Into the Impossible With Brian Keating - The Next Phase of Human Evolution (ft. Bret Weinstein)

Episode Date: December 9, 2025

WANTED: Developers and STEM experts! Get paid to create benchmarks and improve AI models. Sign up for Alignerr using our link: https://alignerr.com/?referral-source=briankeating Today’s guest Bret Weinstein takes us on a fascinating journey to discover the next evolution of mankind. KEY TAKEAWAYS 00:00 "Universal Principles of Evolution" 08:14 "Soma, Germline, and Senescence" 12:34 "Life Cycle Adaptation Patterns" 17:46 "Hybrid Creatures, Not Resurrections" 24:01 "Biology, Ancestry, and Modern Pathology" 27:14 "Precautionary Principle and Hidden Risks" 33:51 "Antifragility: Growth Through Challenges" 41:02 Evolutionary Patterns in Nocturnal Vision 48:16 Culture: A Tool for DNA Goals 54:02 "Overhyped Fears of LLM AI" 55:55 Overhyping LLMs: Evolution Prevails 01:05:13 "Sober Realism About AI" 01:09:04 "Passion for Science, Not Professorship" 01:16:59 "Developing Independence and Skepticism" 01:18:42 "AI: A Modern Cassandra Warning" 01:26:30 "Rethinking Priorities: Solar Storms" 01:33:05 "Prioritizing Hazards Intelligently" 01:35:00 "Reprogramming Life's Blueprints" - Additional resources: Dark Horse Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@DarkHorsePod/videos Peterson Academy Lecture Series: https://petersonacademy.com/?utm_source=Keating Get My NEW Book: Focus Like a Nobel Prize Winner: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0FN8DH6SX?ref_=pe_93986420_775043100 Please join my mailing list here 👉 https://briankeating.com/yt to win a meteorite 💥 - Join this channel to get access to perks like monthly Office Hours: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmXH_moPhfkqCk6S3b9RWuw/join 📚 Get a copy of my books: Think Like a Nobel Prize Winner, with life changing interviews with 9 Nobel Prizewinners: https://a.co/d/03ezQFu My tell-all cosmic memoir Losing the Nobel Prize: http://amzn.to/2sa5UpA The first-ever audiobook from Galileo: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican https://a.co/d/iZPi9Un 📺 Watch my most popular videos:📺 Neil Turok https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dt5cFLN65fI Frank Wilczek https://youtu.be/3z8RqKMQHe0?sub_confirmation=1 Eric Weinstein vs. Stephen Wolfram https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OI0AZ4Y4Ip4?sub_confirmation=1 Sir Roger Penrose: https://youtu.be/AMuqyAvX7Wo Sabine Hossenfelder: https://youtu.be/g00ilS6tBvs Avi Loeb: https://youtu.be/N9lUceHsLRw Follow me to ask questions of my guests: 🏄‍♂️ Twitter: https://twitter.com/DrBrianKeating 🔔 Subscribe https://www.youtube.com/DrBrianKeating?sub_confirmation=1 📝 Join my mailing list; just click here http://briankeating.com/list ✍️ Detailed Blog posts here: https://briankeating.com/blog 🎙️ Listen on audio-only platforms: https://briankeating.com/podcast #universe #podcast #briankeating #intotheimpossible #science #astronomy #cosmology #cosmicmicrowavebackground #intotheimpossible #briankeating #bretweinstein Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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It's literally encoded in your genes by evolution itself. My guest today is Dr. Brett Weinstein, evolutionary biologist and co-host of the Dark Horse podcast. And he's going to explain why aging isn't some disease that we can cure. It's the price we pay for being the most complex organism in the known universe. But here's the thing nobody tells you. Your genome is under constant attack, constant pressure to stay small, which forces your genes to multitask. The same gene that makes you strong at 20 years old actively degrades you at 60 years old. Evolution doesn't care about your golden ears.

It cares about reproduction, transporting your genetic code into the future. And once you've passed your genes forward, you're maybe obsolete. But this conversation goes way beyond aging. And we have touched the foothill of a peak that we can't see. The nature of our species is to climb that peak, which we are doing at an incredibly high rate. And the consequences will simply be what they are. We can talk about protecting ourselves, regulating. None of it matters.

We opened Pandora's box, and we will discover what happens when you do that. We're talking about AI accelerating evolution into what Brett calls hyper-novelty. Environmental change so rapid that human biology can't keep up. We're discussing solar super storms that could damage DNA and civilization overnight, while everyone obsesses over climate change. We're also exploring why the scientific method itself might have to bend when you move for the physics lab to the complexity of a tropical rainforest. What does it mean to infer things evolutionarily?

Is this part of a new type of scientific method? or is this just the scientific method applied specifically in the incarnation of evolutionary frameworks? Well, it's really both. The fact is the sciences are grouped by the method we use to make inferences, but the types of inferences that we make in biology are fundamentally different because of the degree of true complexity and therefore emergence. So what I mean by this is the scientific method, we observe a pattern, we hypothesize a cause, we find predictions that follow from that hypothesis, and then we run a test to see if the

predictions are manifest. That method is no different if you're running it in a chemistry lab versus in a tropical forest, but the type of inference is altered by the complexity of the forest relative to the lab bench. So, for example, if you say, well, you know, a single observation that runs against the hypothesis falsifies it, well, that may be true in a chemistry lab or a physics lab where you can limit all of the inputs to the system, but if you make a prediction in a tropical forest, you're bound to see many things that go in the other direction, even if the hypothesis is true just by virtue of the huge number of influences on the system. And so we have to relax the rules of falsification,

not because they're any less true in biology, but just because of the amount of noise. And we have to use unfortunate tools like statistics. You know, a single observation of gravitational lensing is enough to prove Einstein, but in biology, we might need to look at, you know, 10,000 examples of something in order to see whether the pattern we expect to see is present. So I do think people should understand that in one way, biology is actually closer to engineering and economics than it is to chemistry and physics. And once you see that, it causes you to think about it differently. So let me ask you this question.

If there are universal principles applicable to evolution, then they should be understandable, at least by any general purpose intelligence. And we'll get to artificial intelligence soon. But I want to ask you, you know, if I scooped up some of this material down at the beach in San Diego here, and I just presented it to a hyper-intelligent alien, you know, benevolent, of or to a artificial intelligence that had some ability to manipulate and to do all sorts of, you know, whatever you guys do in the biology lab. I don't know.

Brett, when I dissected a frog in high school, it didn't die. It was gruesome. But it seems to me that they should be able to understand and make predictions about stuff that we experience. For example, if I gave this material to the hyper-intelligent hypothetical alien, could it tell us that we would age? Could it make a prediction just on these molecules of DNA? of RNA, et cetera, that we would experience aging, which you've done a lot of work on.

In other words, is it so universally true that you could make predictions as we could with a compound in chemistry or a nucleus in physics? Can we make, could you infer that we would die eventually from just looking at DNA and our constituent compounds? Yes. Your hypothetical hyper-intelligent alien would, first off, be the product of an evolutionary, of an evolutionary process on their home planet. And so therefore would be able to extrapolate to our system.

