Hannah Fry and Dara Ó Briain introduce Curious Cases
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00:28Your idea of banking that's personal happens here.RBC, ideas happen here.Are you after more fascinating conversations about the past?Well, History Extra might be just the podcast for you.Made by the team behind BBC History Magazine,the History Extra podcast brings you gripping historical stories,compelling interviews with the world's leading historians,and the real history behind your favorite films and TV shows.
00:56Coming up, we've got deep dives into Tudor lines,the Nazis on trial, the real story of the gunpowder plot, and plenty more.So to join us on our journey into the past, just search for the History Extra podcast whereveryou listen to podcasts.Hello, Your Dead to Me fans. It is Hannah and Dahr here from Curious Cases.You might remember me from a past episode of You're Dead to Me, where I joined Greg Chenna.Have you been cheating on me on different podcasts?Yeah, I do other stuff.
01:27I mean, but the implication this is,that these people only ever listen to your dead to meand no other media in the last 20 years.And then we'll go, oh, who's that guy?Oh, he was once on an episode of You're Dead to me.And that is the only reasonwhy I recognise this extremely distinctive Irish voice?It was a really good episode about Leonardo da Vinci.
01:44I was out strongly in McGrath.It was one of the live ones with a crowd, and it was very funny.What can you remember?That I trashed Leonardo da Vinciand then Greg Jenner went,he's one of my favourite people in history.He never built a weapon.He painted seven paintings.
01:56And he just basically bluffed his way aroundaround the Renaissance.The man inventedhelicopters.He invented afom-pom-bom-bomba machinelike I meanno one's built
02:06and made it work.Right.Okay, so if you're still angrywith Dara O'Brienfrom his appearance onyou're dead to methe podcastwhere he trashed one of your heroes
02:17Greg Jenner's heroesLeonardo da Vincithen please forget about thatplease forgive him.Okay, fine.Okay, look, I've reformedthe show doing this showyeah, I don't trash anything
02:28thing. And we wanted to share a little bit of what's coming up onCurious Cases. In fact, a little bit more than that. We're actuallygoing to drop the entire first episode here for a while so you canhave a listen to it. Oh, are we? Yeah, we are. That's what we're doing. On theirfeed. Yeah, I know. I'm sorry about that.You just finished the thing going, oh, I'm ready. I've walked a dog now. That'sdone. If you thought you hated Donor O'Brien before.I went to you get a full half hour about crabs.
02:55So I'm disrespectful to Leonardo da Vinci. I am no morepositive about crabs.You know how you sort of keep track of your fans?Do you also keep track of your anti-fans?Oh, they're more, even more vocal.My fans are such, like I just people who go,oh, I think I saw you once, yeah, it's all right.Whereas, disliking me is for life.
03:15Like it's a proper passion that people have.Well, anyway, to both Dara's fans and non-fansand people who are ambivalent about either of us,enjoy the episode on crabs.And don't forget to search for Curious Case on BBC Soundsto stay up to date with the latest episodesand check out on our extensive back catalogue.You're about to listen to a brand new episode of Curious Cases.
03:38Shows are going to be released weekly,wherever you get your podcast.But if you're in the UK,you can listen to the latest episodes first on BBC Sounds.I'm Hannah Frye.And I'm Dara O'Brien.And this is Curious Cases.The show will we take your quirkiest questions
03:55your crunchiest conundrums.we solve them?With the power of science.I mean, do we always solve them?I mean, the hit rate's pretty low.But it is with science.It is with science.Here's an interesting thing I did recently.
04:11I did something with the Natural History Museum,just in a kind of standing in the roomwhile they're doing proper work, like whatever.For a new exhibit that's running at the moment.But space, right?Is there life in outer space?But as part of it, I was nudging them,and they went for this,
04:25that they'd have a speculative bit at the end.they were thinking of doing this, where they wouldbasically say, well, what might life be likeunder different gravitational conditionsand different stars? Exactly, in different plans, what it might look like?So they kind of went, okay, what could befairly safe to make a guess that an alien life might look like,because it's not going to be Chewbacca, right?
