actual results will vary.
Mayday, mayday.
We've been compromised.
The pilot's a hitman.
I knew you were gonna be fun.
On January 24th.
Tell me how to fly this thing. Mark Wahlberg. You know what the difference between me and you is? You're been compromised. The pilot's a hitman. I knew you were going to be fun. January 24th. Tell me how to fly this thing.
Mark Wahlberg.
You know what the difference between me and you is?
You're going to die.
Don't shoot him.
We need him.
Y'all need a pilot.
Flight risk.
I'm curious.
When you describe your son leading a loving kindness meditation for all these kids, and
then you just use the word love in both contexts. There
was an adjective that was cringeworthy. You seem to have an interesting relationship with
the notion of love. Tell me more. Well, my whole next book is on love. I mean,
I'm six years into writing my next book. The first book I wrote was a memoir called 10%
Happier. And the next book is about love. I'm kind of toying with this title of me, a love story, which some people don't get the joke.
So I'm trying to, I'm not sure I'll go with that title, but I like it. And so, yeah, I do have a,
I do have a funny feeling about the word. And I think a lot of us do, whether we're aware of it
or not, it's culturally freighted. You know, we, we use the same word to describe how we feel about our kids,
how we feel about our romantic partners and how we feel about some sweater we just saw on Instagram
in the ads. So what does it actually mean? It's often used in very cheesy ways. It can have a
hallmark or Valentine's Day connotation. And yet I think of it and this kind of goes back to what
we're talking about earlier about evolution. I think about it, and this kind of goes back to what we were talking about earlier about evolution,
I think about it as our evolutionarily wired capacity to give a shit.
You know, sometimes think of it as like anything north of neutral. This is the way evolution, I don't know, designed is probably not the right word,
but this is the way we ended up through natural selection.
This is probably the best part of the human animal.
And if you want to be happy or healthy,
you need to work on this. And I'm sure you interview, and you may actually be,
I'd be curious to hear if you fit into this category, people who are like optimizers,
optimizing for sleep, wearing a special ring to track their sleep, and they're counting their
calories, and they're trying to achieve ketosis, and they're trying to do a four-hour work week
and crush it at their job. And they've got this quantified life. And I used to be like this. You know, I used to
wear the ring that would track your sleep and nothing. I have nothing against it. But I would
get obsessed with the numbers and obsessed with where my book was ranking on Amazon and where the
podcast was ranking. And none of that is really what matters. I mean, yes, your health and your
sleep and your success, it all matters.
But if you truly care about being happy, healthy, and successful, the data suggests that the one variable to control for is the quality of your relationships, i.e. love.
So I've been thinking a lot about how to reframe love, knock it off its plinth and define it down usefully. And then also to make it to make
it aspirational to make it the type of thing that people spend their time thinking about rather than
just their Instagram account and just their LinkedIn resume and all that it's it you should
be working on the quality of your relationships because literally your life depends on it,
the quality of your life and the length of your life.
Yeah.
And all the data certainly points us to that.
You know, like the grand study, the longest running longitudinal studies, the clear answer,
and there's so much other data.
But here's my curiosity around this.
So in no small part, as you sort of emerged in the scene, a lot of the role that you played
is sort of like the science whisperer for ethereal practices. Like, let's take a look at this. Let's see what the outcome is. Let's see
what the practice is. And can I talk to people who can in some way explain this to me? Like,
let me wrap my rational brain around how or why this works. And I think there's value to that
because for a lot of folks, they will roll their eyes at a lot of things that could potentially be helpful unless they understand mechanistically, like how does this actually work?
You know, once I get that, then I can say yes to it. But when you look at something like love,
and then you sort of apply the impulse to deconstruct it and to bring it down to, you know,
like it's bones. Is that possible in the same way that you've looked at some of the other,
because you know, there's been a ton of research on a lot of different meditative practices over the last
two decades. So we've got that data and I'm sure there's going to be more. And there's been some
research in the field of love. I'm sure you've been diving into it as you work on the book,
but that feels qualitatively different than the types of practices that you've been exploring
before. I mean, I'm still writing the book, so I'll work this out with you in real time. And qualitatively different than the types of practices that you've been exploring before?
I mean, I'm still writing the book, so I'll work this out with you in real time and you can tell
me if you think I'm full of shit. You know, I think about love, it has its component parts.