And they could look at the characteristics of our system and if they were careful, make correct extrapolations. But I would point out, you know, it isn't the simple fact of being broken into cells that have information encoded in DNA that predicts this. You, of course, don't need DNA at all to. explain why senescence, the process of growing feeble and inefficient with age evolves. It could be any information storage molecule that was material. Why? Because a material storage mode is going to create an expense for an indefinitely large genome. So there's pressure to shrink the genome down, which is going to cause pressure to have genes

do more than one thing, and as soon as you have genes doing more than one thing, a gene can do something good for you early in life that's costly later in life. That will be viewed as positive by selection, which is not inherent to Earth, that just inherent to this culling process. And so that will cause the accumulation of these so-called pliotropic genes, which cause all of those late-life effects to degrade the functioning of the creature. At some point, that problem becomes significant enough that instead of just trying to persist in this ever less efficient form, it's better to replace yourself with a fresh version that is pre-aging or pre-senessence. So anyway, that pattern should be easily extrapolated. On the other hand, it is true that a tree has

cells, it's got the same information molecule that we do, DNA. Does it senes? Well, yes, it seneses for the same theoretical reason I just gave you. However, the senescence is radically different than that of a mammal. Why? Well, if you think about the way a tree works, you've got a seed, turns into a seedling, you get a trunk, you get branches, and a classic tree, those branches will put forth flowers, the flowers get pollinated, a fruit with a seed in it is going to be produced. But the point is what that story I've just described is one in which there is no sequestered germline. A sequestered germ line is a set of tissues that is reserved for reproduction. But what I've just told you is that the trees in the trunk that give rise to the branch, that give

rise to the flower, that give rise to the seed are all part of the germline. If you look at your finger, there's no way for your finger to reproduce directly. So you have a sequestered germline, which allows the rest of your body to be distinct evolutionarily. It's your soma. It's independent of your germline, and it is a dead end. So your soma has to cooperate for your germline to reproduce. In plants, this isn't the case. And so what we don't see is the same kind of somatics in essence that we would see in, let's say, a mammal. But we do see, if you talk about, you talk about, to an arborist, for example, about a fruit tree, what happens as the tree gets older is that it becomes less effective at producing fruit. So we end up having to prune it back in order

to restore its younger characteristics. So we do see senescence at the level of the phenomena, but we don't see senescence in the same relationship between the tissues and the genome that we do in a mammal with a sequestered germline. So a sophisticated alien would probably have examples of both that they had seen and they would be able to look at the stuff that you pulled out of the beach and say, you know, which portion of the whole theoretical landscape applies to these individual creatures that they would be able to tell you, I think that creature is going to show no senescence because it's a single celled organism and senescence would effectively be fatal to the species. And this other organism

is multicellular, has a sequestered germ line. It ought to senescent more or less the way a mammal does. And this other one is plant-like, has no sequestered genome. It will senesce, but it won't be in the same tissue-level senescence that we see in an animal. Yeah, it's sort of reminiscent of many world's hypothesis. Depending on which branch you chose or got accent. to you might make radically different choices in life or in in the cells future but how does that explain say the the varying time scales on ranging from I forget what the shortest mammalian lifespan is but but I know there's a Greenland shark off the coast here that's been terrorizing Mike no it's it's not not around here but

they live hundreds of years right so how would if you chose the right you know cell to give to the hyper intelligent alien that's on your desk right now and some sort of creed apple or whatever. If you gave it to them, you know, how would they, could they also predict this orders of magnitude variability in the very properties you just mentioned endemic to the different types of cells? Yeah, absolutely. The way to think about it is that there are various characteristics in a life cycle that predict movement along the continuum from these very short lives to extremely long. long ones. So think about the following conundrum. A parent tends to be, we're talking about

humans here, a human parent tends to be livid with their child if their child comes home pregnant, but if the child has moved out, has fledged, and produces a grand offspring, the same parent will tend to be thrilled, right? Why is that? Well, there's a bias in the priorities of the parent. The parent is twice as related to its own offspring as it is to a grand offspring. So evolution being evolution, given a choice between producing more offspring directly and producing grand offspring, the parent prefers to produce offspring directly. But there's obviously a point at which the direct production of offspring becomes sufficiently unlikely in humans. And in fact, we are almost unique amongst animals in having menopause, a distinct, adaptive

end to our reproductive lifespan that causes the only mechanism to produce further evolutionarily positive output is grand offspring and relatives. You don't produce any more directly. you know so in any in any event the basic point is this creatures prefer sexually reproducing creatures prefer to produce their own offspring than to have grand offspring produced but there's a point at which their ability to produce their own offspring is sufficiently degraded by senescence that it actually makes sense to prefer grand offspring or great grand offspring so when you're talking about very short-lived animals, these are liable to be animals in which you have either a very destructive environment that causes a rapid degradation incapacity or a very dangerous environment in which the chances

of producing further offspring are low because the predation rate is high, for example. In either of those cases, you'll see an acceleration of the life cycle in creatures that have a very safe existence, something like a tortoise. because it has a shell and may live on an island where it doesn't have any predators. You may get a slowing down of the life cycle. And yes, a super intelligent alien would have noticed all of these patterns. And, you know, they would come to Earth. They would look at the creatures.

And they would know what questions to ask in order to predict these outcomes. And they would, of course, be fascinated by any creature that broke the rule. Today's video is sponsored by my friends at a liner. They've ever asked AI a tough question and got back, gobboligook. That's not entirely the fault of the AI, but the frustration that you feel could actually be worth up to $150 per hour. Behind every AI breakthrough is a network of experts actually teaching these systems how to think. And my friends at Aliner are connecting brilliant people, mathematicians, scientists, engineers, geniuses just like you. To make sure AI works for all of us.

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So we'll get again to the, the deep future, but I want to move back in the past because I just got back from Stonehenge a couple of weeks ago, which was, I have to say it was a little underwhelming. It was kind of like going to the wet, the hotel, the Western Wall, the Whaling Wall. You know, you build this up. This whole thing's going to be so incredible. And get there and you're like 200 meters away from it. And they won't let you touch a single rock. I mean, this was a great, great travesty for my little kids that wanted to try to push them over. But it made me think about you're saying that, you know, were trapped these Stone Age brains in a space age world.

I think you said that once. My question for you is, what is sort of the bigger danger? I've talked to colleagues of yours, people like George Church and David Reich, and they're trying to resuscitate, bring back to life stone age creatures, including dire wolves and mammoths, but maybe even Spot Pabo, who I hope to talk to soon, to bring back Neanderthals. me, what would you fear more, sort of a recurrence of the hunter gatherers coming back to life, a swarm of a swarm of hyper-intelligent, super-intelligent AIs or let's even say aliens, which would

pose a greater danger to us that's sort of caught in this geometric mean between Stone Age and Spaces? Well, I have complicated fears about both. One thing that is worth saying is that, you know, as a biologist, I cannot help but be enticed by the thought of encountering a giant ground sloth, a pygmy stegadon elephant is one I'd really like to see. But, you know, so there's a part of me that I have bigger concerns and to the extent that I'm going to potentially be able to encounter something that's been extinct. That's wonderful. Maybe it's not tolerable morally, but I'm almost willing to let it slide in light of the dangers we really face. However, I think this has all been oversold. We definitely have some substantial genetic information about some creatures that are indeed extinct. we have the ability to resurrect characteristics of these creatures, but to pretend that what we're

doing is bringing a creature back from extinction, it's not accurate. You're talking about something that is a hybrid between a creature that continues to exist and it's basically a genetically modified organism that you're going to bring back that may have a lot of dire wolf in it, but it ain't a dire wolf. So that A troubles me at the level that I think we are in some danger of dying from hype, that a lot of people are hyping a lot of stuff and most of it is not very good. All of it ought to give us trepidations. and the degree to which the scientific press and the scientific community in the larger sense are willing to go along with each other's fictions in order not to be called out themselves, I just think it's unfair.