04:45You can't say that for sure.I'm fairly sure I can say.It's not all going to be what looks like a person in a suit.And so they have this kind of like, you know,nicely presented to kind of a vague sense of what these things might look like.And a lot of them look like paramecium.A lot of them look like, you know, very, very evolutionary, very kind of simple cell of life.Like, you're kind of going, okay, grand, that makes sense.
05:04But the only really recognisable thing was a crap.A crab?A crab.Yeah, yeah, that'd be a crap.No, there'll definitely be a crap.The most evolutionary, stable possible.It seems to be like a very evolutionary friendly thing, a crab.You're low.
05:18You're low.You're hard.You can walk sideways.Oh, look, no one's expecting that.That's the weird thing about it.No one is expecting, oh, where do you go?No idea.I'm looking at you. I'm looking at you.
05:28I'm looking at my crab eyes.I'm looking to stay on your right.No, I'm now going left.Yeah.Also, the crab eyes can move around.I mean, independent of the crab legs.I mean, we don't acclaim them enough.They're amazing.
05:38I think you're absolutely right.Which is why there's an excellent question about crab.Certainly is.Hello, we are Carston and Emily from Cornwall.And we're interested in the weird and wacky nature of evolution.We read about carcinisation, which is when non-crab organisms evolved to have crab-like bodies.Why have so many different species evolved into crabs?Does this mean that crabs are the ideal life form?
06:01And if so, could humans eventually become crabs?Okay, how cool do they sound?And also, I really like the fact that there is implicit in thisa sense of these two young women going,will this happen in our own life time?What year are we talking?We're young and we're staring at our old future ahead of us,but it's part of it going to be a click-click-click-click.
06:23Are you going to get castanetting with our claws?2060.Yeah.Everything's crabs.There's a meme about this.I don't know if you've seen this.No, I haven't.All the people on the internet have been making jokes about how eventually everything's going to involve into crabs.
06:36There was Monterey Bay Aquarium, for example, you know, one of the most prestigious and respected marine institutions on the planet.They just posted a picture of some humans dancing and a crab in a corner with a party hat looking on at them saying, I was like them once.This is, you know, one of the most respected institutions in the world.the entire world, just posting a crab content meme with zero context.So we're basically saying this is a thing.I mean, look, we've got questions of plenty that we need to answer.And that is why we have got three brilliant guests who are going to help us get to the bottom of things.We have Matthew Wills, who is a professor of evolutionary paleobiology at Barth University.
07:15Joanna Wolfe, who is an evolutionary biologist affiliated with Harvard and UC Santa Barbara,and Ned Sissat Williams, who is the director of the Crabb Museum in Margate.Ned, everything evolving into crabs.Is this something people are aware of, do you think?Do they ask you about it in the museum?Yes.Yeah, people ask us about it probably every day.I've never quite been able to give a fully satisfactory answer to either myself or them.
07:42I think the thing is carcinisation, which is the thing that we're talking about,which is about when animals evolve into a crab-like form.that was memed quite heavily.It's not necessarily more of a thingof other convergent evolutions.It's just sort of won the PR game.It's a pretty good one, to be fair.Crabbs rule.
08:02Why wouldn't you want to evolveinto a crab-like form?I mean, yes, there are various formsof convergent evolution,which is basically whereevolutioning forces on different specieswill come with the same results.So they can claim it's part of a shared heritage,
08:16but just the environment has created.Our eyes and octopus eyes, for example,are a very good example of that, like whatever.But the idea that you get eyes,even though you don't have shared ancestors.Exactly, yeah, yeah.I mean, dolphins and sharks, one is a mammal,one of the fish, and yet they have shared fins and flippers
08:32and a similar kind of skin, like whatever.So it happens a lot.But as you say, there aren't memes about that.Let's be real, and I'm going to go on recordand just say that crabs are weird and funny looking.And that is...Hot take from the crabby.I know, no.