So again, if you broadly understand love as the capacity to care, that applies to everything from your daily interactions with people who don't
even know like the barista etc etc to your friendships to your work relationships to your
family and to your intimate relationships the romantic love that is what most people are pointing to when they talk about love.
But I think of all of that as love.
And each level of that has been studied extensively from the what's called micro interactions. around what happens if you pay attention to the quality of your daily, often unnoticed
interactions with people, including strangers, to work relationships, to family relationships,
to romantic relationships. All of this has been studied both in the labs and through
contemplative geniuses over the last three, four thousand years. Much of the stuff I've looked at is in the Buddhist sphere.
And it can be looked at quantitatively and it can be looked at in terms of exercises you can
do to get better. Whether you believe love can or should be broken down in the mechanistic way
that you seem to have some at least mild interest or curiosity or concern about, you can set that
aside.
The real important thing is that what the science is showing us and what contemplative history is showing us is that love is not a factory setting.
It's a skill.
And so you may think you are a certain way.
Oh, I'm shy.
Or, you know, I'm a frosty New Englander.
I've been described that way.
But actually, these are skills you can develop and the benefits to you are immense. And so that is incredibly good and liberating news. And so that's what I'm trying to do to make people think about love in a broader way and then to realize that all of the cliches about meditation and related contemplative skills is
that they're simple, but not easy. And a lot of these skills are simple, but and life transforming,
but life is not supposed to be easy. Yeah. I mean, it's interesting. And I've looked a lot
of that research and probably we've looked at a lot of people over the generations that have spoken to the
topic too.
And yet there are still a lot of folks out there who don't want it to be touched, who
basically would basically like respond to saying, but love just is.
And it's interesting because I think folks who respond that way probably feel that way
and they can't imagine a world where others don't.
They just kind of feel like we all,
if I have access to this feeling that just seems to flow for me so naturally, you know, to the,
you described the barista, to a parent, to a loved one, to an animal, to my three closest friends,
that's just what happens. Everybody has that in them. It's natural. It's seated. It's there.
The problem isn't that we need to figure out how to generate it. The problem is that we need to remove barriers from actually allowing it to be present and to flow from us. And that the practice is less about how do I create this in me and more about how do I stop it from being so obscured. Well, I think that's exactly right, personally. Not that I know,
but in my opinion, that's exactly what is required here. I often talk about the Tibetan
word for enlightenment roughly translates into a clearing away and a bringing forth.
It speaks to exactly what you're talking about, which is we have, unless we're psychopaths, in us this capacity to love, to care, to be generous, to be communicative and cooperative.
It's the way we're wired.
But what's blocking it often is our fears, our biases, and our neuroses, our hangups, our cultural conditioning.
And a lot of the work is to, and this is uncomfortable, is to get more familiar with the stuff that's blocking you,
not to demonize it, to kind of develop like a warm relationship with what you might call your demons.
And that is what, that is a radical disarmament that can bring the noise down and
and allow to emerge what is within you yeah that makes a lot of sense i was recently reading david
brooks um the second mountain he yeah there's a bit in there where he talks about um not demon
but damon which is he frames as a positive you know and philosophically i guess you know this
is sort of like the deeper thing
that drives an intrinsic passion to just devote yourself,
pour yourself into an activity, a relationship, something around you.
And if we harness that in a meaningful way,
I feel like that probably is in us in the context of that capacity
to care for others as well.
But we're taught messages oftentimes within the family
unit from the youngest age that says it's not actually appropriate. And also a message that
this has to be earned. Like somebody's actually got to earn enough chips for them to get it from
you, which I think is an interesting layer that often isn't really explored.
Yeah. Well, I mean, this is an area where I think
things can get confused quickly. Love does not mean, in my experience, in my understanding,
it doesn't mean you're inviting people you don't like over for dinner or that you're approving of
political figures who might be pretty objectively objectionable does mean that you unburden yourself
from unnecessary and unconstructive levels of rage and hatred. You can very forcefully draw
boundaries and resist societal or interpersonal forces that you believe to be wrong, but doesn't have to come
from blind rage or hatred. It can come from love, actually, love for yourself, love for the people
who you believe are being mistreated. And I think, you know, the Dalai Lama talks about this a lot.
So this is not an original idea on my part at all. I mean, none of what I'm talking about is original. Being motivated by altruism or love is a cleaner burning fuel that will take you much further than
the sort of, I don't want to say self-defeating, but it can be exhausting hatred and anger.