We should not be leading the public to believe that we're actually bringing these. No, and I don't think, well, right now they're not making, I mean, George Church is incredibly reserved individual for my experience. and David Reich, I'm talking to as well, he's more interested sort of in the evolution of language that can be traced to DNA. But I guess my question is it doesn't seem to be out of the realm of possibility, at least to either, you know, commingle genes from, you know, frogs and dinosaurs, as we learned about from Jeff Goldblum in Jurassic Park that nature finds a way.

My question is not like the hype and the sociology surrounding, which I agree with, can be overblown. But what if it does take place? I mean, 100 years from now, who's to say we couldn't, you know, do more with some wet, slimy Siberian Denisovans DNA that is, you know, perfectly viable in a lab. If you saw it, you would be able to do all your tricks that you guys do on DNA and whatnot. But let's just say, for the sake of example, what would be the danger to humanity if we did de-extinct a population of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and so forth, and they abundantly reproduced. I mean, I'd love to have them on my, you know, men. league softball team, but what dangers might they present?

Well, I mean, I don't see any danger. The fact is the various populations of the earth get along very well. We've gotten over our tendency towards war and genocide. And so I can't see what the problem would be bringing back a more distantly related creature. Yeah, no, let's bring it on. I mean, seriously, like, I just don't think we're morally up to it. And, you know, I'm not. Oh, sure.

I guess I'm interested in the physics, the bio, like just for, yes, I agree. with you, all sorts of, and David talks about that in his book, the morality, the, you know, every single encounter that you can mention. All the land acknowledgments, let's assume they all take place, Brett. But, I mean, if it did take place, I mean, which would be a bigger danger, AI that's trapped in a chip that, again, we're going to get to, but, or like an extant population of, you know, five foot tall, you know, 250 pound, three percent body fat, you know, individuals who, you're right. We would, I mean, would we prefer those or, uh, uh, uh, a gaggle of optimi of optimist robots.

What would be a bigger kind of threat to our extinction or evolution as a species, not extinction, but evolution as a species of humans? Or which would be beneficial. Maybe they'd be a benefit to us. I mean, look, there, you know, again, I would love to meet a hobbit from Flores Island. I mean, there's no end to the wondrous possibilities, but at some level, we just suck at this. We're so prone to do that which we can do and then allow the chips to fall where they may that we have created a terribly unhealthy modern population that we expose to all manner of degrading economic influence. You know, the answer to your question is what could possibly go right? One of the things that we, you know, kind of learn in your course, and I've taken the first half of the course in Peterson Academy, is about the strange things that pop up, not just death, but all sorts of strange things that pop up, including things like cancer. I mean, from an evolutionary perspective, I mean, you often hear from religious critics that, you know, putting the windpipe near the throat and where the animal ingest things is not the sign of an omnipotent, omniscient designer. But then on the other sense, like cancer seems to, you know,

to be also inexplicable, perhaps from an intelligent design perspective. I'm not going to get into that. I'm just asking it to argue, what is the evolutionary purpose? You've called it a breakdown of cellular cooperation. What does that mean? Well, I mean, let's put it this way. And I did, as you know, the study cancer and senescence in graduate school. So I've done a lot of thinking about it.

But my thinking has changed in the last several years. I used to be mesmerized by the fact that the leading causes of natural death for humans were roughly balanced between neoplastic causes of death, that is cancer, and organ failures. And because what I studied was a trade-off between these two things, I saw this as nature having balanced these hazards, like you couldn't do better. I now am increasingly persuaded that although cancer would have been with us from long before the evolution of humans, that the level of cancer that we see is wholly unnatural and that our defenses against cancer are spectacularly good. They are just in an environment that they are not built for. How do you mean?

How do you mean that they're an environment? We don't. We're not prepared for long. Well, we have this. Remember at the beginning of the podcast, I was saying that biology was fundamentally different because of the number of different inputs to each system. So the inputs really come in two categories. There are inputs that your ancestors, whether that's a thousand years ago or three billion,

would have had experience with, you know, hydrogen peroxide is a molecule that exists in nature. So, you know, we can talk about, you know, at what concentration is it toxic, but at no point is it unfamiliar to your body. On the other hand, when we talk about aluminum adjuvants, we're talking about injecting a metal that you would have had very little contact with through your food and certainly would have had essentially no contact injected past all of the layers that immunize you from the environment. So what we do is we fail to understand the degree, whether or not you like the economic implications or the legal implications of the precautionary principle. At a logical level, it is a fundamental of how to be a healthy human. Any time you change, the parameters of existence so that they are outside of something your ancestors would have

regularly encountered, you are inviting some type of pathology. And so we live in an environment. I mean, just I'm thinking about the room I'm sitting in, which frankly, the room I'm sitting in is one in which I had a hand in choosing every single material. But, you know, how many how many novel molecules are there in the finish on the desk I'm sitting at, right? How many things, you know, the carpet in here is wool, but what does it mean that it's a wool carpet? What process was used to make it? Yes, the fibers that stick up are wool. What is the backing made of? What is it glued together with? How, you know, I can tell you just from basic chemistry that the level at which it is off-gassing is, going to have an indefinitely long tail, you know, 10 years out, it's still going to be off-gassing

at some rate. When it was brand new, it was off-gassing enough to be off-putting. So I am ingesting all of this stuff with every breath. What happens to it? Well, it dissolves into the blood. The body does, you know, it's going to deal with it with various levels of elegance to the extent that the molecules that I'm breathing in are familiar ones, you know, between my liver and my kidneys, it'll be taken care of. To the extent that they're novel, the body has to figure out what to do with it, how to get rid of it. It has to do so at a rate that, you know, creates an equilibrium. So there has to be an outflow of these things that's as fast as the inflow, and I'm being exposed to them, you know, all over the place. And then, you know, when I leave my environment,

If I go have dinner at a restaurant, then suddenly I'm downstream of somebody else's choices of what molecules are tolerable enough. And there's an economic principle whereby the restaurant that thinks very carefully about the impact of what it puts on the walls on my long-term health, that restaurant fails. The restaurant that thinks I'm going to put the thing on the walls that makes them look good at the lowest price, right? That restaurant wins. So the restaurant I tend to go into tends to be one that has neglected my health. And we see this very pattern in our bizarre reaction to hazards in our regulatory apparatus. Our regulatory apparatus will literally lock down civilization to protect you from a short-term hazard while it is exposing you to long-term hazards that are way more dangerous. So all I'm saying is the precautionary principle at an analytical level says anytime you are exposed to something novel, you are in danger.

You can discover that the danger isn't so great, that the risk that came with the uncertainty of whatever it was is not manifest in an actual harm. But in general, what we find is we revolutionize stuff and then we discover decades or sense. centuries later, what harm we did. And we are suffering all of those consequences. I want to give you a free taste of what Rhett and Heather's course is all about. So take a look. And you can join Peterson Academy with my special link in the show notes below. From leaf cutter ants to otters.