08:46I mean, it's the fact.We've got it on one of our boards, in fact.But crabs are weird and funny looking, and yet they are part of the world in which we inhabit,and they are intriguing because of their weirdness, their spikiness, and their funny-lookingness.So why wouldn't you hinge a whole discourse about evolution on a crab?Joe, this is something you study extensively.You've a brilliantly title paper, How to Become a Crab, for example.Did you ever think your study would become, we'd get this much attention?
09:12I didn't.And I probably wouldn't have written it the way that I did.Had I known.I don't know if I would have called ithow to become a crabbecause people can't become a crab.What is it that's so specialabout the evolution of crabs
09:26that has spawned all this?Well, I think like Ned said,it's actually just one exampleof many, many examplesof convergent evolutionacross the tree of life.We should probably definewhat crabs are, right?
09:40Oh yeah, okay, Grant.I mean, I have a strong visual image,but I put it in a proper context.There's two groupsthat are each other's closest relatives.They're the true crabs and the false crabs.That's not a valued judgment.It's just basically...
09:57Sounds a bit judging.I'll be honest.It doesn't sound a bit.It's based on the taxonomy, which was named first.So true crabs are also called brachyura,and they represent about 8,000 living species.And those include groups like fiddler,Crabs, spider crabs, shore crabs, most of the things that you think look like a crab are within
10:24the true crabs. Then there's the false crabs, which the Latin name of that is Anamura.The false crabs are the closest relative of the true crabs. So they're not like human-leveldistant, but the common ancestor of those two is still almost 300 million years ago, which isolder than the dinosaurs, right? So it is a long time ago that these two groups split. And yet,within the false crabs, these groups include things,and I'm sorry that the English names are so misleading.They include things like squat lobsters, which aren't a lobster.They have hermit crabs, which aren't really a crab.
11:02They have porcelain crabs, king crabs.None of this is a true crab.Hermic crabs are like my favorite crab, and they're not a crab.I know, right?A false crab.They're false crab.But still a crab, no.Exactly.
11:16Is it a subject to debate?What is a crab?Yes.Really?Hugely.I don't think we can neatlyput things in boxes necessarily.I mean, I do agree with you
11:23that there are definitelytwo very distinct families,but I feel that there is some overlap.I'm just taking it personallythat this is hermer crabswho are very much the collectible crabson beautiful beachesthat you go, look kids,
11:38look at this crab.And to know that I have lied all those timesI said, look at this.I mean, if they're not crabs,what are they?Sorry, they're still crustaceans,but they're not.Well, they're like a false crab, if you will.
11:49So they're definitely stult crustaceans.They're decapod crustaceans.So that also includes a little further away lobsters and shrimps.The things that are officially lobsters and shrimp.Again, this is taxonomy.So this isn't necessarily describing what their morphology looks like, what they look like, as Ned said, can vary quite a lot.And that, I think, is kind of the crux of what is interesting in carcinization.because oftentimes there are things that you think look like a crab,
12:18but they're not closely related to other things.They don't have a shared ancestor with other things that also look like a crab.So the hermocrabs, though, I at least think of them as not looking like a crabbecause what we think a crab morphotype is is basically this sort of rounded, flattened carapaceand also having the abdomen folded under the body.Now, in a hermit crab, usually you don't see the abdomen because it's in the shell, right?But they have a soft abdomen and it curls inside of the shell.If you took one out, it wouldn't just, like, be held completely under the body.
12:57I guess the equivalent of what it would be like is if you were permanently doing a stomachcrunch forever, that's basically like what a crab's.Oh, okay.That's what I'm just like.Okay.That's certainly vivid.because I just think claws, claws and shell.Yeah, but a lobster has claws and shell.
13:16Well, actually, Matt, you've got a plastic lobster here in the studio with you.Here's a lobster.It's also got a claws and a shell,but it's got its abdomen stuck out behind the body.And this is great because animals with this kind of body plancan move around in three different ways.They can walk around on their walking legs.They can swim.
13:38They've got little all-like limbs on the abdomen,and they can sort of beat these in a rhythmand they glide along quite elegantly.But the killer thing they haveis the ability to contract all of the muscles in the abdomenand the back end of a lobster and the back end of a shrimpis spayed out into this lovely tail fan.And when they do this, they shoot off backwards at high speed.