Anger, you know, it has, there's healthy anger and then there's unhealthy anger. And the healthy
anger is useful in that it helps you see clearly what the problem is it can give you a lot of energy for short
bursts but unhealthy anger is when you lapse into this kind of corrosive hatred that grounds down
your resilience and that toxifies your your nervous system and so i think it's better over
time to tap into like a positive motivation yeah that, that makes a lot of sense. And as you've
described in the past, the research supports that in a lot of different ways. Sort of like thinking
also, as we talk about love, this is one aspect of your curiosity, but also their whole series
of practices. Mindfulness is something that has become a part of your life. Buddhist practice is
something that's become a part of your life. Buddhist practice is something that's become a part of your life.
And there wasn't this clean break
where you were in the news,
like a day hit and you're like,
okay, so now I'm a mindfulness Buddhist guy.
And like, I'm leaving the past behind
and I'm like stepping into this new mode
and I'm the 10% happier guy.
Like this all happened over a period of years of overlap
where you, you know,
there was this inciting incident
that's been widely reported that
you've written about and spoken about where you had a panic attack on air. And it leads you on
a journey of discovery. This effectively starts your hero's journey into this bizarre world that
leads you into mindfulness and meditation and Buddhism. But you're still spending a lot of time
in the overlap world where you're developing,
you're learning, you're exploring these practices, you're starting to integrate them into your life, and you're also existing in the world of mainstream broadcast media.
So I'm curious also, when you're sort of living this dual existence, whether there were times
in that zone where you face situations, where your personal beliefs influenced by mindfulness
or Buddhism ended up being at odds with what you may have sensed was your journalistic
responsibility and how you navigate moments like this. And I'm asking in the context of you and
this moment in your work, but I think a lot of people would have a similar overlay. They have
this job where a certain thing is expected of them. Something happens and they discover a gateway to something
that allows them to think about themselves and the world differently. But they have to somehow
hold these dualities simultaneously and figure out how to weave them together in a way that
doesn't create just profound rupture. Well, let me start by addressing the,
if there are people out there who feel like they're in a job
that pushes them to act in ways
that do not align with, you know,
their values or beliefs.
You know, I spent a lot of time
after I got interested in meditation
staying in the news world.
And so it's not like I got interested in Buddhism and bailed.
It was a slow process. So I think you need to give yourself if you've woken up and found yourself in
an untenable situation, I think you do need to give yourself a break and say, like, what's the
best, smartest, most responsible way out of this situation, especially if you have,
you know, dependents, minor dependents or children or,
or a spouse who's relying on you. So I think those moments can be really destabilizing. And I guess I
would just advise based on my experience, to not make it more destabilizing by making rash decisions.
Having said that, I think I stayed too long in the news business, post getting interested in
Buddhism. And that was largely out of the fear and
anxiety that we were talking about earlier. I just, well, I mean, part of it was because I loved
the job. And by the way, I actually never found myself feeling conflicted between my Buddhist
practice or meditation and the work I was doing. In fact, I felt that they were really nicely
complimentary. But so part of why I stayed longer than I needed to is that I really loved it and had great relationships there.
It was very sad for me to leave when I did in 2022, I think I left.
No, 21.
And I think the other part of it, though, was that it was that kind of economic anxiety.
Would I be able to take the leap to dedicate myself full time to being a podcaster and a book writer and
all of that stuff. I'm very glad I did it. But in hindsight, I probably shouldn't should have done
it a few years earlier, because I paid a pretty high price in terms of running myself ragged,
and making myself less available to my family and friends, you know, which takes us back to,
you know, my relationship with my son,
which I think in the first couple of years was damaged by my clinging to these two jobs at the same time, which I probably didn't need to do. Yeah. So what was it then? What was it that
basically eventually made you say, you know what, it's time? I wish I could say that it was some
cinematic moment with the strings swelling underneath. It was more math. It was like it became obvious that I could do this safely. It was probably if I had run the math, if I had run the numbers years earlier, probably would have been obvious then, too. and just did my podcast and wrote books that we'd be able to, we wouldn't go under. And just coming
to that realization belatedly is what gave me the courage to leave. And I think another thing was
realizing that how much damage it was doing, you know, in my interpersonal life to my interpersonal
relationships, you know, not wanting to open up my calendar app on my phone and feel deflated
because I, you know, it was just a ton of stuff
on there that I didn't want to do. And maybe I wanted to do them individually. I just didn't
want to do them all on the same day and not sleep or not see my family. So yeah, that was a massive
contributor. Yeah. I, I, that resonates so powerfully. One of my mantras for years has
been fewer things better. Yeah. It is very much an aspirational
mantra. So you feel sometimes that you too get sucked into more things and not better.