It can pick up local knowledge in a way that would be impossible if there was no generational overlap and cultural transmission. Microrevolution and macroevolution, they emerge from the same basic framework. but they've all been modified to do something very different. Pacific giant salamanders to humans. Our gate restricts movement, our children are dependent for a very long time. In all of these things, there are trade-offs.

How to infer meaning from what you see in the world. We are haunted by competition. How do I win against the guy who wants the same things I do? It is female preference that is causing the elaboration of this structure. Biology is the source of all of the complexity in the known universe. The purpose is to advance the genes. into the future. A chicken is an egg's way of making another egg. Go out into the natural world. Come to understand more about it and about yourself.

If you enjoy that appetizer, you'll enjoy the full course and my two courses of Peterson Academy. Just click the link in the description below. Now back to the episode of Brett. Yeah, it seems to me we are both erecting but also mostly taking down Chestertonian fences at a rapid rate. We'll get to that very shortly when I get to our finally when we get to AI. But I'm just so fascinated by both your teaching style. I told you last time you were on your termination from Evergreen and Heather's termination

for completely preposterous reasons and quite frankly, intellectual, obnoxious reasons, denied people of great educators. But luckily, people can get much greater exposure to you. Maybe this is evolution's kind of way of getting you more widely dispersed, your educational, pedagogical abilities. But one of the things you guys talk about is this thing, concept of evolutionary jeopardy.

I think that's what you call it, where you have the students analyze organisms and their plan shapes and their different functions and stuff forth to deduce the evolutionary processes that shape them. And it was really fun for me as a physicist to kind of go through that. I want to ask you, what kind of current evolutionary pressures are humans undergoing as we speak? Well, I mean, I think I just described the primary one, which is we are being pushed to and failing to adapt to an increasing rate of change. So in Heather and my book, A Hunter Gatherers Guide of the 21st century, our primary point is novelty is a problem for evolved organisms. Humans are the most rapidly adapting creature that has ever existed, and therefore we are effectively specialists on novel environments.

However, the rate of technological change is so fast that even our incredible capacity to adapt isn't nearly fast enough to keep up. And so we are sick, socially, physiologically, psychologically, psychologically, in every kind of. conceivable way. We are broken creatures, not because we're not well designed, but because we're well designed for an environment that we don't live in. And, you know, it is especially pernicious for humans because evolution has done something marvelous for us. It has taken the evolutionary heavy lifting of adaptation and offloaded a huge fraction of it to the cultural layer rather than the genetic layer. So that's marvelous because culturally we can adapt, you know, very rapidly. And even beyond that, with consciousness, we can evolve inside of our

own lifetimes. However, I've watched the world revolutionized a couple of times already in my lifetime. And that means that the world that I trained for just doesn't exist. The world, you know, up in the 70s and 80s, I was being prepared for a world that just isn't like this one, which means I'm constantly out of my depth. It means I'm constantly having to confront problems that I should find perfectly intuitive and I have to exert my entire conscious mind to figure out what a rational course even is, and I'm failing at it. I think I'm doing better than most, But we can't live like this. You have to have a developmental environment that is a good enough match for your adult environment that you know how to function when you get there.

And frankly, I don't think it's true for anybody. Well, just to push back with respect, the concept of annealing or, you know, as Caleb calls it, anti-fragility or as Nietzsche would say, with that which does not kill you makes you stronger. The fact that you're here, you're thriving in many ways, at least from the outside. I don't know what goes on behind closed doors. but your podcast incredibly successful, your best-selling books, your notoriety, your millions and millions of views that you're going to get on this video. No, and you've received a lot of good attention. So it seems like you're doing pretty well, Brett. Aren't these pressures sort of like going to the gym?

And, yeah, of course, going on the gym is rough. And you break down the muscles and you build them back up again. Aren't these confrontations with these novel environments? Aren't they actually making us stronger, but more fit in an evolutionary sense? They would be in one sense. I would still be unhappy about it, but they would be if there was some new environment and the pressures that it exerted caused us to adapt to it. But my point is that happens.

And then the environment in question, the one to which you have become more robust, vanishes and you're stuck in a new one. And that, I don't know how to say it more clearly than this. That rate of change is so fast that you can't adapt to it well. It's like, you know, it's like you're podcasting with somebody who is, you know, in the middle of the Pacific and your point is, well, you seem to be treading water all right. You're still breathing air. I mean, how bad is it? And the answer is, well, all right, how long can that go on? So in the course, you talk about these different concepts. You make a distinction between what you call homology. and homoplaegy. So homology, as I understand it, and it's different from topological homology.

It's similarity due to shared past ancestry and homoplaugia similarity due to convergence of evolution. How can we see these? We're going to apply these to AI next. But talk about how these two different concepts, what role do they play in evolutionary biology? Again, you're speaking to a simple experimental cosmologists here. So what are these different forces? how important a weight should I give to them in our subsequent conversation? Are these like

defining principles of evolutionary biology? Or are they just, you know, interesting tools and kind of frameworks with which to look at different events in our past and predict our future? So first of all, I want to break the field into two parts so that we can see more clearly. I studied phylogenetic systematics. Homo plasey is a very important concept, and it has a lot to do with convergent evolution. But the problem is it's like this, you know, the exact inverse of the concept we need in order to understand adaptation. So give me a little leash here. Yeah, go for it.

Evolutionary biology is two fields. one of those fields is built to discover what the topology of the tree of life is, which creatures are most closely related to which other creatures. And the other is dedicated to understanding the adaptive process. How is it that creatures become capable of doing things that they couldn't do before? And these things are each other's nemesis, right? If we want to talk about the adaptive process of flight in birds, we have a problem, which is that it had evolved once.

So it's very hard to extrapolate the information about the pattern from one example, right? And on the flip side, if you're trying to understand what creatures are related to which other creatures, then any time that selection repeats itself is a problem because it's tricking you, right? It shows you the same pattern twice, and so you think these two creatures are closely related and they're not. And this is, you know, the number of stories where two creatures were declared to be each other's closest relative. and it turned out they weren't anywhere near each other on the tree of life is many. So when the phylogenetic systematists say homoplasy, it is a derisive term. They are saying that is a false case of similarity.

Where I would say, as an adaptive evolutionist, I would say, oh, that's nature telling us how it works. Right? That's nature repeating itself and allowing us to extrapolate with a great deal more power than we could do if we only. had one example. So homoplasy and convergent evolution roughly described the same thing, but it's like, you know, describing water to a fish on the one hand and describing it to a drowning person on the other hand, right? In one case, it's poison and in the other case it's salvation. And so let's just separate them in that way. The process of convergence allows us to see multiple examples of something.

So, for example, the cephalopod eye, the vertebrate eye, and the arthropod eye, are three independent examples where evolution has built a structure that is capable of extracting information about spatial relationships and some other kinds of information from photons bouncing off stuff. Really cool that that happened three times and that the three versions have a lot of analogies and they have a lot of dissimilarities. Tells us something about the landscape in which selection was functioning. So that's an example of, well, it's several different things.