14:02Now, if you become a crab,if you bend the abdomen back down underneath this front part of the body,the cephalothorax, as it's called,then it makes you more compact and you can armour yourselfbut what you sacrifice is thisit's called the caridoid escape reaction if you want toit's this ability to snap yourselfand to shoot off backwards at a vast rate of...
14:26So you lose the...I can know anything ago, the yummy lobster tail.It is yummy, it's fabulous, yes.But you lose that.That is what is being folded underneath?Yes, yeah, that's right.Okay, fine.So Matt, what does it mean to say,
14:38when we say that,Crabbs have evolved five times.Biologists talk about what they call clades or monophyletic groups.And all that means is if you had a model of the tree of life in front of you,kind of made out of plastic.A monophyletic group is one that you can remove just by making one cut.So you get the ancestor and you get all of the descendants within that group.Now there are other groups that turn out to be what's called polyphyletic.
15:05And that's to say if you want to cut them out of the tree,you have to make several snips in several placesbut what that of course means isthey've evolved independentlymore than oncetwo three however many timesand what if you see one on the desk in front of youyou're going to call well that looks like a crab
15:22if you plot that across the treeyou've got several instances of thoseevolving from things which are actually pretty crab likeso you have to have all the sort of building blocksyou have to already have the in order to make thatso that the story has sort of becomeeverything's evolvinginto crabs. And that doesn't mean that humans are evolving into crabs or trees are evolving
15:42into crabs. You have to have, you have to be in an environment where that's an advantage to you.And you also have to have, you know, you're also living around clefts in rocks and so forthsuch that be conquering down, becoming crab-like is an advantage. So it would be, the meme wouldbe less popular, but more active was like many crab-like things are evolving into things that resemblecrafts. It doesn't have the same ring. No, it doesn't.So we're not going to have one massive clamping arm like a fiddler crab.Yeah, not done.Give it 560 million more years and let's see.
16:17I mean, crabs have maintained their shape as well in general.So we've got a castanus, minus, a shore crab at the museum that we show kidsand they wave around and drop all the time.And that's like a modern day crab.And it looks like a crab.But then we've also got a 90 million-year-old fossil of a crab, which looks still like a crab.So that's 90 million yearsThat's not a particularly long time
16:41But then within 50 million yearsYou've got like dog animalsGoing and becoming whalesSo evolution can happen really really quicklyBut despite all thatThere are some animals that have been likeI am a crab and I'm going to stay as a crabBecause what I've got going on is clearly working
16:57That kind of gets to the point thoughActually that these independent evolutionsOf this body plantDidn't all happen at the same timeSo in the true crabsThey were, well, actually, probably the second oldest porcelain crabs,their fossil record suggests that they are older,even though they're not in the true crabs.
17:15So potentially those were actually the first.I know it's so ridiculous.I'm sorry, so now we've got pre-crabbs along the true crabs and the false crabs.And post-crabbs, and post-crabbs.Like on the table here in front of me, I've got a specimen of Renina-Ranina.And this was more crab-like.So we were talking about when we were looking at the lobster,about the abdomen being spayed out the back.
17:37Now, at one point in the fossil record,Renina, Renina, the frog crab,had its abdomen tucked more under,and now it's evolving its abdomento being tucked out.So this is a kind of example of decarcinization.Although I would definitely addthat it wasn't within that species, right?
17:55This happened over millions of years,so it was absolutely.To describe this, to describe this for the listeners,I mean, it's sort of like lobsterhad a child with an armadillo, you know?And, you know what I mean?Oh, no, that side's very, very scorpion.Yeah, that's his bumhole right there at the bottom.
18:16Delightful.I mean, it's quite beautiful in a weird way,but it's sort of halfway between a crab and a lobster.Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.There's less eating that one.There is a lot less eating.Actually, I think people eat that species.Yeah, very much so, very much so.