A hundred percent. And similar to you, it's not that any one of them, I wake up and say,
oh, I wish I wasn't doing this. For the most part, most of them are like, this is actually
really interesting. I'm drawn towards it. I'd love to deepen into it. But apparently there's one, you know, Jonathan Fields in one
meat suit with a certain limited capacity to actually do it. And I think a lot of people
feel this way. And, you know, like, so I've got five things that are all speaking to me and each
one of them could require a hundred percent of my energy. And then when you end up saying yes to,
to many of them, like, then you have to deal with the whole thing
of feeling fragmented and knowing like that voice
that says, you know, everything that you're doing,
you're not doing at a level
that makes you feel good about it.
And it's not because you don't like doing it.
It's because you've said yes to all of them at once.
And that's on me.
Yeah, yeah.
And so what do you think is driving it for you?
You know, It's interesting.
I think a lot of that is for me, I just see so many things I'm excited to engage in.
I'm just like, I see something and I'm a maker.
Like I love the process of making ideas manifest.
And my most urging call is sort of like the zero to one phase of that process, idea to thing.
And I look around, I wake up in the morning and I'm like, that could be made, that could be made, that could be made.
And I've had to learn the hard way, you know, oftentimes by just being kind of brought to my knees that, nah, it actually, maybe yes, but often it's a yes, but not yet or not now.
Like maybe down the road.
And that's been a lesson that has taken a lot, a lot of years that I'm still learning.
Like I'm not there yet.
And I think a lot of folks that probably resonates with it.
Is it similar for you?
Is there a different impulse?
It is absolutely the best part of the impulse is exactly what you just said, which is this
creativity and this desire to make something in the world that wasn't there before and
loving that process of coming up with ideas and then seeing them through.
I would say the other part of it is back to just a fear based acquisitiveness.
This difficulty I have, like trusting that if I just progress sanely and in a stately fashion, I'll be fine.
I always kind of knew this family story, but I recently learned a little bit more about it.
I had a great grandfather who was a Russian immigrant, Russian Jewish immigrant in the early 1900s, somehow got to this country as a very young man in Russia.
The Jews were horribly mistreated.
So a lot of them came to this country and it was pretty brutal what was
happening to them. There's pogroms and imprisonment and forced conscription. And it was really nasty.
So they they're traumatized. This guy ends up in this country, which is not the most welcoming
place. And Hustles and Hustles becomes a I think he has a grocery store and then becomes a bail bondsman and essentially a crook who was using was using his friends and family members homes as collateral for these guys who got arrested.
And one of them jumped bail, a famous conman jumped bail.
And my great grandfather realized he was going to get arrested and probably lose everything.
And he put his head in the oven
in the family kitchen and killed himself right there on the floor of the kitchen. My grandmother
and her mom, they found him. And this was never really talked about in families. I knew that he
had taken his own life and I thought it had something to do with family finances. But my
assistant, who's an amateur genealogist, went and found the newspaper articles about this from the 30s.
And so I read them.
And it explained so much for me.
You know, why do I have this irrational fear of losing everything?
And why is this such a, as I said before, Achilles heel for me?
And I don't know if I can pin it all on this dude.
But that guy's ghost is operating in this machine for sure. And so I,
I have to, you know, make friends with him and be mindful of his shitty advice.
And it can intertwine in confusing ways with the creative impulse too.
Oh, this is such a great idea. You can figure it out. You can figure it out. And wouldn't it be
nice to have that check too? And so it takes, you know, like you, I'm not all the way there. It's just a, I think a lot about this brilliant thing that Esther Perel, she has this thing that she says that some things are not problems to be fixed, they're dynamics to be managed. And I think what you and I are talking about now, it fits that, fits the bill.
Yeah, no, completely.
It's not a broken thing.
It needs to be sort of like rejiggered to a certain extent.