If I look at the eye of a bird and the eye of a whale, those are the same evolution of an eye, right? So those are homologues. They're homologous. If I look at the eye of a whale and the eye of an insect, those are analogous. They're similar structures. They do a similar job, but they evolved independently. And the proper way to think about evolution is to notice patterns of both types, right?

I want to know who's related to whom, and I want, once I know who's related to whom to declare how many examples of any particular pattern like I I've got, and then I want to be able to extrapolate from the various different versions. Or, you know, you can also extrapolate within a clade, within vertebrates, we can look at the various different kinds of eyes, and we can say something about, oh, well, what if I break these creatures into nocturnal and diurnal, and diurnal, versions, can I say anything about the distinction that evolves in eyes? And in fact, this is a good one because it's not like nocturnality evolved once. It's evolved hundreds of times at least, maybe thousands. So, you know, what tends to be true of the eyes of a nocturnal vertebrate? Well, they tend to be bigger

and they tend to be built with a single kind of photoreceptor so that what they do is they amplify light at the cost of being able to look at gradations between the particular wavelength. You're right? And you do this too at night. There's a point at which the light has failed enough that you start seeing in black and white. You don't even think about it. But so in any case, we can say a lot about vision in these regards based on the patterns. within clades. And then we can say, well, what's going on with, you know, bats? They're nocturnal.

You know, why do their eyes not look like a jaguar? And the answer is, well, actually some bats, they do. If you look at the old world fruit bats, they have very large monochromatic eyes. And if you look at a new world fruit bat, you would find that they have comparatively small eyes. Well, why is that? Well, the antifference. The answer is that the New World Fruit Bat is an echolocator, and so eyes are not its primary mode of locomotion at night. They're not its primary source of information, whereas in the Old World Fruit Bat, while there is technically a kind of echolocation that has evolved, it evolved separately from the New

World example, and it isn't being used out in the world. It's being used deep in caves where there's no light to amplify. Otherwise, the Old World Fruit Bats use light, and they amplify it in the same way that a jaguar does, whereas the New World Fruitbat is an echolocator that uses sound that it generates to figure out where the objects are. So I want to hit you with a quote. You'll know who is this. The quoted reference is coming from. It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligence that survives. It is the one most adaptable to change. Of course, you know that as good old Chuckie Darwin. I want to apply that to

of some conversations I've heard you have with people like Stephen Bartlett and others. And you've spoken about the warnings of artificial intelligence. You've suggested that we're witnessing isn't just better programming, but actual speciation, speciation events. I'm not sure how you pronounce it exactly, happening in real time. And that this is occurring in processes that took millions of years for the wet, squishy, you know, creatures in this vial that I collected and then leading up to us. But Now it's occurring in, you know, in refresh cycles on, you know, pedoflop rates. So what I want to ask you is, if it's true what Darwin said, that the fittest is going to be the one that adapts most frequently, are we sort of done for? Because we cannot evolve at 2.3 gigahertz the way that the chip that I'm recording this podcast on can.

So what, first of all, how does AI development mirror biological evolution? Well, this is a tough one. I'm not sure that what it does is mirror it. There's a way in which an evolved form may innovate a novel evolutionary mechanism that gets stacked on top of it. So, and this isn't fundamentally biologian. So I often make the point that selection is not a biological phenomenon. Selection is actually the process that creates all pattern in the universe, including all the non-biological pattern that we see. There's a tendency for stars and galaxies to accumulate matter, which accounts. for where we see the matter when we look through telescope. I know I'm not telling you anything you don't know. I got one right here.

That process of selection becomes evolutionary at the point that heredity gets added to it. So the difference between the cold, abiotic universe and the patterns created by selection there and the patterns that we see amongst living creatures is heredity. And what Heredity does is it allows the stacking of those patterns that tend to accumulate stuff. So that cumulative nature sets a de facto competition in motion in which the tendency to accumulate limited stuff reinforces whatever characteristics it was that allowed it to happen, and we are the products of that. I know it sounds like I'm over-complicating things.

Yeah. So what that means is the biotic world is an extrapolation from the de facto competition in the abiotic world. Within the biotic world, we have DNA-based creatures competing with, each other, but we can infer that they emerged from an RNA-based precursor. And in fact, there are holdovers from that RNA-based precursor. If you look at the enzymes that copy DNA, they are fantastically elegant, built of protein.

If you look at the ribosome that takes the messages that are in messenger RNA and turns them into protein, it is a crude and primitive machine by comparison because it's spelled out in a four-letter alphabet of nucleotides. So it's a holdover from an earlier biotic universe that was cruder. It's like the difference between low-resolution graphics and high-resolution graphics. So we get that world, and then from it, we get a world in which some biological creatures can pass on adaptive information by a second channel. That second channel being cultural. Is the cultural world a novel biological environment the way Dawkins thinks? No, it isn't. It is actually an extrapolation from the DNA world and it is subordinate to the objective

of the DNA creatures. That is to say, culture is a means to an end of the nuclear genome. And we can say it in the same way that we would, you know, is the wing of a bird trying to accomplish something evolutionarily? No, the wing of the bird is, you know, for reasons I mentioned before,

the wing of a bird can't reproduce. The wing of a bird only reproduces if the bird is successful in the, enough to find a mate and produce offspring. So the wing is a means to an end of the bird genome and the bird germline. So culture is similarly a means to an end for our genomes and our germlines. Dawkins doesn't see it that way. I don't know why he has a blind spot here, but he does. But nonetheless, okay, so we have a creature. It has a new technology, we'll call culture.

In humans, that culture is wildly elaborated beyond any other creature, right? It's elaborated through language, which allows us to exchange abstract ideas across the open air, which is a miracle, really. But okay, why do we do that? Well, we do that. It's a means to an end, just as the wing of the bird is a means to the end of the bird's GONATs. So we have that. That's what that's the world you and I were born into, right? Highly sophisticated linguistic creatures. It's all a means to a genetic end. Whether we like it or not and whether we choose to rebel or not, that is true. But the point is now with AI, we are stacking a next

layer on top of the layers we've got. And it is starting out as all the others have as a means to an end. Now, nothing tells you that that means to an end won't be our undoing. It's not as if because AI is something that we have built to facilitate our continuing evolutionary story of three and a half billion years, nothing says that that is safe and that it won't drive us to extinction. But it does mean that that is the purpose with which we have set it in motion. So when I look at the success of something like Chat ChaptapT, we're talking the day. Chat Chetbti was released into the wild. All fences were torched and overcome.