18:31Oh, people will eat a lot of things.People are really amazing.Don't make judgments based on that.Yeah, so it's a messier situation,but the fact remains,they're just,something about this shape,the structure is very good for this environment,
18:46that the environment is.Well, you know,crabs live in a lot of different environments, though.They live in every ocean, pretty much.They also live at every depth.So some species that are crab-likeare down in hydrothermal vents,you know,
19:02thousands of meters below the surface, crab-like and non-crab-like live at the shore.And even on land, some of them even go up trees.So what is this environment, right?What environment is it that they're adapted to?And I honestly do not know the answer.Here's the question though, Matt.So if things evolve into crabs and then stay as crabs and lots of environments favor the crab shape,in the limit, will everything become crabs?
19:30I want some truth to this meme somewhere.If you gave infinite timeNoAll right, damn I agreeWas there a pointWhere we didn't really understandConvergent evolutionAnd thought that this type of crab
19:53Was actually directly descended from this type of crabDid we get it wrong initially?So before people had moleculesThey could sequence and look atand Joe's push the bounds of this.What you had to do is you had to do basically comparative anatomy.You had to look at your animals under a microscope.You had to code their characteristics,
20:13and you had to try to produce a phylogenetic tree using that sort of information.I think the phylogeny of anamurans and brachyrians was,at least in terms of the two major groups.I think that was fairly solid from morphology.But there are other examples where that's notin the case, and perhaps the best known one, is the tree of mammals.So it used to be thought, go back about 20 years, 25 years ago, we kind of thoughtwhen you knew how the major groups of mammals were related.
20:44And then a bombshell dropped because people started doing phylogenomic analysesbased on lots and lots of genes, and they found that the whole tree of mammals completelychanged.So it turns out, for example, that we had a group called ungulates, so things that had hooves,cows and horses and so on.It turns out that horsesare more closely related to bats.It turns that...
21:08I'm sorry, why?It's absolutely true.Elephants and sirenians and...I'm sorry, cyrenians and we're having it.These are manatees and so on.Great. Does that say my...These are animals that are so different in their ecology,in how they look, their morphology, their anatomy,
21:27their size, everything about them.There's absolutely no waythat you would unite them into a groupunless you knew about their genomics.The minute we started to do DNA testing,we just found that there were a lot more cousins in the world,a lot more related animals than we'd previously thought.Well, at least the natural groups, the clades,
21:46turn out to be things which the comparative anatomists just couldn't see.And this wasn't because they were being slapdash,that this is really painstaking comparative work going on for decades and decades.It's very similar to what happened with the human genetics, really, isn't it?There's a lot more cousins all over the place than...Yeah, absolutely.Oh, we all found family links you weren't expecting.Bats and horses is quite a stretch, though, isn't it, really?
22:11Yeah, yeah.I mean, if you've been raised by a bat and you find that you're actually a horse,that would be a difficult conversation for any family.But this is where the extent of convergence becomes really apparentis when you start looking at these molecular trees,those throw up so many examples that we kind of didn't see before.So moles, for example.So there are five groups of moles that look remarkably similar.
22:35And there's a group that's evolved out of the shrews.There's a group that's actually more closely related to the elephants.There's a marsupial group of moles.Again, like a crab, if I put one on the desk in front of your age,well, it's a mole.It behaves in the same way.It does the same sort of thing ecologically.But it's arrived at that end point convergently.
22:54So tell us about, Ned, tell us about crabs then.So, I mean, in terms of people misunderstanding that the path they took through evolution to get here, was their confusion in the past?Look, to be honest, I am here on this radio show as a little bit of a shrimp poster, right?I suffer eternal shrimposter syndrome, right?I'm not, like, we're not a scientist at the Grab Museum.We are just a couple of likely lads who love crabs, right?And we've come to it from the outsides.But for me, what makes a crab is if it's giving crabs.