You bring up something really interesting also. What you're kind of describing with the story that you learned about your grandfather, you kind of knew parts of it, but you never really knew the details of it, is what a lot of folks these days are calling some version of intergenerational
trauma or inherited trauma. And there are, we've talked to a couple of folks actually over the last
year or two who are also pointing to not just this sort of the mystical or the behavioral, but
trying to track down like what's the science behind this, you know, and have identified
epigenetic changes that are then inherited down into generations.
With your mind, where you sort of look at the notion of something like inherited trauma.
I had somebody actually last year, really interesting conversation.
He was from the Ojibwe nation.
And part of their philosophy is that they believe that the behaviors, like their existence is affected by seven prior generations and that what
they do and how they are in the world will also affect the next seven
generations.
But part of their belief also is that what they do now can go back and heal
trauma created in the prior seven generations.
And as,
as this notion of inherited trauma that goes beyond the stories that you
clearly know, but you may be
carrying the influence of how does your sort of gentle skeptics brain of wanting to understand,
is that real? Like, how do you wrap around a concept like that and say like, yeah, like
something happened three generations ago and I'm dealing with it now, even though I didn't know
much about it. To me, it seems kind of just intuitive. Well, first of all, there is science as you,
as you know, and your listeners do. You've probably heard about this study, but the cherry
blossoms and the mice, you know, the, I'll just say it quickly that, cause you've covered it
before, but, and please dear scientists, forgive me if I'm mangling this, but something about how they, the scientists took a bunch of mice and then perfumed the place with cherry blossoms, when the scent was put into the
environment, without the electric shock, the mice freaked out. And so that just, I mean,
that's not intuitive. I mean, that's, that's an amazing result and gives me more confidence in
intergenerational trauma. But what is intuitive is that, you know, among humans, ideally,
we're being raised by the previous generation, they were raised by the generation before them. And these ideas, these behaviors,
these biases, of course, get imputed verbally, and then also through osmosis. So yeah, my parents,
even though they were doctors, and we had, you know, we weren't wealthy, but we had plenty of
money, they wouldn't fucking heat the house in, in, in the winter. We used to have to wear jackets, you know, like it was ridiculous.
And do I think that comes from what came before them? Yes. And do I think that's in my bloodstream
as a consequence? Yeah. So all of that, yeah, it's easy to make it kind of mystical and I'm
open to the mystical, but this also just feels pretty grounded and obvious too.
Yeah. That makes a lot of sense. I think you can look at it either way.
And there are so many things,
like what are the thousand things
that get transmitted to us that are on a micro level
that we have no conscious awareness of,
and yet we're receiving the message
and we're shaped by it in so many different ways.
Mayday, mayday, we've been compromised.
The pilot's a hitman.
I knew you were gonna be fun. January 24th. Tell me how compromised. The pilot's a hitman. I knew you were going to be fun.
On January 24th.
Tell me how to fly this thing.
Mark Wahlberg.
You know what the difference between me and you is?
You're going to die.
Don't shoot him, we need him.
Y'all need a pilot.
Flight risk.
The Apple Watch Series 10 is here.
It has the biggest display ever.
It's also the thinnest Apple Watch ever,
making it even more comfortable on your wrist,
whether you're running, swimming, or sleeping.
And it's the fastest-charging Apple Watch,
getting you eight hours of charge in just 15 minutes.
The Apple Watch Series X.
Available for the first time in glossy jet black aluminum.
Compared to previous generations, iPhone Xs are later required.
Charge time and actual results will vary.
Another curiosity of mine is certainly with what you've been building, 10% Happier,
you exist in part in a world of technology now also, in no small part.
That's what's allowing us to have this conversation. It's distributing our ideas, our voices, our conversations, the media that gets created.
But more broadly, in a world where so much of our experience is increasingly determined by algorithms that feed us a constant stream of input that's not designed to broaden our horizons and connect us to each other's humanity and let us be more present. But, you know, rather to do almost the exact opposite, how do you look at how we participate
in this ecosystem? Because we both do, and pretty much everyone on the other side,
like we all participate in this. Not be Luddites, but also find a way to extract ourselves and come back into a world of choice
and intention and presence where we're not just kind of whiling away our days rolling
with the algorithmic punches.
So just so I'm clear, I mean, this is a great topic.
Are you interested in how I participate in it as a consumer or as a maker or both?
Both actually. Yeah.