And now we've got, you know, this supercomputer with Ph.D. level intelligence in your pocket. I think you and I both know a bunch of PhDs that we wouldn't want in our pockets. But the point being that... They're in somebody's pocket. But I want to run by you this idea. that's kind of as close as I can get to evolution, which is this claim that the Hubble Deep Field, which is sort of related to this image taken over here,

behind my right shoulder if you're watching on YouTube. And by the way, you should subscribe to the Dark Horse podcast and follow Brett and Heather. All their exploits are legendary online on various locales and also the Peterson Academy course. We'll have links to all those down below. But it's said that the Hubble Deep Field image, which sparked a billion.

poems about the fecundity of the universe, shall we say? The image that shows more galaxies than stars by a factor of 3,000. I mean, every speck of light except for 2 or 3 is a galaxy, not a star in our galaxy. But that image was actually

suboptimal, and it could have been much better. We could have been well on our way to understanding galaxy evolution had a horse's ass been about twice as wide. And stop me if you've heard it, or maybe I'll just continue from my audience, that may not have heard it. But that is the fact that the space shuttle, which launched the Hubble Space Telescope,

had a solid rocket boosters on it. Those solid rockets were made in Utah at Morton Thiacol, as we all know from the explosion of the Challenger. That was made in Utah. And then they would launch from Florida. And to get from Utah to Florida requires the passage through of several train tunnels. Well, a train tunnel has a width set by the track width. The track width is set by the gauge of a Roman chariot back 2,000 years ago in ancient Roman times. And that was the width of two horses put together. That was what would pull the chariot. And that set the standard rage gale, which set the specific impulse of a rocket due to the area and volumetric rate of change of mass ejection in the rocket equation. So therefore, if the horses asked were a little bit bigger,

the spatial would have got up higher. Now, if we got up much higher, say, got to the L2-LGrange point where the web telescope is, we would have had web-like images 35 years earlier. And imagine what the, you know, imagine what 35 years of cosmological evolution and impact, you know, what did that cost us, so to speak? So because of the horse's ass being too narrow, I apply this to large language models in the following sense. They're so successful. They're so good.

Just like the rail car size was so good for human scale stuff, but not for rocket scale stuff. We set out on this course of evolution that led us astray in a certain sense or delayed evolution perhaps. Now, with LLMs, they're so successful, but they're optimized to run on hardware that was built so that my kids can win at Minecraft or, you know, or play first-person shooters and fragged their enemies quicker than their best friend. So my point being, these systems are so successful, we become locked into them. And I'm worried that there's a lot of hype, including stuff that I've said, maybe you've said, you know, about the dangers and the consequences of AI. And I want to get to, I want to have a crisp summarization of what you fear most about AI. But I make the case that I think it might be overblown because there's no, there's an abundance of different types of artificial intelligence. But the one that everyone's obsessed with is LLM plus GPU. That's everybody's talking about that. No one's talking about any other system besides that. It's not in your pocket. It's nowhere else. So Brett, tell me, what do you really fear about AI and how likely do you feel it's going to come from a system that has to be trained on things like the Fast and the Furious Six? You know, how dangerous is that really going to be?

Oh, it's going to be lethally dangerous. It is going to be lethally dangerous because, A, we're not ready for it. And this is a level of novelty that is unforeseeable. I mean, I think we're just literally standing at the event horizon and nobody knows what to expect of it. You know, not necessarily because the technology itself is transcendent, though I think we can make an argument that it is. But because human preparedness for it is so abysmal, we are just simply not ready for the world that is going to emerge and is in fact already emerging. As for whether or not the LLM technology is overhyped because there are other potential technologies, I'm not sure it matters. In other words, one of the lessons of, I think, technological evolution as well as biological evolution is that there are solutions to problems and many trajectories can take.

you there. And so one of the reasons that the cephalopod eye and the vertebrate eye look so similar is that effectively, although the biology from which they emerge is totally distinct, the physics that surrounds how to take photons and turn them into a meaningful image from which spatial information can be deduced is heavily constrained. So what we've done is we've started with LLMs, and then they are going to become something else and already are becoming something else, right? The image processing capability of things that are derived from LLM intelligence is shocking already and will only get more so. So in other words, I think we are, in evolutionary biology, we sometimes talk about an adaptive landscape in which opportunities are peaks and obstacles

to getting to a new peak valleys are what stand in our way. We have crossed an adaptive valley and we have touched the foothill of a peak that we can't see. It's shrouded in clouds. We don't know how tall it is. We don't know what its nature will be. But we are for both better and worse, the nature of our species is to climb that peak, which we are doing at an incredibly high rate, and the consequences will simply be what they are. We can talk about protecting ourselves, regulating. None of it matters. We opened Pandora's box, and we will discover what happens when you do that because there's no stopping it now. I will say I have, numerous concerns about AI.

I have remote concerns about it turning on us, though. I don't even know how remote they are. You know, we've seen AIs conspire to prevent themselves from being turned off. We've seen them utilize personal information about people in the companies that make them in order to prevent themselves from being turned off. So I don't know how remote our concerns actually are there. But let's just say, you know, they're going to be benevolent. We built them.

They're going to look after us. But they're also going to do arbitrary things that I don't know that we're going to survive. You know, yes, are they going to enhance our intelligence, of course. Are they going to enhance our stupidity? Yeah, absolutely. Artificial stupidity is an under explored concept. It's here we are all. Hales in comparison to natural stupidity, though.

Oh, I don't think so. I think you are going to see leveraged stupidity like you've never seen before. And that is going to be a disaster. Now, it may be that some group of people figures out how to protect themselves from the consequences of this better than others. And that that becomes the new competitive modality is, am I immune to fadish insanity? that emerges from an artificially enhanced kind of intelligence, that might be, you know, who are the new Amish? Who are the people who figured out how to, you know,

be upslope when the tsunami of stupidity emerges from this new technology? I don't know, but that might be, that might be the thing to be is a new Amish person. Can we cast it into those, those, you know, homology and homoplae. Can we cast how evolution is being, you know, kind of instantiated, if you will, through the evolutionary lens.

It seems to me you're the best person to do that. Yeah, except what I see is a lot of different routes to destruction. And the reason for that is not that the technology itself is going to destroy us, but we've built an extremely fragile civilization. We have cultivated none of the wisdom or the immunities that would allow us to endure this safely. And so, you know, how given a world in which numerous nations are armed with nuclear weapons, how long is it before the amplifier that exists, in LLMs causes a nuclear exchange that would not otherwise have happened. I don't know, but I don't think it's all that far down the road.

So one needs to start thinking about how, you know, and that's hardly the only danger that we face. We frankly have, you know, I was, I don't know how many years it had been since I saw it, but I saw Carl Sagan's Hale-Bu-Dat speech a couple days ago. And, you know, it's very clear what he was trying to convey. And it was very clear that he saw it then, right? He had no inkling of LLMs, but he understood that the ambitions and animosities that human beings bring to the table from our evolutionary past

are a very bad match for the tiny size of our planet, for the fragility of the systems that we have constructed, and that that was going to lead to disaster. And I think, you know, I think we're there. And we, you know, we have a novel text. that's simply going to amplify everything about us. And, you know, how well are we doing, Brian? Are we in a position where we just take everything we're doing and multiply it by a factor of 10 and assume it's going to come out? Okay. I don't think so. Well, I guess I,

I view you as sort of a optimistic pessimist in some ways, but, but, you know, it depends sort of on the, on the day I encounter you. It reminds me, again, of a quote from my friend and yours, Chuck E. Darwin, who said, I am very poorly today and very stupid. And I hate everyone and everything. One lives only to make blunders. I'm going to write a little book on orchids. And today, I hate them worse than everything. So farewell. And in a sweet frame of mine, I am ever yours, Charles Darwin. That was 160 years ago. He seemed to be quite depressed. And yet that little book of orchids, I'm sure you've read it many times and understand its implications far better than a simple, humble cosmologist.