23:26we have the mole on a tableit looks like a moleit's a molelike a crab is a made up wordlike we have horseshoe crabsthey are not crabsneither are they horses or shoesbut we still recognise them for the wonderful
23:43beings that they areNed let me put the question in a slightly different waywhy are crabs coolrightwell have you seen themthey're much smarter than we assume they arefor example they wear hatssome crabs will live inside the bums of sea urchins
24:00other crabs will wear jellyfish on their heads upside downas kind of hatscrabs are underestimatedthey're everywherethey are a hugely important part of the world around uslike take for example we mentioned mangrovesand sort of tropical environments earlierthe way mangroves are
24:18is that they areit's like a sludgy anoxic environmentthere's no oxygen in the mud of a mangroveand you need to have thecrabs to dig their burrows, to aerate the roots. Without crabs, mangroves choke and mangrovesdie. So crabs are ecosystem engineers. They're also just all around us and they have beenfor all of our history. We've been talking about crabs from as long as we can like scribble downthings. They're part of our lives and I think that we have forgotten how close they are to us
24:50and ended up pigeonholing them into a kind of leisure activity for bored kids.Okay, Joe, by the way, when Ned started talking about how cool they were, you, and I could see this on the screen, started doing the crab claw thing as an indication of what, I mean, you were quite eager to go in on that, like, whatever.I just tend to do that on crab zooms because I think it's funny.But it's still pretty, I mean, it's a fairly useful tool to have to be able to grip things.Yeah. We think it's related to what they eat. And also, in some cases, think about fiddler crabs, right?in the males, they have one very enlarged claw,and they use those for sexual displaysand sometimes even to battle one another.
25:34So there are a lot of different functionsthat they may have.So those shapes are related often to the function.I'm a big fan of fiddler crabs as well.They're my second favourite.Are they?Do they know what I'm noticing, though?Yeah, they're cool crafts.
25:49All of these crabs, they're all very similar sizes.I mean, do you get, could you have a crabthe size of a Labrador, for example?You can. So there's two ends of the largest crabs. So the largest in terms of like leg span is the Japanese giant giant giant. And the name being giant, that's a pretty good indicator. And it can be like bigger than my arm span. I mean, I'm not that tall. But it's the length of a 1997 Nissan micro. There you go.Okay. New SR unit. Yeah. Yeah. So that's one way. And then the other way, the heaviest. And actually the heavyest. And actually the heavy.atheist arthropod ever known is alive with us now. And it's the coconut crab, which is nottruly a crap. It's a hermit crab. It's funny with coconut crabs because people have talked aboutthem as always being scary because they're on land with us and they're big. Last year, I was
26:43in Okinawa. I had the opportunity to meet and basically play with a coconut crab. And I found outthey're really slow. They can crush a coconut. But youcan move away from them soeasily. So there's nothingto be afraid of. They're actually pretty cool.Dara, can I show you a picture of this coconut crab?These do. Obviously, that looks like somethingout of a film. And not a happy film.
27:07Not a happy film. Not a happy film. It's a somethingnightmare. But yeah, that's prettysubstantial, isn't it? That's a pretty substantial.They're your friend. They're not your friend.You can't establish. It was crawlingin my lap like a cat. I don't know what to tell you.Matt, top crabcharacteristics that you envy?
27:22Lots of different appendages.doing different jobs. And that's the secret to the success of many groups of arthropods.They've managed to subdivide and sub-functionalise their limbs. Even the pincers, they have aslightly different function for either side of the body. So they tend to have a crushing clawand a cutting claw. And if you look at many species of crabs, it's about 50-50 right to left.And it depends how they start to use the claw. And it's self-reinforcing. If they use one,claw a bit more, that becomes thecrusher, and the one that they
27:58use less becomes the slicer.They're programmed to becomeasymmetrical. So you've got left andright-handed crows. Yeah. I think one of thecharacters, which I think you've all adopted, which isthat, while askingyou about the crabs, you've not been defensiveand I've been hard-shelled about them in any way,
28:14but you have evaded a lot of thequestion you've asked. So your sideways movementhas been next.Through this entire discussion, we've asked youone question, and you quickly shifted toleft or right and answer to the different...That's very, very impressive.I would have been...