Yeah. It kind of gets to the question of, I'll say this out loud and we'll table it till later,
but, but it's the first thing that came to my head, which is something I've been thinking
about a lot. And I'd be interested to hear your opinion on, which is to what extent do we,
as people in the, you might call it self-help, but hopefully let, well, it's, we're on the more
benign end of that spectrum. How much do we put the responsibility for improving and enhancing one's life on the individual versus the structures of our society? So that's just a thing that came up that I think we can get to in the course of this conversation. question you asked. In terms of how I participate as a maker of stuff in what can be a pretty toxic
information space, I try to be a node of sanity in a dysfunctional ecosystem. I don't know how
much I as an individual can do to change the algorithms. I think they're deeply flawed. I
think they're amplifying our worst instincts. I think they're driving us apart. And. I think they're deeply flawed. I think they're amplifying our worst
instincts. I think they're driving us apart. And so I think it's a principled stand to say,
I'm not going to make anything in this ecosystem because it's just totally fucked.
And I wouldn't criticize anybody for making that decision. That's not the decision I'm making. I am,
you know, making as are you podcast.
About six months ago, I got a little bit interested in doing short snippets of wisdom,
you know, useful advice for social media, which I had never really participated in in any real way.
And I was I had a lot of misgivings about that. But just watching the comments and seeing that
it is useful for people has been
really reaffirming. And while I have a lot of problems with social media, it feels like I'm
adding some light to the best of my ability. And I'm certainly not alone. Lots of people are doing
this. That's my take on the making and on the consuming. I do my best not to get addicted. But I can, you know, if I haven't slept enough, or if I'm anxious or hungry or bored or whatever, I can definitely get sucked into the algorithm. And, you know, I try not to feel too badly about that when and I don't think others should. I think we need some vigilance, but we also need to give ourselves a break. When you open up your phone, it is you against supercomputers designed by some of the smartest human beings who've ever walked on this
planet. And it's hard to expect that their techniques are not going to work on you and you
alone. So absolutely, I can get sucked into the algorithms. But you know, one of the things that
happens, at least for me through years of doing some meditation is that I have a little bit more
kind of self awarenessawareness and I can
kind of see when I'm, you know, I haven't eaten for a while or I'm, you know, feeling dysregulated
or just swamped by FOMO or whatever, and reasonably good at shutting the thing down and locking in
another room and playing catch with my son. Yeah. And I would agree. I think, you know,
having a practice, you know, that builds over time just gives you that meta-awareness of just being a little bit more aware of where your attention actually is going at any given moment in time and then inquiring into why is it actually going there?
Like, what do I actually need now?
And is this a constructive option?
Yes.
But, you know, it's a slow build. And I wonder sometimes when people start to think about meditation and mindfulness and these practices, you know, I have complete control over my attention and my ability to not do the things I want to do and do the things I want to do, that, oh, it's not working for me.
And like you said, you put that up against algorithms that have been honed in technology and stunning resources.
It's not a fair fight.
No.
And at the same time, I do agree. I feel like
over time, it does give you just a little bit more and a little bit more and a little bit more.
You can pull out a little bit quicker and you can choose something that feels more constructive
rather than destructive. But sometimes I think structurally, and I'm curious whether you ever
do this, you kind of need to do a bit of a purge and just say, I'm going to like, you know,
it's like an elimination diet, you know, let me pull all of these inputs out of the system for
30 days to see what it feels like without them. And then if it feels substantially better,
like maybe start slowly titrating one back in a limited way and run the experiments to see like,
where do I feel best? But it's so hard to even like to do
that 30 day thing. Our brains are so tuned to be a part of that ecosystem now that it's brutally
hard to even run that initial experiment. It is. I think it's a good idea. And I did do some of
the, I have a friend, Catherine Price. I don't know if you've ever interviewed her. She's,
she wrote a book called How to Break Up With Your Phone, and she's pretty deeply influenced by meditation and Buddhism.
Back when I was working at Good Morning America, she came and did a digital detox for me and
erased a bunch of stuff from my phone and had me charge the phone in a different room.
And that was very helpful. I've done a lot of backsliding in the intervening
time, but there are many, many of our tips that are still in my head. One of them is like,
if you can train yourself to ask yourself the question, why am I reaching for my phone right
now? Like, what am I looking for? And am I going to get it here? That's a very helpful question.
Yeah, indeed. I want to circle back to the question that you posed before we sort of dived into your thoughts on my question, which is this notion of where does the responsibility lie for somebody who seeks to affect change or change experience in their lives?