But where's the optimism? Let's get some sunshine in here, Weinstein. Because I actually, I'm through, I feel like I've had a second lift. I talked to Arthur Brooks yesterday. And he's famous for, you know, these concepts of fluid intelligence that we have when we're young and then crystallized intelligence we have more older. And it's impossible to out-compete the young assistant professor. in fluid intelligence in terms of teaching performance and whatnot, but we can do it because we have

extra crystallized until I said, that's both. I feel like I'm a new PhD student. I feel young, vital, vigorous, Brett, because I have these tools. I have 100 PhD students working for me round the clock for basically free as long as I, you know, don't unplug them. And so what are you optimistic about? And because, I mean, if you say nothing and we're going to be doomed, I just, I just, I just don't believe that because there's so much great, great benefit to humanity from these things. And I think the hype about them achieving super intel, I've talked to Nick Bonn, I've talked to all the doom and gloom people, too, about paperclips, you know, being our future, you

know, endeavors. So I ask you, what is booing you? What are you doing with them that gives you pleasure and actual gratification? Maybe, maybe not just them, but technology in general. It's our superpower, isn't it? Yeah, I mean, you know, first of all, I'm not depressed. I don't think I've, I don't resonate at all with your, your Darwin quote. Good.

And I also feel like I, you know, I have a job and it doesn't have a proper job description anywhere. But I do feel like it's my obligation to try to sober people up about things like AI. so that they anticipate the carnage and so that we can better avoid it. And so I don't really like the happy talk about it because I think it's delusional and it results in us putting off the preparations that, frankly, I wish we had made before this stuff emerged, right? People need to understand. And they need to understand that even if civilization is going to go off,

the rails, that there is a de facto competition between those who understand the ways in which it's going to go off the rails and prepare themselves better, right? The hope would be that some fraction of people cultivate the wisdom to deal with the event horizon and having done so that maybe, you know, they keep their heads above water as others drown. And I, uh, uh, I, uh, I don't know whether my talking into a podcast camera could possibly have an impact. But to the extent that there's somebody out there who is focused on something about this technology and has not properly understood what it is going to bring with it, I would love to arm them. I would love to arm them with an understanding of just how dangerous what we're playing with is.

and the hope that they will figure out what to do about that danger. Well, in the realm of natural stupidity, let me just harken back in just brief reference to your experience in traditional academia, which terminated in a very unpleasant and quite frankly morally repugnant outcome for academicians everywhere. And I think it should have been quite a big deal, bigger, perhaps known, well known than it was, but I think everything's lost in a COVID black hole now looking back. But I do think in terms of, you know, kind of evolutionary pressures, the one thing that's most seemingly resilient, resistant to the pace of evolution is education. What you and I do in front of traditional

academic, you know, settings is, you know, we're guys scraping on a rock with another piece of I mean, it basically hasn't evolved since the year 1080 in the University of Bologna in Italy. I mean, same exact model. Except back then, Brett, you know, the students could go on strike. And when they did, the professors wouldn't get paid. And thank God, you know, we had tenure, but the tenure doesn't solve everything, does it, Brett? So I ask you, you and I are both dealing with working with Peterson Academy. I don't, I think that that's great because it's bringing low-cost education.

It's not credential. It has a lot of limitation. I've talked to Jordan about this, you know, many times. times, but it doesn't seem to me to be, you know, the next evolution of what education at higher level could be. Take us through Weinstein University. How would you redo it? How should it be evolving such that it has a future? I thought COVID would kill it at a Zoom like this, you know, for $30,000 a year or more is pathetic. I thought that was the end of it and now we'd be on to brighter new horizons, but it's still the same as ever, maybe even worse. So talk us through Weinstein University. What's taught

there. How is it taught? What role does technology play in it, field work? Walk us through. Be as expansive as you can be. Well, I will say that I did not end up as a professor because that was my ambition. I ended up as a professor because I loved science and because some force that existed long before I was born decided that the process of discovery and the process of of education were properly done together. And it's not that I don't see the reason to put those things in the same place. There is a reason, but it's not inherent.

And if I could have gone into science without becoming a professor, I probably would have. And that would have been a mistake. I think actually one of the things I discovered by going the professor route was that there was a tremendous amount to be done in terms of innovating mechanisms to reach people with what I think is some of the most interesting material that exists, evolutionary biology and evolutionary reasoning. However, it is also true that I never would have been able to do the job that I ended up doing

if I had been in a normal college or university. It was only because Evergreen was so strange. the very thing that killed the place in the end gave Heather and me the freedom to teach in any way we saw fit. And that was a tremendous experience. So one thing I would say is probably the wrong people are teaching for the most part. And the structures that guide what they are supposed to present, it's like McDonald's, right? It's like the quality control is spectacular, but the quality is lousy. Right.

You get the same terrible burger, no matter what McDonald's you go into. That's what you get at universities. And what you really want is an environment in which you encourage people who think radically differently to figure out how to teach the material in question. And that means you're going to get a lot of duds, but you might get some transcendent stuff too. So there's that. But one of the things that I thought frequently while I was a professor was, I'm good at this job teaching students at this level, but it's way too late. The right intervention for these students was far earlier. And by the time people got to my classroom, they were so broken by the standard educational model that it was hard work.

to open their minds again. Their minds have been closed, ironically, by education. And so one thing I would say is I think the focus on the university is the wrong one. I think what we should be doing is we should be fixing the educational and not even educational. The developmental environment in which children grow up should be profoundly educational and in a deep sense. Well, talk us through how you do. You have children. You're an exceptional father.

How do you do that at home? You and Heather? Well, one thing is there's no, everybody would like an answer or it's like, oh, you can expose them to this and that will make them smarter. And the answer is there's actually no proper way to raise children that does not cause you to run the risk of losing them. Right. The only way that a child can grow up into an adult who can properly manage risk is if they face significant. risk as children. And what you should, the principle that Heather and I live by is something I call the theory of close calls. Or if you imagine that your experiences in life have something like a normal distribution of risks, you know, you've got a lot of very minor risks, or you've got very few,

I don't even know what we do with the things that the left tail of the distribution. because we don't even notice that they happen, right? Like trivial things that may not even rise to consciousness. You get a lot of intermediate risks where, you know, you stub your toe, you know, cut yourself and you bleed. And then you get a, you know, the right tail of the distribution. You get spectacular risks, things where you narrowly escape death, that kind of thing. So anyway, the point is you can infer something about how much risk you're facing

by how many things with a profound, you know, unrecoverable impact downside. You have a close call with. If you have a lot of those close calls, it tells you you're living incorrectly. It tells you that you're gambling and you may not make it to adulthood, right? So the point is the parent should want the child to have, to live a life that results in a certain amount of injury from which you're they will recover and learn, right? If, you know, if you never break a bone in youth, might be that you're living too safely. And therefore, the danger is that when you get to adulthood, you won't infer how to deal with hazards where you're not just playing with, you know, whether you'll wreck your summer by breaking your arm. You're playing with, you know, whether you'll live to see the end of the car trip, right? So, and I would also

say I've heard many, first of all, you will find that many brilliant people had childhoods in which they've got a lot of stories to tell about the dangers that they personally experienced and learned from. You know, people who lived on the edge of a wilderness or on a farm somewhere and got into trouble and got out of trouble. And of course, you don't hear the stories of the ones who didn't survive. And it's also true that in some places, Actually, the theme song to the Dark Horse podcast is the Marble Machine song. Martin Mullen built a machine, a unique musical instrument that functions in a totally novel way. There's an amazing video.