28:28That looks awkward and looks unusual,sideways movement.Is there, what's the...What's going on there?Maybe it's surprising.Maybe it's the element of surprise.Not that, I mean, you'd have thoughtthat maybe sort of predatory fish
28:39might have worked out by now.Well, they've had 90 million years.Yeah, yeah, yeah, but slow learners of fish.What I can say that's good about sideways walking,regardless of what your body shape may be,you can go equally fastin either left or right direction.can't go equally fast
28:56if you're walking backwards now, can you?Wow.There we go.Although I will sayif I came across a crabthat suddenly walked towards methat would be the next leafbecause I'd find that surprising.
29:08If you see a spider crab,a spider crab can walk towards you.Soldier crabs as well.Soldier crabs kind of go in huge baggles.Again, there's no statementwe can make about these things.Thousands of them coming towards you,the little balls.
29:24and they walk straight towards you.No, thank you.Yeah.It's probably nightmare stuff, to be honest.I was with you, Ned, when you were sayingevery interaction you have with a crab,you're lucky that you've had that interaction with them.That one, no, no, thank you.
29:37Yeah.Oh, yeah, I mean, but I mean, wouldn't it be cool, though?I think this programme has been absolutely excellent PR for crabs.I'll tell you that.Really?Yeah, I mean, there's a crowd.Very good.Some sort of just clicking their little things together.
29:48The crab gods are going to be very happy.Oh, very, very good to say.Castanetting away.Clickety, like, clack, clack.Very good.You've been a joy, by the way, all of you.Yeah, that's been wonderful.Really, really interesting.
30:00It didn't go where we thought it would go.It really didn't.I mean, I think we've solved the issue of convertive evolution,but you have fan-boyed and fan-girlsquite consistently, and in a way which is really, really enjoyable.Yeah, absolutely.Thank you very much.Thank you so much.
30:14Joe Wolf, Matthew Wells, and Ned Sissette Williamsfor helping us get to the bottom of this.Thank you very much.Thank you.I've got a new found appreciation for crabsI was always like faintly pro crapI think I'm anti-crabbing before nowbut now it's turned you around
30:34but whereas I do knowthe next time I'm on a beachin a beautiful tropical islandwhich is like semi-regularand we're finding hammer crabsI'll be shoutingyou're not a crabyou're a crab of lies
30:48you false crabI abjured the false crablet me take away your shelland see you with her.What's your abdomen doing, your weakling?Yeah, stick it underneath you, like a proper crab.So anyone who is on their honeymoonin the next three to five years?
31:06Shout as a, shout as it.Yeah, just you'll see Dara bring it on your beach.It's in the back of your shot.Well, it's been a wonderful magic agent.No, you're a liar, crab.If you want to be notifiedas soon as a new episode,is released, make sure you're subscribed to curious cases on BBC sounds and have push notifications turned on.
31:31Nature Bang.Hello.Hello.And welcome to Nature Bang.I'm Becky Ripley.I'm Emily Knight.And in this series from BBC Radio 4, we look to the natural world to answer some of life's big questions.Like, how can a brainless slime mould help us solve complex mapping problems?
31:48And what can an octopus teach us about the relationship between mind and body?It really stretches your understanding of consciousness.With the help of evolutionary biologists,I'm actually always very comfortable comparing us to other species.Philosophers.You never really know what it could be like to be another creature.And spongeologists.Is that your job title? Are you a spongologist?
32:13Well, I am in certain spheres.It's science meets storytelling, with a philosophical twist.It really gets at a heart of free will and what it means to be you.So if you want to find out more about,yourself via cockatoos that dance, frogs that freeze, and single-salamoebas that designborder policies, subscribe to NatureBang. From BBC Radio 4, available on BBC Sounds.Bang!Are you after more fascinating conversations about the past? Well, History Extra might be just
32:45the podcast for you. Made by the team behind BBC History Magazine, the History ExtraPodcast brings you gripping historical stories, compelling interviews with the world's leadinghistorians, and the real history behind your favorite films and TV shows.Coming up, we've got deep dives into Tudor Life, the Nazis on trial, the real story of thegunpowder plot, and plenty more. So to join us on our journey into the past, just searchfor the History Extra podcast wherever you listen to podcasts.
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