Does it lie mostly with the individual?
Does it lie with people who might be offering ideas and inquiries and tools and processes
out there?
That's a question that I think I've been grappling with for years.
And it sounds like you're there also.
Yeah.
I mean, I'll tell you where I'm at and I'll be interested to hear where you're at.
And I'm not, I'm not claiming to have figured this out fully, but this is where I'm at right
now.
I can be disabused of these notions.
You make forceful arguments to the contrary. I'm at right now. I can be disabused of these notions. You make forceful
arguments to the contrary. I think it's yes and, you know, like, I don't know how much power we as
individuals have to change some of these structures. I think we can band together and do it.
And that's great. And we should do that work. And where do you want to do that work from? A place of dysregulation, confusion, hatred, anger.
You want to do it from a place where you've done some of the inner work to make you calmer, a better communicator, happier, less emotionally reactive.
So I think it's about doing both at the same time. And you should pick what you want to do
in each category, the micro and the macro. You know, what's going to work for you for your own
personal self-regulation? Is it exercise, therapy, meditation? And in terms of being a good citizen,
is it just voting? Is it volunteering locally? Is it getting politically active? Is it running for office? It's, you know, it's, this is up to you. There's no, I don't, I'm not handing out report cards. It's like, what do you want to do? What's going to work that you do part of the work that I do part of
the work that so many people that we know that run in sort of similar circles do is designed to say,
here's some things that I'm thinking about here. Let me introduce you to some people who are like,
at least in my case, a bazillion times smarter than me and have studied much more deeply. And
let's inquire into what they might have to offer us collectively. And to a certain extent,
if we can share specifics or ideas,
great,
you know,
and then at the end of the day,
what folks do with that is so context specific,
you know,
to tell somebody who has stunning resources and privilege and access,
you know,
that,
that,
you know,
like the next five steps are the exact same five steps as somebody who's working three jobs and is barely getting by and has just stunning opposite burdens in their life, I think is sort of like the height of arrogance.
I think to a certain extent, the work is to try and do the, like you said, do the internal self-regulation, be as present and be as kind, be as generous as you can share wisdom. If it's yours or wisdom of others, create a conduit or a pathway and channel.
And then acknowledge the fact that, you know, people have very differing abilities to actually
take action on anything they might hear, even if it really deeply resonates at any given season
or moment in time. And that that's okay. And that like,
there shouldn't be a sense of expectation or shame or blame that gets laden on top of that,
because then you're doing the exact opposite. And yet at the same time, you kind of broadly
hold this aspiration that I hope it's making a difference in some way. And it's, it can sometimes
be a weird place to be. Yeah. I agree with everything you just said. I would add one other
thing, which is to just, and this is just a build on what you were
saying, and you were kind of pointing at it too.
Just bear in mind that some people are impacted more severely by the structural, by the structures
of our society than I am.
I mean, you and I are, you know, a little bit older white guys. We're walking cliches, white men with podcasts. And I don't know your entire economic history, but I suspect that like me, you've had many, if not all of the available privileges and advantages in life. And I could be wrong about that in your case, but I'm right about it in my own. And so the, some of the inequities and inequities in our society, I am less impacted
by them than others. And so, you know, like Spider-Man's uncle said something, the effect of
to whom much is given, much is expected. And, you know, I don't lecture my son about a lot of things
because it's not going to work, but I have two things I lecture him about. And one of them is that, that he is an extremely lucky kid and he should enjoy all the shit we give him. And he should recognize that it comes with one string, which is that he has to find his way to give back eventually when the time is right and in whatever way is right for him. Yeah, I mean, and that, interestingly,
that kind of really brings us to the tattoo on the inside of your left wrist.
I know last summer, you got your first ink, F-T-B-O-A-B,
which is shorthand for one, spell out what actually is it.