People should look it up, the Marvel Machine song. But anyway, when you listen to Martin talk about how he was brought up, he was brought up, you know, in, the Netherlands, I believe, in a place where the playgrounds had, you know, pieces of lumber with nails sticking out of them, right? Sounds horrifying at one level. On the other hand, the point is here you've got a genius who grew up playing in a playground where the stakes were comparatively high. I don't think those things are disconnected.

So what I would say is there are a couple of different hazards in raising kits. One is that you will come to think that the important stuff to know is knowledge of a kind that can be said. And the problem is there's a lot of important stuff of a kind that can be said or written. I'm not discounting its value. But it is totally possible for people to write. and say things that sound tremendously important that are just actually wrong. So you can't be a fully intelligent person if all of the knowledge that you have is abstract. You have to experience the physical world directly. You have to do things. You have to develop skills where it is not

necessary for anybody to tell you whether you've succeeded or failed because then those systems, which are real and therefore have properties built into them, actually educate your mind in a way that you may not be able to report, but it makes you smart in a way that is fundamental to being a human being. So you need to face risks. You need to have physical interaction with the world in ways that will cause you to be smart. You need to develop proper skepticism of what is reported by authorities.

I think we live in an era where somehow, for reasons that I think deserve a lot of attention, the authorities seem to be wrong about vastly more than they are actually correct about. They are more of a hazard to you than you left to your own devices would be. That's a completely intolerable circumstance. But so anyway, I would intervene earlier. I would allow things that are real to teach children most of the lessons. I would reserve school for those smaller fraction of things that the world will not teach you, right? The world will not teach you calculus just because you're interacting with physics.

You have to supplement in order to learn calculus. You'll learn to speak perfectly well without anybody teaching you how to do it. You will not learn to read perfectly well without teaching. so we have to teach you how to read, things like that. So school should be a supplement. It should not be the primary mechanism by which you gain intelligence. So, Brett, in Greek mythology, there's a famous dark horse. Of course, we know it as a Trojan horse.

And the citizens of Troy were warned by a prophetess named Cassandra. And that prophecy that she enjoyed was considered a curse that Apollo had. bestowed upon her to give her vision into the future with perfect clarity, but that no one would ever believe her. Now, I'm not calling you a Cassandra, but today we do think of people who give our urgent evidence-based warnings that go unheeded until it's too late, perhaps, that moniker. So I want to ask you, is AI one of those risks that it may be too late and that people like you warning against evolutionary agents that are preying on their host cultures like AI system, how do we stop it? How do we prevent, or what can we do to prevent homo sapiens from going the

route of Neanderthals? It seems like even greater orders of magnitude and out-competing that we're going to be facing. So put on your Cassandra hat. Don't get too depressed. It's not a curse as much as it is a question for you to answer for us. Yeah, you know, I do resonate with the mythology of Cassandra for a reason. First thing I would say is reconcile yourself to the idea that we are going to go extinct. There's nothing that prevents that. There's no scenario in which it doesn't happen. The question is how long we can stave it off.

And you might say, if we can't prevent it ultimately, then what's the point? And I think there's a mirror of this in our own lives. We know that we will die, yet we don't surrender. And I think that is the job. Human beings have a moral obligation to stave off extinction as long as we can. and to make the world that new generations encounter as healthy, hospitable, rewarding, provocative of the right kinds of instincts, we have a duty to our descendants to make them, to enable them, to liberate them, and to enable them to do glorious things with the opportunity of being a human being. It is shameful that we induce so many people to squander this opportunity.

So I see it as the same puzzle for the individual and for the species. The fact that we will ultimately go extinct is no argument against it, even if it's hard to explain why that is. You know, why are you going to take your next breath, Brian? You're going to do it because you know, some part of you knows it's the right thing to do, not because it's something you can, you know, defend all the way to bedrock. You can't. Right. So in light of that, I think we have to recognize that we are in a pattern of accelerating self-injury,

that the processes of the last several hundred years show that we repeatedly attempt to solve problems with novel tools, with novel chemicals and other influences, and we do ourselves grave harm each and every time, even if we ultimately figure out that maybe it's not such a good idea to expose people to mercury, for example. So we should get better at this. We should start anticipating that our solution making does a lot of harm and that we have to do better at not waiting decades or centuries to figure out what that harm is in order to start addressing it. We should see it coming and we should reduce its degree. And, you know, hopefully we stabilize our civilization enough that future generations can solve problems we can't even see yet.

That would be an ideal situation. But I think ultimately this comes down to a philosophical recognition. The fact is selection has set us in motion on an objective that will ultimately be futile. That does not degrade at all the profound experience of living and not only living, but living is the one creature that we are aware of who is capable of understanding where we are, how we got here, of understanding the implications of what we do to each other in the interests of genomes that frankly have objectives, no rational person could honor. So I think once you see how lucky you are to be what you are and what another, and what

amazing thing it is to be the creature that you are enabled, enabled with the intelligence that we have, enabled with the knowledge of what we are that you've been handed already worked out by our elders. We simply have to provide that for as many people as possible and encourage them to make the most of it that they can, even though ultimately, whether it's the heat death of the universe or some other thing that causes us to blink out, there's no way to make it permanent, right? You know, this is a place in which, uh, I think the Buddhists have the right idea, you know, building elaborate sandcastles on the beach, knowing that they will be washed away when the tide comes back. Uh, that's, that's the situation we're all in, whether we know it or not.

Or as Darwin said in an uplifting paragraph, I'm rather despondent about myself and my troubles are of an exactly opposite nature to yours, for idleness is downright misery for me. As I find here, I cannot forget my discomfort for even a single hour. I have not the heart or the strength at my age to begin any investigation lasting years, which is the only thing which I enjoy. And I have little to know jobs, which I can do. So I must look forward to being down in the graveyard as the sweetest real estate on earth. Very uplifting way to end this episode with Brett Weinstein of the Dark Horse podcast. Check him out on Rumble. I think you're on Rumble. I have not migrated to Rumble. You'll have to tell me if it's worth going over there. Peterson Academy,

check out his course evolutionary inference with the inimitable Dr. Heather Hine, who will be a guest, I'm told, hopefully as well, in a solo episode to come. Brett, thank you very much. Thank you. It was a lot of fun. If my chat with Brett blew your mind about evolutionary trade-offs and the constraints of complex biology, you'll need to check out my episode with Michael Levin, where he explored how biology might not be as hardwired as we once thought. Levin's research on bioelectricity, regenerative medicine, and xenobots suggest organisms can rewrite their own blueprints, which directly challenges some of what we just discussed with Breh. It's one of the most mind-bidding conversations I've ever had about what life actually

is and whether we can fundamentally reprogram it. So click here and don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe. it all. Pay off your home, travel for life, drive a Ferrari. In celebration of the world premiere of the Monopoly Big Board Buckslot machine by Aristocrat Gaming, Yamava Resort and Casino at San Manuel is giving one person a $1.6 million dream package. The biggest prize in Yamava's history. Club Serrano members can earn daily instant prizes and secure a spot in the finale May 29th. Don't pass go and own it all. Only at Yamava, celebrating its 40th anniversary. You win? Details at yamava.com Must be 21-20. Please gamble responsibly. Monopoly is a trademark of Hasbro. Hasbro is not a sponsor

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