I can't believe I'm a guy who has this tattoo now
for the benefit of all beings which is quite earnest for somebody who swears a lot and um
you know likes you know nihilistically sarcastic humor but it is a way i think one of the hardest
things about spiritual development i don't or personal growth whatever you want to call it and
i don't know i don't know if this will land for you, Jonathan, but I think one of the hardest things is the power of forgetting we are, we are
wired for denial and forgetting and habit patterns. And the culture is kind of constantly
militating against, you know, some of the more, some of the deeper spiritual lessons that we
might get in a podcast like this or in a great book or because, you know, that
I'm a capitalist, but capitalism is, you know, has its more noxious sides and it's driving us
toward, you know, comparison and insufficiency and this mirage of satisfaction through the next
purchase, et cetera, et cetera. And so it's easy to forget the things that, you know, in a quiet
moment you actually care about. And so for me, and this
goes right back to the thing we've been talking about since the, you know, earliest questions and
answers in this conversation, you know, I need to go as far as I possibly can to have reminders in
my life so that I'm not pulled along by the tide of habit or fear, anxiety toward selfishness, which,
you know, I think we all have it. I might have it more than others. So having this tattoo on my
right near my watch, it's an acronym for the benefit of all beings is to sort of remind me
of what it is that my job is to be useful. And this is not about, you know, relentless self-sacrificing.
You know, the A in this is all beings.
And I'm part of that.
So it doesn't mean that self-interest is off the table.
It's kind of about, I think at its best, this kind of elevated, enlightened self-interest or the Dalai Lama calls it wise selfishness. They recognize that the happiest
I am likely to be, and I think this is true for most people, is when I'm being useful or helpful
or kind or decent or whatever you want to call it, when I'm showing love, back to that word.
And so, yeah, I find it really helpful to gaze down at this throughout the day,
especially like oddly, I don't know if I want to say especially, but even when I'm working out,
for example. Now, why am I doing this? Because I want to be strong and healthy so I can make other people strong and healthy. I mean, I literally say that in my head. And again, if you had told me five, six, 10, 15 years ago, I was going to be a guy who does this. I would have coughed my beer up through my nose. That is not like how I'm wired, but I find it really helpful as a reminder and as a way to counter
program against my worst instincts, which I don't think any of us should pretend are no longer with
us. Yeah, no. So agree. And I love that reminder. It feels like a good place for us to come full
circle too. So in this container of good life project, if I offer up the phrase to live a good
life, what comes up? I think we just talked about it. I think a good life is if i offer up the phrase to live a good life what comes up i think we just talked
about it i think a good life is designed around the idea of benefiting all beings including
yourself that's so it's not not like you should never sip another latte or take another vacation
but i think if you can frame all of you know the goodies in your life as replenishing so that you
can be useful to other people that is the highest form of selfishness, because this is how we're designed.
We if I'm not a utopian, I was a news reporter for too long.
I know what human beings are capable of.
I've seen unbelievable amounts of cruelty from, you know, domestic violence to murder
in the streets to combat.
But I'm like 51% optimistic. And if what gets me over the hump is, and we keep coming back to evolution,
there are many bugs in the human design, but there's one unbelievable feature, which is that for most of us, when we do good for other people, it feels good. And we can ride that a pretty long way,
I think. And so I think that's good for us. That is what will allow us to lead good lives. And I
think it's what's going to be the for the species, if that's possible.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Hey, before you leave, if you'd love this episode, safe bet you'll also love the conversation we had
with Susan Piver about mindfulness in life. You'll find a link to Susan's episode in the show notes.
This episode of Good Life Project was produced by executive producers, Lindsay Fox and me,
Jonathan Fields, editing help by Alejandro Ramirez, Christopher Carter crafted our theme
music and special thanks to Shelly Dell for her research on this episode. And of course,
if you haven't already done so, please go ahead and follow Good Life Project in your favorite
listening app. And if you found this conversation interesting or inspiring or valuable, and chances
are you did since you're still listening here, would you do me a personal favor, a seven second
favor and share it maybe on social or by text or by email, even just with one person, just copy the
link from the app you're using and tell those, you know, those you love, those you want to help
navigate this thing called life a little better. So we can all do it better together with more ease and more joy. Tell them to listen. Then even invite them
to talk about what you've both discovered because when podcasts become conversations
and conversations become action, that's how we all come alive together.
Until next time, I'm Jonathan Fields, signing off for Good Life Project. Apple Watch Series 10 making it even more comfortable on your wrist, whether you're running, swimming, or sleeping.
And it's the fastest-charging Apple Watch,
getting you eight hours of charge in just 15 minutes.
The Apple Watch Series X,
available for the first time in glossy jet black aluminum.
Compared to previous generations, iPhone Xs are later required.
Charge time and actual results will vary.
Mayday, mayday. We've been compromised. The pilot's a hitman. I knew you were gonna be fun. January 24th. Tell me how to fly this thing. results will vary.